第一篇：有關MOOC的英文作文-中英對照
慕課英文寫作中英對照
Everyone’s going MOOC-crazy these days.From frequent media coverage of online courses and platforms like Coursera, edX, Udacity, and Udemy to discussions about the complexities and business models of online education, the excitement around MOOCs(Massive Open Online Courses)has finally “bubbled” over.在最近的這些日子里，MOOC 讓每個人為之瘋狂。在媒體對在線課程及諸如 Coursera, edX, Udacity, Udemy 這些平臺的大規模報道，以及關于其復雜性和商業模式的各種討論之后，圍繞 MOOC 的各種興奮終于歸于平靜。
The question is not just whether MOOCs are going to disrupt traditional education, but how.Is it just about lower costs and access? Is it really going to be a Napster-like moment with entrenched “Teamsters in tweed” worried about the erosion of their research, publishing, and teaching? 但當前的問題已不是 MOOC 是否會顛覆傳統教育，而是會如何顛覆傳統教育。難道 MOOC 的優勢僅在于更低的成本和更便捷的學習渠道？MOOC 真會如某些老頑固所言，侵蝕他們的研究、出版和教學活動，造就諸如當年Napster顛覆音樂行業的時刻？ This is where we can leave the realm of hype and commentary to draw on our own years of research into disruption theory.Because the curious thing about the MOOC wave of disruption is that the market leaders — not just upstarts from the edges — are the ones pioneering it.And that rarely happens.在關于 MOOC 的各種炒作和評論之外，我們得以分享我們自己就顛覆性創新的多年研究。因為，這一波由 MOOC 掀起的顛覆式浪潮中有一點足讓人好奇，即那些處于市場中心的 既得利益者，而不僅僅是那些處于市場邊緣的創業團隊，在率先引導（制造）這樣一個變革，而這種情況，此前很少發生。
But First: Are MOOCs Really ‘Disruptive’? Yes, the word “disrupt” is overused.But it has a specific meaning when we’re talking about it.And MOOCs do bear the early hallmarks of a disruptive innovation: 首先，MOOC果真在“顛覆”嗎？
沒錯，“顛覆”這個詞已經被用爛了。不過，這個被用爛的詞背后實際有其指代，我們說 MOOC 是顛覆式的，也確實名正言順，原因有三：
Serves non-consumers.MOOCs are limited in the services they provide compared to traditional colleges, yet at the same time they are free and more accessible — which allows them to serve those who couldn’t otherwise access traditional higher education.Similarly, Toyota’s early cars didn’t match the reliability of Detroit’s automobiles.But they were more affordable and convenient, so the company first served people(“non-consumers”)for whom the alternative was, quite literally, nothing.1.非目標客戶終于被包括進來：跟傳統高校的服務相比，MOOC 確有很多不足之處。但與此同時，MOOC 的各類課程卻是免費的，而且也更容易獲取——這就使得它們可以輻射到那些原本無福消受高等教育的一大群用戶。舉個類似的例子，豐田早期的汽車就沒有底特律各大公司產的可靠性那么強，但因為豐田的車子更便宜也更方便，所以這家公司第一次讓那些非目標客戶變成了目標客戶——對這部分用戶來說，幾乎不存在其他公司提供的可行方案。Marches upmarket.Instead of serving the same customers at the outset or competing head-on with established products, disruptive innovations improve over time to march upmarket.Eventually the quality becomes just good enough for the established customers to flock to it.It’s worth noting that the upmarket march is enabled by some key technology — such as bandwidth, video quality, online sharing tools, etc.— which is why MOOCs may now be having their moment, even though they’ve been around for years.2.逐漸向中高端市場挺進：顛覆性創新往往不是一開始上來就跟既得利益者搶客戶、與其正面較量，而是隨著時間的推進不斷優化，逐漸挺進中高端市場。但最終，顛覆性產品的性能會達到足夠好，讓市場中既有的客戶乖乖奔向他們。不過需要注意的一點是，實現上述這種情況往往有賴于某些核心技術的成熟——比如說帶寬、視頻質量、在線分享工具的保障等——這些都是 MOOC 現在崛起的原因，盡管它們已經存在了數年。
Redefines quality.Eventually, the disruptive innovation changes the very definition of quality in a marketplace.In the current university system, for example, most faculty are rewarded for the quality of their research — not for the quality of their teaching.But the medium and scale changes things;in the future, courses might be offered based on employer demand, not faculty research interests.MOOCs are already evolving in some ways away from traditional educational constraints: Udacity’s courses, for example, have shifted from a time-controlled to a morecompetency-based learning model that takes advantage of the online medium.3.重新定義什么叫好：最終，顛覆性創新會改變整個市場對于“品質”的定義。在現有的大學體系下，舉個例子，大部分教師的評級標準都是基于他們的學術研究質量——而非他們的教學質量。但是，互聯網媒介和規?；瘜㈤_啟新的變革。在未來，提供哪些課程將取決于雇主（這里指付費的學生），而非教師的研究興趣。目前，MOOC 已經在幾個方向上擺脫傳統教育束縛逐漸演變：舉個例子，Udacity 的課程就開始發揮在線媒介的優勢，從一個基于時間控制的學習模式轉向一個基于個人能力的學習模式（按學生的掌握情況而非簡單地依照學時推進課程）。
Does Who Is Doing the Disrupting Matter?
Given the above criteria, it’s unusual, and remarkably difficult, for established market leaders to pioneer — or even catch up — with disruptions.到底誰在牽頭搞顛覆，這事重要嗎？
基于上述的三個標準，讓市場中固有的既得利益者做變革的先驅者，甚至說是趕上顛覆的節奏，這種情況不但不常見，而且困難重重。
Yet interestingly, the big, reputable universities are the ones leading the MOOC wave.This includes MIT and Harvard(through edX)as well as Stanford, whose groundbreaking AI course morphed into Udacity(and whose professors independently founded Coursera).但很有意思的一點是，現在恰是那些牛哄哄的大學在引領這樣一波變革浪潮，這其中就包括 MIT 和哈佛（通過 edX 的項目），以及斯坦福，后者的突破性人工智能課程逐漸演變成了今時的 Udacity，而斯坦福的教授也自立門戶，創建了 Coursera。It’s not that established players can’t see the disruptions coming;they almost always do.There are just several other forces at play that cause market leaders to ignore them.For example, disruptive innovations don’t look that attractive, profitable, or prestigious early on.Or the company’s best customers signal that they don’t care for them(at least initially).But universities are likely investing in MOOCs now because disruption theory is finally widely enough understood that astute leaders know how to identify and chase opportunities early.大伙兒可能存在一個普遍誤解，即認為那些記得利益者無法預見顛覆的到來，但事實上，他們幾乎每次都可以，只是，存在其他的幾個因素使得已有的市場領跑者對其疏落。舉個例子，顛覆性創新在早期看起來往往不那么誘人、有利可圖、或享有很高的聲望；也可能，該家公司中最有價值的那部分客戶表示對它不感興趣（起碼是在一開始）。但是，現在各個高校傾向于投資 MOOC，則是因為歷史的一次次重演終于讓“顛覆性”理論廣為人知，而那些精明的領先者也知道如何在早期就去判斷、爭取各種機會。
When established players want to(successfully)catch a disruptive wave, however, they have to set up an autonomous business model with different resources, processes, and priorities.Otherwise, the very capabilities that serve them well in their traditional business can represent liabilities in the one they’re disrupting.This is how IBM was able to go from the mainframe to personal computing business in the ’80s and ’90s, and it’s why MOOCs have done well in spinning themselves off into separate entities.不過，假如既得利益者想要成功地抓住一次顛覆性浪潮中的機會，那么他們必須單獨開辟與他們既有業務不同的，在資源、流程、優先級等方面都獨立的商業模式——否則，讓他們 在傳統業務中吃香喝辣的各種流程很有可能會成為新型的顛覆性業務中的拖油瓶。IBM 就是依靠這么一個獨立戰略，成功在上世紀八九十年代從大型機轉型 PC 業務，這也是為什么 MOOC 可以從母體（高等院校）脫離成為獨立實體的原因。
Although the big three MOOCs — Coursera, edX, and Udacity — all leverage capabilities from their “parent” universities, they still have to be careful about which ones to adopt and which ones to avoid.Ideally, they should be able to pull what they want instead of having their university parents push resources(like administrative processes)to them.盡管目前 MOOC 的三座大山 Coursera, edX, and Udacity 全部都利用了母體的資源，但它們仍需要謹慎處理，到底哪些模式是可以吸收的，哪些是需要回避的。在理想情況下，它們應該要掌握自主權，從母體中抽取它們想要的那部分資源，而非由母體強制輸送（比如各種陳舊的行政制度）。
The only place the direction of this relationship doesn’t matter, according to our research, is brand.Being associated with the likes of Harvard, MIT, and Stanford doesn’t hurt, especially when it comes to signaling quality(i.e., “endorser” brands), as long as the disruptor can signal some separation for a job well done(i.e., “purpose” brands)in the new disruptive realm — hence the power of the “X” in edX.Leveraging its brand helped IBM move through multiple disruptive waves.基于我們的研究，在 MOOC 嘗試對自己跟母體的關系趨利避害時，唯一無須顧忌的一個方向是“品牌”。公眾將某個 MOOC平臺與哈佛、MIT 和斯坦福這樣的高校聯系在一起，對這些平臺并無傷害，尤其是談到教學品質時（即所謂的背書人品牌)，只要顛覆者可以說明，在新的顛覆領域，他們所做的事與既有模式不同即可（即所謂的目標品牌）——而這 也就是 edX 中“X”這個字母背后的力量（x 是數學中的一個變量，代表參與高校的數量，edX 背后影射的是一流高校聯盟，即說明高校品牌的巨大影響力）。IBM 就是巧用了自身品牌的力量，成功突破幾次顛覆性浪潮。So What Comes Next for the MOOCs?
MOOCs can be much more than marketing and edutainment.We believe they are likely to evolve into a “scale business”: one that relies on the technology and data backbone of the medium to optimize and individualize learning opportunities for millions of students.所以，MOOC將走向何方？
MOOC 可不僅僅是營銷和寓教于樂。我們認為，它們很有可能會演變成“規?；臉I務”，這一業務會依賴互聯網媒介的技術和數據，讓成千上萬學生的學習機會得以實現最優化、個性化。
This is very different than simply putting a video of a professor lecturing online.The initial MOOCs came from a “process business model” where companies bring inputs together at one end and transform them into a higher-value output for customers at the other end — as with the retail and manufacturing industries.這跟簡單將教授的一個講座視頻放到網上完全是兩碼事。
最初的 MOOC 還依賴于一個“流程型的商業模式”，即教育公司將所有內容輸入聚于一端，然后將這些內容轉化成價值更高的輸出提供給另一端的客戶——這跟零售和制造業是一樣的。
But over time, an approach where users exchange information from each other similar toFacebook or telecommunications(a “facilitated network model”)will come to dominate online learning.This evolution is especially likely to happen if the traditional degree becomes irrelevant and, as many predict, learning becomes a continuous, on-the-job learning process.Then the need for customization will drive us toward just-in-time mini-courses.但隨著時間的推移，用戶間自主交換信息的模式，諸如用戶間在 Facebook 上互動，或遠程通訊互動一樣（類似開放平臺的概念），將會逐漸統治在線教育。這種演變很有可能會發生——假如，正如很多人預言的那樣，傳統的學位制度退居二位，個體的學習變成一個連續性的、終身式的過程。那么，對個性化的需求將驅動我們選擇那些基于 JIT 準時制（豐田在 20 世紀 60 年代實行的一種生產方式，可理解為在需要的時候，按需要的量生產所需的產品）的迷你課程。
In this case, facilitated networks or adaptive learning platforms — like Khan Academy and Knewton — may actually be better positioned than MOOCs(in their current forms)to improve learning and serve massive numbers of students with tailored offerings.Such a transformation is not unlike what happened in the car industry: The Ford Model T dominated the American car market … until General Motors brought forth choice and variety.在這種情況下，促進式網絡（facilitated networks）或那些自適應的學習的平臺——比如像可汗學院和Knewton這樣的，通過為學生量身定制的產品，就可能比 MOOC（就他們現有的模式而言）更好地服務于學生、促進學習。這種轉變跟汽車行業業已發生的變革類似：先前，福特的 Model T 一直統治著美國的汽車市場，直到通用帶來了第四代的、更多樣化的選擇。
第二篇：英文求職信常用句（中英對照）（范文）
英文求職信常用句，關鍵時刻能派上用場！
1.If you would like to know more about my ability, I can be available for an interview at any time convenient to you。
倘若閣下愿意接見本人以了解我的能力，我將隨時侯教。
2.If you desire an interview, I shall be most happy to call in person, on any day and at any time you may appoint。
如貴公司有意面試，本人一定遵照所指定的時日，前往拜訪。
3.Should you entertain my application favorably, I would spare to trouble acquit myself to your satisfaction。
假如本人之應征能歌德青睞而進入貴公司服務，本人必以排除萬難之決心，為貴公司工作，以符厚望。
4.If you feel that I am suited for the job that you have in mind, please inform me of the time convenient for an interview.I hope to hear from you in the near future。
如閣下認為我適合該項工作條件，請盡快惠函賜知面試。
5.You will find enclosed a testimonial from the president of the University who has kindly offered to provide you with any further details you may require。
關于閣下對我個人所需之詳細材料，可從所附的郵電大學校長推薦函獲悉。
6.I hope that you will give me an interview at some time convenient to you。
敬希閣下抽空惠予接見。
7.If there is further information that you wish in the meantime, please let me know.I can always be reached at the address given at the beginning of this letter。
若需有關本人的更詳細資料，請按本函上方所載地址惠函示知。
8.I shall be able to call for an interview at your convenience and shall be able to supply any necessary or examples of my previous work。
只要閣下時間方便，我隨時都可晉見，并隨時提供我過去工作情況的所有資料。
9.I am happy to refer you upon your request people who can tell you of my work and my character。
我樂于奉告閣下，如閣下要求提供查詢人，以便了解我的工作情況和性格，我可以滿足閣下要求。
10.I believe they may be found satisfactory.Concerning my character。
附上我的簡歷表和相片，希望能令你滿意。
11.I am looking for a job.I graduate from Shanghai Commercial College and my major is business management。
我希望能在貴公司謀得一份職業。我畢業于上海商學院，主修商業管理。
12.I would be very happy to work under your supervision if it is possible.Thank you very much for your kind attention.please send me an answer at your earliest convenience。
如能為貴公司效力，本人將不勝榮幸。閣下耐心讀完這篇申請，本人至為感激，并請盡速惠函示知。
13.I believe that I can fulfill the requirements in your company.I hope you will be able to place me somewhere。
我相信我可以擔任貴公司的任何工作，如蒙錄用，愿意隨時接受閣下指派。
14.Before my present employment, I worked for the Department Store as a salesclerk in the electrical section。
自感目前工作發展并不樂觀，擬改變一下工作環境。
15.I would like to make a change now because I feel that I can go no further in my present job, I feel that my training should enable me to advance into a better and more responsible position, and it appears that this will not be forthcoming at my present position。
自信以本人的能力和所受的訓練，應當獲得更大回報，謀得更高職位，而就目前工作來看，將來不會有多大發展前途。
16.I am permitted to refer to Mr.Smith, Managing editor of the magazine。
至于我的品德，您可函詢《中東國際》雜志主任史密斯先生。
17.I wish to assure you that, if successful, I would endeavor to give you every satisfaction。
如蒙不棄，惠予錄用，本人將盡最大努力工作，爭取諸事滿意。
18.Thank you in advance for your consideration and courtesy。
承蒙閣下的關懷和禮遇，至此表示感謝。
19.My duties included compiling reports for the chief engineer on production in the various departments。
因希望節省交通時間，故想在紐約謀得一職。隨函寄上簡歷表及近照各一份。
20.I am enclosing a brief resume as you requested.please let me know if you want an interview。
隨函附寄簡歷表一份，望能通知能否有機會見面。
21.I am enclosing a personal data sheet which I think will adequately show you my qualifications。
茲附本人資料一份，謹供貴公司參考。
22.I would be pleased if you would grant me an interview at you convenience。
如貴公司愿意接見，我隨時侯教。
23.Trusting you will give my application kind consideration and hoping to hear favorably from you at your convenience。
敬請貴公司對本人之應征惠予考慮，并請賜函告知。
24.Thank you in advance for your concern and attention.please let me hear from you as soon as possible。
預先感謝閣下對我的關懷，并敬請盡速賜函示知。
25.I hope to have the pleasure of your granting me an interview。
懇請惠予面談為盼。
26.I believe that you will consider this application favorably and I wish to assure you that I should make every effort to be worthy of the confidence you may place in me。
若貴公司對我求職應征能予以考慮，本人可作出保證，將盡力為貴公司效勞，敬頃信賴。
第三篇：車間英文中英對照參考
車間標語 中英文對照版
自檢互檢，確保產品零缺點！
Self and mutual inspection, make sure zero defection!杜絕不良思想，發揚優質精神！
Prevent unhealthy thinking;develop high quality inspirit.持續的質量改進，是我們永恒的目標。
Quality continuous improvement is our eternal objective.積累點滴改進，邁向完美品質。
Accumulate every improvement is led to Perfect quality
培養優質素養，提高團隊力量。
Quality-cultivation,Strengthens our team
不為失敗找理由，要為成功找方法。
Do not make excuses for failure, but find a way to solve it.客戶滿意，是檢驗我們工作的唯一標準。
Customer satisfaction is the only benchmark to inspect our works.沒有執行力，就沒有競爭力。
No implementation power;no competitiveness advantage.執行力文化，是從負責任開始的。
Implementation starts from taking responsibility
消除一切浪費，追求精益求精和不斷改善。
Stop waste to pursue perfection and constant improvement。節約是美德，珍惜能源點滴。
Saving is our virtue, treasure every bit of resource。
努力是將工作做完，用心是將工作做好。
Work hard is for finishing work, concentrate is for excellent work result.首件檢驗不馬虎，制程穩定無錯誤。
Strictly inspect the first part will led to Stabilize producing process.倉儲管理要遵守，先進先出是基礎。
Obey management rules of warehouse,First-in-first-out is essential.在工作中不斷學習，在學習中不斷進步。
Learn from working,continuous Improvement from learning.安全生產，人人有責，遵章守紀，保障安全。
Everyone should obey regulations to ensure safe production.多看一眼，安全保險，多防一步，少出事故。
One more glance and risk prevent will ensure safety and reduce accidents
按章操作機械設備，時刻注意效益安全。
Follow instruction;pay attention to safety in every time
細心、精心、用心，品質永保稱心
Quality satisfaction can be keep the excellent through carefulness, elaboration, and attention.原始記錄要可靠，統計分析才有效
Statistics validity depends on correct original record.不接受不良品、不制造不良品、不傳遞不良品
Unconformity products is unacceptable , un-producing, un-delivery.Defect parts should be denied and not passed as well as not manufactured.品質是做出來的，不是檢驗出來的Quality cannot be improved by inspection but production.每天自我檢討，品質自然更好
Daily self inspection will bring better quality.人人有改善的能力，事事有改善的余地
Employee has ability of improvement;Everything can be improved better.行動改變現實，思想決定未來
Action changes the real situation;Good thinking could drive the future
人為本，客為先，業為專，質為首
Employee is footstone, customer first, technique expert, quality first
加強現場工序管理，嚴謹過程因素控制
Enhance on-site process management, strictly control producing factors.控制每一道工序，做好每一件產品
Make sure each step under control, make each part qualified.質量是企業永恒的主題，是企業的生命。
Quality is the theme forever and the life of enterprise
●今日的質量，明日的市場。
Today’s quality is led to the market of tomorrow.●建有質量文化的質量體系，創造有魅力、有靈魂的質量。
Build the culture and quality system, create quality with fascination and soul.●以質量求生存，以質量求發展，向質量要效益。
Surviving and developing as well as benefit by quality,質量是企業的生命，質量是企業的效益，質量是企業發展的動力，質量靠全體員工去保證。Quality is our life and benefit of enterprise, power of enterprise development.●質量放松，勞而無功。
Quality out of control will led to invalid performance.加強質量意識，端正質量態度，規范質量行為，樹立質量風氣。Strengthen quality awareness, upright quality attitudes, standardize quality behavior, set up quality ethos.
第四篇：兒童英文童謠中英對照
兒童英文童謠中英對照
兒童英文童謠，能夠促進寶寶對英語的感知，激發寶寶學習英語的興趣。以下是我為你整理的，歡迎大家閱讀。
一
Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes, knees andtoes,Head, shoulders, knees and toes, eyes and ears and mouth andnose,Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes, knees andtoes,Head, shoulders, knees and toes, eyes and ears and mouth andnose,Eyes and ears and mouth and nose!
歌詞大意：
頭、肩膀、膝蓋、腳趾、膝蓋、腳趾、膝蓋、腳趾，頭、肩膀、膝蓋、腳趾、眼睛、耳朵、嘴巴和鼻子，頭、肩膀、膝蓋、腳趾、膝蓋、腳趾、膝蓋、腳趾，頭、肩膀、膝蓋、腳趾、眼睛、耳朵、嘴巴和鼻子。
二
This little pig went to market，(晃孩子的大拇指)，This little pig stayed at home，(晃孩子的食指)，This little pig had roast beef，晃孩子的中指)，This little pig had none，(晃孩子的無名指)，And this little pig cried “wee-wee-wee-wee-wee”，(晃孩子的小指)
All the way home!
三
If youre happy and you know it,Clap your hands.(唱完這一句拍兩下手)
If youre happy and you know it,Clap your hands.(拍兩下手)
If youre happy and you know it,(雙手在胸前交叉擺動)
And your face will surely show it，(伸出兩個食指從嘴巴往上劃，做微笑狀)
If youre happy and you know it,Clap your hands.(拍兩下手)
If youre happy, and you know it,Stomp your feet.(跺兩下腳)
If youre happy, and you know it,Stomp your feet.(跺兩下腳)
If youre happy, and you know it,(雙手在胸前交叉擺動)
Then, your face will surely show it.(伸出兩個食指從嘴巴往上劃，做微笑狀)
If youre happy, and you know it,Stomp your feet.(跺兩下腳)
If youre happy, and you know it,Shout “Hurray!”(雙手舉起來做歡呼狀)
If youre happy, and you know it,Shout “Hurray!”(雙手舉起來做歡呼狀)
If youre happy, and you know it,(雙手在胸前交叉擺動)
Then, your face will surely show it.(伸出兩個食指從嘴巴往上劃，做微笑狀)
If youre happy, and you know it,Shout “Hurray!”(雙手舉起來做歡呼狀)
If youre happy, and you know it,Do all three.(把拍手、跺腳、歡呼連起來做一遍)
If youre happy, and you know it,Do all three.(把拍手、跺腳、歡呼連起來做一遍)
If youre happy, and you know it,(雙手在胸前交叉擺動)
Then, your face will surely show it.(伸出兩個食指從嘴巴往上劃，做微笑狀)
If youre happy, and you know it,)
Do all three.(把拍手、跺腳、歡呼連起來做一遍)
四
Six little ducks that I once knew.Fat ones, skinny ones, fair ones too.But the one little duck with a feather in his back.He ruled the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Quack, quack, quack, quack, quack, quack!
He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Down to the river they would go,Wibble wobble, wibble wobble, to and fro,But the one little duck with the feather on his back,He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Quack, quack, quack, quack, quack, quack!
He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Home from the river they would come,Wibble wobble, wibble wobble, ho-hum-hum!
But the one little duck with the feather on his back,He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Quack, quack, quack, quack, quack, quack!
He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
歌詞大意：
我認識六只小鴨，他們有的胖，有的瘦，有的不胖也不瘦。
但是有一只背上長著一根羽毛的小鴨，嘎嘎地叫著帶領其他小鴨。
嘎嘎嘎，嘎嘎嘎，他嘎嘎地叫著帶領其他小鴨。
他們會跑向小河，搖搖晃晃，搖搖晃晃，來來回回。
但是有一只背上長著一根羽毛的小鴨，嘎嘎地叫著帶領其他小鴨。
嘎嘎嘎，嘎嘎嘎，他嘎嘎地叫著帶領其他小鴨。
他們會從小河跑回來，搖搖晃晃，搖搖晃晃，快樂地叫著。
但是有一只背上長著一根羽毛的小鴨，嘎嘎地叫著帶領其他小鴨。
微信掃一掃二維碼分享到微信好友或朋友圈來源：網友投稿
第五篇：LNG英文圖紙翻譯中英對照參考
美標ASTM/ANSI,德標DIN日標JIS，國標GB/T JB SH HG PIPE是指管子, SMLS是SEAMLESS指無縫, SAW是Submerged-Arc Welding指埋弧自動焊，ERW指電阻焊，EFW指電融焊，都是有縫管。SCH80是壁厚系列，BE是管子端部形式指帶坡口，3MM指鈍邊3MM厚，PE是平口，Half Coupling: 半管接頭, BB.閥門蓋螺栓連接 Boss: 螺紋管臺
Olet好像沒見有單獨這么寫的.weldolet:焊接支管臺, sockolet:承插焊支管臺,threadolet:螺紋支管臺
ASME B36.10是管子制造標準，A333是管子材質標準，低溫鋼，應該還有等級，如Gr.6
BW--對焊的意思;
Sch 40--管子壁厚等級
LR:是指長半徑
RF 密封面為突面
SLIP-ON 滑套法蘭（包括平焊法蘭）150LB是壓力等級為150磅 A-105N表示材質為A105鍍鎳 AS是澳標法蘭
ANSI B16.5是美標法蘭
ALL WELDS CONTINUOUS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.未注焊縫均為連續焊
ALL WELDS 3mm FILLET UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED
未注焊角高3mm.ALL UNSPECIFIED RADI-R3
未注圓角R3 REMOE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES
棱角倒鈍 CHANNEL
槽鋼
RSA 708
角鋼70X70X8
M30X1.5 pitch
M30X1.5的錐螺紋 Tackweld點焊
OD 1/4“
outside dimension 1/4”的縮寫外徑直1/4“ 75 CRS
尺寸為75 材質為冷軋鋼板 410 OPENING REF
410 開口參考尺寸 40 REF ?尺寸為40,參考值
2.5” BSP
2.5”圓錐管螺紋
2.5" BSPT HEXAGON
2.5”六角圓錐管螺紋(即對絲)30x2.5 FLAT BAR
?30X2.5 扁鋼 TYP TOTAL COILS APROX.9 WORKING COILS APROX.RIGHT HAND WOUND ONLY,END COILS SQUARE TO TOUCH.總圈數約11圈；工作圈數約9圈；右旋；彈簧的端部磨平以便于接觸.(此為彈簧技術說明)
FEMALE:
內扣(母扣)MALE:
外扣(公扣)偏心軸 eccentric shaft 銷軸
PIN 開口銷 COTTER PIN 螺桿 screw 緊定螺釘 SET SCREW 圓螺母
ROUND NUT 內六角螺釘
SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW 六角螺釘 HEX HD SETSCREW 六角螺栓 HEX HD BOLT 擋圈 closing ring 彈性擋圈 circlip軸承隔套
distance sleee of axletree 軸承 axletree 深溝球軸承
DEEP GROOE BALL BEARING 無扣長 non-buckle longth彈簧 SPRING 吊環螺釘
LIFTING EYE BOLT
開槽盤頭螺釘
SLOTTED PAN HEAD SCREW 圓錐滾子軸承 TAPERED ROLLER BEARING 推力球軸承 THRUST BALL BEARING平鍵 FLAT KEY
彈簧墊圈
SINGLE COIL SPRING WASHER 平墊圈 FLAT WASHER 螺母
FULL NYLOCK NUT 圓螺母 INS 隔熱
H 保溫 Hot insulation
C 保冷 Cold insulation
P 防燙傷隔熱 Personnel protection insulation
T&I 伴熱 Tracing and insulation
T 管道伴熱（冷）Tracing
EST 蒸汽外伴熱 External steam tracing
IST 蒸汽內伴熱 Internal steam tracing
SJT 蒸汽夾套伴熱 Steam-jacket tracing
ET
電伴熱 Electric tracing
M 金屬材料 Metallic material
CS 碳鋼 Carbon steel
CAS 鑄鋼 Cast steel
FS 鍛鋼 Forged steel
AS 合金鋼 Alloy steel
SS 不銹鋼 Stainless steel
AUST 奧氏體不銹鋼 Austenitic
CI
鑄鐵 Cast iron
MI
可鍛鑄鐵 Malleable iron
DI
球墨鑄鐵
Ductile iron
AL
鋁 Aluminum
BRS 黃銅Brass
BRZ 青銅 Bronze
CU
紫銅 Copper
LAS 低合金鋼 Low alloy steel
FLAS 低合金鍛鋼 Forged low alloy steel
CLAS 低合金鑄鋼 Cast low alloy stee THK
壁厚
Thickness
SCH
表號
Schedule number
STD
標準
Standard2 o
XS
加強
Extra strong
XXS
特強
Double extra strong;
CN
建北
Construction north.H
水平
Horizontal
V
豎直、鉛直、直立
Vertical GRD
地坪
Ground7 ~)m
UG
地下Undergrounde BL
裝置邊界線 Battery limit line
ESEW 事故沐浴洗眼器
Emergency shower and eye washer
HS
軟管站
Hose station
ML
接續分界線
Match line
PS
管道支架（管架）
Piping support
PR
管橋
Pipe rack
STRU
構架（構筑物）
Structure
BLDG
建筑物
Building
PD
清掃設施
Purge device
PT
池
Pit
SHLT
棚
Shelter
COFF
圍堰
Cofferdam
FL
樓板
Floor
PF
平臺
Plateform1
EL
標高
Elevation
BOP
管底
Bottom of pipe
COP
管中心
Center of pipe
TOP
管頂
Top of pipe
FOB
底平
Flat on bottom
FOT
頂平
Flat on top
CL(屯)
中心線
Center line
TL
切線
Tangent line
SYM
對稱的Symmetrical
BOS
支架底
Bottom of support
TOS
支架頂
Top of support
CL
凈距（凈空）
Clearance
CTC
中心至中心
Center to center
CTF
中心至面
Center to face
CTE
中心至端部
Center to end
ETE
端到端
End to end
FEF
法蘭端面
Flange and face1
FTF
面到面
Face to face
D
直徑
Diameter
DN
公稱直徑
Nominal diameter
ID
內徑
Inside diameter
OD
外徑
Outside diameter
DIM
尺寸
Dimension
MAX
最大
Maximum
MIN
最小
Minimum
AVG
APP
PT.EL
PFD
PID
COD
DTL
SPDWG0 DWGNO DWGI
LOW
MTO
APPX
JOB.No.BEDD
DEDD
REV.No.DWG
SC
ML
CHOP
CSC
CSO
LC
LO
NC
NO
ATM
PN
A
G
W
AW
GSAW
EFW
平均
Average
約、近似
Approximate
點標高
Point elevation
工藝流程圖
Process flow diagram.管道和儀表流程圖
Piping & instrument diagram
接續圖
Continued on drawing
詳圖Datail(ISODWG)
管段圖
Spool drawing(each line isometric drawing)
圖號
Drawing number
所在圖號
Drawing identification
材料表
List of material
匯料
Material take-off
附錄
Appendix
工號
Job Number
基礎工程設計數據
Basic engineering design data0
詳細工程設計數據
Detail engineering design data
修改號Recision number
參考圖
Reference drawing
采樣接口
Sample connection
手動
Manual control
鏈條操作
Chain operated
鉛封關
Car seal close
鉛封開
Car seal open
鎖閉
Lock closed
鎖開
Lock open
正常關
Normally close
正常開
Normally open
大氣壓
Atmosphere
公稱壓力
Nominal pressure
絕壓 表壓
焊接
Welding
電弧焊
Arc welding.氣體保護電弧焊
Gas shielded-acr welding-e
電熔焊Elecric fusion welding
ERW
電阻焊
Electric Resistance welding
GW
氣焊
Gas welding
LW
搭接焊
Lap welding
BW
對焊
Butt welding
TW
定位焊
Tack welding
SW
承插焊
Socket welding
CW
連續焊
Continuous welding
SEW
密封焊
Seal welding
SFG
堆焊
Surfacing
FW
現場焊接
Field welding
HT
熱處理
Heat treatment
PH
預熱
Preheating
SR
應力消除
Stress relief
PWHT
焊后熱處理
Post weld heat treatment
EIT
檢查、探傷和實驗
Examination, inspection & testing VE
外觀檢查
Visual examination
UI(UT)
超聲探傷
Ultrasonic inspection(test)
RI(RT)
射線探傷
Radiographic inspection(test)
MPI(MT)
磁粉探傷
Magnetic particle inspection
LPI(PT)
液體滲透檢驗
Liquid penterant inspection
HADT
硬度實驗
Hardness testing HYDT
水壓實驗
Hydraulic testing
PNET
氣壓實驗
Pneumatic testing
CE
焊條
Covered electrode
WW
焊絲
Welding wire
ASSY
裝配、組合Assembly
F
現場
Field
SF
現場決定
Suit in field
CSP
冷緊
Cold spring
BCT
螺栓冷緊
Bolt cold tightening
BHY
螺栓熱緊
Bolt hot tightening
CO
清洗口
Clean out
ANNY
退火
Annealed'
PE
平端面
Plain end
BE
坡口端Belelled end
THR
螺紋
Thread
HB
布氏硬度Brinnel hardness FDN
基礎
Foundation
INF
信息（資料）
Information
REF
參考
Reference
REV
修改
Revision5
SEQ
序號（順序）
Sequence CM
色標Colour mark
CA
腐蝕裕度
Corrosion allowance
UTL
公用系統
Utility
UC
公用工程接頭
Utility connection
QTY
數量
Quantity)
WT
重量
Weight
MHR
工時
BC
螺栓分布圓
Bolt circle
HP
高點
High point
LP
低點
Low point
SUC
吸入（口）
Suction
DIS
排出（口）
Discharge
SO
蒸氣吹掃（口）
Steam out
NPT
美國標準錐管螺紋
National standard taperpipe thread
NPS
美國標準直管螺紋
National standard straight pipe thread.DR
排液
Drain
VT
放氣
Vent
RTG
（壓力）等級
Rating
CL
等級
Class
點擊咨詢 