第一篇:介紹中山陵的英語作文
The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is Sun Yat-sen's tomb.Sun Yat-sen is China's great statesman.It is located in the south of Nanjing xiaomao mountain east of China's Jiangsu Province.As a famous
March 12, 1925, Dr.Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing, in accordance to his wishes in his lifetime, he was buried in Zhongshan.His coffin was suspended on Biyunsi in xiangshan, beijing.People decided to build his tomb in Nanjing Zhongshan.It spent about three years to build from 1926 to 1929.The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum sits north to south, covering an area of 800 million square meters, of which the Great Hall of the festival palace-building simulation, have three arches.Doorway has a banner inscribed with “nation, civil rights, and the people's”.Dr.Sun Yat-sen wall engraved with the text of a handwritten “principles for national reconstruction”.Its main buildings are : the arch, coins, Mausoleum doors Pavilion, and the tomb of the Great Hall and other ceremonies.Seeing from the sky, The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is like a supine “freedom bell” in the Green delivered acrylic blankets and the statue is like a steeple with a semilunar roof arcs.At the top of the tomb there is a hemispherical dome roof, just like a round slipping bell.The tripod at the southern square(now the images of Dr.Sun Yat-sen)is the centre of the clock bell.“Ding” is the symbol of power in ancient times, the clock therefore has the meaning of “to arouse the people to build the Republic of China(1912-1949)”.Sun’s heroic vitality, as well as his gesture seem to delivere a speech that related to the destiny of the country.During the 30 years, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is constantly renovated, now the entire garden area has more than 3,000 hectares.Around the graveyard is full of dynamism and attractiveness.Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is a Dr.Sun
Yat-sen's tomb who is our great revolutionary forerunner, located in the south of Nanjing Zijinshan Maoshan China.People who pay a visit to Nanjing, will not miss their chances to look at Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum with reverence.Although Dr.Sun Yat-sen died, his noble spirit will never perish, which is instead admired by the world people.
第二篇:中山陵介紹
中山陵講解詞
中山陵是中國偉大的民主革命先行者孫中山先生的陵墓,位于南京市東郊紫金山第二峰小茅山南坡。中山陵坐北朝南,前臨平川,背靠青山,其建筑采用依山為陵的形式,墓室建在海拔158米的山頂最高處,比旁邊明孝陵所處的位置高出90多米;從牌坊到墓道,高差70多米,平面距離700多米,顯得十分雄偉壯麗。
【孫中山生平—安葬紫金山的夙愿—陵墓設計者呂彥直】
孫中山生平:
孫中山,姓孫名文,字逸仙,1866年11月12日生于廣東省香山縣翠亨村(現已改為中山市),在他帶領下,推翻了 2000多年的中國封建帝制,這就是中國近代史上影響深刻、意義深遠的一次偉大革命——辛亥革命。他是中國辛亥革命的領袖。
1912年1月l日,孫中山在南京就任臨時大總統。1925年3月12日逝世。生前孫中山十分喜歡紫金山。看到這里山水相依,氣勢雄偉,就有了他回長眠此山的想法。為了尊重孫中山先生的遺愿,將他的墓建在了紫金山。
中山陵介紹:
中山陵。于1926年1月15日動工,歷時三年多,孫先生的遺體是 1929年6月1日從北京運抵這里的。整個陵區的面積達83600多平方米,主要建筑由牌坊、墓道、陵門、碑亭、祭臺和墓室等組成。根據設計,整個陵區平面呈警鐘形,給人以警鐘長鳴、發人深醒的啟迪。孫中山先生在臨終遺囑中說,他致力于國民革命四十年,深知欲達到此目的,必須喚起民眾。
中山陵作為一座陵墓,依山為陵,保留牌坊、墓道、陵門、碑亭、祭堂等中國古代陵墓中常用的基本建筑格局,但又剔除了古代帝王陵墓中屬于封建糟粕一類的東西,如摒棄用于顯示古代帝王威嚴的石人石獸,同時吸取西方建筑的一些先進技藝。整個構思的確稱得上是古為今用,洋為中用,別具匠心,巧奪天工。
各位游客:進入中山陵,首先來到的是陵前的廣場。廣場位于中山陵的正南端。雖然不很大,但卻為陵墓平添了莊嚴肅穆的氣勢。請大家留意,我們腳下的這片廣場呈半月形,是“鐘”的下緣。四周蒼松挺立,樹大蔭濃,恰似革命事業萬古長青,枝繁葉茂,生生不息。大家再看,廣場南面的高臺上,矗立著的是孫中山的全身銅像,氣宇軒昂,栩栩如生。
廣場南面那座鋼筋混凝土結構的八角形石臺上的紫銅寶鼎,高4.25米,腹徑1.21米,重約5000公斤,是中山陵紀念性建筑之一。這尊鼎鑄于 1933年秋,是廣州中山大學師生和校長戴季陶捐贈的、鼎的一面鑄有“智、仁、勇”三個字,是中山大學的校訓。鼎內還刻有戴母黃氏手書《孝經》全文,所以叫孝經鼎。
【博愛訪—墓道—陵墓正門—碑亭—條堂—墓室—孫中山遺體安葬經過】
各位游客:由廣場拾級而上就是墓道。在墓道的人口處,大家請看:這座沖天而立的花崗巖牌坊,高12米,寬17.3米,牌坊上端正中的橫帽上刻著 “博愛”二字,因此又稱為“博愛坊”。這座牌坊建于1930年,采用花崗巖仿木結構,建筑格局為四攬三閉門沖天式。牌坊,在我國古代通常建在帝王陵寢的人口處,用來歌功頌德,至此朝拜者必須下馬步行。我們眼前的這座牌坊上所鐫刻的“博愛”兩字是中山先生的手跡,也是他生前的座右銘,據說孫先生生前最愛題這兩字送人。
經過牌坊,就到墓道。整條墓道長480多米,分為三道:中道寬12米,鋼筋水泥路面;左右二道各黨4.2米,柏油路面。墓道兩旁對稱地種植著兩排雪松和四排檜柏,代替了古代陵墓前道常用的石人石獸,喻示著中山先生的浩然正氣長留天地之間。其中的雪松已成為南京市的市樹。
走完墓道,我們便來到了陵墓的正門。陵門坐北朝南,有三個拱門,每個拱門都裝有一扇對開的樓花銅門。陵門平面為長方形,高16.5米,寬27 米,進深8.8米,全部用福建花崗巖建成。屋檐為單層歇山式(歇山式建筑是我國古代第二等級的建筑屋頂式樣)。門楣上有孫中山先生親筆所書“天下為公”四個大字。這四個大字表達了孫先生畢生的奮斗目標和所追求的理想。
陵門之后,是一座方形的碑亭,邊長12米,高約17米,全部用花崗巖建成。亭中這塊高8.1米、寬4米的巨碑,碑的正面刻有國民黨元老譚延闿手書的“中國國民黨葬總理孫先生于此,中華民國十八年六月一日”24個餾金大字。字為顏體,道勁有力。譚延闿在民國時期曾做過國民政府主席、行政院院長,是國民黨內四大書法家之一。這里需要說明的是,孫中山曾經當過臨時政府大總統,并沒有擔任過政府總理,為何碑文稱他為“總理”而不稱為“總統”呢?當時段棋瑞政府雖然明令國葬孫中山,但實際上舉行的是黨葬,孫中山在國民黨內的職務是總理。再看碑的背面,沒有題寫任何文字。當初討論立碑時,計劃由汪精衛撰寫碑文,胡漢民撰寫墓志銘,可花了兩年時間碑文內容也沒能定下來。大家都認為像孫中山這樣偉大的人物,其功績是無法用文字來評述的,于是就決定不寫銘文。游客們:這座碑亭四面各有一個拱門,北側的拱門下設有石欄,我們在此可憑欄遠眺中山陵祭堂的雄姿,也可攝影留念。
出了碑亭,循著層層石階到祭堂前平臺,共有八段石階,共290級,每段石階上都有一塊平臺。平臺上還陳列著一些紀念品,豐富了石階的景觀內容。石階兩旁種滿了各種終年常青的樹木,有松柏、楓樹、石鋪、海棠等。
現在我們已經來到了第五層平臺上,這里有一對巨大的紫銅鼎,上面刻著“奉安大典”四個篆書大字,這是當時的上海市政府為紀念中山先生的葬禮而敬獻的。請大家仔細看西側的那只銅鼎,壁上留有兩個彈孔,據說是1937年12月日軍攻打南京時被炮彈擊穿的。
各位游客:現在我們終于登上了第十層平臺,這是陵墓的最高處,海拔158米。讓我們環顧一下平臺四周,這座平臺東西寬162米,南北進深38 米,祭堂就位于平臺的正中。到了這里,我想問一下,哪位游客能說出剛才我們一共走過了幾級石階?對了,從廣場到祭堂總共有392級石階。設計者為避免單調,將這392級石階分為十段,每段一個平臺,總計有大小十個平臺。朝下看,不見臺階,只見平臺。如果從下往上看,那么就只見到臺階,不見平臺了。或許有的游客要問:這392級臺階的數字是否巧合?不是!而是暗喻了當時中國的三億九千兩百萬同胞。
現在我們來到了祭堂前,這座融中西建筑風格于一體的宮殿式建筑,長30米,寬25米,高29米,四周有堡壘式的小建筑物,并有兩座高12.6米的華表拱衛。祭堂的屋頂為重檐九脊,上覆藍色琉璃瓦,外墻用花崗巖砌成。祭堂的三拱門婚上從東到西分別刻著“民族”、“民生”、“民權”6個篆體大字,是國民黨元老張靜江的手書。居中的“民生”門楣上端,還有孫中山所書“天地正氣”4個金字直額。
請各位跟我進人祭堂。祭堂內部以云南產白黑色大理石鋪地。堂內四周還可以看到12根黑色石柱,直徑有0.8米,四隱八現,12代表的是一年中的 12個月,4代表的是一年中的4個季節。大西兩側的護壁上還刻有孫中山手書《建國大綱》全文。祭堂正中是一尊石雕孫中山全身坐像,像高4.6米,底座寬 2.1米,用意大利白色大理石雕刻而成。只見中山先生身穿長袍馬褂,膝上放著一本展開的文卷,雙目凝視前方,顯示出一位偉大思想家的深沉和睿智。坐像是由法籍波蘭雕刻家保羅·郎特斯基雕琢而成的,它于1930年雕成后從治國巴黎運到中山陵,總造價150萬法郎。坐像底座四側的六幅浮雕,再現了孫中山從事革命活動的生動畫面。正面一幅為“如抱赤子”,畫面上孫中山先生正在精心地為一個患病的幼兒治病。東面兩幅是“出國宣傳”和“商討革命”,表現了孫中山先生早年奔走革命和創建同盟會的情形。背面一幅為“國會授印”,再現了辛亥革命后,議會向孫中山授大總統印的場面。西面兩幅浮雕,一幅是“振聾發聵”,表現了孫中山為喚起民眾,正向群眾宣傳革命道理;另一幅是“討袁護國”,內容是孫中山發表演說,號召人民討伐倒行逆施的袁世凱。
祭堂后壁正中是墓門,與墓室相通。墓門分為兩道,第一道是兩扇美國產的紫銅保險門,門婚上刻有“浩氣長存”橫額,是孫中山先生親筆所書。第二道為獨扇銅門,上刻張靜江所寫“孫中山先生之墓”7個篆字。門開啟時,這7個字是看不見的,只有當墓門關閉時,門上的字才能看見。
整個墓室是一座半球形封閉式建筑,頂呈西式穹隆狀。室內圓形,直徑約18米,高11米,四壁用妃色人造石貼面。墓室的地面用白色大理石鋪砌。墓壁上裝有目光燈,頂上裝有8個反光鏡;使室內保持柔和而充足的光線。墓室的中央是安葬孫中山靈棕的大理石礦,直徑約4.3米,石礦深1.6米,四周圍著一圈精致的白色大理石欄桿。墓護正中的長方形墓穴上安放著孫中山先生的漢白玉臥像,臥像身穿中山裝,神態寧靜,面容慈祥,如同生前安睡一樣,令人肅然起敬。這是捷克雕塑家高濃按孫中山遺體的形象而創作的。
講到這里,大家最關心的一定是孫先生的遺體是否仍在中山陵,事實上,孫先生逝世后,他的遺體的確是歷經了磨難。本來,孫中山逝世前,曾經吩咐葬禮儀式和棺木式樣仿照列寧的格式,讓民眾瞻仰遺容。可當孫先生逝世時,蘇聯贈送的玻璃鋼棺材沒能及時運到,只好暫時安放在酉式玻璃蓋棺木棺內,停放在北京香山碧云寺石塔之中。當1925年3月30日蘇聯政府送來玻璃鋼棺材時,孫中山的遺體已久殮半個多月了,由于防腐措施不當,遺容不能再供后人瞻仰,只好改為土葬。1929年6月1日,遺體從北京遷往南京,當時就在這臥像下5米左右處安放了從美國定購的紫銅棺。解放戰爭后期,蔣介石曾想將遺體遷往臺灣,但由于爆破墓穴勢必會損壞遺體,因而作罷,終于使遺體得以安然保存在中山陵內。
各位游客:中山陵的主體建筑就介紹到這里,有興趣的游客還可到祭堂外墓堡公園內去看一下《中山陵建設史料圖片展》,以便更多地了解中山陵建設的情況。參觀完畢后,請大家準時到停車場上車,繼續游覽下一個景點。謝謝各位!
第三篇:英語導游詞中山陵
Dr.Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum
1景點概況2’30(地理位置、建陵時間、5A級景區,墓址選定、中山陵的設計者及設計特點,孫中山身平,奉安大典
Dr.Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum, located at the southern slope of the Purple Mountain, is the tomb of Dr.Sun Yatsen who is the great forerunner(pioneer)of the Chinese democratic revolution.It is the 5A class scenic spot.On November 12, 1866, Dr.Sun Yatsen was born of a farmer’s family in Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province.In 1905, Dr.Sun set up the Chinese United League(同盟會), which was officially set up in Tokyo, Japan.Dr.Sun was elected to be the Prime Minister.He put forward the famous guiding principle-“driving the invaders out, restoring the sovereignty of China, establishing a republic and equalizing the land ownership” and the Three People's Principles-“Nationalism, Democracy and the People's Livelihood.” Unfortunately, he broke down from constant overwork and passed away on March 12, 1925.The location of the Mausoleum was chosen by Mr.Sun himself.Here is exactly a good place to build a mausoleum.You may wonder: Mr.Sun was born in Guangdong but died in Beijing.For his whole life he traveled throughout China for the revolution.Why did he choose Nanjing as the venue of his tomb? Fundamentally speaking, the reason he chose Zijing Mountain as his permanent resting-place is to commemorate the revolution of 1911 and to encourage the revolutionaries.Among all the contribution, young architect Lu Yanzhi's design, a design in the shape of a bell, was highly praised and gained the first prize.Because his design of the mausoleum in a shape of a kind of bell(木鐸形平面設計)may best accord with the principle of the ancient Chinese architecture.This kind of bell was often used to issue decrees(頒布政權法令)in ancient times.Here at the mausoleum the design in such a style symbolizes Dr.Sun’s spirit as the sounding of a bell that it may reach everywhere of the country and better arouse people of the Chinese nation.The construction of the mausoleum started in January 1926, just on the occasion of the first anniversary of Dr.Sun’s death.The grand funeral ceremony held in large procession on June 1, 1929.Mr.Sun's remains was transported from Beijing to Nanjing, it has been placed here since then.2陵前部分2’(孝經鼎的重量、高度和鼎腹的刻字及內置六角銅牌內容, 博愛坊建筑特色,高度、寬度及正中匾額的“博愛”題字及出處墓道的長度寬度及特點)Please look to the south of the square.On the top level of the platform stands a treasured tripod made of bronze.The copper “ding” with two ears and three feet weighs 5000 kg.It is 4.25 meters high and its diameter is 1.23 meters.The tripod was donated by Mr.Dai Jitao and all the students and faculties of Sun Yatsen University.Cast in the surface of the tripod are three Chinese characters: “ wisdom, benevolence and courage”(智,仁,勇).In the interior of the tripod is placed a hexagonal copper plate, engraved on which is the full text of the Classic of Filial Piety(孝經全文)written in Mr.Dai’s mother own hand.Now we can see a gateway(牌坊)made of granite in an imitation of an ancient wood archway(仿古木結構牌樓).The gateway is three-arched and three-eaved one with the doorposts towering above the gate(三間三檐沖天式牌坊).It was built between 1931 and 1933, 12meters high and 17.3 meters in width.Between the two eaves above the lintel sets a horizontal stone plaque, on which two Chinese characters in Dr.Sun’s brush writings(孫中山手書“博愛”兩個鎦金陰文)are cut in intaglio and gilded by gold, meaning “universal fraternity”.These two words are quoted from “On the Origin of the Way”(原道)written by Han Yu..Dr.Sun consistently acted on the spirit of universal fraternity and fought all his life for independence and freedom of the nation(孫中山先生始終秉承博愛精神,為民族獨立自由奮斗不息).Further from the Fraternity Archway, there is a road leading to the mausoleum.The road is 480 meters long and dozens of meters wide.The pines, cypresses, ginkgoes and maples on the both sides of the road represent.The whole design of the mausoleum gives prominence to Chinese traditional style, grand, solemn and specific.3陵門、碑亭2’30(廣場簡介,陵門的建筑特點,“天下為公”匾額題字及出處)At the end of the tomb avenue stands a magnificent entrance tower, it is the gate of the mausoleum.In front of it is an open cement platform 70 meters in width flanked by lawns(草地).The gate of the mausoleum is single-eaved and gable-roofed(單檐歇山頂)with blue-glazed tiles.Under the front eave of the gate we can find another four Chinese characters also in Dr.Sun’s brush writings, meaning “The world belongs to the public”.The words are quoted from “The Analects of Confucius”(論語).Behind the gate of the mausoleum(陵門)is a square pavilion, side length 12 meters, about 17 meters high.all built by granite.The pavilion has a double-eaved and nine-ridged roof of blue-glazed tiles.Erected in the middle of the pavilion is an eight meters high monument:,Monument engraved with the front of the KMT veteran Tan Yankai(the former chief of the Administrative Bureau(原行政院長)hand-written “buried Premier Sun here the Chinese Kuomintang, the Republic of China June 1949 a day” 24-run gold characters.From the Tablet Pavilion to the Memorial Hall(祭堂)there are eight flights of 290 steps with each having a large platform in between.The three flights on the top part imply(寓意)the meaning of “The Three People’s Principles ”(Nationalism, Democracy
Page 1 of 2
and the People’s Livelihood)and the five flights on the lower represent “The Five-Power Constitution”,(the Bureau of Legislation 立法院,the Bureau of Justice 司法院,the Bureau of Supervision監察院, the Bureau of Administration 行政院and the Bureau of Personnel Evaluations考試院).Counting from “the Fraternity Gateway” to the Memorial Hall there are altogether 392 steps.Such a design intends to remind climbers of Dr.Sun’s last words :“The revolution has not yet been achieved and my comrades should make their further efforts”.Now we have come to the fifth floor platform, where a pair of enormous purple tripod, inscribed “Bong An Dadian” four seal script characters, this was the Shanghai Municipal Government to commemorate Sun Yat-sen's funeral and presented them.Please carefully read the west side of the bird tripod, leaving two bullet holes in the wall, is said to be in December 1937 when the Japanese attack on Nanking shells breakdown.Now we are coming the top platform.Left and right sides of a pair of antique bronze tripod, which was donated by Mr Sun’s son Sun Ke's family.4祭堂、墓室3’
Now we are in front of the Memorial Hall.Let us look around the platform around this platform, 162 meters from east to west, north and south into the deep 38 m.The Memorial Hall is a Chinese and Western architectural style in one of the palace-style building, 30 meters long, 25 meters wide, high 29 meters, surrounded by a small fortress-like building.The Memorial Hall roof ridge to eaves nine, overlying blue glazed tiles.the Memorial Hall on the marriage of the three arches were carved from east to west, “Nationalism, Democracy and the People’s Livelihood”.6 gold-gilded Chinese characters carved in relief(陽刻鎦金字), the KMT veteran Zhang Jingjiang handwritten.Center of the “people” upper lintels, as well as Sun Yat-sen the book “ The healthy tendency is bound to prevail over the world ”(天地正氣).Halls in Yunnan white house black marble floor.Halls to four weeks you can see 12 black stone pillars,.On both sides of the Atlantic Wall is also engraved with the handwritten Sun Yat-sen ” The Outline National Reconstruction:(建國大綱)。The whole The Festival Hall in black and white blue tone, are traditional Chinese filial piety color.Festival Hall is the center of a stone statue of Sun Yat-sen body, such as 4.6 meters high, the base width of 2.1 meters, with Italian white marble carved.Seated in Poland by French sculptor Paul Lang Tesi Ji carved, carved it in 1930 after Sun Yat-sen arrived in Paris from the country, the total cost of 1.5 million francs.Seated side of the six base four relief, depicts the Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities in the vivid picture.A newborn baby held in its mother’s arms(如抱赤子)symbolizing the new republic is supported by the whole nation;Going abroad for promotion(出國宣傳)and holding discussions about the revolution(商討革命);Rousing the deaf and awakening the unhearing 振聾發聵sending a punitive expedition against the warlord Yuan Shikai討袁護國, and the state power authorized by the Congress(國會授印).Within the top of festival hall is KMT party emblem
Entrance of the tomb is divided into two, the first U.S.production of copper is two insurers doors, wedding engraved with “spirit lives forever,” banners, Sun Yat-sen autograph the book.Bronze doors for the second single fan, carved Zhang Jingjiang written “Sun Yat-sen's tomb,” 7 seal.Doors open, the seven characters are invisible, and only when the entrance of the tomb is closed, the door to see the words.Closed the tomb is a domed building, was a Western-style dome-shaped roof.Indoor circular diameter of about 18 meters, 11 meters high, with walls the color of artificial stone veneer Princess.Central is the burial tomb of Sun Yat-sen Spirit brown marble mine, a diameter of about 4.3 m, 1.6 m deep quarry, surrounded by exquisite white marble railings around.Middle of the rectangular tomb protection are placed on the grave of Dr.Sun Yat-like white marble lying, lying like wearing a tunic, an air of quiet, kind face, like sleep during his lifetime, as awe-inspiring.This is a high concentration by Czech sculptor Sun created the image of the body.5附屬紀念建筑 1’
there are many other attractions beside it ,for example:Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall.Music platform, light Huating光華亭, revolves pavilion, 行健亭pavilion flow emblem流徽榭, Zhongshan Botanical Garden(former Prime Minister cemetery Botanical Garden), Liao Zhongkai and He Xiangning tomb, Tan Yankai tomb and so on.that’s all.Thank you.(As a research center on central and northern subtropical floras of China, the garden has a living collection of about 3,000 species belonging to 913 genera of 188 families.Liao Zhongkai(1877—1925 AD)was a good assistant of Dr.Sun Yat-sen.After the death of Dr.Sun Yat-sen, he continued to adhere to the three policies of “alliance with Russia and Chinese Communist Party and support for workers and farmers”, and was murdered by the Kuomintang in 1925.In 1935, his tomb was moved to Dr.Sun Yat-sen’s Mausoleum in Nanjing.As the wife of Liao Zhongkai, He Xiangning once served as vice-chairman of National Political Consultative Conference and vice-chairman of the National People’s Congress.After she died in 1972, her remains were buried here together with Liao Zhongkai according to her wish.)
Page 2 of 2
第四篇:中山陵游記作文專題
中山陵游記作文
俗話說,到了南京,如果沒去中山陵,可以說你只看到了半個南京城。盡管南京素有“六朝古都”之稱,擁有“金陵四十景”等眾多名勝古跡,但中山陵無疑是其中最具吸引力、最有知名度的一個。中山陵的墓址是偉大的革命家——孫先生生前選定的。這里視野開闊,氣象雄偉,的確是建造陵墓的好地方。
中山陵的建造可以說是南京城建設史上的一件大事。當年為了迎接孫先生靈樞,南京修筑了第一條柏油馬路西起中山碼頭,東至中山門,長達24里的中山路。直到今天,中山路依然是南京最主要的交通干道之一。同時改造翻修了明代城門朝陽門,并改名為中山門。在中山門到中山陵之間還修筑了一條陵園路。如同巴黎人以香榭里舍大道為驕傲,紐約人為第五大街而自豪一樣,南京人對自己城市美麗的林蔭大道最是得意。而這條長達3公里的陵園路無疑正是南京林蔭道的最佳代表。在這條“綠蔭長廊”兩側,種植著南京最主要的行道樹梧桐。人們習慣上稱它為法國梧桐,但追根溯源起來,它可是我們的“土特產”。只因當年法國人將它從云南移植到上海法租界,才得了現在這么一個土洋結合的名字。
車出中山門,沿陵園路行駛,終點便是中山陵前的半月形廣場。大家請朝南看,廣場正南是一座八角形石臺。臺上那尊雙耳三足的紫銅寶鼎,重5000公斤,高4.25米,腹徑1.23米,是中山陵紀念性裝飾之一。此鼎鑄于1933年秋,由廣州中山大學全體師生和戴季陶捐贈。鼎一面鑄有“智、仁、勇”三個字,是中山大學校訓。鼎內豎有一塊六角形銅牌,上刻戴母手書《孝經》全文。
中山陵中最著名的景點就要數博愛坊了。
由廣場踏階而上,迎面是一座四楹三闕門的沖天式石牌坊。這座牌坊建于1931~1933年,高12米,寬17.3米。建坊用的都是大塊福建花崗巖,但采用的卻是傳統木結構形式。大家抬頭可以望見坊額正中金光閃閃的“博愛”兩字。這兩個字是孫先生的手跡,原出自唐韓愈《原道》“博愛之為仁”一語。據說孫先生生前最愛題這兩字送人。孫先生畢生以偉大的博愛精神致力于資產階級民主革命,為民族的獨立自由奮斗不息,可以說“博愛”二字正是對他一生的高度概括和最好寫照。
現在正是暑假,炎熱的氣息撲面而來。可是去中山陵游玩的人還是很多。這不僅表現了人們對孫中山先生的瞻仰,也充分表明了:中山陵真是古城南京的一座代表性建筑啊!
第五篇:十一 中山陵
十一、中山陵
各位游客大家好,歡迎來到美麗的六朝古都南京!我是你們的導游員xxx,有多年駕駛經驗的司機王師傅在,大家可以放心、安心的隨我游覽。今天我們要游覽的景點是中山陵。
中山陵位于紫金山第二峰小茅山的南麓,是偉大的中國民主革命先行者孫中山先生的陵墓,2000年,中山陵園被國家旅游局評為5A級風景名勝區。
孫中山1866年11月12日出生在廣東省香山縣翠亨村的一個農民家庭。他少有大志,先后求學于檀香山、香港等地,畢業后在廣州等地行醫。后來,棄醫從政。于1905年,組織成立了中國歷史上第一個資產階級政黨中國同盟會。辛亥革命后被推舉為中華民國臨時大總統。1925年3月12日,因積勞成疾在北京逝世。
葬于紫金山是孫中山先生生前決定的。據說,孫先生在辭去總統職務的次日,與胡漢民等人到紫金山一帶打獵,他環視周圍地形,笑對左右說:“待我他日辭世后,愿向國民乞此一抔土,以安置軀殼爾”。孫中山先生臨終前,他又囑咐左右:“吾死之后,可葬于南京紫金山麓,因南京為臨時政府成立之地,所以不忘辛亥革命也”。先生逝世后,為了尊重其遺愿,由孫中山葬事籌備處確定陵址,選定青年建筑師呂彥直的設計稿。呂彥直所設計的中山陵,平面為一木鐸形,表示使“天下皆達道”及“木鐸警世”之義。同時,呂彥直被聘為建筑師。遺憾的是,他因主持建造中山陵積勞成疾,于1929年3月18日患病去世。整個陵墓,既融合了中國古代陵墓的布局及建筑形式,保持了民族風格;又汲取了西方先進的建筑方法。中山陵建筑工程從1926年破土動工到1932年春完工,歷時六年,共耗資220萬銀元。1926年,6月1日正午12時舉行“奉安大典”,從此孫中山先生就一直長眠于此。當時,為迎接中山先生的靈柩,還修筑了一條“迎柩大道”,西起中山碼頭,東至現中山門,是南京市第一條柏油馬路,還修筑了一條長3公里的陵園路,通往陵址。這條路是南京綠化的代表,道路的兩側種植了南京主要的行道樹懸鈴木。
現在我們所在的位置是中山陵的半月形廣場,在廣場的正南面有一座三層八角形平臺,每層均圍以石欄,在平臺上有一尊三足雙耳的紫銅寶鼎。這只鼎是1933年由戴季陶和中山大學的全體師生捐贈,鼎高4.25米,重達5噸,腹徑達1.23米,鼎的腹部鑄有“智、仁、勇”三個字,是中山大學的校訓;另一面還有“忠孝仁愛信義和平”八個字,但遺憾的是文革時期被磨掉,鼎內有一塊六角形銅牌,上面有戴季陶母親手書的《孝經》全文,所以此鼎又名“孝經鼎”。
半月形廣場的正中便是“博愛坊”,是一座四楹三樓檐的沖天式牌坊。建于1928年,高12米,寬17.3米,由四根大石柱和六個長橫額相連,橫額上覆藍色琉璃瓦,牌坊上雕刻蓮瓣云和古代建筑彩繪等圖案。正中橫額上有一塊石匾,上有孫中山先生手書的“博愛”兩字。據說孫中山先生生前最愛將這兩個送人。“博愛”一語出自唐韓愈《原道》:“博愛之謂仁”。縱觀他的一生,也正秉承了博愛的精神,為中華民族的獨立自由奮斗不息。這兩個字也成為他一生極好的概括和寫照。
由博愛坊向前為長480米,寬近40米的墓道,墓道分為左、中、右三道。中間墓道寬12米,兩側各為9米寬的草坪。其間種植了雪松、檜柏等長青樹木,左右兩邊墓道各寬4.6米。中山陵既符合中國傳統建筑精神,又具有獨特的風格。墓道采取嚴格的中軸對稱更給人以法度莊嚴的感覺,以兩兩對稱的雪松、檜柏、銀杏、紅楓等樹木代替了古代慣常的石人石獸,更好地表現了高潔長青的象征意義。
走過墓道,我們來到陵門前的水泥平臺,這是中山陵的第二大廣場,寬約70米。平臺左右兩側各有一個“衛士室”,這是仿木結構由鋼筋水泥制成,為硬山卷棚式琉璃瓦頂建筑。廣場的正北方就是單檐歇山頂的陵門。高16米,寬27米,進深8.8米,用福建花崗巖筑成,上覆藍色琉璃瓦。陵門檐下的石額上鐫刻著孫中山先生手書的“天下為公”四個字,語出《禮記·禮運》中的“大道之行也,天下為公。”陵門前有一對3米高的石獅。
陵門之后就是碑亭,高17米,寬12米,為重檐歇山式建筑,上覆藍色琉璃瓦頂,亭身用花崗巖砌成,亭中間立有一塊用整塊花崗巖刻成的石碑,碑文8.1米,碑身上刻著“中國國民黨葬 總理孫先生于此 中華民國十八年六月一日”二十四個顏體楷書大字。字為原國民政府主席、行政院院長譚延闿所寫,碑額上有陰刻的國民黨黨徽圖案。這塊碑的重要特點便是突出了“黨葬”。
從碑亭到上面的祭堂共有八段大石階,上三下五八段平臺,寓意為“三民主義”“五權憲法”,“三民”為民族、民權、民生,“五權”為立法、司法、監察、行政和考試,八段平臺共有290級臺階,如果從博愛坊算起,共有392級臺階,暗喻了當時全中國三億九千兩百萬同胞。在第五段平臺上,大家能看到左右各有兩個大銅鼎,鼎身上鑄有“奉安大典”四個篆字,一路攀登,使人油然而生“高山仰止,景行行止”的感覺。現在我們已經來到了祭堂前的平臺。北部和東西都是花崗巖擁壁,后面是草地,祭堂兩旁還有一對華表,高達12.6米,為林森所贈。平臺兩側各有一個石座,石座上各有一尊仿古石鼎,為孫科所贈。
祭堂是一座仿古代木結構宮殿式建筑,長30米,寬25米,高29米,屋頂為重檐歇山藍色琉璃瓦頂,墻身全部用香港花崗巖砌成。在重檐中嵌有中山先生手書的“天下正氣”直額,檐下祭堂正面開了三個拱門,門楣上方從東到西分別刻有“民族”“民生”“民權”六個陽篆鎦金大字,為國民黨元老張靜江所書。祭堂內有云南產的大理石鋪地,四壁上部為人造石,下壁為黑色大理石,堂內左右前后排列著12根黑大理石柱。東西護壁上鐫刻著孫中山先生書寫的《建國大綱》全文,祭堂內頂為斗式,正中藻井為馬賽克鑲嵌的國民黨黨徽。祭堂正中端坐著中山先生長袍馬褂全身坐像,石像用意大利白色大理石雕成,高4.6米,由法國籍波蘭雕刻家保羅·朗特斯基于1930年在法國巴黎制成,總造價150萬法郎。石像基座四周有六幅反映中山先生生平事跡的浮雕,南面一幅為“如抱赤子”,東面兩幅為“出國宣傳”“商討革命”,西面兩幅為“振聾發聵”“討袁護國”,北面是“國會授印”。
祭堂與墓室兩端相通,墓門分為兩道,外門是兩扇銅質大門,門楣上刻有“浩氣長存”,取自孫中山為黃花崗烈士墓的題字;內門為單扇銅質門,門上刻有張靜江所書“孫中山先生之墓”七個篆字。墓室為天穹狀半球形封閉建筑,直徑18米,高11米,頂為馬賽克鑲成的國民黨黨徽圖案。四壁是淡紅色大理石,地面用白色大理石鋪砌。墓室正中有一圓形大理石壙,直徑3.9米,深1.6米,四周圍以白色大理石欄桿,壙內墓穴上安放著孫中山先生的漢白玉臥像,由捷克雕塑家高祺按孫先生的遺體形象所建。臥像下五米處就是墓穴。遺體用一具美國制造的銅棺盛殮放在中央楠木棺座上。
沿祭堂外廣場西側后壁有一邊門,通向后花園。中為墓室寶頂,呈半球形。后墻設有“中山陵建設史料展”,近200幅珍貴歷史資料展現了中山陵的建設和中山先生的遺體奉安全過程。除了陵墓主體建筑外,中山陵周圍還有一些紀念性建筑設施,孫中山紀念館及中山植物園,還有音樂臺、光華亭、行健亭、流徽榭等等。它們大多是 1929年奉安大典后,各界人士和海外僑胞友人捐款修建而成。
各位游客我們此行的游覽到此結束,謝謝!