第一篇：任務型教學法論文：任務教學法在對外漢語口語教學中的應用

任務型教學法論文：任務教學法在對外漢語口語教學中的應用

【中文摘要】任務型教學法是20世紀80年代提出的一個具有重要影響的教學法。本文針對口語課在對外漢語教學中的重要地位,探討了任務型教學法在對外漢語口語教學中的應用。調查研究了任務型教學法在我國英語教學和對外漢語教學中的應用及取得成果,結合教學實踐和對外漢語口語教學的具體特征,根據(jù)任務型語言教學的原則和模式,分析了任務教學法分別在初、中、高三個階段在對外漢語口語課堂中的應用,并對任務型教學法進行了較為客觀的評價。論文的最后提出了以任務型教學法為主的口語教材編寫原則及建議。

【英文摘要】Task-based teaching method is put forward in the 1980s an important teaching method.This paper in oral English class teaching Chinese as a foreign language, discusses the important position in foreign language teaching approach the application of oral English teaching.The task-based teaching research in our English teaching and teaching Chinese as a foreign language, the application and the achievements and combining with the teaching practice and foreign Chinese oral English teaching, according to the specific characteristics of task-based language teaching principle and model, analyzes the task-based approach in the junior high three stages

respectively in oral English class Chinese as a foreign language, the application of task-based approach to a more objective evaluation.The final paper is put forward to the task-based teaching method mainly spoken textbooks principles and suggestion.【關鍵詞】任務型教學法 對外漢語 口語教學 任務設計

【英文關鍵詞】task-based teaching foreign language oral English teaching task design

【目錄】任務教學法在對外漢語口語教學中的應用3-4Abstract

4緒論8-1

2中文摘要

一、論文研究的目的和意義8-1010-1

2二、國內同類課題研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢第一章 關于任務教學法12-19

12-1

3第一節(jié) 任務教學法的產生和定義13-1614-1

5第二節(jié) 任務教學法的理論基礎

二、建構主義理論

第三節(jié) 任務教學法

一、互動理論13-1

4三、系統(tǒng)功能語言學15-16的研究16-1916-1717-19式19-30

一、針對英語教學的任務教學法研究

二、針對對外漢語教學的任務型教學法研究第二章 任務型口語教學法的交際任務、原則及教學模第一節(jié) 語言交際任務及交際大綱19-2

3二、交際任務的劃分等級

一、交際大綱的確定及舉例19-

2121-23原則23-24則24-2525-26模式26-27第二節(jié) 任務型口語教學原則23-26

二、實用性原則2

4四、互動性原則2

5一、真實性

三、以學生為中心的原

五、意義優(yōu)先的原則

一、Ellis 第三節(jié) 任務型教學的教學模式26-30

二、對外漢語口語課堂的教學模式27-30

第第三章 任務型教學法在對外漢語口語教學中的應用30-43一節(jié) 任務教學法在初級漢語口語課的教學30-34語口語課的教學目標與教學內容30-31教學環(huán)節(jié)與教學方法語課的教學34-3734-3636-3737-4037-3838-40

31-3

4一、初級漢

二、初級漢語口語課的第二節(jié) 任務教學法在中級漢語口

一、中級漢語口語的教學目標與教學內容

二、中級漢語口語課的教學環(huán)節(jié)與教學方法第三節(jié) 任務教學法在高級漢語口語課的教學

一、高級漢語口語課的教學目標與教學內容

二、高級漢語口語課的教學環(huán)節(jié)與教學方法第四節(jié) 任務型口語教學中教師的作用40-

41第五節(jié) 對任務型口語教學的評價41-43教材編寫的一些建議編寫原則43-47

三、趣味性44-4545-47

43-49

第四章 對任務型口語

第一節(jié) 以交際任務為基礎的教材

二、實用性43-4

4五、現(xiàn)代性

一、以交際任務為

一、針對性

43四、科學性45第二節(jié) 教材編寫建議47-49主線編排課文47

二、詞表豐富化，課文示范化47-48

結語

三、圍繞交際任務設計活動應貫穿教材始終48-49

49-50參考文獻50-52

第二篇：任務型教學法論文

任務型教學法在小學英語教學中的實踐與應用研究

王艷艷

引言：

任務型教學（Task-Based Approach）是20世紀80年代外語教學研究者經過大量研究和實踐提出的一個具有重要影響的語言教學模式。該模式以任務為中心，是20年來交際教學思想的一種發(fā)展形態(tài)，它把語言運用的基本理念轉化為具有實踐意義的課堂教學方式。任務型教學法產生于國外，始于1979年，N.S.Prabhu在印度高科技區(qū)進行了一項強交際法的實驗（Bangalore Project）提出了許多任務類型，并把學習內容設計成各種交際任務，讓學生通過完成任務進行學習。Prabhu的這項實驗可以看作是把任務作為課堂設計的單元的第一次嘗試，并引起了語言教學界的關注。任務型教學法以具體的任務為學習動力或動機，以完成任務的過程為學習的過程，以展示任務成果的方式（而不僅僅是以測試的分數(shù)）來體現(xiàn)教學的成就。在教學過程中，教師圍繞特定的交際目的和語言項目，設計出可操作性強的、任務化的教學活動，運用學習任務組織教學，強化了語言實際應用的過程，充分體現(xiàn)了語言的交際本質；學生通過多種語言活動完成任務，達到學習語言和掌握語言的目的。近年來，國際上廣泛采用任務型教學途徑。我國的《英語課程標準》以學生 “能做某事”的描述方式設定各級目標要求。要求學生在教師的指導下，通過“任務型”學習活動發(fā)展他們的“綜合語言運用能力”。它要求教師應該避免單純傳授語言知識的教學方法，盡量采用“任務型”的教學途徑。教師應依據(jù)課程的總體目標并結合教學內容，創(chuàng)造性地設計貼近學生實際的教學活動，吸引和組織他們積極參與。學生通過思考、調查、討論、交流和合作等方式，學習和使用英語，完成學習任務。這說明任務型教學途徑是我國外語教育教學改革的一個走向。同時，現(xiàn)采用的人教版PEP小學英語教材，從內容的選擇，層次的遞進,課程的設置等各方面都很適合任務型教學的實施。為此,我們在課堂進行了任務型教學模式的研究,旨在構建小學英語任務型教學模式的課堂結構和提供一套相應的操作措施。

一、任務型教學法在小學英語教學中的操作措施

任務型教學模式結合小學生的特征，有效整合人教版PEP小學英語教材，并且“以學生為主體，以任務為載體，以話題為主線，以培養(yǎng)學生的綜合語言能力為目的”的教學理念，初步構建了小學英語任務型教學模式，并將其操作步驟規(guī)范如下：

1、Leading-in（熱身運動，引起學生的興趣）

2、Pre-task（呈現(xiàn)完成任務需要的知識，介紹任務的要求和實施任務的步驟）

3、While-task（設計數(shù)個微型任務，構成任務鏈，學生一個人或小組形式完成各項任務）

4、Post-task（以展示、表演等形式出示結果）

5、Check（自我評價、小組互評、教師總評價）

6、Homework（做與任務有關的作業(yè)或為下節(jié)課做準備的作業(yè)）

英語教學法的過程實際上是把教材內容活化為學生交際行為的過程。這就需要教師結教材進行活化處理，把文字形式化為聲情并茂的語言活動。因此，教師精心設計教學任務非常重要。教師必須深入分析教材，把握各個單元的語言功能話題在真實生活中的運用情景，根據(jù)教學內容、教學條件以及師生狀況，設計出符合真實生活的任務型教學活動。

其次，認真設計教學過程。在課堂教學的開始階段教師就應把設計好的任務以不同的方式呈現(xiàn)給學生。如，教師可以運用實物、圖片或形體語言，配合錄音、錄像、幻燈以及多媒體課件等視聽手段進行該任務的整體輸入，讓學生在感知語言信息的同時自然地受到任務的驅動，這有利于提高學生的學習興趣和強化學生的學習動機。由于學生的語言知識和語言技能與完成任務之間存在著差距，他們需要通過學習來獲得完成教學任務的知識教學的技能。這個學習的過程就是完成教學任務的知識教學和技能訓練的過程。教師在這一教學過程的備課階段，要抓住小學生好活動、善模仿和記憶力強的特點，組織好與完成任務密切相關的、生動活潑的課堂教學活動（例如，聽、說、唱、寫、畫、賽、游戲、表演等），使學生主動、愉快地參與學習，自然、輕松地學習和掌握完成任務所需的語言知識和技能。這些圍繞完成任務所需的語言知識而進行的聽、說、讀、寫的基礎訓練為隨后的學生分小組完成數(shù)個微型任務打下基礎。在完成上述教學活動之后，教師可把教學進程自然過渡到完成任務上來。在此階段，教師要根據(jù)學生的實際情況設計各種任務，并引導學生創(chuàng)造地完成。

同時，教師可以在學生完成任務的過程中和任務完成后，通過考察和交流，對學生的書面作業(yè)、口頭問答、課堂展示、學習態(tài)度、參與程度和合作精神等作出過程性評價。這種評價可使學生在學習過程中不斷得到激勵，產生自信心和成就感，并轉化為繼續(xù)進步的動力。而在布置家庭作業(yè)時，教師應擬出一至兩個與教學內容和話題任務相關的話題，讓學生在下一節(jié)課以小組為單位進行匯報或表演。小學階段我們所設計的課外作業(yè)有：制作姓名卡片和地址簿，用英語給朋友或老師打電話，學唱英語歌曲，講英語幽默故事，自制寫有英文祝辭的圣誕卡或新年賀卡，模仿課文或對話并錄音，用英語寫配圖短文，給筆友發(fā)E-mail,設計英語晚會，用英語收集自己、朋友和家人喜歡的食物、飲料、水果、蔬菜、服裝等，查尋各國主要城市及首都名稱用英語做簡單介紹等。

二、采用任務型教學法設計課堂教學應注意的幾點

筆者認為，“任務型”教學活動中所設置的活動要有明確的目的性和可操作活動應以學生的生活經驗和興趣為出發(fā)點，設計出讓小學生樂于參加的游戲、猜謎、小制作的小品表演等活動，使學生在學中玩，玩中學，緊緊地抓住他們的好奇心理，吸引他們的注意力，參與到活動中來，比如：學習第五冊Unit 3時讓學生為自己喜歡的食品制一份廣告的活動，能大大調動學生的學習積極性，激發(fā)他們的興趣，當他們能順利完成任務感受成功的時候，就會樹立起自信心，把興趣化成動機，豪情滿懷地參加到學習中來，在學習過程中遇到的困難也能克服。

其次，任務的設計要難度適當，給予學生成功的機會。教師設計活動時，必須根據(jù)教學內容設計適合學生水平的任務，要讓學生有事可做、有話可說，并讓學生感受到“我能做我會做”。即使是預先設計好的任務，也應根據(jù)形式掌握的情況隨時進行調整。對于低、中、高不同年級的學生，教師更要把握好任務的形式、內容和難度。比如：同樣的話題“food”要求低年級的學生能進行簡單的交流，相互了解對方所喜歡的食物；要求中高年級的學生能說出喜歡某種食物的原因,并能設計出一日三餐的營養(yǎng)食譜。

任務型教學采取合作學習，注意組內的合理分工 任務型教學中所設計的任務大部分依靠小組活動來完成，小組的作用不僅體現(xiàn)在課堂上，它還可以延伸到課外，取得良好的效果。小組是一個密不可分的整體，是親密的合作伙伴。采用合作學習的方式有利于學生共同提高。同時要確保每個學生都有事可做，這點非常重要。因此，學生在組內要有明確的分工。每組的組長要協(xié)助教師組織和監(jiān)督任務的執(zhí)行情況。教師的任務是：規(guī)定任務準備與完成的日期、任務內容、展示要求和注意事項。

《新標準》所倡導的任務型教學將成為發(fā)展學生語言能力和綜合素質的重要途徑。當然，這一教學模式還有好些問題有待于解決，比如任務的選擇并有進行需求分析，任務的等級評定也是任意的，并且任何形式中心的活動在語言教學中都受到排斥，學生以對子或小組的形式來完成任務，教師在其間不直接指導都有待進一步探討和研究。

任務型教學法是語言教學的有效途徑，同時它是一種新型的教學方式，因此需要在教學中大膽實踐，積極探索，使任務型教學模式能夠在提高學生的英語實際運用能力上發(fā)揮出最大的效應。

第三篇：任務型教學法 論文

浙江外國語學院本科畢業(yè)設計(論文)正文

目錄

Abstract...................................................................................................................................i 摘要.......................................................................................................................................ii 1.Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 2.Literature review................................................................................................................2 2.1 Definition of a task......................................................................................................2 2.2 Task-based language teaching in reading ……………………………………………3

3.Application of task-based language teaching in reading.................................................5 3.1 Pre-reading stage..........................................................................................................7 3.2 While-reading stage.....................................................................................................7 3.3 Post-reading stage........................................................................................................9 4.Evaluation..........................................................................................................................9 5.Conclusion.......................................................................................................................12 Works Cited.........................................................................................................................13

On application of Task-based Language Teaching in English Reading in Junior High Schools

Wu Xiangzhen

Abstract: The teaching of reading in junior high schools is a crucial part of teaching English.The New English Curriculum, which advocates the method of task-based language teaching, has been carried out throughout China for many years.It emphasizes learning by doing and aims at providing opportunities for the learners to experiment with both spoken and written language through learning activities.The paper first analyzes some difficulties in teaching reading.Then it proposes the model of task-based language in teaching reading in order to overcome these difficulties.The third part explores its application at three stages: pre-reading, while-reading and post-reading.Finally it evaluates the effectiveness of the task-based language teaching.Key words: task-based language teaching;junior high schools;English reading

i

任務型教學法在中學英語閱讀課中的應用

摘要: 初中英語閱讀教學是英語教學中一個非常重要的部分。《英語課程標準》已經在中國普遍實施，并且它提倡任務型教學模式。任務型教學法提倡在做中學,并且通過活動旨在給學習者提供口語和書面語練習的機會。本文首先介紹了造成英語閱讀教學的一些困難。然后提出了任務型教學英語閱讀的教學模式為了克服這些困難。第三部分探討了它在三個階段的實施：閱讀前、閱讀中和閱讀后。最后評價了任務型教學法的有效性。

關鍵詞：任務型教學法；中學；英語閱讀

ii

On application of Task-based Language Teaching in English Reading in Junior High Schools

1.Introduction

When I worked as an intern in a junior high school, many students have low reading levels and limited skills.There are some difficulties in reading.The main difficulty is their limited English vocabulary.Some students lack English vocabulary, so they cannot understand the connotation of reading materials.However, if we want to understand the reading materials, we must have sufficient vocabulary.In other words, sufficient vocabulary can help us have a good comprehension of reading materials.But the junior high schools’ students have limited English vocabulary, which affect the comprehension of reading materials.What’s more, students don’t know how to build up their vocabulary.Another problem is students’ bad English reading habit.The junior high schools’ students don’t have a good habit of reading English.First, students have a small amount of English reading.Students only read the text-books and do exercises, then they don’t read other English materials.Second, most students have no interest in reading English materials.Third, most students read the passage word by word, and they don’t understand the meaning of the passage as a whole.They rely on teacher’s translation and explanation.In addition, many students have poor English reading skills.Most students have not mastered basic English reading comprehension skill.First, when students do some reading comprehension, they frequently read the article first, and then read the title and the last part of the passage to find out the answer.This is not only a waste of time, but also there is no effect to read in this way.Second, a large number of students don’t pay enough attention to the topic sentence.They read the article word by word and cannot logically understand the passage.So teachers should develop students’ reading skill gradually because it is remarkably crucial for students to improve reading ability.According to the reading problems in junior high schools’ students, we can see the present situation of reading teaching in English clearly.In such a situation, is task-based language teaching effective in improving students’ reading ability? This is the issue the

１

paper is intended to explore.2.Literature review 2.1 Definition of a task

Before we want to know task-based language teaching, we should first know what the meaning of a task is.Many people have given a definition to a task.A variety of definitions of a task can be found as follows: According to Long, a task refers to the all kinds of things people do in their daily life, at work and at entertainment.A task is that when you ask some other people what things they do and they will tell those things to you.But they are not the applied linguists.(Chen Yajie 3)

In Crookes’s opinion a task is that the work is along with a purpose, and it is accomplished as a part of a course or work, or it is used to obtain the research data.Breen gave a definition to a task, any kind of language behavior that has been organized carefully, it has specific goals, appropriate content, specific teaching process and a variety of different results.So a task is considered as a series of work plan, whose overall goal is to promote the language learning, whether the practice is simple or the activity is complicated, such as solving the problem, make a decision through the group work.(Chen Yajie 6)

According to Bygate et.al., a task is a kind of activity that is influenced by the teaching in short or long term, it needs the learners to pay attention to the meaning of the language and use the language to achieve the goal.(Chen Yajie 6)

Willis thinks the task of language activities the learners use, they are not only to communicate objections, but also to achieve a goal.(Chen Yajie 6)

Prabhu thinks “[A task is] an activity which requires learners to arrive at an outcome from given information through some process of thought, and which allowed teachers to control and regulate that process.”(Prahbu 24).Nunnan thinks “a task is a piece of classroom work that involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is focused on mobilizing their grammatical knowledge in order to express meaning, and in which the intention is to convey meaning rather than to manipulate form.The task should also have a sense of completeness, being able to stand alone as a communicative act in its own right with a beginning, a middle and an end.”

(Nunnan

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8).Skehan thinks “a task is an activity in which 1)meaning is primary 2)learners are not given other people’s meaning to regurgitate 3)there is some sort of relationship to comparable real-world activities 4)task completion has some priority 5)the assessment of the task is terms of outcome.”(Skehan 9).Ellis thinks a kind of work plan requires learners to deal with the language when they are using the language in real life in order to achieve an outcome, and the evaluation of the results can see whether it conveys the correct or appropriate propositional content.So, it needs learners to focus on the meaning of the language firstly and take advantage of their knowledge of the language, although the design of the task may lead them to choose a specific language form in advance.A task aims at using the language and this using may direct or indirect relate to the language use in real world.Like other language activities, a task can involve output and receptive skills, oral and written communication skills, as well as a variety of cognitive process.(Edwards & Wllis 18)

All the experts mentioned above had given their own definitions to a task on different aspects.For example, Breen sees a task as a work-plan, which have the overall purposes of facilitating language learning from the simple and brief exercise type.However, Skehan described the five key characteristics of a task.In my opinion, I think a task is that the teacher puts forward some requirements that you need to do some activities to accomplish by using some devices.A task is that people do some things in order to achieve some goals and the activities carried out by people become a necessity in the language using.2.2 Task-based language teaching in reading

Task-based language teaching is a kind of effective approach which was first started and radically established since 1980s.It is a development of Communicative Language Teaching.It is first put forward by Prabhus.Some experts had given other definitions of task-based language teaching.Nunan thought task-based language teaching is an approach to the design of language course in which the point of departure is not an ordered list of linguistic items, but a collection of tasks.(Nunan19-38)Jane Willis thinks task-based language teaching is an approach to language teaching which makes use of authentic materials in communicative tasks.These pedagogical tasks

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reflect real-world tasks that the learners in a given situation would complete as a part of their daily life.Pedagogical tasks act as building blocks to an ultimate objective.Thus, TBLT relies both on the learner’s ability to learn analytically and on the teacher’s flexibility and creativity are demanded as he/she diagnoses the outcomes of each task and creates new materials in response to newly revealed learner needs.TBLT is a complex approach to language teaching, but in its complexity it responds to both current SLA theory as well as the practical needs of the classroom.(Willis72-75)

The task-based approach aims at providing opportunities for the learners to experiment with and explore both spoken and written language through learning activities which are designed to engage learners in the authentic, practical and functional use of language for meaningful purposes.(Hong Kong’s English Syllabus)

According to those definitions of task-based language teaching, a lot of scholars tend to put it into teaching reading in Junior English.In order to use it effectively, people do some many researches from abroad and at home.In other countries, Prabhu gave a definition to a task in his book Second Language Pedagogy.He carried out the famous Bangalore Communicational Teaching Project in India for around five years.He put forward a lot of task types, and designed the content into a variety of communicative tasks learning to let students learn by completing tasks.Prabhu’s Bangalore Communicational Teaching Project is a milestone in Second Language teaching and he has laid a solid basis for the further development of task-based language teaching.(Prabhu53-56)

Jane Willis and Peter Skehan put forward a model for achieving the concerned about the balance the communication on one hand, and form a general on the other hand.The framework of the model is pre-task, during-task and post-task.Willis emphasized a methodology for using tasks to combine naturalness of communication with opportunities to focus on form.Skehan made a similar attempt to show how balance between form and meaning can be achieved.In addition, he tried to link the methodology to the information-processing framework more explicitly.They put tasks at the center of Second Language teaching and learning, which gives opportunities to learn well.What’s more, they gave a clear, practical and ready-made framework for task-based teachers and researchers.This framework results from extensive trials of TBLT all over the world.Regarding the methodological procedures for implementing the task-based language teaching work-plan in class, Rod Ellis takes into two kinds of procedures: the lesson plan and participatory structure.The purpose of the task-based methodology is to give

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opportunities for language learning and skills development by means of building the cooperation knowledge.According to these researchers and other researchers’ study, it contributes to the development of task-based approach.They give the direction of task-based approach in English teaching and learning as a foreign language.And also, they give a clue for our country’s study in task-based approach.In China, the research of the task-based language teaching started in 1990s.Xia Jimei and Wu Xudong firstly introduced task-based language teaching to China.And many researchers tend to put it into English teaching, especially in teaching the reading of English.With the carry out of The English Curriculum Standard, the study has developed furthermore.Nonetheless, their study is still at the beginning of the stage.In recent years, many scholars and English teachers strive to put the task-based language teaching into reading teaching such as Lu Li, Lin Lixian, and Ma Yinghua.Lu Li made an experiment of one-year task-based language teaching in the middle school and found that experimental class made more progress in listening and writing than the control class.Ma Yinghua analyzed the characteristics of the task-based reading instruction and made an attempt on the combination of task-based language teaching model with the traditional material.In her point of view, the effective integration of the task-based language teaching model with the traditional language-focused reading model brings about the improvement of students’ language comprehension ability.Their research enlightens, inspires and supports the task-based language teaching in English reading instruction.But it is a pity that their studies are only restricted to theory research or a separate lesson design.The research both at home and abroad shows that we should make more efforts on studying task-based reading instruction and put task-based language teaching into English reading class so that we can improve students’ comprehension ability, the talent of using language and some other capabilities.So we should use task-based language teaching in English reading class.3.Application of task-based language teaching in reading

This part will demonstrate the procedures to carry out a task-based language teaching in English reading.５

All the traditional models of teaching reading cannot improve students’ language ability, so many experts attempt to find another effective way.They find the task-based language teaching is useful in teaching reading.So many teachers try to apply the model to teaching reading in English class.In this part, I would use the example that I used when I was a practice teacher in junior middle school.I would use the example to present the procedure of task-based language teaching in reading.The example is from the English textbook published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.The lesson is Module 3, unit 2.The title is The Library is on the Left of the Playground.Before using the example, I will introduce some models of teaching reading in English.Firstly, the traditional model.Based on bottom-up model of reading, this model uses traditional Grammar-Translation Method to teach reading.It is teacher-centered model.During the learning process, the teacher acts as a dominator and the students are only like receptacles.The teacher talks from the beginning to the end through the whole class.The teacher explains the grammar rules, analyzes sentence structures, translates the passage sentence by sentence and explains the keywords and sentences to students.In this kind of class, students almost have no time to read, to think, to speak and to practice.They have no opportunities to express their own ideas to the whole class and the teacher.Students are totally ignored by the teacher and they have no chance to communicate with each other.As a result, the students lack the ability to communicate with each other and lack the comprehension competence, then they cannot use the English language well.But it also has some advantages.It improves the students’ writing ability as well as it enables the students to form a more solid knowledge of grammar.In this model, I will introduce some grammar to the students and when the students cannot understand my instructions or some explanations, I will use the mother tongue to explain the instructions, Secondly, Question-and-answer model.In order to change the traditional model in English teaching and improve the students’ ability to use language, then teachers adopt the ask-and-answer model to replace of the traditional model.I will ask some questions to let the students answer.Through the process of question-and-answer, the students improve the ability of expressing themselves.What’s more, the Presentation, Practice and Production model.Almost all the teachers are familiar with the Presentation, Practice and Production(PPP)model of teaching.A PPP lesson would be started by the teacher introducing a new language item

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in context followed by some controlled practices, such as repetition, read the passage or dialogue and so on.Students then move on to produce the language in a more meaningful way, such as a role play, a drama, an interview and so on.After the students accomplishing the tasks, I will let the students present their achievements.Meanwhile, I will ask them to practice the language points they have learned in the class.I combine these traditional models with the task-based language teaching model.Then it improves the efficiency of teaching.3.1 Pre-reading stage

In this stage, I introduce some knowledge that is necessary to achieve the tasks, and some other skills.And I put forward some tasks for the students to complete.(1)At the beginning of the class, I present some pictures to let students guess the words according to the pictures.Show the pictures to the students, and let them know the words and phrases: dinning hall, playground, school office, classroom building, sports hall, science building, the library and school gate.Let the students master the basic names of the building in school.(2)Practice to use those phrases and words that have been learned last class: behind, front, in front of, on the right, on the right of, on one’s right, on the left, on the left of, on one’s left and between…and….And the students can use the phrases and words to describe the pictures.(3)Show the picture that the textbook used, let the students open the book and read the title together, then ask the students to get some information from the title and the picture.(4)According to the title, The Library is on the Left of the Playground, instruct the students to predict: what will the passage talk about? 3.2 While-reading stage(1)Skimming.Require the students to read the passage quickly and to find out the new words and phrases that they think important.List some questions about the passage on the blackboard to let the students answer after they reading the passage.① How many buildings are there in our school according to the passage? ② What are the names of the building? ③ Is the playground in the middle of the school?

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(2)Scanning.Let the students read the passage again and understand the meaning of the passage.(3)Careful reading.Ask the students to read the passage carefully, and catch the key words.Firstly, the teacher should explain what the key words are to the students.Then let them read the passage carefully and concentrate on the key words.Secondly, ask some questions to let the students answer.④ What is on the left of the playground? ⑤ What things are there in the library? ⑥ Where are the school offices? ⑦ How many classrooms are there in the classroom buildings? ⑧ Where is the dinning hall? ⑨ Where is the sports hall? ⑩ Where is the science building? 11 Where are the science labs and computer rooms?(4)After the students answering the questions, I let them fill the blank on the blackboard.(4)Then read the passage again and check whether they have questions or not.８ Classroom building

playground

School gate In this stage, I also use the Question-and-Answer model.By using the methods of questioning, answering, facilitating and directing, the information is presented in a variety of ways rather than in one way, in other words, the teachers’ instruction is merely changed into the communication between the teacher and the students.Thus, the students have the chance to take part in classroom activities, and the teacher can understand part of the students’ ideas.What’s more, the teacher dominates the class all the time, which results in the fact that the students cannot take turns to express their ideas.According to this model, it strengthens the interaction between the teacher and the students.What’s more, when the students cannot understand the questions or some instructions, I would use the mother tongue to explain it.By using the traditional model, it can use the task-based language teaching better and can help the students accomplish the tasks more effectively.In this stage, students understand and master the passage according to the questions and tasks the teacher puts forward.Through the pair work or group work, students develop the spirit of cooperation and they can express their ideas bravely.According to the processes of accomplishing the tasks, students can understand the passage better.3.3 Post-reading stage(1)Require the students to present their answers to the classmates.(2)Then according to the form on the blackboard, let the students retell the passage.Before retelling the passage, the teacher should give some minutes to the students to prepare and encourage them not to be afraid of making mistakes.(3)After retelling the passage, let the students use the words and phrases they have learned to describe our school.In this stage, students present their achievements.In addition, they apply the knowledge they have learned to the real life.Then they will master the knowledge better and they will apply the knowledge into the real life.4.Evaluation

According to the example, we find the task-based language teaching have some features.Firstly, it must have a clear goal.Secondly, we should use the examples which are close to the students’ life and the students are interested in them.Thirdly, this is the process of the students to obtain, dispose and communicate information.Fourthly, in this

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model, the students must use the target language to do activities.What’s more, when the students use the language, they should pay attention to expressing meaning.At last, we must obtain a product from the activities.According to this example, there are a lot of advantages of the model of task-based language teaching.Firstly, task-based language teaching focuses on the real situation let students accomplish the goals to master the useful, meaningful language.It is a student-entered model, students have many opportunities to do things in class activities, which would help students improve their ability to use language and open up their thinking.In the example, the students have a number of activities to do.During the process of achieving the activities, they master the language points and know how to express their ideas and how to use the language.Secondly, in TBLT, there are many interactions between teachers and students, between students and students, it will provide an opportunity to develop students’ communicative skills and it can acquire various ideas of the topic from each other.In the example, according to the teacher asks the questions and the students answer the questions, the teacher understands the students’ ideas and the students can express their ideas bravely.Through the process, the students develop their communicative skills.Thirdly, in TBLT, students use group-work or pair-work, students will learn many things from others and feel at home in such an environment.Then they would like to study in this situation and build up their confidence.In the example, the students are fond of the model very much.They would like to express their ideas and they like to take part in the class activities.The atmosphere of the class is very good.And the teacher likes teaching in such an atmosphere.Fourthly, task-based language teaching presents the tasks at the beginning of the class, so the students would do the activities according to the tasks.So students would be interested in the class and arouse the students’ enthusiasm to study.It changes the students’ passive learning model.Fifthly, task-based language teaching has purpose, process and the comprehensive characteristics.According to deal with the problems in the process, the students develop their thinking and they learn to use different kinds of learning strategies to solve a variety of different kinds of problems.As for teachers, they may feel much happier in TBLT class than in traditional class because students like participating in the class and their performance are intensely active.１０

They show much interest in reading.In TBLT, students may present a lot of strange questions, so teachers should broaden the scope of their knowledge to help students solve these strange problems.It can improve teachers’ skills.We can see the model of the task-based language teaching has so many advantages, but there are also some limitations.Firstly, it takes much time and many tasks cannot be accomplished well.There are many tasks to achieve, but the class time is limited, so teachers can not finish all the tasks, which suggests that teachers should find a better way to finish all the tasks efficiently.When I have a class with this model, because there are many interactions between the teacher and the students, and there are many activities, I cannot finish the class in time.As a consequence, I cannot accomplish the tasks very well.Secondly, the teacher cannot make sure that every student can efficiently take part in the tasks.Some students are poor in English, so they do not participate in the activities in class or they are only to be audiences and listeners.Because the class is very big and there are fifty-two students, when I have a class, I cannot pay attention to each student.When they do the activities, some students are only to have a chat.Thirdly, because of group-work or pair-work, students should discuss different ideas with each other, sometimes the discipline in the class will be very poor.The teacher can not manage the class effectively.Due to the big class, sometimes the class is very noisy and I cannot keep them quiet.So it may influence the effectiveness of the teaching.What’s more, because of the examination-oriented education, almost all teachers give up this teaching model.In spite of these limitations, the model of task-based language teaching is an effective way to teach reading in junior middle school.When I use the task-based language teaching to teach a passage, I find the students are more likely to study and they want to take part in the activities.They are brave enough to express their ideas.The atmosphere of the class is active Not only the students can learn things from the teacher and other classmates, but also the teacher can learn things from the students.What’s more, through the model of task-based language teaching, I also develop my communicative skills.And I am better at managing the class.Also, I can deal with the relationships between the teacher and the students better.So we should advocate this model and apply this model to teaching English reading.１１

4.Conclusion The New English Curriculum requires teachers should use task-based language teaching in their classes.Reading plays an important role in teaching English.What’s more, to speak English clearly and make the pronunciation more standard is very important.At the same time, the ability of reading comprehension, creative thinking, solving problem and cooperative spirit has become the essential needs in today’s society, so teachers should use it to teach reading.The TBLT has many advantages, but it also has some limitations.So the teacher should continue to strengthen advantages and overcome limitations.In order to implement the task-based language teaching effectively in junior school English reading class, teachers need to further explore its implementation.But on the whole, the model of task-based language teaching is an effective and feasible approach to teaching reading in junior high school.１２

Works Cited

Edwards,Corony & Jane Wllis.《任務型英語教學法：課堂研究與實踐》，高等教育出版社，2009.[Edwards,Corony & Jane Wllis.Teachers Exploring Tasks in English Language Teaching, Higher Educational Press, 2009.] Harmer, Jeremy.How to Teach English, Cambridge University Press, 2004.Nunan, David.Task-based Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, 2004.Prabhu N.S., Second Language Pedagogy, Oxford University Press, 2001.Skehan, Peter.Cognitive Approach to Language Learning, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign

Language Educational Press, 2001.Willis, Jane.Framework for Task-based Learning, London: Longman, 1996.社，2011。

龔亞夫、羅少茜，《任務型語言教學》，人民教育出版社，2003。教育部，《義務教育英語課程標準》，北京師范大學出版社，2011。林新事，《英語課程與教學研究》，浙江大學出版社，2008。王薔，《英語教學法教程》，高等教育出版社，2006。

[Wang Qiang, A Course in English Language Teaching.Higher Educational Press, 2006.]

陳亞杰、薛枝、栗霞，《任務型語言教學：從理論到實踐》，外語教學與研究出版

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Acknowledgment

First of all, I would like to express my sincere acknowledgments to my supervisor Xu, for her detailed guidance, critical insights and great patience in the accomplishment of the thesis.Without her invaluable advice and help, the present thesis could not have come into being.Mrs.Xu always gives me precious, valuable and constructive suggestions.I am also grateful to my teachers for their enlightening courses during the undergraduate program and their great help at the thesis proposal stage.Finally my deep gratitude goes to my family and friends for supporting me with both understanding and encouragement throughout my thesis.１４

第四篇：任務型教學法

廣東河源市龍川縣培英學校 張曉燕

一、前言

長期以來，英語教學，特別是英語語法教學是一件苦差事，費時、低效，教師教得苦，學生學得累。傳統(tǒng)的語法教學把語法課搞成“滿堂灌”的知識課，給學生造成語法“難、繁、雜”的印象。進入課改以后，任務型教學法受到廣大教師的青睞，有的教師走入另一極端：不教或少教語法。任務型教學是否意味著不教語法呢？這是個倍受爭議的問題。筆者認為，符合中國國情的循序漸進的英語語法教學能夠迅速有效的幫助學生準確地理解和掌握英語。英語專家葛傳槼先生曾說：“語法是語言的法則。”英語語法是英國語言的實際用法，是通過語法家的調查研究、分析、綜合而總結出來的，不是憑空臆造出來的。華中師范大學北京研究院的魯子問教授認為，雖然現(xiàn)在英語教學強調聽、說、讀、寫等技能的訓練，然而語法是技能的基礎，學生只有掌握了語法，才有條件進行更進一步的學習。

二、新課程標準對初中英語語法教學的要求

新的《英語課程標準》明確指出“此次課程改革的重點是要改變英語課程過分強調語法和詞匯知識的講解與傳授、忽視對學生實際語言運用能力的傾向……” 顯而易見，“改變過分強調語法的講解與傳授的傾向”只是要求改變以前語法教學的教法，并不是要求放棄語法教學。

三、英語語法在任務型教學中的地位

交際教學法的主要奠基人威爾金斯在《第二語言學習和教學》一書中明確提出：語法是學習的中心，是保證表情達意的必要手段。任務型所追求的不僅僅是語言的活動量與學生的參與。實際上，許多任務型教學的倡導者都把語法、語言的準確性放在第一位。對于初學英語的中國學生來說，在非英語環(huán)境中進行英語教學，學生不可能有象以英語為母語的學習者那樣的學習環(huán)境，不可能在平時、在課外獲得充分足夠的英語語言刺激并內化其語言規(guī)則，進而自然習得英語。在進行聽、說、讀、寫技能訓練的同時，學生必須學一些語法，這對語言學習會有很大的促進作用，會使學生認清、判別和理解語言現(xiàn)象，并正確使用語言，從而為學習語言打下良好的基礎。所以說，學習語法有助于培養(yǎng)學生正確理解英語和準確運用英語的能力，可以使中國學生在學習英語過程中少走彎路，對將英語作為外語來學的學習者來說，稱得上是一條學習的捷徑。

四、傳統(tǒng)語法教學與任務型語法教學的對比

長期以來，3P方法（介紹presentation,練習practice,產出production）被用來編寫教材和組織課堂教學。采用這種方法，首先要由教師來介紹個別的語言項目（比如說現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)），然后通過口頭和書面練習來進行操練（通常是模仿練習），然后學習者用所學的詞匯和句型來進行較少控制下的口語和書寫活動。Harmer(2001)認為:任務型語言教學的方法與PPP方法正好相反，教師應先讓學生完成任務，當任務完成后，教師才與學生討論語言的運用過程，并對使用不當或錯誤給予恰當?shù)慕ㄗh或糾正。任務型語言教學最大的優(yōu)點是語言在真實的交際中得到運用，并且在學習者為向全班匯報做準備時，他們不得不從整體上考慮語言形式，而不僅僅像PPP模式那樣，只是把重點放在某一種形式上。習慣于語法學習傳統(tǒng)方法的學習者可能會很難適應，但是如果采用任務型教學的教師能夠把語法詞匯的系統(tǒng)學習與任務活動結合起來的話，它將是一種能夠適合所有學習者需求的教學方法。

五、任務型教學在初中語法教學上的一些嘗試

教師應盡量為學生創(chuàng)設一個寬松的、愉快的學習氛圍。如何使學生產生興趣，從而把語法學得更好呢？筆者做了以下嘗試：

1.情景法

情景法是借助體態(tài)語、表演等，利用圖片、多媒體和實物等具有形象直觀的教學手段，創(chuàng)造一個真實生動的情景。這樣有效地避免語法教學的枯燥性和單一性，對中學生來說，不僅可以很好的吸引他們的注意力，激發(fā)其學習興趣，還能夠提高課堂教學的效果，收到事半功倍的效果。

（1）利用話題創(chuàng)造情景

如新目標英語八年級（上），Unit 1的語法項目是頻度副詞的用法，若生硬地將所有的頻度副詞都羅列出來，讓學生認讀并記住它們的含義與用法，效果是可想而知的。教師可利用本單元的話題What do you usually do on weekends? 通過這種方式自然地引出頻度副詞：Do you watch TV every day? Oh, I see.You watch TV three times a week.How about you? How often do you watch TV? Oh, you hardly ever watch TV….一邊與學生交流，一邊板書含有頻度副詞的句子，并用彩色粉筆將頻度副詞three times a week, never, hardly ever, sometimes, often等標出來，讓學生自己去觀察、去總結新語言內在規(guī)律，這樣的效果肯定會好些。

（2）利用圖片創(chuàng)造情景

作為傳統(tǒng)教具的圖片形象、直觀、便于攜帶，因此深受廣大教師的喜愛。在語法教學中，如果使用圖片，也能使課堂教學達到較好的效果。

在總結“It’s + adj.+ for sb.+ to do”的句型時，借助圖片進行教學，教學效果較好。首先呈現(xiàn)一幅小男孩在街上踢球的圖，然后師生對話：

T: What is the boy doing? S: He is playing football.T: Is it dangerous? S: Yes.T: It is dangerous for the boy to play football in the street.(板書)然后再出示幾幅圖片，引出以下幾個句子：

It’s bad for our eyes to read in bed.It’s good for our health to do sports.為了讓學生更好地鞏固所學的句型，還可以讓學生以小組合作的方式，用所學句型造句。在以這種以圖片創(chuàng)設情景的活動中，語法知識由抽象變?yōu)榫唧w，從而使語法學習降低了難度，也激發(fā)了學生的學習興趣，使他們學得快，記得牢，用得活。（3）利用表演創(chuàng)設情景

在學習句型結構“be + adj.+ enough to do sth.”和“be too + adj.to do sth.”時，教師可讓班內一高一矮兩位學生A和B站在講臺前，然后指著日光燈對他們說：“Try your best to reach the light, will you?”學生A很容易地觸到了燈。教師便指著他說：“A is tall enough to reach the light.”

而學生B跳了幾次都碰不到，教師可指著他說：“B is too short to reach the light.”在以上情景活動中，語法知識由抽象變得形象，從而降低了語法學習的難度，激發(fā)了學生學習英語的積極性，使他們學得快，記得牢，用得活。（4）利用實物創(chuàng)設情景

如形容詞的比較等級時，可以拿三個大小不相同的東西（apple），一個比一個大。一邊問，一邊答： A: What's this? B:It's an apple.A: Which is bigger? B: The first one is bigger.B: Which is the biggest of all? B: The second one is the biggest of all.這種自問自答，可以讓學生跟著老師重復幾遍，直到他們自己能夠獨立進行表演為止，然后把這些句子寫在黑板上，以加深學生的理解。最后可以再舉一些例子，通過反復練習，學生對比較等級會有一個比較深刻的認識。

2.歸納法

歸納法即教師先向學生逐步滲透具體的語言現(xiàn)象，然后讓學生觀察分析并找出規(guī)律，歸納和總結出語法規(guī)則，這樣就能使語法知識更容易被學生接受、理解和掌握。

如：在教不定冠詞a /an的用法的時候，先列舉幾個例子讓學生觀察他們: It’s a new book.I read an interesting story.Lily wants to buy an eraser.Tom is a clever boy.然后分小組討論這些句子有什么共同點，學生馬上就發(fā)現(xiàn)這些句子都用了不定冠詞a /an；接著啟發(fā)學生繼續(xù)觀察a/an后面的詞有什么特點，通過討論分析，學生很快就明白了a/an后面要跟可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。接下來可問學生為什么有些名詞前用a，而有些卻用an呢？讓學生認真觀察這些名詞的特點，從而得出結論：以元音音素開頭的名詞前用an；以輔音音素開頭的名詞前用a。

3.對比法

學生學習了一些語法規(guī)則后，在一段時間內就會產生“越學越糊涂”的困惑。針對此類現(xiàn)象，教師應組織學生將所學的某些語法知識進行思維加工，引導學生對類似的語法現(xiàn)象進行觀察、對比和分析，啟發(fā)他們找出關鍵點，最終發(fā)現(xiàn)其差異點。

如：樹上有一個梨。There is a pear the tree.(on, in)學生通常會選擇介詞“on”來填空，這是對的；可是再來一題：樹上有一只小鳥。There is a bird the tree.(on,in)學生還是選擇介詞“on”這就錯了。學生說：“老師，不都是在樹上嗎？怎么會錯？”這時，教師可以引導學生，讓他們認真思考“a pear”和“a bird”跟“樹”有什么關系。分析、討論后，同學們就發(fā)現(xiàn)：原來“a pear”是“樹”上本身長出來的，而“a bird”是外來的事物，不是“樹”上長出來的。所以，雖然都是在“樹”上，但是所選擇的介詞卻完全不同。經過觀察、對比、討論和分析，問題一下就解決了。

4.游戲法

教師可以利用教學游戲活化語法規(guī)則。設計精巧、難易適度的游戲活動會起到意想不到的教學效果。如：在教現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)時，可進行“a guessing game”，請一些同學到講臺上表演一個動作，其他同學猜測。可以用What are you doing? Are you reading/writing/playing basketball…?這些問句對表演者進行提問，從而進一步掌握現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)。

5.討論法

小組討論能充分發(fā)揮學生的能動性，學生能積極參與，在交際中運用所學語言知識。如在教情態(tài)動詞should 的用法時，可以先提出一個問題：I argued with my best friend.What should I do? 讓學生進行小組討論。學生經過討論后，可能給出以下答案： You should say sorry to her.You should call her up.You should write her a letter.You should buy her a present.那么，通過討論，學生將會更快地掌握情態(tài)動詞should 的用法。

6.圖表法

有些語法知識難以區(qū)分，運用圖表就能一目了然，如在教a little;little;a few;few這幾個詞的用法時，就可采用圖表，如：

可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞

肯定意義 a few A little 否定意義 few little

六、結束語

筆者做了一個嘗試，在自己所教的兩個班中，一個班（9班）用傳統(tǒng)教學，另一個班（3班）則采用任務型教學。結果發(fā)現(xiàn)：3班的學生不僅交際能力強，而且筆試的成績也比9班的學生好。由此可以看出，基本上以“交際”為導向的課堂教學，但同時也有明確的語法講解，要比只注重語法教學或回避語法講解的沉浸式教學都更好。

第五篇：任務型教學法

任務型語言教學模式在初中英語教學中的運用

【摘要】: 課堂活動是課堂教學的主要內容，傳統(tǒng)的課堂活動以教師、教材為中心，學生處于被動地位，而任務型教學則是以學生為主體，以任務為中心，以話題為主線，發(fā)展學各方面的素質。在《新課程標準》指導下，將任務型教學運用到人教英語教材中，學生的英語能力能夠得到很大的提高。

關鍵詞：任務型教學

人教版

初中英語教學

學生語言能力

一、任務型教學的定義

什么是任務型教學？

任務型教學模式（Task-based Learning）是20世紀80年代外語教學研究者經過大量實踐和研究總結出的具有重大影響意義的語言教學模式。它將語言運用的基本理念轉化為具有實踐意義的課堂教學方式，其實質是交際教學思想的一種新的發(fā)展態(tài)勢。

根據(jù)社會認知主義理論，學習語言的最終目的是在實際中使用語言，交流的過程與語言成品（Linguistic product）同樣重要（張建偉、陳琦，1996）。語言學習是一個積極的動態(tài)過程。而以任務型教學活動為模式的英語課堂教學，其理論基礎是“輸入與互動”。強調掌握語言大多是在交際活動中使用語言的結果，而不是單純訓練語言技能和學習語言知識的結果。外語課堂教學中具有的“變化性互動”而形成的各項活動，即任務。學生通過可以理解的輸入與輸出的對話性互動，來完成老師設計的各項任務，進而產生語言運用的能力。簡單的說就是“為學而用，在用中學，學了就用”。

二、《英語新課程標準》倡導任務型教學

任務型教學活動能使教學過程任務化，確立學生的主體地位，突出以人為本的思想，突出實踐性和體驗性原則，著眼于學生綜合運用語言能力的培養(yǎng)，變知識性的課堂教學為發(fā)展性的課堂教學，讓學生積極地“動”起來，讓英語教學“活”起來，充分體現(xiàn)課程改革的特征。

學生帶著真實的目的和任務去學習，日常學習中許多不能獨立解決的問題，在集體活動中，通過互動、互助，都能得到很快的解決。在這樣的課堂上，學生不僅主動高效地獲取知識，充分感受到成功的樂趣，還能更好地發(fā)揮學生的主動性和創(chuàng)造性，最大限度展現(xiàn)學習者的學習潛能。

任務型課堂教學模式也改變了以往教學中的以教學為中心的形式，轉而以學生為中心。教師不再是權威、導師和學者，而是交際中的一方，是課堂中的引導者，是交際活動中的促進者。在完成老師設計的各種各樣的任務的過程中，學生能夠發(fā)揮較好的主動型和創(chuàng)造型，從而得到交際的機會和動力，有了較大的交際空間，因此學生可以領會、運用語言知識與交際知識，發(fā)展聽、說、讀、寫的語言技能以及交流、協(xié)調、合作等交際技能。

三、任務型教學模式在初中英語教學中的運用

英國語言學家 Jane Willis 于 1996 年提出任務型教學的基本步驟是任務前(Pre-task)、任務中(While-task)和任務后(Post-task)。我們認為它合理、簡便、易操作，充分體現(xiàn)了學生自主學習、合作學習、創(chuàng)新學習的精神，體現(xiàn)了以學生為本的理念。我們在此基礎上增加檢查評價和家庭練習兩步，形成了五個基本步驟：任務前、任務中、任務后、檢查評價和家庭作業(yè)，使課上與課下渾然一體。具體步驟如下：

1.任務前(Pre-task)

(1)介紹目標和任務。呈現(xiàn)和學生完成任務所需的語言知識。如果可能的話讓學生上網(wǎng)或到圖書館去搜集相關資料，教師在前一節(jié)課向學生說明任務，使學生有時間去完成任務，有關資料也可由教師課前準備。

(2)讓學生回憶列出所學的相關知識。2.任務中(While-task)

(1)完成任務。設計數(shù)個微型任務，構成任務鏈。學生以個人或小組形式完成各項任務。首先，根據(jù)任務讓全班學生結成對子或分成小組，學生也可以自由選擇。其次，讓學生完成任務。如果學生遇到問題，如生詞，可以根據(jù)上下文猜測，或互相問，或查字典，最后再問教師。然后，各組選出一個學生代表，在小組學生積極幫助下準備好材料向全班展示，此時，教師可以在教室里走動以幫助學生。

(2)展示成果。教師讓各組學生代表依次展示他們的學習成果。各組所選代表每次應該是不同的學生，使每個學生都有鍛煉的機會。在小組展示完時，其他學生或教師如有疑問，可以向小組代表咨詢有關問題。回答問題時，既可以是學生代表，也可以是小組同伴幫助回答。完成此步驟任務時，教師作必要的小結。

(3)聽錄音，使學生對課文有全面了解。

3.任務后(Post-task)在這一步驟里，學生主要處理語言、詞匯和短語、重點句型和語言知識等。采取的方式可以由學生先討論，教師指導他們進行歸納、小結，然后小組向全班展示任務結果。

4.檢查評價(Assessment)檢查任務完成情況和語言知識掌握情況，形式可以是學生自評、小組互評、教師總評。

5.家庭作業(yè)(Homework)根據(jù)課堂任務內容，以個人或小組形式做相關練習。練習內容可以是寫出完成任務的過程、內容和體會或其他與任務有關的內容，也可以是完成與任務有關的作業(yè)，如寫對話、把各組討論的問題寫下來、把自己小組討論的內容寫下來等。

四、教學模式示例

(GO for it!-(Book Two)-Unit Nine How was your weekend?)1.教學目標

(1)學會談論上周末做的事情；

(2)學會談論過去式；

(3)了解怎樣才能提高自己的英語水平；

(4)了解同學間周末都如何度過并學會表達。

2.語言目標

(1)— What did you do last weekend？

— I played the soccer./We went to the beach.(2)—What did she do last weekend？

— She did her homework.(3)What did he do last weekend？ —He went to the movies.(4)What did they do last weekend？ ——They played tennis.3.單元任務

Task 1：哪些同學的周末過得有意義?并說出其理由。

Task 2：問每位同學的周末過的怎么樣。

Task 3：怎樣才能提高自己的英語水平?

Task 4：看哪位學生做得最棒!

Task 5：要求學生在網(wǎng)上搜尋國內外名人的周末活動和喜好。4.教學過程

Step 1.Pre-task：哪些同學的周末過得有意義？并說出其理由。Names Activities you guess Activities he / she did

Li Ming Went to the cinema Watched TV at home

①Lead-in Do you know your classmates / or your close friends well?

Do you know what did they do last weekend? ②在表中填寫你的三個同學或朋友的姓名，先猜一猜他們在上周末做了什么事，然后分別去核實一下你的猜測是否正確(除了問他們上周末干了什么以外，還詢問他們?yōu)槭裁匆瞿切┦?。

③小組活動：每個學生都向本組匯報采訪的結果，評出誰的周末過得最好。④各組派代表向全班匯報，由全班評出周末過得最好的同學。⑤完成任務所需的語言：

● —What did you do last weekend？ —I watched TV at home.● —Why did you like watching TV? —Because it's relaxing.● —How was your weekend? —It’s great!I went to the beach.It was OK.I did my homework and watched TV.It was not good.I cleaned my room and studied for the math test.Step 2.While-task： 多少量的課外活動是合理的?

① Lead-in 讓學生說出上周末除了學習以外還進行的其它活動。例如：played computer games, did exercise, read books.②讓每個學生填寫以下表格： How was your last weekend?(Activity)It was great!Because…..It was OK.Because …..It was not OK.Because….Read English books

Listened to English songs Talked in English Wrote a diary in English

③小組活動：學生4人一組就表中的內容互相問答，并作記錄。

④根據(jù)記錄整理并統(tǒng)計出各項活動相應的百分比。

⑤把調查結果寫成小短文,讓學生分析有些活動是否進行得太多或太少。

⑥完成任務所需的語言：What did you do last weekend？

How was your weekend?

Step 3.Post-task： 怎樣才能提高自己的英語水平?

此項活動的目的是讓學生進一步運用所學的語言知識。

①If we want to improve our English, what can we do?(讓學生就以上問題自由發(fā)言，教師幫助。)②把英語學得較好的同學分到各個小組，由組員分別對他們進行采訪(采訪內容見下表)，了解他/她是怎樣學習英語的。

注意：可根據(jù)實際情況替換動詞或表示頻度的短語。③讓學生根據(jù)表格中填寫的內容總結學習英語的有效方法。④完成任務所需的語言： ● What did you do last weekend？

● Did you listen to English on the radio every day? ● What else did you do? Did your parents help you with your English?

Step 4.Assessment 看哪位學生做得最棒！

(1)小組代表匯報各小組總結學習英語的方法后，可以在小組自評的基礎上，全班互評、教師總評，并評選出英語學習的有效方法；

(2)把評選出的方法形成文字貼在班級版報上進行展覽交流。Step 5.Homework 要求學生在網(wǎng)上搜尋國內外名人的周末活動和喜好。根據(jù)課堂任務內容，讓學生個人或小組在網(wǎng)上收集自己感興趣的國內外名人，掌握如何用英語獲取信息的能力。這些可以從介紹名人的文章或個人資料中查找，把各自的成果向班上報告，并完成一篇相關短文。

五、關于任務教學模式的初步認識和反思

1.一直以來，教師使用傳統(tǒng)教學法來展開教學，學生所做的事情是在教師的控制下進行。然而，任務型教學“再現(xiàn)社會情境的真實性”的特點使得活動的結果具有不可預知性和多樣性，因此，教師必須轉變傳統(tǒng)的教學觀念，不斷提高自身的應變能力和擴大自己的知識面。同時，任務活動與語言練習有著本質的區(qū)別。任務活動不是機械死板的，它側重學生自我完成任務的能力的培養(yǎng)。因此，教師要十分重視學生在完成任務過程中的參與和在交流活動中所獲得的經驗。

2.任務型教學一般在教學的開始就呈現(xiàn)任務，讓學生在任務的驅動下用語言做事。這就提高了學生的學習興趣，增加了學習目標的明確性，激發(fā)了學生主動參與的積極性，有效地改變了學生被動的學習方式。

3.為了完成學習任務，學生的學習活動將以意義為中心，盡力調動各種資源進行有意義構建，以達到解決某個交際問題的目的。完成任務的過程中使學生自然地掌握了有意義的語言運用，營造了有利于學生學習和內化語言的環(huán)境。

4.任務型教學具有目的性、過程性、綜合性和對思維的挑戰(zhàn)性等特點，它較好地體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代語言教育中關于交際能力、認知過程、感受與經歷、信息分析與整合、學習策略以及合作學習等理念，從而能夠培養(yǎng)學生的語言綜合運用能力。

5.倡導教學民主，建立新型的師生、生生關系。任務型教學模式打破了傳統(tǒng)的師生觀念，改變了課堂里教師講、學生聽的單一的線形關系，發(fā)展了師生間、學生間的雙向、多向的互動合作關系。教師不再是知識的“權威”，而應該是學生學習活動的指導者、伙伴、促進者等多重角色；學生也不再是被動的接受者，而是積極的參與者。學生之間建立了良性的競爭與相互合作的人際關系。倡導教學民主，就要營造民主、寬松、和諧的心理氛圍，教師要充分理解、信任每一個學生，尊重他們的思想情感和獨立的個性，為學生創(chuàng)造自主學習的條件，提供成功創(chuàng)造的機會，引導他們對自己和他人做出合理的評價。

6.在任務型教學模式中，教師是從學生“學”的角度來設計教學活動的，學生的活動具有明確的目標和具體的操作要求。在教學活動中，學生大腦始終處于一種活躍狀態(tài)，他們獲得的不僅是語言知識，還獲得了運用語言的能力。隨著學習任務的不斷深化，學生語言能力不斷提高，在整個語言學習的過程中，學生的自主性和自覺性不斷增強。

7.無論使用什么教學方式，教師都應該清楚地認識到，學生能否積極參與學習活動與其語言熟練程度的提高緊密相關；以交際為導向的課堂教學中也應有足夠的語言準備和清楚的語言知識指導，這樣的教學效果要比只注重語法教學或完全回避語法講解的教學效果好得多。

六、結束語

任務型教學任務要求學生運用所學語言完成某項具體任務，并強調學生的主動參與，它強調交際的過程和語言的功能，注重發(fā)展學生的學習策略，為學生提供較大的實踐空間，能較好地發(fā)揮學生的主動性和創(chuàng)造性，因而有利于提高學生的創(chuàng)新精神和語言運用能力。它充分體現(xiàn)了以教師為指導，以學生為主體，以學生發(fā)展為主旨，以培養(yǎng)能力為核心的英語新課程標準理念。當然，任務型教學也有其自身的局限性。在實施任務型教學中，教師應不斷反思自己的教學，并及時進行相應的調整，力爭在今后的教學中不斷探索，使自己的教學更具生命力。

主要參考文獻：

1.教育部.《英語課程標準》(實驗稿).北師大出版社，2001 年.2.鐘啟泉,等.《基礎教育課程改革綱要(試行)》解讀.華東師大出版社.2001 年.3.章兼中.《國外外語教學法主要流派》.華東師大出版社.1982 年.4.教育部.《英語課程標準解讀》(實驗稿).北師大出版社.2002 年.5.Go for it.《新目標英語》.人民教育出版社.2006.6.魯子問.《中小學英語真實任務教學實踐論》.外語教學與研究出版社.2003 年.7.曹文山．簡論任務型教學模式在基礎英語教學中的實施．中小學英語教改與探索．2003，(1)．