第一篇：初中英語語法知識的學習方法

初中英語語法知識的學習方法

初中階段的學生在學習初中英語語法的時候，必須要掌握一定的初中英語學習方法，因為掌握正確的學習方法可以迅速提高學生的英語成績。接下來就讓我們來看一下我為大家總結的初中英語語法知識的學習方法。

語法和詞匯是英語學習的兩大支柱,是相輔相成的,哪一個方面都不可以偏廢。由于語法教學在溝通概念與語境之間起橋梁作用,是幫助學生達到英語較高水平的重要途徑,因而語法教學是基礎階段英語教學的一個重要的教學內容。在初中英語教學中,學生如何學習已成為教育研究的重點。培養學生有效學習策略,不僅有利于學生提高學習效果,減輕學習負擔,還有利于他們提高獨立自主學習的能力,為學生個人的終身學習和發展奠定良好的基礎。

1、學習語法的誤區——死記硬背

掌握一定的語法知識是好的,對于英語學習也是有幫助的,但是單純為了學習詞匯而進行的詞匯是錯誤的做法。因此,必須掌握系統的語法知識,把握英語的基本結構,才能提高英語的學習效率和交際水平。

教師在語法教學中也存在誤區,某些教師過分重視語法,在教學中“死摳”語法規則。采取這種語法教學方式的教師往往花費大量的課堂時間向學生灌輸語法知識,把英語課上成了“滿堂灌”的語法課,他們忽視對學生綜合技能的培養;還有些老師認為實施新課程就是淡化語法教學,這些教師在教學中不關注語法,更不研究初中英語語法教學的理念和方法,僅對教科書上的語法部分照本宣科地一帶而過,這就導致許多學生由于對基礎語言知識和語言結構掌握不牢而失去學習英語的興趣。以上所述的教學誤區,其教學效果都是不理想的。

語法,其教法應該不是把學生所要學的內容直接而生硬地教授給學生而是利用現實生活中直觀的、真實的情景,讓學生自然地學習語言,歸納語法規則,然后按照這些語法規則指導自己的學習,使其更有效地為“培養運用英語進行交際的能力”服務。

2、初中英語語法教學的幾種策略

2.1 積極主動的摸索適合自己的學習策略

從學生個體來說,每個人的理解能力、學習能力以及學習習慣是不同的。毋庸置疑,課堂上老師所講述的方法或者思路是普適的,是教師借鑒以往成果,根據自己的教學經驗總結出來的,但是這些方法應用到個體也可能達不到預期的效果。所以,這就要求學生在進行語法學習中要保持一種積極主動性,既要認真理解教師所講述的內容,又要根據自己的個人情況,總結適合自己的語法學習方法,這樣才能達到好的效果。教師要在自己的日常教學中有意識地滲透這些學習策略,引導學生理解、形成和運用自己個性化的學習策略。

2.2 分組互動學習語法 學習語法的目的是提高學生對語言準確性的認識,“學以致用”是我們的努力方向。在語法教學中,教師可設計任務,讓學生創造性地運用所學到的語言知識。教師可以利用人們的這一心理設計“虛擬未來”的活動,訓練虛擬語氣的用法。該活動可采用小組活動,也可采用全班活動的方式。比如小組活動:

將學生分成四到六人的小組;

擬訂話題,如:If I had a million yuan.If I could go to Paris tomorrow.If you came to my home.If I were a genius.If I were a famous writer/singer.在學完情態動詞后,可讓學生設想:如果你去露營,哪些是你必須要做的準備工作,哪些是你不用做的。學生們在這個活動中就可以創造性地運用情態動詞must, have to,need等。如:We have to wear shoes that are good for walking, for example,sneakers.We needn’t bring too much things with us, which will add to our burden.2.3 任務式教學

在語法教學中,教師可以讓學生通過完成任務來學習并掌握語法規則,體現了在“做中學”的新課標理念。例如呈現以下句子給學生:

He said,“My mother is a worker.”She asked,“Will you go to the zoo?” “Where is John?” the teacher asked.“Make sure the door is shut when you leave.“The teacher said to us.”

其中第1、2句直接引語的內容請班里學生A表達,然后由學生B告訴其他同學剛才學生A說了什么,在這一過程中體會人稱、時態的變化,同時指導學生一般疑問句轉變時要用連詞whether或if引導且疑問語序要改為陳述語序,句末用句號。接著第3、4句直接引語部分由我表達,班里學生主動舉手,由一名學生告訴其他學生老師說了什么,同時指導學生特殊疑問句及祈使句轉變時應注意的問題。最后讓學生總結歸納出如何將陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句及祈使句的直接引語轉變為間接引語。

2.4 創設語境學語法

語法的特殊性賦予其應有的重要性和課堂教學的特殊性。學生不僅要系統全面地掌握語法規則,還要能在實踐中準確、得體地運用語法規則,最終達到自由交際的目的。社會語言學認為,語言的功能是交際。社會語言學家Hymes提出了著名的“交際能力(communicative competence)”的概念。他認為,一個人要能夠真正地運用語言進行交際,除了必須具備喬姆斯基提出的能造出合乎語法的句子的語言能力之外,他還必須具備在什么場合、對誰、用什么方式以及說什么的能力,也就是交際能力。這一理論明確了語言能力和交際能力的關系,交際能力包括語言能力,語言能力是交際能力的基礎,沒有一定的語言知識,語言運用就成了無源之水。要使學生掌握交際的本領,就要使他們的語言能力向交際能力轉化。新教材圖文并茂,內容循序漸進,內容多、單詞量大,實用性強,語境氛圍真實可及,為師生進行語法教學提供了豐富的語言材料和操練運用的時機,因此,我們應將語法的講解建立在語言實踐的基礎之上。

第二篇：初中英語語法知識總結

英語作文常用諺語、俗語

1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.說謊者即使講真話也沒人相信。

2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解，自欺欺人。

3、All rivers run into sea.海納百川。

4、All roads lead to Rome.條條大路通羅馬。

5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只會用功不玩耍，聰明孩子也變傻。

6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善終。

7、Actions speak louder than words.事實勝于雄辯。

8、A faithful friend is hard to find.知音難覓。

9、A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。

10、A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友難，失朋友易。

11、A good beginning is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。

12、A good beginning makes a good ending.善始者善終。

13、A good book is a good friend.好書如摯友。

14、A good medicine tastes bitter.良藥苦口。

15、A mother's love never changes.母愛永恒。

16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一蘋果，不用請醫生。

17、A single flower does not make a spring.一花獨放不是春，百花齊放春滿園。

18、A year's plan starts with spring.一年之計在于春。

19、A young idler, an old beggar.少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。

20、Better late than never.不怕慢，單怕站。

21、By reading we enrich the mind.讀書使人充實，22、Care and diligence bring luck.謹慎和勤奮才能抓住機遇。

23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是走向成功的第一步。

24、Custom is a second nature.習慣是后天養成的。

25、Custom makes all things easy.有個好習慣，事事皆不難。

26、Doing is better than saying.與其掛在嘴上，不如落實在行動上。

27、Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而廢。

28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日畢。

29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻煩。

30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起身體好。

31、Easier said than done.說得容易，做得難。

32、Easy come, easy go.來也匆匆，去也匆匆。

33、Eat to live, but not live to eat.人吃飯是為了活著，但活著不是為了吃飯。

34、Every man has his faults.金無足赤，人無完人。

35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune.自己的命運自己掌握。

36、Every minute counts.分秒必爭。

37、Each coin has two sides.38、Fact speak louder than words.事實勝于雄辯。

39、Failure is the mother of success.失敗是成功之母。

40、God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。

41、Health is better than wealth.健康勝過財富。

42、Honesty is the best policy.做人誠信為本。

43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望，做最壞的打算。

44、It is never too old to learn.活到老，學到老。

45、Knowledge is power.知識就是力量

46、Like mother, like daughter.有其母必有其女。

47、No pain，no gain.（不勞無獲。）

48、You never know till you have tried.不嘗試，不知曉。

49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奮是成功之母。

51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy

and wise.早睡早起，使人健康

52、Experience is the best teacher.經驗是最好的教師。

53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set、富裕和聰穎。

54、Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。

55、Practice makes perfect ．（熟能生巧。）

56、Pride goes before a fall．（驕傲必敗。）

Superstar and I It’s common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors.However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart.He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianist—Chopin.When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around.What’s more, I can feel his strong love for music.Rome wasn’t built in one day.He achieved the great success through huge effort.I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and I Her name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder.She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart.Although she’s not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me.The song ’I dreamed a dream’ that she sang touched everyone’s heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it.She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up.She is like a sunshine that gives me hope.Where there is a will, there is a way.答：下面是初中英語語法總結，你可參考學習，或許有不全面的地方，歡迎你有不懂的問題再具體提問。另外，我個人認為猜題對于提高考試成績沒有多大作用和意義，并不可取，建議你進行全面復習，打下扎實的基礎知識，以不變應萬變。順祝復習順利!

語法總復習

第一節

名詞與代詞

名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。而普通名詞又可分為個體名詞、集體名詞、物質名詞和抽象名詞。其中，個體名詞和集體名詞為可數名詞，而物質名詞和抽象名詞為不可數名詞。名詞的復數構成通常是在其后加—s；但以-s，-x，-ch，-sh和大部分以o結尾的名詞后加-es；以“輔音字母+y”結尾的名詞把“y”變成 “i”，再加-es。有些名詞的復數構成是不規則的，有其特殊形式。有些名詞在不同的情況下，屬不同的名詞詞類，因此有時為可數，有時則為不可數：

名詞的格可分為主格(作主語)，賓格(作賓語)和所有格(表示所有關系)。代詞可分為人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不定代詞，指示代詞，關系代詞，連接代詞和疑問代詞等九類。

名詞的用法

可數名詞除非前面有冠詞或表示單數的限定詞，否則要用其復數形式，例如： If a person disobeys the order，he will be punished severely． The teacher firstly divided his students into four groups．

The reference book can be used to answer questions，to solve problems or to obtain information on a particular topic．

These courses are especially designed for senior students．

有些名詞的復數構成是不規則的，如：child-children，foot-feet。goose-geese, mouse-mice, man-men, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth，woman-women等。例如： Every fall geese f1y over the house．

The dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filled． Mrs.Smith has three children，and Tonny is the youngest one． I think we've got mice in the kitchen．

有些名詞的單復數形式是一樣的，如：Chinese，Japanese，Burmese(緬甸)，Spanish(西班牙)，Lebanese(黎巴嫩)，Portuguese(葡萄牙)，Swiss(瑞士)．sheep，deer，swine(豬)，fish，carp(鯉魚)，salmon(鮭)，means，series，species，aircraft，spacecraft等。例如： The best fish are near the bottom．

When they got to the New World，Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural features．

I saw a white sheep running down the road．

Judging by his language，he must be a Japanese．

在表示一類事物時，介詞of后的名詞要用復數形式。例如： Beethoven is of the greatest musicians in the world．

The Animal Art Festival is being held at Shanghai zoo, which is one of the most welcome festivals in the city.As one of the countries that bear responsibility for the incident, German Chancellor Schroeder holds that the organization should apologize to Chinese government unconditionally.She is one of the three martyrs who were killed in NATO's bombing on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia.大多數集體名詞可作單數，也可作復數，如：army，audience，class，committee，crew(全體船員，乘務員)，crowd，faculty，family, government group orchestra，public，team，union等。但有些雖然是單數形式，卻用作復數，如：cattle（牡畜）mankind(人類)，militia(民兵)，people，police，poultry(家畜)，staff(全體職員)等。例如：

The president said the Chinese Gowrnment is paying close attention to developments in this matter, and continues to reserve the right to take future action.The cattle, were grazing on the meadow near the farm.The audience were amused by his humorous stories.My family is far away from the school.有些名詞只有復數形式，而且也只用作復數，如：clothes，glasses，spectacles，pants，arms(武器)，belongings(所有物)，customs(海關)，goods(貨物)，suburbs(郊區)，papers(文件)等；而有些名詞形式為復數，卻用作單數，如：electronics(電子學)，mathematics(數學)，optics(光學)，politics，statistics(統計學)等。例如： The shorts he wears are made of leather.Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.He used to study electronics which isn’t his favorite suject． I love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive．

有些名詞一般情況下以單數形式出現，表示總體。但如果表示若干、多次或幾種時，則要用其復數。這類詞有：hair，fruit，pollution，rain，difficulty，success，wind，failure，favour等。例如：

The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los Angeles． Mother bought oranges，bananas and other fruits.These caves collapse easily in heavyrains, and great winds． He’s having financial difficulties．

有些名詞一般只有單數形式，它們通常是表示物質和抽象概念的不可數名詞，像：advice，baggage，bread，corn，clothing，equipment，education，fun，furniture，food，fruit，garbage，grass，happiness，homework，housework，humanity，information，knowledge，landscape，1aughter，machinery，mankind，merchandise，money，music，nonsense，nature，population，progress，scenery，smoke，sweat，strength，traffic，thunder，ink，jewellery，damage，mail，work，soap，sugar，gold，chalk，cloth，anger，applause，cake，chocolate，poverty等。例如：

I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rights． Headache is the most common disease of human.I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time.The population of Shanghai is very big.有些名詞單復數的含義不同，使用時要根據上下文的意思進行選擇。這類詞包括：communication(通訊)—communications(通訊系統，通訊工具)，cloth(布)--clothes(衣服)，content(內容)--contents(目錄)，convenience(便利)--conveniences(便利設備), humanity(人類)--humanities(人文科學)，necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品)，wood(木材)-woods(樹林)，pain(疼痛)—pains(辛勞)，ruin(毀滅)-ruins(廢墟，遺跡)，sand(沙子)--sands(沙灘)，work(工作)--works(工廠，著作)等。例如：

“Hometown” is one of Lu Xun’s most famous works．

The insurance company paid $98，700 in damages for the accident． My child enjoys playing on the sands． No pains，no gains． 有些名詞只有復數形式。如：fundamentals(基本原則), goods(貨物), means(方法),shorts(短褲)，sweets(歡樂), valuables(貴重物品)等。

The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stability Don’t take any valuables there for the sake of safety.The goods were purchased from him aren’t expensive.I think our problem can be solved by means of negotiation.名詞做定語時，不能用作復數。例如：

Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing。

The China's Central Television Station supplies weather report everyday，You'd better inform my family members before leaving for Beijing． The United States and Germany are two member states of NATO.復合名詞的復數只把其中所包含的主體名詞變成復數。如：looker(s)--on，runner(s)-up，son(s)-in-law，editor(s)-in-chief，passer(s)-by，grand-child(ren)，armyman(armymen)，room-number(s)，shoe lace(s)，dinner plate(s)，blood type(s)等。如果沒有主體名詞，就在最后一個詞上加復數詞尾。如：go-between(s)，drawback(s)等。注意以man，woman構成的復合名詞，全部變成復數。如：man-servant—men-servants, woman-soldier—women-soldiers。例如： Would you bring me some dinner plates? We had a wonderful talk with some women-soldiers．

Don’t regard yourselves as passers-by under such circumstances． We are of different blood types．

名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加 ’s，已有復數詞尾-s的，只加’。例如： We must work hard to fulfil the country’s plans． The school is within a stone’s throw． Nearby are her relatives’ houses． Could you tell me the Smiths’s addres? 名詞所有格有時還可以和of構成短語，有以下兩種情況：

1)它所修飾的詞前面有一個表示數量的詞，如：a，two，several，some，any，no，few等。

2)它所修飾的詞前面有+個指示代詞，使句子表示某種情緒。例如： Several students of Lao Yang’s acted in the play． We saw a play Guo Moro's.At birth，the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the body。I have some records of NaYing's.2．代詞的用法

1)人稱代詞有主格人稱代詞，在句中充當主語：I，you，he，she，it, we，you，they和賓格人稱代詞，在句中充當賓語：me，you，him，her，it, us，you；them。例如： We haven't seen each other for a long time since he went abroad． Let you and me have an appointment for the next weekend.Have you got any idea about this issue? Tell us whatever you've heard.2)物主代詞可在句中作定語，有指人的：my，our，your，his，her和their；有指物的:it，his或her(指國家或輪船)。名詞性物主代詞作表語、主語、賓語，與of連用可作定語：yours，ours，theirs，mine，her，his，its。例如： Tonny is an old friend of mine．

My dormitory is next to yours，and Mary's is on the third floor． Titanic sank with her several thousand passengers． Next time it's on my treat．

3)反身代詞亦稱自身代詞，可作賓語、表語，作主語或賓語的同位語，還與某些動詞連用，與介詞連用構成成語。有：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves。例如：

These children are too young to take care of themselves． Don't worry，he will be himself again soon．

Although Uncle George is a bad-tempered man，I think he is a kind man in himself． You should be responsible for yourself．

4)相互代詞表示相互關系，有：each other(兩者之間)和one another(多者之間)。例如： I met Miss Scott this morning，and we greeted each other． We should learn from one another and make progress together，5)指示代詞在句中充當主語、賓語和定語，有：this，that，these，those。Such也是指示代詞，可作定語、主語和表語，修飾可數名詞時要與a連用。例如：

Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those Of the past．

The money spent on entertainment，according to some authorities，has exceeded that spent on public health．

I want to know this：are you talking about the accident I encountered yesterday? His future is closely bound with that of the company。

You shouldn't trust on such a person who never keeps his promise． 6)疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what which。who可作主語和表語；whom作賓語，whose，what，which可作主語、表語、賓語和定語，其中作主語時，要看所代表的人或物是單數還是復數，如果不清楚，則動詞一般用單數。Who will see to this matter? Whom have you chosen to be responsible for the work? It is hard to decide whose is better.What’s on your schedule?

Which university did he enter at last? 7)關系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which。which代表事物，that代表人或物；在非限制性定語從句中，不能用that，而用who(m)代表人，用which代表物，或代表主句所說的全部內容。在帶有a11，something，nothing，anything，much等的句子中不能用which，而用that。例如：

Our football team was defeated again，which shows our players need much more effort． The factory now has over 1,000 workers，half of whom are women． He promised to tell us all that he knew．

Whose turn to make presentation is bcyond me.8)連接代詞有：what，who，whonl，whose，which，用來連接主語從句、賓語從句和表浯從句。Whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever為復合代詞。例如： I didn't know what to do at that very moment．

The government sell public houses to whoever provides enough amount Of money． Whomever I worry about is none of your business． Take whichever you like，please．

第二節形容詞與副詞

形容詞和副詞在語法結構上都有比較級和最高級，它們的構成方法基本上一樣，都與音節多少有關，有些形容詞和副詞有特殊的比較級和最高級形式。二者基本分為同級比較、比較級和最高級三種形式。

1．形容詞與副詞的用法

形容詞中有詞形相近的，也有詞義相近的，應注意區別。如：

1)behind(在后的)---hind(后部的)，considerate(周到的，體貼的)---considerable(應考慮的)，eminent(聞名的)--imminent(緊迫的)，gracious(親切的)---graceful(優雅的)，like(有生命的)---alive(活的)，industrious(勤勞的)--industrial(工業的)，like(同樣的)---alike(同樣的，僅作表語)，opposite(相對的)---opposing(反對的)，perspective(透視的)---respective(各自的)，sensitive(傷感的)---sensible(明顯的)，etc。例如：

We did enjoy your staying in Beijing，and Mrs.Yan is really considerate． Professor Li has many world-famous inventions，and he is respectable to us．

As any one knows that we use our front teeth for biting and our hind teeth for chewing． It’s a considerable success for him．

2)elemental(初步的)--fundamental(基本的)，eligible(合格的)--capable(能干的)，flexible(靈活的)--changeable(可改變的)，initial(最初的)--preliminary(初步的，預備的)，slack(松弛的)--lazy(懶惰的)，valueless(無價值的)--priceless(無價的)，vivid(生動的)一living(活的)，etc．。例如：

Henry’s speech was so vivid that his audience applauded againand again，It is easier to adapt to new situations if one has a flexible attitude． We have finished the preliminary exam．

Your suggestion is priceless，and 1 will consider carefully． 3)有些詞尾為-ly的并非副詞，而是形容詞，如：lovdy，likdy，deadly，earthly(現世的)，leisurdy(空閑的)，weekly，yearly，manly(丈夫氣概的)，brotherly，friendly等。例如： What a lovely girl Jenny is．She is always ready to help others． China Daily is of course a daily newspaper but not a weekly one． He is a very friendly young man．

As he didn't have anyexperience，he was likely to have problems．

以下情況形容詞常用于后置：1)形容詞短語，即形容詞+副詞，介詞短語或不定式。2)一些表語性形容詞要后置，如：present，available，involved，concerned，etc,。3)形容詞修飾不定代詞something，anything，everything時要后置。例如： There was something nice about my feeling that she knew a11．

For this reason，as well as the additional cost involved，flow force compensation is generally not desirable．

I came across another question hard to answer then． I wondered if there was a room available．

副詞的位置為：修飾哪個詞就放在哪個詞前面；放在系動詞和助動詞之后，行為動詞和分詞之前。例如：

I had only five-dollar bill with me when l boarded the townward train． The old law were instituted to protect the long neglected rights of children.I can hardly believe that he is the murderer．

Although he has advantages，it is still too early to say that he is sure to win． 2．比較級與最高級的基本形式和用法

形容詞的比較級和最高級的構成為：單音節詞一般在詞尾加-er和-est。如果以-e結尾，僅加-r和-st；如末尾僅有一個輔音字母，須雙寫詞尾冉加-er和-est；如果以y結尾的，把y變i，加-er，-est；多音節單詞和雙音節詞(其中包括由分詞和分詞演變而來的形容詞，如：known，worn，wounded，shocking，striking，interesting，ect, 則在其前加more和most；有些形容詞的比較級和最高級是不規則的，如：good(well)-better-best，bad(ill)-worse-worst，many(much)-more-most，little-less-least，far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)。有些形容詞沒 有比較級形式，如：absolute，chief，entire，eternal，excellent，fatal，final，foremost，inevitable，infinite，main，naked，perfect，possible，primary，right，sufficient，supreme，universal，utter，vital，whole，wooden，etc，例如： Mary is the best student in the class．

Further negotiation will be conducted next month． The food we have is sufficient.Needless to say，he is stronger than his opponent．

一般副詞的比較級和最高級與形容詞一樣，單音節的以在詞尾加-er和-est構成，多音節的以加more和most的方法構成；有些比較特殊，如：well—better-best，badly-worse-worst，much-more-most，little-less-least。以-ly結尾的副詞，在其前面加more，most, 例如： Tonny runs most quickly than any other students in the class．

Which do you like best，Thorn Birds，Gone With the Wind Or Great Expectation? I prefer less sugar in the milk．

She gets more income every month than her husband．

形容詞和副詞的原級比較由“as+形容詞或副詞(或后跟名詞或短語)+as”構成，“as?as’’前可加not，just，almost，nearly，quite，twice，several times等詞修飾。否定式中not后面的as可改為so。例如：

Running for fifteen minutes will burn as many calories as walking for thirty minutes． Henan province is several times as large as Shanghai． Jimmy has as nervous a ways peaking as his father． Getting rid of a bad habit isn't so simple as taking it up． 形容詞和副詞的比較級形式為：“形容詞(副詞)比較級+than+?”，應注意than前后相比較的人或物要一致。比較級前可以跟even，much，still等副詞修飾比較級，表示強調。例如： Mother worried much more about my younger brother than she did about me． Sound travels faster through water than throughI air．

The economic development in South China is faster than that in North China． My books are much more than Li Ping's． 形容詞和副詞的最高級的形式分別為：“the+形容詞最高級十名詞+范圍表達”和“副詞最高級+名詞+范圍表達”，副詞的比較級和最高級不需要加the。例如：

Our foreign exchange reserve didn't decline despite the worst flood in sixty years． I finisbed the work more successfully than he had expected．

應注意以下表達式的含義：the same?as(和??一樣)，no less than(不少于)，not less than(只有)，had better(最好)，less than(不到)，more or less(或多或少)，other than(除了)，rather than(而不是)，the more?the more/less(越??就越??)例如：

I am sure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed．

You had better finisll your homework today for the teacher will collect it tomorrow．

We have received ten dozen of personal computers which are less than the amount we ordered． The visltors to the exhibition were not less than three hundred，which disappointed them very much．

第三節

從句

從句分為定語從句，狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種，由關系代詞或關系副詞引導，修飾主句的某個成分。狀語從句分為時間、結果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及there be句型。1．定語從句

限定性定語從句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在從句中作主語或賓語。that作賓語時常可省略，which則不能，而且其后的“不及物動詞+介詞’’中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語時，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能省。例如： The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830．

The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn．

代表a11，anything，something，nothing，much等詞時，用that而不用which，that作賓語可省略。例如：

I care anything that has something to do with it．

You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him．

That is the last time we met each other．

I came across the woman you told me about yesterday．

who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句的主語和賓語。where是關系副詞，用于表示地點的定語從句，而when用來表示時間。whose是關系代詞，修飾名詞作定語。例如: Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production．

The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg．

The next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great discovery．

The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department．

在下列情況，限定性定語從句的關系代詞可以省略：1)當關系代詞在從句中作賓語或表語；或它們在從句中作介詞的賓語，而該介詞又在句末時；2)當先行詞是that，all，only，everything，something，nothing等代詞時，或先行詞前有一個最高級形容詞修飾時；3)當先行詞前有only，any，all，first，no，last等修飾時，或先行詞就是time，moment，way(anyway)，direction，distance等名詞時，關系代詞即可省略。例如：

The delegation we had been waiting for finally arrived． I met the woman you told me about． She gave me all she could afford．

With TV we can see things happen almost at the exact moment they are happening．

非限定性定語從句，其作用為：對所修飾的成分作進一步的說明，它與主句用逗號隔開。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語從句中，which可代表前面的整個句子；代表人時只能用who，whom，而不能用that；as也可用作關系代詞。例如: The telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell．

The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home President Franklin D．Roosevelt，who died there on April 12，1945．

Living in a damp house for a long time is harmful to one’s health，which is known to everyone． 2．狀語從句

狀語從句可分為：時間狀語從句(主要由when，whenever，after，before，a5，slnce，once，assoonas，Until，while等連詞引導)，結果狀語從句(由so?that和such?that連接)，讓步狀語從句(由though，although, no matter，even if, however，whatever等詞引導)，原因狀語從句(由as，because，since和for引導)，條件狀語從句(由if, whether，as long as，provided that等詞引導)，地點狀語從句(由where引導)，行為方式狀語從句(由as引導)。有時條件狀語從句中，主句不可以用將來時，而用一般時代替。例如： The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the Spring, long before the leaves grow.QiongYao's novels used to be so popular that her books appeared on best-seller lists.Gas balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catch fire.Uniform acceleration(同樣的加速)occurs if the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time．

Thousands of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate Shanghai，where they protested NATO's bombing at China's Embassy in Yugoslavia.狀語從句中的 “主語+be”可以省略，前提是：從句主語和主句主語一致，且從句謂語“be”省略后的結構為“連詞+現在分詞／過去分詞介詞短語／形容詞／名詞短語”。)例如： When well fitted, glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes． If necessary，I would like to see you in your office.Although seriously wounded，he never complained． 3．名詞從句

名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句，其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。主語從句

主語從句常出現在it is+名詞、形容詞、分詞+主語從句”的形式中。例如：

It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a solo concert in Shanghai someday this month．

It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline． It usually happened that I was late because of traffic jams.主語從句還可用when，where，how，why，whether等連接副詞，和who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever等連接代詞來引起。例如： How to arrange the meeting is not your task．

Whose candidate will win the election is the question both political parties are asking． When I leave is my own decision.Whoever will go to the party won't change my mind of staying at home． 2)賓語從句

賓語從句可由that, 疑問代詞或副詞how，why和where等引出。例如：To postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepared． Nearly a11 the staff agreed with what I said．

Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone． Could you offer more details except that it happened at night? 由what，whether，how引導的賓語從句可用在介詞后，而由that引導的從句只跟but，besides，except，in, save之后。例如: I can hardly believe in what they have done.He doesn’t know my phone number except that the city code is 021.一些表語性的形容詞，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished, certain，confident, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ect.做表語時，后面可跟由that, how等引導的賓語從句。例如：

I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures． He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination． She was surprised how simple his problem is．

We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination.3)表語從句

表語從句對主語的內容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語從句用that引起，that起連接作用，不能省略。b表語從句也可用連接詞how，when，where，why，what引起。由because引起的表語從句通常只用在“this／that／it is because” 結構中。例如： A logarithm(對數)is what is known in algebra exponent(代數的指數)． One thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable． She works too hard；That is why she is exhausted．

I must point out that where you intend to build a super-market is where the elderly do exercise every day． 4)同位語從句

同位語從句是由兩個或兩個以上同一層次語言單位組成的結構，其中前項與后項所指相同，句法功能相同。同位語從句由that引導，也可由whether，how，why，where, when等來引導。例如：

She ignored the teacher's instruction that she must study hard．

The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly．

第四節

動詞不定式

1．不定式的基本形式與結構

動詞不定式指通常由to加上動詞原形(如to write)所構成的一種非限定性動詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。動詞不定式有進行體和完成體(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被動態(如to be written)，所有的主動詞，不論是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，也不論是動作動詞還是狀態動詞，都有不定式形式。助動詞除be和have外, 沒有不定式形式。動詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。2．不定式的用法 1)不定式結構作主語

Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago．

To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge．

在上述情況下，如果不定式較長，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。如：

It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago．

John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time．

不定式結構所表示的動作是誰做的，即不定式的邏輯主語，通常可以通過for sb.to do sth.結構表達：

It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review． It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.在某些形容詞(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind, naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表語時，不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語： It is very kind of you to tell me the truth． It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing． 2)不定式作賓語

不定式作賓語有兩種：一種是及物動詞后直接跟帶to的不定式, 另一種是“及物動詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式。及物動詞+帶to的不定式結構: 只能跟動詞不定式的動詞，常見的有: afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, believe, care，claim，decide demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, prepare, refuse, seek, swear, undertake，want, wish等。He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.動詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式：

這類動詞常見的有advise, decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, regard, remember, teach, tell, understand, wonder等。常見的疑問代(副)詞有: what, when, where, which, how, whether等。

He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.I will show you how to deal with it.有時，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結構表達：動詞(如find, think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容詞+不定式。

She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.3)不定式做表語

一種情況為主語是不定式(表示條件)；表語也是不定式(表示結果)： To see is to believe.To work means to earn a living．

另一種情況為主語是以aim，duty，hope, idea，job, plan，problem, purpose，thing，wish等名詞為中心的短語，或以what引導的名詞性從句，不定式表語對主語起補充說明作用： His aim is to study abroad in the near future．

The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price． What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience． 4)不定式作定語

不定式結構作名詞詞組修飾語主要有三種類型：

第一種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯賓語。例如： There was really nothing to fear．

He gave me an interesting book to read．

如果不定式是不及物動詞，后面就得加相應的介詞。例如： Mary needs a friend to play with． That girl has nothing to worry about． They have a strict teacher to listen to．

Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a chair to sit on． 第二種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯主語；例如： Have you got a key to unlock the door? The action to be taken is correct．

There is nothing to be gained by pretending．

第三種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的同位結構。這類名詞通常是表示企圖、努力、傾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意義的名詞：ability, attempt, effort, impulse, inclination,wish等。例如： Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her． I have no wishto quarrel withyou．

Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作狀語

不定式結構在句中作狀語通常都能轉換為限制性狀語從句。例如作原因狀語： They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area．

They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area． He was lucky to arrive before dark．

He was lucky because he arrived before dark． 作目的狀語：

She raised her voice to be heared better．

She raised her voice so that she could heard better． We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam．

We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam． 作結果狀語：

The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians．

The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians． He got to the station only to be told the train had gone． He got to the station and was told that the train had gone． 不帶to的不定式的使用 動詞不定式通常帶to，但在有些搭配中不帶to，在另一些搭配中可帶to可不帶to。歸納起來，以下情況下使用不帶to不定式：

1)在can／could, /may／might，will／would，shall／should，must, need，dare等情態動詞之后，動詞不定式不帶to。

2)在表示感覺意義的動詞，如see，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意義的動詞，如have，let，make等后，動詞不定式不帶to。例如： I often heard him say that he would study hard． I must have him see his own mistakes．

但是，當這類結構轉換為被動語態時，后面的不帶to不定式一般轉換為帶to不定式。例如：

He was often heard to say that he would study hard．

After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions． 3)在動詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式。例如： Help the old lady(to)carry the heavy box.4)在had better，would rather，may／might as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后，動詞不定式也不帶to。例如：

Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight． She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.5)在make do，make believe，let drop，1et fall，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不帶to的動詞不定式。例如： They let go of the rope．他們松開了繩子。

John let fly a torrent of abuse at me．約翰朝我痛罵了一頓。I've heard tell of him．我聽說過他。

Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students．由于生源不足,一些教職員工被解雇了。6)在介詞but，except之后，如果其前有動詞do的某種形式，其后不定式一般不帶to，反之則必須帶to，表示“不得不，只能”。例如： He will do anything except work on the farm．

There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender．

The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in． I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining． 下面一些短語是固定搭配，不帶to：

can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如： I can not but admire his courage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：

I did nothing but watch TV last night． 如果是下面一個固定搭配，就帶to： I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)緊跟在why或why not之后的動詞不定式總是不帶to。但是，緊跟在who，what，which，whether等連接詞后的不定式帶to。例如： Why stand up if you can sit down? Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning? You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science． 4．不定式的完成式和進行式 1)構成

完成式：to+ have done 進行式：to+ be doing 2)用法

完成式：如果不定式所表示的動作(狀態)發生在主要謂語動作之前，那么不定式就要用其完成式。

進行式：如果主要謂語動作(情況)發生時，不定式所表示的動作正在發生，那么不定式就要用其進行式。例如：

She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline． The Vikings are believed to have discovered America．

When you called me last night, I happened to be working on the computer． 5．不定式的被動形式

當不定式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：

For twelve years, Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca's name to be mentioned and his work to be published．

The snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain． 6．不定式的否定形式

否定形式是在不定式的標志to前加not。例如： I decided not to ask him again．

Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are out．

第五節 動名詞 1．動名詞的形式: 動名詞是由動詞原形+ing構成(如writing)，有完成時態和被動語態(如having written，being written)。

2．動名詞的用法

動名詞通常在句中作主語和賓語。1)動名詞作主語

Going to the college is the little boy's dream．

Keeping studying hard will make you pass the exam． 2)動名詞作賓語

有些動詞后面只能帶動名詞作賓語，不能帶不定式作賓語。此類動詞常見的有：admit，acknowledge，anticipate，appreciate，avoid，consider，contemplate，defer，delay，deny，detest，dislike，ensure，enjoy，escape，excuse，evade，facilitate，fancy，favour，finish，forbid，imagine，include，keep，mind, miss，postpone，practise，resent，resist，risk，suggest，quit，worth等。例如：

John was considering buying a new car.I hope you didn’t contemplate coming with us on this trip． The witness denied having seen the accused man． I would appreciate your keeping it a secret．

3)某些短語后面只能接動名詞，不能接不定式。

此類短語常見的有：be(get)used to, be accustomed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to，be busy，be committed to，be suject to，cannot help，cannot resist，cannot stand，confess to，feel like，give up，have trouble(in), have difficulty(in)，have a good／hard time(in)，have fun(in)，have an objection to，it is no good／use，keep on，insist on，look forward to，object to，pay attention to，put off，resort to，succeed in等。例如： I cannot stand getting up early in the morning．

I have no difficulty(in)reaching the top of the mountain.There is no use staying on． I cannot resist(his)bargaining．

Although punctual himself，the professor was quite used to students’being late for his lecture.4)動詞或短語后面也可以接動名詞的被動形式。用主動形式還是被動形式，要根據句子的意思而定。例如:

Carlos just missed being caught．

That person wore dark glasses to avoid being recognized．

I object to being treated like a child． 3．另一類動詞后面可以帶動名詞做賓語，也可以帶不定式作賓語。這類動詞又可以分為兩種： 1)帶動名詞作賓語與帶不定式作賓語而意義無多大區別的動詞

a)在begin，cannot bear，cease，continue，dread，like，love，neglect，omit，prefer，propose等動詞之后，如表一般的行為，用動名詞作賓語為多；如表示特定的或具體的動作，則用不定式結構作賓語為多。例如：

I don’t like swimming.I don’t like to swim this afternoon．

John prefers doing it his way.John prefers to go outing tomorrow.b)在begin, start等動詞之后，如表示有意的動作，用動名詞結構為多；如表示無意的動作，用不定式結構為多。例如：

After some hesitation，he began speaking out his own opinion． It has already begun to rain．

c)在attempt，intend，plan等動詞之后，用不定式結構與用動名詞結構意義相同，但以用不定式較為常見。例如：

He intended to buy a new car．

He intended travelling abroad next summer.d)在encourage，permit，allow，recommend，advise，authorise等動詞之后，一般用動名詞作賓語，或者用不定式作賓語補足語。即：

encourage／permit／allow／recommend／advise／authorise+doing，或encourage／permit／allow／recommend／advise／authorise+somebody+to do。例如： He advised going out for a walk．

He advised us to go out for a walk．

e)在agree，decide等動詞之后，可以直接跟不定式結構，但如果跟動名詞，則動詞后必須加適當的介詞。例如：

He agreed to do me a favor．= He agreed on doing me a favor． In the end the manager decided to double the advertising budget．= In the end the manager decided on doubling the advertising budget．

f)在need，want，require, deserve等動詞之后，可以用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義，這相當于用不定式的被動形式。例如：

The house needs repairing.= The house needs to be repaired.The disabled deserve respecting.= The disabled deserve to be respected． 2)帶動名詞作賓語與帶不定式作賓語而意義不同的動詞

a)動詞remember，forget后可以跟不定式或動名詞，但意義有明顯區別：跟動名詞，其動作發生在“記得”或“忘記”的動作之前；跟不定式，其動作發生在“記得”或“忘記”的動作之后。試比較：

I remember posting this letter．我記得這封信已經寄出了。

I remember to post this letter in the afternoon.我記得下午要將這封信寄走。b)動詞regret后可以跟不定式或動名詞，但意義有明顯區別： regret doing：為做過的事感到抱歉 regret to do：為即將要做的事感到抱歉

試比較：I regret to say that I can not go with you after school．

I regret having criticized you seriously in class． c)動詞try，mean，can not help，used to后跟不定式還是動名詞，取決于這些動詞本身的含義。例如：

You should try to answer the questions by yourself．(try to do：設法或努力去做)We try using this new method．(try doing：試著做某事)I meant to go to the exhibition but I forgot．(mean to do：is算做某事)Success means working very，very hard．(mean doing：意味著做某事)I can't help apologizing．(can not help doing：忍不住做某事)I can't help to apologize for him.(can not help to do：不能幫助做某事)Mr．Smith used to jog in the morning，but now he has stopped．(used to do：過去經常或總是干某事)Inland canals are used to ship farm and factory goods to nearby towns．(be used to do：被用來干某事)I am not used to getting up early in the morning．(be／get used to doing：

習慣于干某事)d)動詞stop，continue，go on，leaveoff之后，通常用動名詞結構作賓語；如果用不定式結構，則不是賓語而是目的狀語，相當于in order to。試比較： They stopped working．他們停止工作(來做其他事)。They stopped to work。他們停止(做其他事)來工作。

The students went on reciting the text．學生們繼續背誦課文。

The students went on to recite the text．學生們停下其他事，繼續背誦課文。She let off doing the housework．她停止做家務(去干其他事)。She let off to do the housework．她停止(干其他事)來做家務。動名詞的邏輯主語問題

動名詞，顧名思義，具有名詞的特點，即可以加物主代詞和名詞的屬格來表示其邏輯(這時動名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致)。如果動名詞的邏輯主語就是句子主語，不用加物主代詞或名詞的屬格。例如：

The watchman reported finding the door open．= The watchman reported that he had found the door open．

此處，finding的主語與主句主語一致，都是the watchman，所以finding前不加物主代詞。I appreciated very much your helping me through the tough period.此處，helping的主語是you，而主句的主語是I，兩者不一致，所以helping前的物主代詞your不能省略。

一般說來，能帶動名詞作賓語的動詞都可以根據語義意圖在動名詞之前加上或略去主語。但有些動詞，如excuse，forgive，pardon等，其后的動名詞結構總是帶有邏輯主語。這些邏輯主語通常由名詞或代詞賓格表示，也可由名詞屬格或形容詞性物主代詞表示。I do mind people smoking in public places．(名詞賓格作邏輯主語)We don't understand him needing so much money．(代詞賓格作邏輯主語)I will never forgive his betraying me by breaking his promise．(物主代詞作邏輯主語)Mary excused the boy’s upsetting the ink．(名詞屬格作邏輯主語)

第六節分詞

1．分詞的形式

這里所講的分詞包括-ing分詞和-ed分詞，即傳統意義上的現在分詞和過去分詞。現在分詞由動詞原形+-ing構成(如listening)；過去分詞通常由動詞原形+-ed構成(如listened)，但也有不規則形式(如go-gone)。現代英語的絕大多數都是規則動詞，不規則的只是少數。2．分詞的基本用法

分詞在句中通常可以用作表語、定語、補語和狀語。下面按照現在分詞和過去分詞的用法分別作介紹。

現在分詞的基本用法：

現在分詞表示主動的意義；表示一般性的或正在進行的動作；在表現形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”與“主動式”和“被動式”之分，1)作表語

現在分詞作表語通常表示主語所具有的特征。例如： This story is quite interesting．

The journey without you will be boring． 2)作定語

現在分詞可以單獨作定語，也可以構成合成詞作定語，但在更多情況下是分詞短語作定語，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗號與其他部分分開)，在意義上相當于一個定語從句。現在分詞作定語通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義。例如：

The man following was obviously in a hurry．(現在分詞單獨作定語)They acted just like a conquering army．(現在分詞單獨作定語)Do you know the man standing over there by the door?(分詞短語作限定性定語)Last night，we caught a thief stealing John’s bike．(分詞短語作限定性定語)The name Nebraske comes from the Oto Indian word “ebrathka”，meaning flat water．(分詞短語作非限定性定語)3)作賓語補足語 a．表示感覺和心理狀態的動詞，如hear，feel，find，listen to，look at，watch，notice，observe，smell，see等詞的賓語可以用現在分詞作賓語補足語。例如： I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting． I can smell turkey roasting，and it's making me hungry．

b．表示“致使”等意義的動詞，如catch，get，have，keep，leave，set等詞的賓語可以用現在分詞作賓語補足語。例如：

What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside． Please don't keep the machine running while you are away． 4)作狀語

現在分詞作狀語表示主語在進行一動作的同時所進行的另一動作，它對謂語動詞起修飾或陪襯的作用。這時要注意現在分詞與其邏輯主語在時態和意義上的統一。例如： Rushing out of the room，he was knocked down by a car．(作時間狀語)= When he rushed out of the room，he was knocked down by a car． Working harder，you will pass the entrance exam.(作條件狀語)= If you work harder，you will pass the entrance exam． She sat at a window，reading a book．(作伴隨狀語)=She sat at a window and read a book．

Having won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars．(作原因狀語)= Because he had won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars． Even if taking a taxi，I will still be late for the meeting．(作讓步狀語)= Even if take a taxi，I will still be late for the meeting．

The road is under construction，thus causing the delay．

(作結果狀語)= The road is under construction，and thus caused the delay.注意，當現在分詞作讓步狀語時，一般放在句首，常常由although，though，even if, unless等連詞引入；作結果狀語時，一般放在句末，前面可以加so，thus，hence，thereby等副詞。過去分詞的基本用法：

與現在分詞不同，過去分詞表示被動的意義，表示已經完成和被動的動作。在表現形式上，只有一種形式。1)作表語

過去分詞作表語表示主浯所處的狀態。用作表浯的過去分詞大多來自及物動詞；不及物動詞的過去分詞能作表語的只限于少數表示位置轉移的動詞，如go，come，assemble等，它們用在連系動詞之后，表示完成意義，無被動意義。例如： The man looked quite disappointed． He is greatly discouraged by her refusal． His hair is nearly all gone.已經形容詞化了的過去分詞大多可作表語，常見的有：accomplished，amazed，amused，astonished，broken，closed，completed，complicatcd，confused，crowded，devoted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，excited，frightened，hurt，interested，lost，satisfied，surprised, worried等。做定語

a)前置定語的過去分詞通常來自及物動詞，帶有被動意義和完成意義。例如： We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter．

= We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter． How many finished products have you got up to now? = How many products that have been finished have you got up to now? 來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置定語，能作這樣用的僅限以下幾個詞，這時僅表示完成意義，不表示被動意義： a retired worker = a worker who has retired

an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped a faded／withered flower = a flower that has faded the risen sun = the sun that has just risen a returned student = a student who has returned vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished b)用作后置定語的過去分詞通常也來自及物動詞，表示被動意義和完成意義。這時相當于一個定語從句。例如：

Things seen are better than things heard．

= Things which are seen are better than things which are heard． The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious．

= The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.做賓語補足語

a)see, hear, feel，find，think等表示感覺和心理狀態的動詞可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如：

Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation． I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street．

Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute.d)make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”意義的動詞可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如： I have my clothes washed everyday.Don't get your schedule changed；stay with us in the class． He’s trying to make himself understood.Please keep us informed of the latest price．

c)like，want，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意義的動詞可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如：

We don't like such topics(to be)discussed in class． I wish this problem(to be)solved this week． 4)作狀語

用作狀語的過去分詞通常來自及物動詞。過去分詞用作狀語時，修飾主句的謂語動詞，意義上相當于狀語從句，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等。過去分詞作狀語，前邊往往可以加when, while, if，as if, though。一般說來，這種結構的邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。例如：

Whenever praised，she blushes．(作時間狀語)= Whenever she is praised，she blushes．

United，we stand；divided，we fall．(作條件狀語)= If we are united，we stand；If we are divided，we fall． Written in great haste，this book is full of errors．(作原因狀語)= Because this book is written in great haste，it is full of errors．

Mary was reading a love story，completely lost to the romantic life．(作伴隨狀浯)= Mary was reading a love story，and was completely lost to the romantic life.Although born in Germany，John lives and works in U.S.A.(作讓步狀語)= Although John was born in Germany，he lives and works in U.S.A.3．分詞的完成式及被動式

前面提到過，過去分詞只有一種形式，所以這里所講的完成式及被動式均指現在分詞的完成式及被動式。

如果現在分詞表示的是一般性動作，不表明動作的先后或與謂語動作同時發生，這時要用現在分詞的一般形式。例如：

Living in the downtown，we found a lot of amusements． 如果現在分詞所表示的動作先于句子謂語發生，就要用現在分詞的完成式“(not)having+過去分詞”。例如：

Having heard from my father，I was relieved．

Not having received any letter from my family，I was worried．

如果現在分詞的邏輯主語是現在分詞所表示的動作的對象，則要用現在分詞的被動形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being+過去分詞”和其完成形式“(not)having been+過去分詞”。例如： Upon being questioned，he denied having robbed the bank．

The new method，having been widely used abroad，can increase the working efficiency.4．分詞獨立結構

如果過去分詞或現在分詞帶有與句子主語不同的主語，這就構成了獨立結構，也叫獨立主格結構或垂懸結構，通常在句中起狀語叢句的作用，表示原因、時間、條件、方式或伴隨狀況。例如：

The holidays being over，they began to get down to do their work again．(原因狀語)= As the holiday was over，they began to get down to do their work again． All things considered，her paper is of greater value than yours．(條件狀語)= All things are considered，her paper is of greater value than yours． His homework done，Johan went out to play.(時間狀語)= After his homework had been done，Johan went out to play．

The girl was smiling sweetly，her long hair flowing in the breeze．(伴隨狀語)當獨立結構表示伴隨狀況時，可變為由with引導的介詞詞組, 而表示否定意義的類似結構便可由without引導。例如上例可變為：

The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze． Without anyone noticing，I slipped out of the room．

獨立結構的位置比較靈活，它可以置于句首、句中或句末。另外，獨立結構中用作主語的名詞之前的限定詞有時可以省略。例如：

The manager sat quietly in his office，(his)eyes closed．

He stood in the doorway，(his)wet cloak dripping water on the rug，and waited for some sign of recognition．

第七節

前后呼應 主謂一致的基本原則

主謂一致有以下三條原則：

1)語法一致原則，即在語法形式上取得一致。例如，主語是單數形式，謂語動詞也采取單數形式；主語是復數形式，謂語動詞也采取復數形式。例如：The students are very young．This picture looks beautiful．

2)意義一致原則，即從意義著眼處理一致關系。例如，主語形式雖是單數但意義是復數，謂語動詞也采取復數形式；而有些主語形式雖是復數但意義上看作單數，謂語動詞也采取單數形式。

The people in that country are fighting for independence． The crowd deeply respect their leader．

Three years in a strange land seems a long time．

3)就近原則，即謂語動詞的單數或復數形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。例如： Neither he nor I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy． 2．主謂一致的用法

根據以上三條原則，主謂一致有如下用法： 1)下列結構作主語，謂語動詞一般用單數形式

a．表示時間、重量、長度、價值的名詞作主語，謂語動詞通常用單數形式。例如： Two hundred miles is a long distance． Ten dollars is a high price for that book． b．由anyone，anything，anybody，no one，nothing，everyone，everybody，everything，someone，somebody，each，either，neither等不定代詞作主語，謂語動詞使用單數形式。例如： Someone is knocking at the door．

Anything is better than going to the movie tonight．

c．由“a series of，a kind of，a portion of +名詞”作主語，謂語動詞應用單數形式。例如： A series of debates is scheduled to be held next week．

d．由“many a，more than one +單數名詞”作主語，盡管意義上表示復數，但謂語動詞仍采用單數形式。例如：

Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break． There is more than one answer to your question． e．“名詞+and+名詞”作主語，表示同一人、同一概念或事物時，謂語動詞用單數形式。例如：

A writer and educator is giving a lecture now．(這個人既是作家又是教育家)f．“either(neither)+ of +復數名詞(或代詞)”作主語，謂語動詞用單數形式。例如： If either of you takes a vacation now，we will not be able to finish the work． Neither of them wants to come．

g．在each?and each?，every?and every?等結構之后，謂語動詞用單數形式。例如： Each man and each woman has the right to vote．

h．動詞不定式、動名詞或分句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。例如： What I want to say is none of your business． Listening to the classical music is enjoyable．

i．以-ics結尾的復數名詞指一門學科時，如politics(政治學)，mathematics(數學)，statistics(統計學)，acoustics(聲學)，linguistics(語言學)等，謂語動詞用單數形式。例如： Mathematics is what he majors in． 2)下列結構作主語，謂語動詞單復數形式取決于of后的名詞。

a．由“a11，none，no，most，half，the last，the rest，the remainder+of+名詞”等不定代詞作主語，謂語動詞單復數形式由of后名詞的單復數而定。例如： None of the food is wasted．

None of the students were absent． The rest of the lecture was dull．

The rest of the bikes were on sale yesterday．

b．由“lots of，heaps of，loads Of，scads of +名詞”作主語，謂語動詞單復數形式由of后名詞的單復數而定。例如：

Lots of work is to be done this week.Lots of people are going to swim this afternoon． There is loads of milk on the farm．

There are loads of big red apples on the ground． There is heaps of fun．

c．由“分數或百分數十of +名詞或代詞”作主語，謂語動詞的單復數形式取決于of后名詞或代詞的單復數形式。例如：

Three-quarters of the area is cultivated.Ninety percent of the students have passed the exam．

3)下列結構作主語，謂語動詞的單復數形式根據意義而定。

a．由“the+形容詞” 這種結構作主語，根據意義一致的原則決定謂語動詞的單復數形式。如果表示一類人(如the rich，the poor，the blind，the deaf，the sick，the young，the old)，謂語動詞用復數形式；如果表示個人或抽象概念，謂語動詞用單數形式。例如： The blind are taught trades in special schools．

(表示一類人)The good in him overweighs the bad．

(表示抽象概念)The departed was a good friend of his．

(表示個人)b．family，crowd，committee，class，audience，group，government，team，public，majority，minority等集合名詞作主語，謂語動詞單復數形式應根據意義而定。例如： The family like to listen to the music．(the family指這家人，用作復數)The family is small．(the family指這個家庭，用作單數)The committee has considered your proposal．(the committee指委員會，用作單數)The committee were arguing for an hour before they gave their votes．

(the committee指委員會的委員們，用作復數)下列結構作主語，謂語動詞一般單復數均可。

a.以數詞為名詞詞組中心詞作主語時，謂語動詞一般單復數均可。例如： Five and six make／makes eleven． Seven times ten are seventy．

但是：Twenty from thirty leaves ten．

Six sevens are forty-two.b．由”one in／out of +名詞”作主語，謂語動詞單復數均可。例如： One in ten were／was present．

下列結構作主語，謂語動詞用復數形式。

由and或both?and連接兩個單數形式的名詞詞組作主語時，一般謂語動詞用復數形式。例如：

A girl and a boy want to go． Both rice and wheat are grown in that country．

6)下列結構作主語，謂語動詞單復數形式視具體情況而定。

a．由as well as，together with，besides, like，along with，with but，except，accompanied by，rather than，including連接兩個名詞作主語，謂語單復數形式應由連接詞前的名詞而定。例如： The president of the college，together with the deans，is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations．

The young mother with her two children is coming now．

The plant manager，like many technicians，is experienced in designing new products． b．“名詞+of+名詞”作主語，謂語動詞單復數形式跟of前的名詞一致。例如： The picture of the children brings back many memories of my past experiences． The effects of cigarette smoking have been proved to be extremely harmful．

c．由not only?but also，either?or，neither?nor或or連接的并列主語，通常根據就近一致原則，謂語動詞的單復數形式由最接近它的名詞詞組的單復數形式決定。例如： He or you have taken my pen．

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it． One or two days are enough to visit the city.d．there be句型中的謂語動詞單復數形式一般取決于其后的真正主語的單復數形式。例如： There is a garden in front of the house． There are two things I'd like to say here． 7)關于幾對容易混淆詞組的一致用法

a．由“this／that kind／type of +名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用單數形式；而由”these／those kind／type of +復數名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用復數形式。例如： This kind of apples is highly priced． Those kind(s)of tests are good．

b．由“a number of，a total of，an average of +復數名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用復數形式；由“the number of，the total of，the average of +復數名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用單數形式。例如： A number of students are waiting for the bus．

The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.c．one of，the(only)one of的一致用法

This is one of the books that have been recommended．

This is the(only)one of the books that has been recommended． 3．前后呼應的用法 1)當everyone，everybody，no one，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，everything，anything，something，nothing等用作主語時，其相應的代詞一般用單數形式。例如： If anybody calls，tell him that I'm out． Something strange happened，didn't it? Every passenger has to carry his own luggage．

2)人稱代詞與名詞的呼應：人稱代詞I(me)，he(him)，she(her)，it(it)都是代替前面的單數名詞，而they(them)，we(us)則是代替復數名詞的，you既可以代表單數，也可以代表復數。但表示泛指的時候，用he或one來表示。例如：

If a young person enters a classical music field only for money，he is in the wrong profession． The leaves of the red maple are highly poisonous to horses and when ingested can kill them within fifteen hours。

3)物主代詞與名詞的呼應：my，our，his，her，its，their要與代替的名詞在數上一致。例如： The welfare department，as well as the other social services，will have its budget cut． Delphins are warm-blooded；that is，their body temperature always stays about the same，regardless of the surroundings．

4)反身代詞與其所代成分間的呼應。

Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.Everybody clings to this illusion about himself． I have just been out to get myself a cup of tea． 5)指示代詞與所代名詞間的呼應：this和that指代單數名詞或不可數名詞，these和those指代復數名詞(those還可以用作先行詞，引導定語從句，表示“那些人”)。例如： She invited all those who had been her former colleagues．

The amount of the pressure caused by the weight of a column of fluid is determined by the height of this column．

6)much和much of后接不可數名詞，而many和many of后接可數名詞的復數。例如： There is not much coal left．

A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake． 7)表示量的詞后面有的接可數名詞，有的接不可數名詞。接可數名詞的有：a number of，a range of，a series of十復數名詞；接不可數名詞的有：a great deal of，an amount of十不可數名詞；既可接可數又可接不可數名詞的有：a lot of，a variety of。例如： The government attached a great deal of importance to education． Quite a number of women applied for this job． The college library has a variety of books． An apple is a variety of fruit．

A wide range of disorders can affect the human muscular system．

第八節．反意疑問句 1.反意疑問句的形式

反意疑問句一般有以下四種形式： 肯定陳述句+否定反意疑問。例如： This pencil is red，isn't it?

否定陳述句+肯定反意疑問。例如： This pencil isn't red，is it?

肯定陳述句+肯定反意疑問。例如：

This pencil is red，is it? 否定陳述句+否定反意疑問。例如： This pencil isn't red，isn't it? 前兩種形式是主要的，后兩種不常見。

2.反意疑問句的用法

1)當陳述部分是there be句型時，反意疑問部分的主語用there。例如： There aren’t a lot of flowers in the garden in winter，are there?

There existed different opinions on this issue，didn’t there?

2)當陳述部分是以不定代詞one作主語時，反意疑問部分的主語在正式場合用one，在非正式場合用you。例如：

One cannot succeed at this，can one?

One cannot succeed at this，can you? 3)當陳述部分是I’m?結構時，反意疑問部分一般用aren't I。例如： I am a student，aren’t I? 4)當陳述部分是一個帶有that引導的賓語從句的復合結構時，反意疑問部分一般根據主句的主語和謂語動詞而定。例如：

You told me(that)I had passed the exam，didn’t you? He says that everybody in our class will attend the meeting，doesn’t he? 但是，當陳述部分的主句是I think，I suppose，I believe等結構時，反意疑問部分則往往由that從句中的主語和謂語動詞決定，并且要注意否定的轉移。例如： I believe(that)it is going to rain，isn’t it?

I don't think(that)he will come，will he? 5)當陳述部分的謂語動詞是have時，反意疑問部分要根據have的意義及形式而定。

a．當have表示“所有”含義時，反意疑問可以用have形式，也可以用do形式。例如： He has a book in his hand，hasn't he? He has a book in his hand，doesn’t he? b．當陳述部分的動詞是have的否定形式時，反意疑問部分是用have形式還是用do形式，取決于陳述部分的動詞形式。例如： You haven't a car，have you? You don't have any money with you，do you? c．當have不表示“所有”含義而表示其他含義時，反意疑問句則必須用do的形式。例如： We had a good time in the vacation，didn’t we? He has his breakfast at seven everyday，doesn’t he? You have to get up early tomorrow，don’t you? 6)當陳述部分帶有never，nothing，nowhere，seldom，hardly，rarely，few，little等否定詞或半否定詞時，反意疑問部分的動詞用肯定形式。例如：

The summit meeting never took place，did it? You can hardly believe what he said，can you? There is little ink in the bottle，is there? Few people know this place，do they? 當陳述部分的謂語動詞是帶有un-，in-，im-，dis-等否定前綴的動詞，則仍然把陳述部分看作肯定句，那么反意疑問部分用否定形式。例如：

He is impolite to the teacher，isn’t he? He distrusted anybody around him，didn’t he? 當陳述部分帶有情態動詞ought to時，反意疑問部分在英式英語中用ought to形式，在美式英語中用should形式。例如：

You ought to see the new picture，shouldn’t you? Teachers ought to be honoured，oughtn’t they? 8)當陳述部分帶有情態動詞used to時，反意疑問部分可以用used to形式，也可以用did形式。例如：

She used to live abroad，usedn’t she? There used to be a news stand in the corner of the street，didn’t there? 當陳述部分帶有情態動詞must時，反意疑問部分需視must的含義而定。a．當must表示“命令或強制”時，反意疑問部分用mustn't。例如： You must do it by yourself，mustn’t you? b．當must表示“有必要”時，反意疑問部分用needn't。例如： You must see him tonight，needn’t you? c．當must表示“一定”或“想必”等推測意義時，反意疑問部分不用mustn't，而要根據must后的動詞形式而定。例如： He must be crazy to do so，isn’t he? She must have been there for a long time，hasn’t she? They must have stayed at home last night，didn’t they? 10)當陳述部分帶有need時，反意疑問部分需視need的含義而定。如果need用作情態動詞，則反意疑問部分用need形式；如果need用作實義動詞，表示“需要”，則反意疑問部分用do形式。例如：

You needn't go there，need you? She needs to go there，doesn’t she? Plants need sun to grow，don’t they? 11)當陳述部分帶有I'd better或I’d rather時，反意疑問部分用hadn't或wouldn't。例如 ： You'd better finish the task before tomorrow，hadn’t you? He’d rather stay with us，wouldn't he? 12)當陳述部分是祈使句時，反意疑問部分一般用will you，won't you，would you。例如： Don't be too late，will you? Close the door，won’t you? Come here，will you?

Open your books，would you? 12)陳述部分是以Let’s開頭的祈使句時，反意疑問部分用shall we；若是以Let us開頭的祈使句，反意疑問部分則用will you。例如： Let’s have a party tonight，shall we? Let us have a look at your pictures，will you? 注意, 如果祈使句是否定形式，那么反意疑問句只能用will you。例如： Don't forget to bring your notebooks here tomorrow，will you?

第九節

強調句

這里講的強調句主要是以it為引導詞的分裂句。它的結構形式是：It+be的一定形式+被強調成分+ that-／who-分句(只有當被強調成分是句子的人稱主語時，連接詞才可以用who，此時也可以用that：其余情況下只能用that)。通過這種結構可以強調除謂語動詞外的大多數句子成分。例如：

It was Mary that／who needed the cash． It was the cash that Mary needed．

It was from Henry that John bought the car． It was the car that John bought from Henry．

此結構可以強調多種多樣的狀語成分，例如強調時間狀語、地點狀語、方式狀語，也可以強調由because引導的原因狀語分句，但不可以強調由since／as引導的原因狀語分句，也不可以強調由although和whereas引導的從屬或并列分句。例如：

It was before liberation that our people suffered from the imperialist aggression． It is in Iran that the family members participate in the wedding preparations． It was because he'd never had the opportunity that John hadn't learned to drive．

如果要強調謂語動詞，通常采用另一種句型：主語通常是由what引導的名詞性分句；分句的主動詞通常是do的一定形式；主語補語通常是不定式結構，可帶to，也可不帶to。例如： The pupils elected him monitor of the class。強調謂語動詞elected，變為：

What the pupils did was elect／to elect him monitor of the class．

第十節

虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣是說話人為表示一種假設的情況或一種主觀的愿望，即認為動詞所表示的動作或狀態并非事實或主觀設想時所用的語氣。

虛擬語氣的形式與用法：

1．有一類虛擬語氣的形式稱為be型虛擬式，即不管主語是什么人稱，動詞一律用原形(或should+動詞原形)。

以下幾種情況必須用be型虛擬式：

1)一些表示命令，要求，決定，建議等概念的動詞后由that引導的賓語從句中，必須用be型虛擬式。這類動詞有：ask(要求)，advise(建議)，command(命令)，decide(決定)，demand(命令)，insist(堅持)，move(提議)，order(命令)，propose(提議)，recommend(建議)，request(要求)，require(要求)，suggest(建議)，urge(極力主張)。例如： We strongly suggest that he(should)be told about it earlier． The doctor insisted that his patient take it easy for three months． I require that they come by ten．

I recommended that each competitor receive $100． The judge ordered that the witness tell the truth．

2)一些表示主張、要求、命令、愿望、建議等概念后的主語從句中，必須用be型虛擬式。此類詞主要有：

It is necessary, essential(重要的)，advisable(應該的)，appropriate(合適的)，desirable(值得的)，fitting(合適的)，important(重要的), imperative(必須的)，obligatory(必須的)，proper(適當的)，strange(奇怪的)，urgent(緊要的)，vital(極重要的)that?；

It is(was, has been)suggested(decided，desired，ordered，proposed，requested)that? 例如： It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed．

It is important that everybody have his health checked yearly． I think it advisable that he leave soon.It is decided that you be the first one to do the experiment．

3)一些表示主張、要求、命令等概念的名詞后面由that引導的同位語從句中，通常用be型虛擬式。這類詞主要有：advice，command，importance，idea，insistence，motion(提議)，necessity，order，plan，proposal(建議)，recommendation(建議)，request，requirement, resolution(決議)，suggestion，understanding(協議)。例如：

My suggestion is that he be sent to help this group．

4)在lest，for fear that或in case表示“生怕，以防萬一，免得”引導的從句中，從句常常用should。例如：

He studied day and night，lest he should fail in the test．

We dare not play jokes on him for fear that he should become angry． Be quiet in case you should wake the baby．

5)某些表示祝愿、詛咒、禁止等的語句中用be型虛擬式。例如： God bless you!God damn you!Long live Chairman Mao!Heaven forbid!2．下列兩種句型，從句總是用一般過去式表示虛擬語氣。

1)It is(high)time that(該做??，必須做??)，叢句用一般過去時。例如： It is time that he went to bed now．

It is high time that this wrong spending was checked．

2)would rather, would sooner, had rather這些表示“寧愿”的短語后面的從句中的謂語動詞應使用一般過去時表示虛擬語氣。例如：

Don't come today．1 would rather you came tomorrow． He had rather his children didn’t make so much noise． I would sooner we had dinner now．

3．If引導的條件狀語從句的虛擬語氣用法 If引導的從句的虛擬語氣主要有三種結構：

1)與現在情況相反：主句謂語用“would／could／might +動詞原形”，從句謂浯用“動詞的一般過去式”(be的過去式一律用were)。例如： If I had time，I would go with you．

If I were you，I might refuse the engagement．

2)與過去情況相反：主句謂語用“would／could + havedone'’，從句渭語用“動詞的過去完成式”。例如：

If I hadn’t lost my way，I would have caught the last train． They would have arrived earlier if there had been no storm．

3)與將來情況相反：主句謂語用”would／could／might +動詞原形”，從句謂語用"were to／should+動詞原形”。例如：

If you were to see Mary，what would you tell her? If I were to do it，I would do it in a different way． If it should rain tomorrow，I would stay at home． 4)省略if的虛擬語氣句。

虛擬條件從句中的謂語動詞如果是were，should，had等詞時，可以省略連詞if, 但必須將were，should，had等詞移至主浯前形成句子倒裝。例如：

Had he been given some information about it, he could have answered the question． Were you to get up earlier，you wouldn’t be late． 4．Wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣用法

動詞wish后跟由that引導的賓語從句(that經常被省略)要用虛擬浯氣表示一種不可實現的愿望。

1)賓語從句用過去式表示與現在事實相反。例如： I wish I had enough time to finish my homework today．

My brother is in Europe on vacation，but I wish he were here with me． 2)賓浯從句用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反。例如： I wish 1 had gone to the movies with you last night． I wish Professor Lee had taught me this equation． 3)賓語從句用“would/could +動詞原型”表示一種愿望或要求。例如：I wish that you would come next time．

She wishes that you could stay here longer．

5．由as if／as though引導的狀語從句表示方式時，意思是“好像”，這時從句中的謂語動詞應用虛擬語氣。

1)狀語從句用過去式(be用were的形式)表示與現在的事實相反。例如： He treats me as if I were a stranger．

2)狀語從句用過去完成式表示與過去的事實相反。例如：

He talked as if he had been to Australia.6.介詞或介詞短語表示虛擬：有時假設的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個介詞或介詞短語來表示，或通過上下文表示出來。如but for，but that，with，without，otherwise，on condition(that)，in case of，supposing，on the understanding that等表示讓步假設。例如： If I hadn’t got your help，I wouldn't have found my present job． = Without your help，I wouldn't have found my present job． = But for your help，1 wouldn't have found my present job．

= But that you helped me，I wouldn't have found my present job．

7.錯綜虛擬條件句：一般來說，主句和從句的謂語動詞形式應前后呼應。但是有時主句和從句的動作發生的時間不一致，謂語動詞的形式應作相應的調整，如：從句用過去虛擬語氣，主句用現在虛擬語氣(通常可以根據時間狀語而定)。

Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public，our company would not be so thriving as it is．

If Paul had receivd six more votes in the last election，he would be our chairman now． If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday，you would not find any difficulty now.8．此外，還有省略了結果主句的虛擬語氣if only結構，一般表示愿望。if only從句中的時態有三種：V+ed；be用were；情態動詞用could／would／might+v。例如： If only he saw me now!要是他現在能看到我那該多好!If only she had not been married!要是她沒有結過婚就好了!If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into

第十一節、倒

裝

倒裝(inversion)是一種語法手段，用以表示一定句子結構的需要和強調某一句子成分的需要。英語的最基本的結構是主、謂結構，倒裝就是將這種比較固定的詞序加以顛倒。倒裝有兩種。將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來，叫做完全倒裝(complete inversion)。如： How goes the time? Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是兩國之間開始了惡戰。只將助動詞(包括情態動詞)移至主語之前，叫做部分倒裝。如： At no time was the entrance left unguarded．

Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here．我們難得像在這里這么舒服。句子結構需要的倒裝。為了句子結構的需要而進行倒裝的情況有下列幾種。1)疑問句。如：

Are you from here? Who was that? 2)祝愿句。如： Long live peace!May you succeed!So be it．就這樣吧。3)某些感嘆句。如：

There goes the bell．打鈴了。Here comes the bus!Judith，how lovely are you![注]由副詞there和here引導的倒裝感嘆句不可用人稱代詞，如不可說 Here comes he.而須說Here he comes。4)There+be結構。如：

There lived an old peasant in that house．

There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter． 5)其直接引語位于句首的陳述句。如： “It’s too late，” said Millian．

“ This is the house where Shakespeare was born，”said George．

6)地點狀語位于句首、主語為名詞而謂語為不及物動詞的陳述句。如： From the window came sound of music． 7)某些條件從句。如： Had I the time, I would go．

Were you in my position，you would do the same． She’ll be sixteen come May．到5月她就16歲了。

All right，if stay you must，go and sit down properly over there． 好吧，如你必須留下，那你就在那里坐好。8)某些讓步從句。如：

Look as I would up and down，I could see no human being．我盡管望上望下，還是看不到一個人。

Toil as he would，he might fall，and go down and be destroyed!他盡管苦干，還是可能失敗、沉淪而被毀滅!Change your mind as you will，you will gain no additional support．你即使改變主意，也不會再得到援助。

9)代詞so，neither，nor等副詞置于句首時，全句常需倒裝。如： If you can do it，so can I． If you don't go，neither shall I.I don't know，nor do I care．

10)Never，seldom，little，nor，hardly，scarcely，no sooner，not only等表否定的副詞或連詞位于句首時，全句需要倒裝。如：

Never in my life have I seen such a thing． Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here． No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill.Scarcely had he arrived when they asked him to leave again．他剛一到來，他們就又請他離去。Not only did he hear it，but he saw it as well．

11)only位于句首并后跟狀語時，全句需要倒裝。如： Only then did he understand.只有那時，他才明白。由only引導的從句位于句首時，主語亦應倒裝。如：

Only when she came home did he learn the news．只有當她回家時他才知道這消息。12)主語部分較長需要后置時，全句需要倒裝。如： They erect a bronze tablet on which is carved“The Yellow River Source”.他們立了一面銅牌，上面寫著“黃河之源”。(on which…是倒裝結構)To this class belongs the most astonishing work that the author accomplished． 屬于這一類的有作者所完成的一部最驚人的著作。

Sitting at her desk in deep concentration was my sister Flora．She looked as though she had spend a sleepless night．我妹妹弗洛拉伏案沉思，好像一夜未睡似的。(后一句意義上相等于從句)13)為了上下文的銜接，全句需要倒裝。如： “Now，I have no opinion of that policy．” “我可對這項政策沒有好感。” “I sure have，”came a sarcastic gravelly growl from the admiral．“我當然有啰，”這是發自海軍將軍的譏諷而粗啞的咆哮聲。(用came．．．admiral倒裝結構是為了和上文相銜接)The girl who loves him so deeply finds herself unable to forgive his mistake．Around this point develops the sketch，which is humorous and full of a strong local flavor．那個鐘愛他的姑娘覺得她不能饒恕他的錯誤。圍繞這一點就寫成了這一短劇，它不但幽默，而且充滿了濃郁的地方風味。(第二句倒裝。顯然由于句首around this point與上文銜接的緣故)強調需要的倒裝

這是為了強調某一句子成分而進行的倒裝。這種倒裝大致有下列幾種。1)謂語置于句首。

a)謂語動詞置于句首。如：

I’m going back to Washington to fight for it, believe you me．我要回到華盛頓為此而斗爭，你相信我吧。(強調believe)At last he finds himself in a garden，full of beautiful flowers of strange forms，and watered by streams of crystal in which are swimming marvellous fish with scales of rubies and gold．他終于發現自己來到一個花園，這里到處是奇異的花卉，還有那清澈的溪水，里面游著珍貴的具有紅玉般和金黃色的魚鱗的魚。(這里將謂語are swimming前置也是由于主語較長之故)有時倒裝結構為主要動詞+主語+助動詞。如： Go I can't．我不能去。(強調主要動詞go)Yield he would not．屈服他是不干的。(強調主要動詞yield)有時倒裝結構為主要動詞+賓語+主語+助動詞，其主要動詞 往往是重復前文中的動詞。如：

They have promised to finish the work and finish it they will．他們保證完成這項工作，而且他們一定會完成的。(強調主要動詞finish)Save him she could not；but she avenged him in the most terrible fashion afterwards．她不能救他，但后來她以最可怕的方式為他報了仇。

(此句中的倒裝結構強調主要動詞save，其上文雖無save一詞，但有與其類似的動詞)有時倒裝結構為助動詞+主語+(主要動詞)，如：

John was taken completely by surprise by the news, as was Susan．這消息完全出乎約翰的意料，也完全出乎蘇珊的意料。

(as后的助動詞was置于主語之前，是為強調主語；省去了主要動詞)They looked upon him as a trusted friend，as did many others he had deceived． 他們和他所欺騙的許多人一樣，也把他看作可以信賴的朋友。(替代詞did置于主語之前以強調主語，省去了主要動詞)b)過去分詞置于句首。如：

Also discussed was a revenue-raising proposal to hike the sales tax…

也討論了增加銷售稅的提高稅收建議??(這里倒裝是由于主語較長)Also said to be under consideration is a performance in Beijing．據說也考慮在北京上演。(這里過去分詞與also連用，全句強調主語performance，倒裝亦與上下文銜接有關)c)現在分詞+be十主語。如： Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water．地球表面上許多地方都布滿了水。Facing the lake was a little inn with its pillared veranda．湖的對面是一個柱廊的小旅店。這種倒裝結構多半已變成詞序固定的句型。在新聞文體中，現 在進行時的現在分詞亦可進行倒裝。如：

Throwing the hammer is champion William Anderson，who is a hard-working shepherd in the Highlands of Scotland．正在擲鏈球的是冠軍威廉·安德森，他是蘇格蘭高地上的一位勤勞的牧民。(這里自然是強調現在分詞throwing，但倒裝亦與主語較長有關)d)引述動詞+主語+直接引語。這種結構常用于新聞體。如： Declared rosecutor Roy Amlot：“It was one of the most callous acts of all time．”檢察官羅伊·阿默朗特宣稱：“這是最最淡漠無情的行為之一。” Said he：“We confront great evils and we need great solutions.” 他說道：

“我們面對著重大的邪惡，我們需要重大的決策。” 2)表語置于句首。

a)形容詞+連系動詞+主語。如：

Present at the meeting were Professor Smith，Professor Brown，Sir Hugh and many other celebrities．到會的有史密斯教授、勃朗教授、休爵士以及許多其他知名人士。(這種倒裝結構已經定型)Far be it from me to condemn him in any way．我決不會以任何方式譴責他。(這種倒裝結構亦已成定型)b)過去分詞十連系動詞+主語。如: Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people．他們能夠對中國人民為所欲為的日子一去不復返了。(強調過去分詞gone，同時也是由于主語較長)c)介詞短語十be+主語。如：

Among the goods are Christmas trees，flowers，candles，turkeys and toys．貨品中有圣誕樹、花卉、蠟燭、火雞和玩具。(這種倒裝結構已成定型)Amid the gaseous pollutants they inhale are carbon monoxide，sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide，hydrochloric acid，ammonia and hydrocarbons．在他們所呼吸的污染氣體中有一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、鹽酸、氨和碳氫化合物。(此種倒裝亦已定型)d)不定式+be+主語。如：

First to unfold were the two 14-foot-wide drogue chutes，which criented the craft and continued slowing it．首先要打開的是那兩個14英尺寬的拖靶斜槽，這兩個東西使飛機定向，并繼續使之減速。

3)賓語置于句首。如： “Yes，”said the youth shortly．“是的，”那個小伙子簡短地說道。Someone once said Australia is a country born to alcoholism．A man would pay $5 to get drunk and $8 to get home，goes the jest.有人說過，澳大利亞是生性嗜酒的國家。有一個笑話說，那里的人會花5元錢喝醉后，再花8元錢回家。4)狀語置于句首。

a)某些副詞+倒裝結構。如：

Just then a along came Tom．就在這時，湯姆來了。

Just then in walked Isabella with a radiant face．正值此時刻，伊莎貝拉容光煥發地走了進來。[注]短語動詞的小品詞一般不可前置，如不可說Up cracked the soldier。又，上述例句中如用人稱代詞則不可倒裝，如必須說，In she walked。

Then did I throw myself into a chair，exhausted．這時我累得一下就坐在椅子上了。Only in this way can we learn English．只有這樣才能學會英語。[注]副詞only后接非狀語時則不可倒裝。

So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day．皓月當空，花朵就像白天那樣鮮艷。Crack goes the whip．啪的一聲鞭子響了。b)介詞短語十倒裝結構。如：

By his side sat his faithful dog．在他的旁邊蹲著他的忠實的狗。(介詞短語表地點)Many a time as a boy have I climbed that hill．我在童年時期曾多次爬過那座山。(介詞短語表時間)Up the valleys，down the valleys go they，saying，“Here is a place to build a breast—work；here can you pitch a fort．．．”他們沿著山谷走上走下，說著，“這里是筑胸墻的地方，這里可以修一堡壘??”(介詞短語表方向)With it was mingled far-away cheering．遠處的歡呼聲與此融在一起。(介詞短語表伴隨)c)表示否定的詞語十倒裝結構。如：

Nor once did he talk to me． 他一次也沒有和我談過。

Never did he speak about his own merits．他從不講他自己的功績。

Seldom has a devoted teacher been so splendidly rewarded．一位忠誠的教師很少受到如此好的報答。

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining．他一到家，她就抱怨起來。

Little did I think that we were talking together for the last time．我沒有想到我們這次談話竟成訣別。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again．他剛到家就又走了。

Not only did they present a musical performance，but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments．他們不但做了音樂表演，而且簡短地介紹了西方銅管樂器的歷史。

[注]但不是所有以not開頭的句子都必須倒裝，如下面的句子即可不倒裝： Not a soul was to be seen．一個人也看不見。Not that I know of．就我所知不是這樣。

effect as soon as possible．要是委員會通過這些規定并盡快實施就好了!

有的同學總是抱怨時間緊，根本沒時間寫作文。其實“寫”的形式很多，不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發生的一些重要的事情，或當天學了某一個詞組，你可以創設一個語境恰如其份地用上這個詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個詞的用法，又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力，比如學“wish”一詞時，可寫一小段如下：

The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.口語是需要技巧的。光靠大膽自信還不夠。關鍵是系統的方法。我是英語專業畢業的，英語八級，現在當翻譯，在大學時去英語角，上課發言等都不管用，一度非常苦惱。后來發現口語練習需要系統的方法。建議你按照我的方法做。

買個口語軟件，口語寶或者右腦王都不錯。

1語音階段，照軟件的內容練，一天倆小時，最多一個月，語音可以過關。無論你的基礎怎么樣。切記一定要仔細認真模仿糾正模仿在模仿。

2篇章階段，根據軟件上的資料，句子，語音，語調，斷句，停頓，高低，節奏，長短等等，越細越好，模仿，對比，模仿，糾正，再模仿。不求量只求質。同樣一個月，明顯可以提高。3電影階段，看英語電影。每句話聽五遍以上，看看能聽懂幾個單詞。在看漢語五遍，看看能聽懂幾個詞組，再看英語五遍以上。然后倒過來從英語字幕到漢語字幕到無字幕，五遍以上。冰河世紀這部影片夠你看兩個月，五分鐘的影片可以看兩小時以上。4與人交流。現在開始舍棄軟件，自信大膽的與中國人，別管對錯，把自己想說的說出來。與老外更好。記住耐心模仿，細心比較，持之以恒，反反復復，1,2個月以后你的口語一定很棒。

你是外企的白領要經常的說英語哦，這個很正常的哦，如果你要學英語口語的話，那么對如何學習英語口語我有一些經驗了。我建議你可以跟我一樣報個電話英語培訓啊。現在的電話英語還很很好了，電話英語，只通過聲音傳遞內容上課，所以要求學生要有更高的注意力，因此對提高聽力有很大的幫助，同時在聽他人說話的同時，自己也要開口說話，這種學習方式被認為是鍛煉聽力和口語的最佳方法，還有，電話英語最大的優勢就是將上課內容全程錄音可以供課后復習。而且時間安排可以在你的工作空余時間來學習英語口語哦，如何學習英語口語的必備條件—語言環境。口語是交流、是聽和說。學習任何一種語言，首先要聽懂，然后才學說話。口語不可以自學。學習英語口語必須進入英文語言環境。每天聽的都是英文，也必須講英文。中國學生為什么不會講英文？因為中國的英文老師大部分不講英文，用中文上英文課。學生在英文課上不講英文，大部分還是講中文。1 如何學好英語口語--學習英文口語最好是英文母語老師—即外教。英文為母語的老師，從小生活在英文的環境里。知道各種生活場景、生活內容的英文用語，并且他們的發音純正，只有他們才可以教好口語。就像外國人要學中文，一定要請中國的老師。所有這里我向你推薦恩京電話英語培訓學校，真是不錯的，外教通過電話一對一教授日常口語，商務口語，雅思口語.面試英語，外貿口語,青少年英語等，每天回到家，晚上可以學10-20分鐘，而且時間，外教都可以任選，均有指定教材，外教都是很有經驗的老師，報名后每位學員在網站上都有專屬學習地盤，每晚上課時外教會就你的問題當時提出糾正，上課后會在學員的學習地盤中留下當晚學習的詳細評語和學員的進步情況分析，及第二天晚上上課討論的建議。最重要的是，網站上有學員每晚學習的錄音，學員可下載收聽對照自己的學習；費用也特別實惠，我一個普通打工族就可以接受。隨時隨地和外教說英語，不錯！2 學習英文還必須了解英文為主的西方文化。學習口語必須知道在什么場合，說什么話？怎么樣說話是有禮貌的？什么是外國人忌諱的？就如同中文，從小父母就會教我們在什么場合要說你好、對不起。看見老人、叔叔、阿姨應當怎樣稱呼？在客人面前該問什么問題？不該說什么話？等等。因為我們的言語得體可以給別人留下良好的印象，不至于造成誤會。3 學習口語必須大量地聽說練習。我們從小中文是怎么學會的？是每天起床后就不斷地聽不斷地說。每天至少12個小時在中文聽說語言環境里。其他語言的學習也是同樣的道理。不斷地聽，不斷地說，隨時糾正。學生只要在與外國人或學生之間講英文，就是在學習。

我有啊，奉獻給你一些啦，快快學習吧：

Do you have some time tomorrow? 明天有空吧? Yes, I do.有啊。

How about having lunch with me? 一起吃頓中飯怎樣？ Good idea.好主意。

If you're free, how about lunch? 有空的話一起吃頓中飯如何？ When did you have in mind? 你想什么時候呢？ I was thinking about Thursday? 我看星期四怎樣？ That will be fine with me.沒問題。

I'm calling to see if you would like to have lunch tomorrow.我打電話給你，是想知道明天一起吃頓中飯怎樣？ I'm sorry, but this week isn't very convenient for me.對不起，這個星期我都不方便。

Perhaps we van make it later.那么，也許改天吧。That would be better.好啊。

I'm calling to confirm our luncheon appointment.我打電話來，是想確定一下我們約好吃飯的事。

It's tomorrow at twelve o'clock, right? 是明天12點吧？ Yes, that's right.是的，沒錯。I'll be there.我會去的。

I'm sorry, but I have to cancel out luncheon appointment.真抱歉，不過我不得不取消我們午餐的約會。I'm sorry to hear that.真遺憾。

I have pressing business to attend to.我有緊急的事情要處理。

No problem.we'll make it later in the month.沒關系，這個月改天再說吧。

一、多“說”。

自己多創造機會與英語教師多講英語，見了同學，尤其是和好朋友在一起時盡量用英語去問候，談心情……這時候你需隨身攜帶一個英漢互譯小詞典，遇到生詞時查一下這些生詞，也不用刻意去記，用的多了，這個單詞自然而然就會記住。千萬別把學英語當成負擔，始終把它當成一件有趣的事情去做。

或許你有機會碰上外國人，你應大膽地上去跟他打招呼，和他談天氣、談風景、談學校……只是別問及他的年紀，婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學過的詞匯，句子去和他談天說地。不久你會發現與老外聊天要比你與中國人談英語容易的多。因為他和你交談時會用許多簡單詞匯，而且不太看重說法，你只要發音準確，準能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心，敢于表達自己的思想。

如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關系，你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對象，對它談你一天的所見所聞，談你的快樂，你的悲傷等等，長此堅持下去你的口語肯定會有較大的提高。

第三篇：高中英語語法學習方法

語專家葛傳槼先生曾說：“語法是語言的法則。”英語語法是英國語言的實際用法，是通過語法家的調查研究、分析、綜合而總結出來的，不是憑空臆造出來的。任何人使用英語，不管他是否學過語法，都必須依照語法。舉個極簡單的例子說，任何人寫或講“My mother studies English．”這一句，決不可把My改作I或Me，也不可把studies改作study或studys，也不可在English前面加上the。至于他是否知道possessive（所有格），indicative（直陳語言），third person（第三人稱），article（冠詞）等名稱，那是另一問題。

我國的英語學習者大多是十多歲的青少年，或者理解力較強，或者模仿力較強，在沒有英語環境的情況下，學習語法，了解所學語言的規則，可以縮短學習過程，掌握英語的規律，盡快提高聽、說、讀、寫、譯的能力。

那么，怎樣學習語法呢？下面擬從四個方面簡要談一談：

（1）練好基本句型

我國近年來的英語教學實踐證明：在初學階段，采用聽說領先、學習基本句型的方法去學習英語語法，是行之有效的。

句型學習是通過聽說領先的方法去學習傳統語法里最常用的語法項目（把它們變為句型去操練）。句型訓練實際上吸取了傳統語法與結構語法兩派的長處。目前國內的英語廣播（電視）教學，在入門階段，多采用句型教學法。因此學生們或者收聽廣播（收看電視）進行學習，或者根據所選用的課本提供的句型用替換詞進行替換練習。所學的句型應該是由淺入深，由簡到繁；講求熟練掌握，不要貪多冒進。每學一個項目，首先要把單項練習練熟，然后過渡到綜合練習，最后則應做到擴大運用。

以定語從句這一項為例，首先要反復進行替換練習。把“I read a novel yesterday．”和“It was extremely Interesting．”這兩個單句改為“The novel I read yesterday was extremely interesting．”這就是定語從句的單項練習。再如把“I saw a man this morning．”和“The man is my teacher．”改為“The man I saw this morning is my teacher．”；把“I saw a film last night．”和“The film was very amusing．”改為“The film I saw last night was very amusing．”這種練習雖然是枯燥的，卻是重要的基本功，把定語從句練到脫口而出的地步。這是第一步。第二步是把定語從句放在一定的語言情景中去綜合運用，進行一問一答。如：A：Did you enjoy the opera？

B：Which opera？

A：The one we saw last night，of course．

B：Yes，very much．

第三步是擴大運用，也就是把定語從句和以前學過的兩三個項目放在一起去操練。A：Do you know who Edgar Snow was？（一般疑問句；賓語從句）

B：Yes，he was an American writer who interviewed Chairman Mao in Beijing．（定語從句）A：Oh，now I remember．He was the author who wrote“Red Star Over China”，wasn't he？（定語從句；反意疑問句）

B：Exactly．

這種回答不但練了定語從句，而且復習了一般疑問句和反意疑問句，也給名詞從句的學習打了“埋伏”。進行句型操練，既需要“滾雪球”（復習已學的項目），也需要“打埋伏”（預先練一下將來要學習的項目）。

在句型學習階段必須注意：在聽、說領先的前提下，寫、讀要跟上，力求聽、說、寫、讀四會均衡發展。因此，時間上要做出合理的安排。早上通常可安排為朗讀時間。如果能每日堅持下去，收效一定很大。

（2）結合課文去學

呂叔湘先生說過：“與其多讀語法書，不如多讀文章。”又說：“詞語要嵌在上下文里才

有生命，才容易記住，才知道用法。”（引自《中國人學英語》）課文是學習英語的“重要基地”。課文里有語音、詞匯項目，也有各類語法項目。它們有機地結合在課文里。課文中出現的語法項目，是有血有肉的，不是干巴巴的。通過課文去學語法，可以學得活，記得牢，這比孤零零地背誦語法條目要有效得多。因此，在句型學習結束后，宜結合課文去學語法，要圍繞課文中出現的主要語法項目，循序漸進地學習比較系統的語法知識。

第四篇：英語語法 學習方法和要點

一、學習英語的兩大難關--單詞和語法

毋庸置疑，單詞和語法是學習英語的兩大難點。語法是構成英語的骨架，單詞要考語法構架的支撐才會記牢和靈活的應用。

這里，我們只說英語語法。如果您有機會問一問學過英語的人--不論這些人是否學有所成：“你認為英語最難學的地方是什么？”答案不外呼有兩個，一是單詞難記，二是語法難學。“單詞難記”就是“記不住”或者“記了就忘”；“語法難學”就是對各種語法現象“混淆不清”。

二、對“混淆不清”的一種測試方法

您學英語語法是否存在“混淆不清”的問題，可以采用下面的方法檢測一下：

檢測

一、問：下面的句子使用了什么時態？里面be動詞可不可以相互竄換哪？為什么？ 如果您答對了說明您對“這些時態的概念”以及“這些時態中的be動詞的用法”已經基本掌握。

1.Jhon is an actor.（一般現在時，第三人稱單數）

2.They are some of the famous stars.（一般現在時，復數人稱）

3.What was the most interesting stoty in this book?（一般過去時，第三人稱單數）

這里提供的是一個自我檢測的方法，“判斷句子的時態”并問一個“為什么”，往往會收到意想不到的效果。假如您對自己的答案不確信，就說明您對英語語法的記憶和理解存在“混淆不清”問題。

三、對付“混淆不清”的方法

您應當對自己的學習成果做一個詳細的記錄，也就是采用記筆記的方式來加強記憶。

1.如果您是在校的學生，一定要養成記筆記的良好習慣，記筆記為了什么？只記筆記而不把他變成自己的知識等于沒記，因此，這些筆記要用心背記。記筆記的另一個好處是，當“混淆不清”的情況出現的時候，就可以從中找到答案。

那么，筆記要記些什么內容哪？答案是：只要是你認為不會的東西最好都要記錄下來。最后，一定要定期復習、背記筆記中的內容，比如一周。隨著學習內容的增多，筆記會越來越厚，是不是到后來只在一周內復習這些內容會很困難哪？答案是“不會”。只要您堅持定期復習，就會發現實際需要特別記憶的內容會越來越少，這就是“書越看越薄”的道理。此外，隨著“混淆不清”的問題的解決，還要對筆記的內容進行補充，更新，以防再忘記。

2.如果您是靠自修來學習英語，這也意味著您在學習外語的道路上會遇到更多的困難和困惑。那么首先給您的忠告是：“一定要堅持”、“堅持就會成功”。

自學的困難：遇到問題，您不能象在校的學生那樣可以隨時請教身邊的人，大多數情況下您只能借助參考書籍來解決問題，但是很多情況下“書籍不是萬能的”；

自學的困惑：當遇到問題時雖然找到了答案，但往往會“不確信”，況且，語言是一種自然形成的東西，規律（也就是語法）是人們的總結，諸多規律之外的東西并不在語法書籍上。還有，對自己的學習成果無法及時檢測。

因此，建議在此教師的指導下的自學。筆者認為，自學最好要有一定的基礎，因為學習語言不同于學習其他的東西，語言由于其他自然形成的特點，有很多系統、復雜的現象和規則，這些規則往往只可意會，不可言傳。

那么，要有多么深厚的基礎才可以自學哪？回答是，起碼應當具備初中以上、比較扎實的基礎。當然，這僅僅是就普遍情況而言，如果您非常聰明，或者處身與比較特殊的環境（比如旅居國外、與美國人生活在一起等等），學會說英語就很簡單了。

要想學習地道的英語，每天都要做的三件事：讀單詞，背語法，讀文章

準備工作：挑選一篇文章，根據自己的水平選擇長度和難度

第一步：生詞讀熟，但不一定非得背會。

只背單詞而不去運用，很快就會忘記，因此“讀熟”以致“運用”是記憶單詞的關鍵。

背單詞最忌諱的習慣：

1.只背字母拼讀而不讀出聲音來。如只記憶“a、u、t、u、m、n”，而不把autumn這個詞讀出來。

2.采用某些“速記”來背單詞，搞點旁門左道。

目前有好多人采用所謂的“速記法”、“魔咒”來記憶單詞，比如come“來”，后面加了一個尾巴comet就是“彗星”“來了”。

我相信上述方法會給你留下深刻的印象，幾秒鐘就記住了。但這只適用于“玩玩”而已，用這些方法記憶電話號碼、文學、歷史、地理是個不錯的選擇。但假如你記憶1000乃至5000個英文單詞怎么辦？要應付四六級考試也用這樣的方法，恐怕一輩子也過不了關。

第二步：涉及的語法一定弄懂。

比如“祈使句”的規則。

1.祈使句沒有主語，因為主語都是“你、你們”，故省略了。

2.祈使句都是以動詞原型開頭：Give me a hand，please!請幫我一把。

3.祈使句的否定都用Don’t+動詞原型。Don’t touch that.別碰那個。

這些規則要“口述能詳”，就是用口述的方式說出來。

第三步：至少花一個小時把這篇文章讀得爛熟。

在讀的過程中會：加深單詞的記憶、熟悉語法的結構、培養良好的語感。培養良好的語感是地道的外語的關鍵。

選擇一本好的英漢詞典對學習英語至關重要

初中、高中的學生處于學習英語的初級階段，因此，英漢詞典是首選。目前流行的英漢詞典有很多，根據中國的英語教學、升學考試的狀況看，筆者首推《英華大詞典》可以說《英華大詞典》是真正為學習者所編寫的詞典。

《英華大詞典》（A New English-Chinese Dictionary）原著：鄭易里 曹成修。最初出版于1959年，從那時候起就一直是教師和學生們的首選。以后又經過幾次修訂、補充，詞條豐富，解釋詳盡，特別適合中國學生使用。

關于“雙解詞典”。建議學習者在學習英語的初級階段不要使用“雙解詞典”。除收錄詞匯量和解釋不夠詳盡外，在你對英語的詞匯、語法和語音運用還不十分熟練的情況下，“雙解”基本派不上用場。

關于《牛津雙解英漢詞典》。目前“最流行”也是“最時髦”的詞典之一，“初階”和“中階”都過于簡單，實在不適用于中國式的“咬文嚼字”的教學和考試方式，況且，收錄的詞條少得可憐。而“高階”也只適合有一定英語基礎的人使用，也僅僅限于對單詞的英語解釋部分。

第五篇：初中英語語法

初中英語語法-定語從句-專項練習用適當的關系詞填空：1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week?8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition?9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake?10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake?11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(認出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today?

初中各年級課件教案習題匯總

語文數學英語物理化學