第一篇：土木工程專業英語講稿Lesson_6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

Lesson 6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

供熱、通風和空調

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are all aspects of environmental engineering, a recent concept embracing all aspects of the engineering of buildings, such as structure, drainage, acoustics, and internal transportation.供熱、通風和空調涵蓋了環境工程的全部；環境工程的新理念還包括建筑內部各項工程，比如結構、排水、聲學和內部人員流動。

The concept of environmental engineering takes cognizance of the fact that all elements of building are interrelated.環境工程原理認為：建筑物的所有部分都是相關的。

The heat produced by lighting, for instance, affects the need for air-conditioning, calling for ducts, which in turn affect the design of the structure.比如，照明產熱需要空調降溫，空調要使用管道，從而影響到結構設計。

The present article is confined to buildings, but the subject may be extended to cover mobile vehicles, such as motor coaches, aircraft, ships, railway trains, spacecraft, and submarines, each having highly specialized requirements.本文僅限于建筑物，但是這個主題可以擴大到包括大客車、飛機、輪船、鐵路列車、宇宙飛船和潛艇等交通工具，它們要求的專業化程度都很高。

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning in the present context may be defined in general terms as the control of the environment within enclosed spaces.本文中，供熱、通風和空調被籠統地定義為圍合空間內部的環境控制。

Apart from comfort, many industrial processes depend on a controlled atmosphere；thus, this branch of engineering covers a considerable range of applications.除了舒適，許多工業過程都與受控的環境有關；因此，本學科應用范圍較為廣泛。

Heating is concerned with raising the temperature of the thermal environment.供熱就是為了提高環境溫度。

Ventilating is concerned with the supply of fresh air and removal of air that is vitiated, polluted, or contaminated.通風涉及供應新風、排除混濁或被污染的空氣。

Air-conditioning may include the functions of heating and ventilating but in addition is concerned with lowering of temperature of the thermal environment, raising or lowering of humidity, and purifying the air by removal of dust, bacteria, and other airborne matter.空調包括供暖和通風，此外還涉及到環境降溫、加濕或除濕，通過清除灰塵、細菌和其它空氣中攜帶的物質而凈化空氣。

Making fire was among man's earliest achievements, and doubtless wood formed the earliest of fuels, first in caves, as remains of Stone Age hearths show, and later in mud and turf enclosures.用火是人類最早的成就之一，木材無疑是最早的燃料；早期人類在洞穴里生火（石器時代爐膛的遺跡就是證明），后來是在泥土、草皮做成的圍堂內生火。

The discovery that charcoal could be made from wood to produce a fuel without smoke seems to have been an early step toward progress in places where only moderate warmth was needed, such as China, Japan, and the Shores of the Mediterranean.木材可以制成木炭，這種無煙燃料的出現是早期的一大進步，這在那些僅需要適度供暖的地方很有必要，比如中國、日本和地中海岸等地區。

Another evolution was the flue or chimney, first as a simple aperture in the centre of the hut roof and later rising from the fireplace, invented in Europe in the 13th century.另一個進展就是煙道或煙囪。最早只是在小屋頂中心開個簡單的孔，后來就在壁爐上增加了煙囪（它是13世紀歐洲人發明的）。

Smoke and fumes no longer pervaded the living space.這樣，煙氣就不會彌漫于生活空間了。

Stoves, far 1ess wasteful of heat than fireplaces, appear to have been used first by the Chinese about 600 BC.大約在公元前600年中國人最早使用爐子，它比壁爐大大減少了熱量的浪費。

They can be traced through Russia and into Germany and in the European countries generally, where they are still used today, often as a focus of family life.爐子的足跡遍布俄國、德國以及歐洲的很多國家，如今這些地區仍有使用，且常被視為家庭生活的中心。

The stove crossed the Atlantic to the United States, where Benjamin Franklin in 1744 invented an improved design, the forerunner of the traditional potbellied stove.爐子穿越大西洋來到美國；1744年，弗蘭克林·本杰明對它進行了改良設計，這就是傳統大肚采暖爐的雛形。

The first scientific refinement of the fireplace seems to be attributable to the physicist Benjamin Thompson, count Rumford, toward the end of the 18th century.到了18世紀末期，壁爐的第一次科學改良似乎應歸功于物理學家湯普森·本杰明，拉姆福德伯爵。

His aim was to improve the efficiency of the open fire by the use of lumps of fireclay and by a canopy, both designed to increase the amount of radiant heat.他的目標是通過使用耐火磚和爐蓋來提高明火的功效，這兩項設計增大了輻射熱。

Because his ideas were not accepted, however, a gross fuel waste has continued up to the present day.然而，由于他的想法未被采納，所以嚴重的燃料浪費現象一直持續到了今天。

Heating by a fire outside the space to be heated, now described as central heating, appears to have been invented by the Lacedaemonians of Greece, who first used heated floors.對供暖空間之外用火取暖，現在被稱為集中供熱，它好像是由古希臘的斯巴達人發明的，是他們最早使用地暖。

The Great Temple in the city of Ephesus(350 BC)is believed to have been heated by flues laid in the floors, using lignite as fuel.公元前350年，以弗所市的大神殿就是通過放置在地板中的暖氣管來供熱的，它用褐煤作燃料。

The Greeks perceived the advantages of central heating, but it was the Romans who became the supreme heating engineers of the ancient world with their hypocaust system.雖然希臘人認識到集中供熱的優點，但是羅馬人才稱得上古代最偉大的供暖專家，他們發明了火炕式供暖系統。

The floor was raised on pedestals, and the hot gases from a furnace were guided into the underfloor space, from which they rose through hollow terra-cotta tubes embedded in the walls.地板被架離樓板之上，從爐子里出來的熱氣被引至地板下的空間，從那里熱氣又通過埋入墻體中的中空陶瓦管上升。

Such systems are to be found throughout Europe wherever Roman culture flourished.這種供暖方式遍布歐洲，在羅馬文化繁榮的地方隨處可見。

In Italy, the hypocaust is found only in baths, but in cooler climates, such as Britain’s, not only baths but also the living room and sometimes other rooms were heated.在意大利，這種火炕供暖只能在浴室里找到；但是，在氣候更冷的地方，比如英國，浴室和起居室，有時還包括其他的房間都要供暖。

Such scientific development and refinement of life came to an end with the fall of the Roman Empire and the ruin of the cities that followed.這種科學進步和講究生活隨著羅馬帝國的衰落和接下來的城市毀滅而結束了。

The Dark Ages saw a return to a less civilized form of life;castles and homesteads employed the crude methods of heating used by primitive man.在歐洲中世紀的黑暗時代，生活又回到了文明退化狀態；城堡和家園使用的是原始供暖方法。

Drafty halls were warmed by a log fire in the centre of the stone floor.通風良好的大廳用點燃石地板中間的柴火來供暖。

Enormously heavy fur-lined cloaks were worn to keep warm.為了保暖，用厚重的毛皮作襯里的披風穿在身上。

It has taken 1, 500 years for the comfort of the Roman system of floor heating to be rediscovered by modern civilization.舒適的羅馬式地熱系統被現代文明重新拾起卻用了1500年的時間。

The advent of steam as a source of power in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and early 19th centuries offered a new way of heating, first used in factories and mills.在18世紀和19世紀早期工業革命中，作為動力來源的蒸汽的出現提供了一種新的供暖方法，該方法最早被用在工廠和磨坊中。

Steam conveyed in pipes was extensively used for heating not only for industrial needs but for schools, churches, courts of justice, assembly halls, and even homes and horticultural greenhouses.在管道中輸送蒸汽來供暖不僅被廣泛地應用于工廠中，而且也被用于學校、教堂、審判法庭、會議廳，甚至家庭和園藝溫室。

The very hot surfaces of steam heating cause a parching effect on the air, often accompanied by a disagreeable odor of burnt dust.蒸汽供暖的高熱表面對空氣產生烘烤效應，經常伴隨著燒焦塵土的難聞氣味。

The advantages of hot water, with a lower surface temperature and milder general effect than that of steam, began to be recognized about 1830.比起蒸汽，熱水的優勢在于具有更低的表面溫度，氣味淡但烘烤效應小，這在1830年人們就認識到了。

One of the first such systems was installed at the New Westminster Hospital, London.第一套水暖系統安裝在倫敦的新威斯敏斯特醫院。

Hot water at low pressure has continued from that time to occupy a principal place in methods of heating；it is used in radiators, convectors, embedded floor and ceiling heating systems, and as a means of warming air for distribution by fans in a variety of ways.從那時起，低壓熱水就一直在供暖方法中占據著重要地位；它被用于散熱片、對流加熱器、埋置于地板和天花板中的供暖系統中。而且，作為一種升溫手段，可通過風機以各種方式進行分配。

In 1831 Jocob Perkins of England patented a revolutionary method of high-pressure hot-water heating in which a continuous circuit of very strong piping, receiving heat from a coil in the furnace, conveyed water in a closed system to coils disposed about the building.1831年，英國的雅各布.帕金斯取得了具有革命性的高壓熱水供暖的專利權，這種供暖方式通過一個連續循環的堅固管道從鍋爐中的螺旋管獲取熱量，并在一個封閉系統內將熱水輸送到建筑內部的管道中。

Circulation was by thermo syphon.循環是在熱彎管內進行的。

The system achieved considerable popularity in spite of its high temperatures;its tubing was small and neat compared with the massive cast-iron pipes used with low-pressure apparatus.盡管供暖溫度較高，但卻很受歡迎；其管道系統和在低壓設備中使用的巨大鑄鐵管道相比要小且整潔。

The high-pressure hot-water principle has been revived in a modern system developed first in continental Europe and later spread elsewhere, chiefly for industrial heating.高壓水暖原理在現代化供暖中的復興，最早是在歐洲大陸發展起來，后來傳播到其他地方，主要用于工業供暖。

The need for some form of induced ventilation to enclosed spaces probably did not arise until the 19th century, by which time assembly halls, theatres, and churches were being built to hold hundreds and even thousands of people.大概直到19世紀，才產生了需要對封閉空間采取某種形式導流通風，那時所建的集會禮堂、劇院、教堂要容納成百甚至上千人。

In industry some amelioration of the atmosphere in the steamy, gas-lighted workrooms was forced on mill owners to offset an increasing sickness rate.工業上為了減少持續上升的患病率，廠家被迫對水汽蒙蒙的采用煤氣燈照明的車間環境進行改善。

Mines had been ventilated from earliest times by furnace kept burning at the base of vent shafts.礦井從最早開始就一直把爐子放在通風豎井的底部來保持燃燒通風。

Some of the early ventilating systems in buildings followed this method, for example, the New Houses of Parliament in London, rebuilt in 1837.一些早期建筑的通風系統沿用了這種方法，比如倫敦的新國會大廈，它重建于1837年。

There air was exhausted from the chambers by means of coke fires, kept burning day and night in the roof spaces beneath tall shafts, whose Gothic outlines remain a feature of the architecture, though the shafts are no longer used.在豎井下方的屋頂空間晝夜燃燒的炭火耗盡了房間里的氧氣。雖然不再使用豎井，但仍保留著哥特式建筑的外形。

The air was drawn in by the suction of these extraction shafts through gratings in the floor of the chambers, which were connected in turn to tunnels leading to the Thames River, from the banks of which the fresh air was drawn.空氣抽排管道和通向泰晤士河的隧道相連，抽氣泵通過房間地板格柵吸入泰晤士河岸的新鮮空氣。

Although a rotary fan had been invented in the 16th century, a convenient power supply was not available until the days of ubiquitous electric current.From the 18th century steam drove fans in industrial installations.雖然16世紀就發明了旋轉式風扇，但直到發明無所不在的電流后才有了方便的電力供應。18世紀，工業設備上還用蒸汽驅動風機。

The plenum system was an early method of combining heating with ventilation by using steam in tubes in an air duct to heat the air, the driving force being a fan, also steam driven.壓力通風是一種早期通過風道中的蒸汽管加熱空氣而把供熱和通風結合起來的方法，其壓力也是由蒸汽驅動的風機提供。

The heated air was delivered through ducts under pressure(or plenum), conveyed to all parts of the building.Schools, hospitals, and factories were often heated by this means.熱空氣在高壓作用下，通過管道傳送到建筑內的各個部位。學校、醫院和工廠通常采用這種方式供熱。

Cooling by evaporation may have originated in India, where mats of wetted grass hung over openings on the windward side resulted in evaporative cooling by as much as 20 to 30 °F(11 to 17℃).蒸發冷可能發源于印度。在那里，濕草席懸掛在通道口的迎風面上，使得蒸發冷卻后溫度達到11-17℃。

The mats were kept wet by hand or by a perforated trough above.Such a system employs one of the fundamental principles of air conditioning.這些草席通過人工或通過在其上方開孔的水槽保濕。這種方法利用了空調的基本原理。

The term “air conditioning” is credited to Stuart W.Cramer, who in 1907 presented a paper on humidity control for textile mills before the American Cotton Manufacturers Association.“空氣調節”這個術語的出現歸功于Stuart W.Cramer，他在1907年向美國棉花制造業協會提交了一篇關于紡織廠濕度控制的論文。

Control of moisture content in textiles by addition of steam to the atmosphere had long been known as “conditioning”.It was not, however, until 1911, when Willis Carrier published the results of many years of research, that the scientific basis of air conditioning was laid.增加空氣中的水汽來控制紡織品中的含濕度很早就被稱為“調濕”了。然而，直到1911年，當Willis Carrier公布多年的研究結果時，才奠定了空氣調節的科學基礎。

From air conditioning in industry, for the quality of the product, to air conditioning for comfort was but a step.從工業中為產品質量進行空氣調節到以舒適為目的的空氣調節，這僅僅邁出了第一步。

Comfort air-conditioning was developed in the 1920s for increasingly large theatres, stores, and office blocks, in which the economic value was evident.由于20世紀20年代出現越來越多的大型劇院、商店和辦公大樓，舒適的空調是才發展起來，其經濟價值是很明顯的。

The development of air conditioning as a major industry, however, awaited new refrigerating techniques.然而，空調作為主要產業的發展還期待著新的制冷技術的出現。

Until the end of the 19th century, design of heating and ventilating systems was largely empirical.A change to scientific methods began to evolve in the 1890s.直到19世紀末，供熱和通風設計大多還是憑經驗。朝著科學性的轉變始于19世紀90年代。

Research work was undertaken at the University of Berlin-Charlottenburg and in a few other places before World War I.人們著手做研究工作是在第一次世界大戰前的柏林夏洛特博格大學和其他幾個地方。

After the war, research was begun in several countries, notably in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Sweden, and France.Out of this international research effort modern air conditioning has grown.戰后，研究又在幾個國家興起，尤其是在英國、美國、德國、瑞典和法國。由于這些國際化研究成果，現代空調裝置才得以發展起來。12

第二篇：土木工程專業英語

水力學 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 truss 瀝青 bitumen混凝土 concrete強度 strength 非線性 nonlinear樁 pile剛性 rigid隧道 tunnel礫石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement線性的 linear砂漿 mortar彈性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 彎矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正應力 normal stress路面 pavement

鋼筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉強度 tensile strength抗壓強度 compressive strength 土木工程 civil engineering巖體力學 rock mass mechanics粒徑 grain diameter 容許應力 allowable stress土力學 soil mechanics斜拉橋 cable stayed bridge 懸索橋 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地質成因 geologic origin臨界截面 choking section

巖土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服點 yield point

橫截面(transverse)cross section 安全系數 safety factor抗剪強度 shear strength反復試驗 trial and error

預應力混凝土 priestessed concrete先張法 pretensioning concrete 后張法 post-tensioning concrete 土質勘測 soil investiagation

在這兩種應力中，前者是壓應力，后者是拉應力。These two kinds of stress, the former is a compressive stress, which is the tensile stress.許多情況下可能會指派土木工程師參與其他項目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be assigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要強調數學、力學、計算機技術在土木工程應用中的重要性。It should be stressed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.鋼材和混凝土是橋梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺點是抗拉強度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗壓強度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各種添加劑的用量所控制。它們主要用于大型水壩，在大壩中它們能減少水泥硬化時釋放出的熱量。They are mainly used for large dams;dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.水力學 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 truss 瀝青 bitumen混凝土 concrete強度 strength 非線性 nonlinear樁 pile剛性 rigid隧道 tunnel礫石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement線性的 linear砂漿 mortar彈性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 彎矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正應力 normal stress路面 pavement

鋼筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉強度 tensile strength抗壓強度 compressive strength 土木工程 civil engineering巖體力學 rock mass mechanics粒徑 grain diameter 容許應力 allowable stress土力學 soil mechanics斜拉橋 cable stayed bridge 懸索橋 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地質成因 geologic origin臨界截面 choking section

巖土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服點 yield point

橫截面(transverse)cross section 安全系數 safety factor抗剪強度 shear strength反復試驗 trial and error

預應力混凝土 priestessed concrete先張法 pretensioning concrete 后張法 post-tensioning concrete 土質勘測 soil investiagation

在這兩種應力中，前者是壓應力，后者是拉應力。These two kinds of stress, the former is a compressive stress, which is the tensile stress.許多情況下可能會指派土木工程師參與其他項目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be assigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要強調數學、力學、計算機技術在土木工程應用中的重要性。It should be stressed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.鋼材和混凝土是橋梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺點是抗拉強度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗壓強度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各種添加劑的用量所控制。它們主要用于大型水壩，在大壩中它們能減少水泥硬化時釋放出的熱量。They are mainly used for large dams;dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.水力學 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 truss 瀝青 bitumen混凝土 concrete強度 strength 非線性 nonlinear樁 pile剛性 rigid隧道 tunnel礫石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement線性的 linear砂漿 mortar彈性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 彎矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正應力 normal stress路面 pavement

鋼筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉強度 tensile strength抗壓強度 compressive strength 土木工程 civil engineering巖體力學 rock mass mechanics粒徑 grain diameter 容許應力 allowable stress土力學 soil mechanics斜拉橋 cable stayed bridge 懸索橋 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地質成因 geologic origin臨界截面 choking section

巖土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服點 yield point

橫截面(transverse)cross section 安全系數 safety factor抗剪強度 shear strength反復試驗 trial and error

預應力混凝土 priestessed concrete先張法 pretensioning concrete 后張法 post-tensioning concrete 土質勘測 soil investiagation

在這兩種應力中，前者是壓應力，后者是拉應力。These two kinds of stress, the former is a compressive stress, which is the tensile stress.許多情況下可能會指派土木工程師參與其他項目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be assigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要強調數學、力學、計算機技術在土木工程應用中的重要性。It should be stressed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.鋼材和混凝土是橋梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺點是抗拉強度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗壓強度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各種添加劑的用量所控制。它們主要用于大型水壩，在大壩中它們能減少水泥硬化時釋放出的熱量。They are mainly used for large dams;dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.

第三篇：土木工程專業英語講稿Lesson_8 Bridge Design and Construction

Lesson 8 Bridge Design and Construction

橋梁設計和施工

Planning 規劃

The first step leading to the construction of a modern major bridge is a comprehensive study to determine whether a bridge is needed.建一座現代化大型橋梁的第一步就是廣泛研究并確定建橋的必要性。

If it is to be a highway bridge, in the United States for example, a planning study is initiated by a state bridge authority, possibly in cooperation with local governments or the federal government.比如在美國，如果要建一座公路橋梁，州橋梁專家發起規劃研究，且需要與當地政府或聯邦政府合作。

Studies are made to estimate the amount of bridge traffic, the relief of jammed traffic in nearby highway networks, the effects on the regional economy, and the cost of the bridge.要評估過橋的交通量，能否緩解附近公路網交通擁堵情況，對區域經濟的影響以及橋的造價。

The means for financing the project, such as public taxes or sale of revenue bonds repaid by toll charges, are considered.還要考慮工程資金的籌措，如公共稅收，或通過收取過路過橋費償還借貸的國債。

If the studies lead to a decision to go ahead with the project, the land needed for the bridge and its approaches is acquired at the selected site.At this point, field engineering work is started.若經過研究決定要實施路橋工程，那么就需要征用選址處的建橋用地和建設通向橋址的道路占地。此后，現場工作便開始了。

Accurate land surveys are made.Tides, flood conditions, currents, and other characteristics of the waterway are carefully studied.Boring samples of soil and rock are taken at possible foundation locations, both on land and under the water.現場要做好精確的勘測工作。潮汐、洪水狀況、水流以及航道特點等都要進行仔細研究。盡量在基礎施工現場（包括岸上和水下）進行土體和巖石的鉆孔取樣。

Selection of bridge design 橋梁設計的選擇

The chief factors in deciding whether a bridge will be built as a girder, cantilever, truss, arch, suspension, or some other type are：(1)location； for example, across a river;(2)purposes；for example, a bridge for carrying motor vehicles；(3)span length；(4)strength of available materials；(5)cost；(6)beauty and harmony with the location.決定將橋建成梁橋、懸臂橋、桁架橋、拱橋、懸索橋還是其他類型橋的主要因素有：（1）橋梁位置；如跨越河流；（2）用途，如汽車運輸；（3）跨距；（4）可用材料強度；（5）造價；（6）美觀以及與場地環境的協調性。

Each type of bridge is most effective and economical only within a certain range of span lengths, shown in the following table：

每類橋梁都只在某個跨距范圍內才省錢、有用，如下表所列：

As indicated in the table, there is a considerable overlap in the range of applicability of the various types.表中數據表明，不同類型橋的跨距值存在相當大的交疊。

In some cases, alternative preliminary designs are prepared for several types of bridge in order to have a better basis for making the final selection.有時，為了使最終方案論據充分，通常要準備多種類型橋梁設計方案進行初步比較。

Selection of materials 選材

The bridge designer can select from a number of modern high-strength materials, including concrete, steel, and a wide variety of corrosion-resistant alloy steels.橋梁設計人員可以選擇多種現代高強材料，如混凝土、鋼材和不同類型的抗腐蝕合金鋼。

For the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, for example, the designer used at least seven different kinds alloy steel, one of which has a yield strength of 50, 000 pounds per square inch(psi)(3, 515 kg／sq cm)and does not need to be painted because an oxide coating forms on its surface and inhibits corrosion.比如，維拉扎諾海峽大橋的設計者用了至少7種不同類型的合金鋼，其中任何一種的屈服強度都達到3, 515 kg／平方厘米, 而且無需噴涂，因為在其表面已經形成了氧化層可以抑制侵蝕。

The designer also can select steel wires for suspension cables that have tensile strengths up to 250, 000 psi(17, 577 kg／sq cm).設計人員還可以選擇抗拉強度高達250000磅每平方英寸的鋼絲束作懸索。

Concrete with compressive strengths as high as 8,000 psi(562.5 kg／sq am)can now be produced for use in bridges, and it can be given high durability against chipping and weathering by the addition of special chemical agents and control of the hardening process.如今用于橋梁的混凝土其抗壓強度高達8000psi。通過添加特殊的化學添加劑可控制硬化過程；這種砼使用年限長，可抗剝落和抗風化。

Concrete that has been prestressed and reinforced with steel wires has a tensile strength of 250, 000 psi(17, 577 kg／sq cm).預應力混凝土和鋼筋混凝土的抗拉強度為250000psi。

Other useful materials for bridges include aluminum alloys and wood.其他建橋材料還包括鋁合金和木材。

Modern structural aluminum alloys have yield strengths exceeding 40,000 psi(2,812 kg／sq cm).現代結構使用的鋁合金其屈服強度超過40000psi。

Laminated strips of wood glued together can be made into beams with strengths twice that of natural timbers；glue-laminated southern pine, for example, can bear working stresses approaching 3,000 psi(210.9 kg／sq cm).多層膠合木材能制成強度比普通木材多一倍的梁。比如，層壓膠合的南方松木，能承受接近3000psi的有效應力。Analysis of forces 受力分析

A bridge must resist a complex combination of tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion forces.橋梁必須能抵抗拉、壓、彎、剪和扭的合力作用。

In addition, the structure must provide a safety factor as insurance against failure.此外，結構還必須保有抵抗破壞的安全系數。

The calculation of the precise nature of the individual stresses and strains in the structure, called analysis, is perhaps the most technically complex aspect of bridge building.精確計算結構的應力和應變變化，稱為受力分析，這也許是橋梁建造技術中最繁復的方面。

The goal of analysis is to determine all of the forces that may act on each structural member.受力分析的目的是確定可能作用在每個構件上的所有力。

The forces that act on bridge structural members are produced by two kinds of loads—static and dynamic.這些力分為兩種：靜荷載和動荷載。

The static load—the dead weight of the bridge structure itself—is usually the greatest load.靜荷載——橋梁結構本身的恒載——通常是最大的荷載。

The dynamic, or live load, has components, including vehicles carried by the bridge, wind forces, and accumulations of ice and snow.動荷載，或活荷載，有很多分力組成，包括橋梁承擔的交通工具的作用、風力和冰雪堆積物的作用。

Although the total weight of the vehicles moving over a bridge at any time is generally a small fraction of the static and dynamic load, it presents special problems to the bridge designer because of the vibration and impact stresses created by moving vehicles.盡管橋上移動車輛的總重任何時候都只是靜、動荷載的一小部分，但因為車輛的移動會產生振動和沖擊，所以對于橋梁設計人員而言這仍然是一個需要特別注意的問題。

For example, the severe impacts caused by irregularities of vehicle motion or bumps in the roadway may momentarily double the effect of the live load on the bridge.比如，由公路上車輛移動或顛簸的不規則性產生的劇烈沖擊可以瞬間使得動荷載對橋梁的影響倍增。

Wind exerts force on a bridge both directly by striking the bridge structure and indirectly by striking vehicles that are crossing the bridge.風通過直接作用于橋梁結構和間接作用于穿過橋梁的車輛上而對橋梁施加荷載。

If the wind induces aeroelastic vibration, as in the case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, its effect may be greatly amplified.如果風引起空氣彈性振動，就像塔科馬海峽大橋的情況一樣，其效應可能會被無 限放大。

Because of this danger, the bridge designer makes provisions for the strongest winds that may occur at the bridge location.因此，橋梁設計人員采取措施對可能作用在橋梁上的最大風力做出防范。

Other forces that may act on the bridge, such as stresses created by earthquake tremors, must also be provided for.其他可能作用在橋梁上的力，如地震作用，也須加以預防。

Special attention must often be given to the design of the bridge piers, since heavy loads may be imposed on them by currents, waves, and f1oating ice and debris.設計時必須特別留心，因為橋墩要遭受水流、波浪、浮冰和碎塊產生的重荷沖擊。

Occasionally a pier may even be hit by a passing ship.有時，橋墩甚至可能被一艘過往的船只撞到。

Electronic computers are playing an ever-increasing role in assisting bridge designers in the analysis of forces.電子計算機在橋梁設計人員進行受力分析的過程中起到了越來越重要的作用。

The use of precise model testing, particularly for studying the dynamic behavior of bridges, also helps designers.使用精確的模型進行測試對設計人員會有所幫助，尤其是在橋梁動力特性的研究過程中。

A scaled-down model of the bridge is constructed, and various gauges to measure strains, accelerations, and deformations are placed on the model.有時還要建造橋梁的縮尺模型，并且在模型上安裝能測量應變、加速度和變形的各種測量儀器。

The model bridge is then subjected to various scaled-down loads or dynamic conditions to find out what will happen.然后，對模型橋梁施加不同的按比例縮減的荷載或動力條件來觀測結果。

Wind tunnel tests may also be made to ensure that nothing like the Tacoma Narrows Bridge failure can occur.可能還要進行風洞實驗，以確保不再發生像塔科馬海峽大橋一樣的破壞事件。

With modern technological aids, there is much less chance of bridge failure than in the past.在現代技術的幫助下，橋梁損壞的幾率比起過去小得多。Construction the foundations 橋梁基礎的施工

Construction starts with the foundations, which may cost almost as much as the superstructure.橋梁施工是從基礎開始，這部分的造價可能和上部結構差不多。

Foundations built in water usually present the greatest difficulties.通常水中修建橋梁基礎遇到的困難最多。

One of the older methods, which is still used in shallow waters, is to erect cofferdams similar to the ring of closely spaced piles that the Romans used.在淺水區仍然使用較原始的方法，即修建圍堰，這類似于羅馬人使用過的環形密 排樁。

For constructing foundations in deep water, caissons have long been used.深水區內基礎施工，一直都采用沉箱法。

The caisson, which is a huge box closed on all sides except the bottom, is lowered onto the river bed.沉箱是指除了底面的所有面都被密封起來的巨大箱體，它被沉降到河床上。

Workers inside the caisson, which is filled with compressed air to keep out the water, dig deeper and deeper, and the caisson sinks as the digging proceeds.箱體內充滿壓縮空氣而將水排出。施工人員在箱體內開挖的越來越深，箱體隨著開挖的進行而下沉。

When a suitable depth is reached, the caisson is filled with concrete and becomes part of the foundation itself.當到達適當深度時，箱體內澆筑混凝土，而后沉箱就成為基礎的一部分。

Another deep-water method, less hazardous and less costly than the caisson method, uses steel or concrete piles.另一種比沉箱方法危險性更小、更經濟的深水基礎施工法是使用鋼樁或混凝土樁。

With modern pile drivers, long heavy piles can be driven even in deep water.The piles can be cut off and capped either above the water level or below it.If they are capped below the water level, a prefabricated hollow pier case is floated out to the site, sunk on the piles, and then filled with concrete to form the pier.現代打樁工具能把長重樁夯入深水中，在水面或水下截樁并套上樁帽。若在水下套上樁帽，那么要將預制好的中空墩架運到現場，沉到樁頭上，然后澆筑混凝土形成橋墩。

Erecting the superstructure 上部結構施工

After all piers and abutments are in place, the erection of the superstructure begins.The method of construction used depends largely on the type of bridge being built.There are six construction methods：falsework, flotation, cantilevering, sliding, direct lifting, and suspension.所有的墩臺完工后，就開始上部結構的施工。施工方法很大程度取決于建造的橋梁類型。共有六種施工方法：臨時支架法、浮船施工法、懸臂法、滑動施工法、直接起吊法和懸索法。

In falsework construction, mainly used in building concrete arch bridges, metal or wood supports are built temporarily to support the erection.臨時支架法，主要用于混凝土拱橋的施工，搭建臨時金屬支架或木支架支撐結構。

A great deal of ingenuity is often required just to erect the falsework, especially for structures over swift rivers or deep canyons.Temporary piles and trestles are commonly used in wide shallow rivers.通常要求腳手架搭建要做工熟練，特別是對湍急河流和深山峽谷的結構施工有用。一般在寬淺的河流中搭設臨時樁柱和腳手架。

In the floatation method, mainly used in building long bridges, large bridge sections are prefabricated on shore and floated out on barges to the bridge site.The sections are then hoisted into place, either by floating derricks or by winches placed on previously constructed sections of the bridge.浮船施工方法，主要用于長橋施工。先在岸上預制好型的橋梁部件，用駁船運到施工地點。然后用移動的起重機或用橋上事先固定好的絞盤把這些部件吊裝到位。

The cantilevering technique is used not only for cantilever bridges but also for steel arch bridges.Construction starts at an abutment and extends toward the center piece by piece.Moving derricks and cranes on the completed portion of the structure handle the heavy material.懸臂技術不僅用于懸臂橋而且也用于鋼拱橋。施工是從橋臺開始，向著中間一段一段地延伸。在部分已完工結構上移動吊車起吊超重材料。

Sliding construction is used only rarely.In this method, a prefabricated unit, such as a truss, is erected on shore and slid out over a temporary or permanent support until it comes to rest on another support.滑動施工法很少使用。它事先在岸上制作好預制構件，比如桁架，然后在臨時或永久的支架上滑運直到它靜置在另一個支座上。

In the direct lifting method, mainly used for light, short-span highway bridges a prefabricated bridge unit is lifted by a hoist and swung directly onto the bridge supports.直接吊裝法，主要適用于輕型、短跨的公路橋，預制好的橋梁構件用起重機起吊，直接擺放到橋梁支座上。

In all methods of construction, it is necessary to determine the stresses and deformations at every stage of construction.Stresses in a partly completed bridge—constructed by the cantilever method—can exceed the stresses in a completed bridge because of the totally different conditions of support and loading.在所有的施工方法中，每個施工階段都必須確定應力和變形。在懸臂法施工的橋梁中，因為完全不同的支撐和荷載條件，部分完工橋梁中的應力會超過竣工橋梁中的應力。

When the roadway is surfaced, and signs, lighting, guardrails, and other accessories are installed, the bridge is ready for use.當鋪好路面，安裝好標志牌、照明設施、欄桿和其他的附屬設施后，橋梁即可投入使用。

第四篇：土木工程專業英語講稿Lesson_2 Building and Architecture

Lesson 2 Building and Architecture

建筑物和建筑學

Building

The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities．

建筑物的作用就是為人類活動提供一個庇護場所。

From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements．

從穴居時代到現在，人類最重要的需求之一就是有個躲風避雨的地方。

In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of man’s efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs．

從更一般的意義上講，建筑的藝術包含了人類為了他自己的需求而控制環境并改造環境的所有努力。

This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges．

除了建筑物，這門藝術還包括所有的土工結構，比如大壩、運河、隧道、溝渠和橋梁等。

The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes is identical．

對于作為庇護用的建筑和作為其他用途的土工結構，其設計的科學依據都是相同的。

It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths．

只是由于現代社會的特殊需求，這兩個領域才沿著不同的方向發展。

In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder．

同樣，和作為躲避用的建筑相關的建筑大師就不再是一個個體；相反，他的工作是由多個專家（規劃者、建筑師、工程師和建筑工人）組成的團隊來完成的。

The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team．

一座現代化建筑的完成要依靠團隊的集體智慧。

The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors．

建筑物的形式是其功能、環境和各種社會經濟因素的產物。

An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill．

一幢公寓，一座辦公樓和一所學校在形式上各有不同，因為它們要完成的功能不同。

In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building．

公寓內每處居所，比如起居室和臥室必須有從窗戶進來的陽光，而浴室和廚房則可以用人工照明，因此可以布置在建筑內部。

This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building．

這些要求自然就限制了公寓的進深。

In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light．

相反，辦公樓為了亮度統一都使用人工照明，因此其進深就不受有無陽光的約束。

Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building．

環境可能影響到建筑的形狀和外觀。

An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function．

城里的學校用圍墻把它跟城市完全隔開，以創造一個自己的環境；鄉村學校則可與周邊景致統一來發展-------即使這兩地的學校的功能是相同的。

A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings．

一幢豪裝的辦公大樓采用的形式所花的預算將比其他辦公樓要多得多。

The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions.建筑物大小和輪廓可能為區劃所限制。

In all these examples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms．

在上述例子中，有著相似功能的建筑物卻采用不同的形式。

Architecture

Architecture is the art of building．

建筑學是建筑的藝術。

Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use.實質上建筑學是與供人使用的圍合空間有關的科學。

The precise activities to be housed in any specific building--ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home--should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within．

任何建筑物內（如從工廠的裝配線到住宅中的起居室）人類所進行的具體活動界定了建筑內部某些空間的大小和形狀。

These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other．

這些空間的彼此間存在著合理的關系。

Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building--“circulation” in architectural parlance--requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic．

另外，人在建筑物中的走動（在建筑學的說法中叫“流通”）要求樓內設有走廊、樓梯或電梯（轎廂大小與設計負載有關）。

The plan of a structure，always the first consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building．

建筑師首先要考慮的是建筑規劃，它綜合考量了建筑空間、功能以體現建筑物的用途。

Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice．

規劃地好可以使人們在建筑內部按圖索驥，使得大廈內各部分一目了然，且不知不覺給他們留下良好印象。

Conversely，a bad plan results in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion． 相反，規劃較差將造成不便、浪費和視覺混亂。

Furthermore，a structure must be well built；it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the mate edifice materials chosen may allow．

此外，建筑施工必須保證質量良好且使用年限較長，這即要考慮設計意圖，也要考慮材料的選擇。

The raw materials of architecture—stone，brick，wood，steel，or glass—in part govern the forms of the building and are expressed by them．

建筑材料（石、磚、木材、鋼材或玻璃）在某種程度上決定著建筑物的形式，并形成效果表達（即建筑表現）。Stone

Stone can resist compression，the force that squeezes together，almost indefinitely．

石材幾乎可以無限地承受壓力。

While it is possible to crush stone in a laboratory，for practical purposes its compressive strength is unlimited．

即使在實驗室中能把石頭壓碎，但在實際使用中它的耐壓程度幾乎是無限大。

On the other hand，stone is weak in withstanding tension，the force that pulls apart．

然而其抗拉性能卻極差。

Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports，putting the lower half of the beam under tension．

橫跨空間的支撐梁都會出現下彎情形，從而使梁的下半部處于受拉狀態。

It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals．

由于石材抗拉性能差，因此石材梁跨度小且支點多。

Moreover，stone columns must be sturdy，rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide．

還有，石柱必須粗而短，其高度很少超過寬度的十倍。

In stone buildings，windows，doors，and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are wide—the vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic．

在石材建筑中，門、窗以及支柱間的空間，其高度不得不超過寬度，從而形成具有石頭建筑美學的狹長矩形。

Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of the Western world that forms appropriate to it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood，as in the American Georgian period．

石料在西方建筑中占有很大比例，以至于在木建筑中它的形式都得以保留下來，例如在美國喬治王朝時期。

Stone，then，lends itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof，to post and lintel construction with rather closely spaced columns，and to arch construction where the stresses are predominantly compressive．

在這個時期，石料主要用于支撐樓板和屋頂的墻、與密排柱一起施工的柱和過梁及拱梁。Wood and Steel

Wood，a fibrous material，withstands tension as readily as it does compression.木材是一種堅韌的材料，既可抗拉也可抗壓。

Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams，and wooden posts slender and widely spaced．

木梁比起石梁要相對長些；木柱比較細，且間距大。

A horizontal rectangle，wider than it is high，results from the natural properties of wood，as may be seen in Japanese architecture．

利用木材的天然特性做成的矩形框架其寬度大于高度，這在日本建筑中有所體現。

Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its compressive strength．

鋼材的抗拉強度并不小于其抗壓強度。

Anyone who has observed a steel building under construction must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender，widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor．

觀察正在施工的鋼結構建筑時，人們一定注意到由每根矗立于地面的細長而間距大的柱子和長梁形成的矩形網格結構。

The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame construction—a skeleton to support floors and roof—with whatever surfacing material may be necessary．

木材和鋼材的性能適于做框架（一種支撐樓面和樓板的結構），當然還需要其他材料。

Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which beams project beyond the last point of support．

木材和鋼材還可制成懸臂梁，它可向外伸出更遠。

Finally，architecture must do more than meet the physical requirements of strength and space；it must also，content the spirit of man．

最后，建筑藝術不僅要滿足強度和空間的實際要求，它還必須滿足人類的精神需求。

The building should form an aesthetic unity to which the several parts contribute．

建筑物的各個部分應當形成建筑美學的統一。

Thus，the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to make them all related parts of a single whole．

這樣，結構的側面和后部就應和正面表現出充分的一致，從而使它們在建筑整體中互相關聯。

The major internal divisions，too，require some expression in the external design．The nave，aisles，transepts，apse，and radiating chapels of Gothic cathedrals，for example，are all visible on the exterior，so that the visitor is subconsciously prepared for what he will find inside．

室內主要部分要表現于外部設計上。例如，哥特式大教堂的正廳、側廊、耳室和四周的小禮拜堂都從外部可見。這樣，游客對其內部所見就會有所預期。

Architecture calls for good proportions—a pleasing relationship of voids to solids，of height to width，of length to breadth．

建筑要求比例恰當，虛與實、長寬高關系要令人愉悅。

Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas，such as the golden section．

人們作了種種嘗試才通過數學公式（如黃金分割）闡明這種良好的比例關系。

These efforts have not found general acceptance，however，although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension(for example，a module that is half the diameter of a column)throughout the design．Such repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave．

雖然整個設計中通過重復某種模數（如以柱子半徑為模數）獲得了良好的效果，但付出卻未能得到普遍認可。然而，總有一天，這些研究對于人們渴望見到的效果會有幫助。

A building also should have what architects call scale；that is，it should visually convey its true size．

建筑物還須具有建筑師們所說的“尺度效應”，也即，建筑物必須在視覺效果上表達其實際尺寸。

Such elements as benches，steps，or balustrades，though slightly variable in size，are，by their very purpose，related to the normal dimensions of human beings．

諸如長凳、臺階、欄桿等物件，盡管其尺寸稍有變化，但按實際用途還是與人的空間感是息息相關的。

They therefore become，almost imperceptibly，units of measurement for gauging the size of the whole edifice．

不知不覺地，這些物件就成為評判整個大廈規模的度量單位。

Because these units are so small in comparison to the whole building，other elements of intermediate size are needed．

由于這些部分比起整個建筑物小得多，因此需要有中等尺寸的其他物件。

Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway；that，in turn，to the height of a colonnade；and finally，the colonnade to the whole structure．

樓梯和欄桿暗示了出入口的高矮；出入口又暗示了柱廊的大小；柱廊最后又暗示了整個結構物的尺寸。

The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scale．The absence of small elements in St．Peter’s in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastness．

凡爾賽的小特例安農宮殿就是一個符合尺度要求的完美例子。羅馬的圣·彼得大教堂由于沒有小物件，因而它的宏大程度很難被人們意識到。Decoration

Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture，it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building.雖然在某些現代建筑中極少使用裝飾裝修，但過去卻使用較多，這或是由于其天然的美感，或是為了強調建筑物某一部分的重要性。

Decoration or ornament may be used to contribute the character，the visible expression of the purpose of the building.裝飾裝修可用來表達建筑物的特征，即成為其用途的視覺表現形式。

Thus a bank should look like a bank，and a church should be immediately identifiable as such.因此，銀行看起來就像銀行，而教堂則應該立刻被認出是教堂。

Ideally，too，any building should seem to belong on its site，with some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography．

最理想的是任何建筑物都應當各得其所，和相鄰建筑物以及當地的地理情況保持某種關系。

Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose，governed by the materials，proportioned and given scale and character by the designer，buildings become expressions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built them．The successive styles of historic architecture are incarnations of the spirit of their times．

通過相應的建筑形式（這些形式由其功能構成，由材料確定，或由設計者確定比例和給定尺寸及特征），建筑展示了建造它們的那代人的理想和抱負。有歷史意義的建筑所延續的風格就是那個時代的精神化身。

第五篇：土木工程專業英語

土木工程專業英語

土木工程civil engineering

鋼結構steel struture

鋼筋混凝土結構 reinforced concrete structure

鋼結構設計規范Code for design of steel structure reinforced concrete beds鋼筋混凝土地基 reinforced concrete footing 鋼筋混凝土基腳 reinforced concrete canopy 鋼筋混凝土頂蓋 reinforced concrete foundation 鋼筋混凝土基礎 reinforced concrete pile鋼筋混凝土樁 reinforced concrete plate鋼筋混凝土板

reinforced concrete T beam 鋼筋混凝土T形梁 reinforcement加強 加固

reinforcing rib 加緊肋

reinforcing mesh 鋼筋網

reinforcing rod鋼筋, 鋼筋條

reinforcing agent 增強劑

reinforcing bars 配筋

梁beam/girder

柱column

吊桿post

框架frame

初步設計preliminary design

強度strength

承載能力load-carrying capacity

脆斷brittle fracture

強度標準值characteristic value of strength 強度設計值design value of strength

一階彈性分析 first order elastic analysis

二階彈性分析 second order elastic analysis 屈曲buckling

腹板屈曲后強度 post-buckling strength of web plate