第一篇:任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中英語聽力教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中英語聽力教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
【摘要】在日常交際中,聽占有十分重要的地位。Rost認(rèn)為,語言習(xí)得主要通過獲得大量的可理解輸入來實(shí)現(xiàn),而聽是獲得可理解語言輸入的最重要的渠道。但是,目前我國的初中英語聽力教學(xué)仍不盡人意,還存在著許多問題。任務(wù)型教學(xué)是以具體的任務(wù)為學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)或動(dòng)力,以完成任務(wù)的過程為學(xué)習(xí)的過程,以展示任務(wù)成果的方式來體現(xiàn)教學(xué)成就的一種教學(xué)方法。
本研究通過課堂觀察和教學(xué)進(jìn)一步探討了任務(wù)型教學(xué)應(yīng)用于初中聽力教學(xué)。基于Willis的任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式和Underwood的聽力教學(xué)模式理論,筆者將兩者結(jié)合并應(yīng)用于初中聽力教學(xué)中,建立了任務(wù)型聽力教學(xué)模式,將任務(wù)型教學(xué)法應(yīng)用于聽力教學(xué)中。試圖解決現(xiàn)階段初中英語聽力教學(xué)中存在的兩個(gè)主要問題:第一,聽力教材中的問題;第二,教學(xué)模式單一的問題。針對(duì)第一個(gè)問題,本研究按照任務(wù)型教學(xué)法中任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)的原則,重新整合教材并設(shè)計(jì)多種真適實(shí)可行的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),從而解決教材中部分內(nèi)容過難學(xué)生不易完成、不感興趣等問題。第二個(gè)問題的解決也就是任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的應(yīng)用。本研究將任務(wù)劃分為聽前,聽中,以及聽后三個(gè)部分。每一部分按照任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)的原則安排了多項(xiàng)任務(wù),從而解決了傳統(tǒng)聽力教學(xué)模式單一的問題。
通過任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在聽力教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用,作者希望為初中英語聽力教師提供些許參考,最終對(duì)英語聽力教學(xué)產(chǎn)生幫助,從而提高聽力課堂的有效性。
【關(guān)鍵詞】任務(wù);任務(wù)型教學(xué)法;英語聽力教學(xué)
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CONTENTS
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................i
摘要..............................................................................................................................................ii
I.Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 II.Literature review........................................................................................................1
2.1 The studies of listening comprehension.......................................................1 2.2 The studies of the application of Task-Based Approach to listening...............................................................................................................2
III.The current problems in English listening teaching......................3
3.1 The problems of teaching materials...............................................................4 3.2 The problems of classroom teaching models.................................4
IV.The Application of the Task-Based Approach to the English Listening Class...........................................................................................................5
4.1The Principles for designing tasks in listening...........................................5 4.2 The steps for designing task-based teaching model in listening class.................................................................................................6
V.Conclusion.......................................................................................................................10 References..............................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgments..............................................................................................13
The Application of “Task-Based Approach” to the Listening
Class in Junior High School
Ⅰ.Introduction There are four abilities in the acquisition of language, which are listening, speaking, reading and writing, but listening is the most difficult one among them.Most students are not interested in it, and at the same time, most students always lose confidence in dealing with the listening comprehension questions, because they think that their English is very poor.Therefore, it’s necessary to review the current situation and existing problems of listening comprehension and combine the Task-Based Approach with the English Listening teaching.The Task-Based Approach as a new teaching approach of language appeared in the western world in the 1980s, and it emphasizes “l(fā)earning by doing”.Compared with traditional teaching methods, the Task-Based Approach can not only motivate the students 'interest, but can also help students to improve their English listening ability in the process of learning English.And then by this approach the students’ learning efficiency and English application ability can be improved through cooperative learning and self-learning.II.Literature review 2.1The studies of listening comprehension Listening is a cognitive activity and language skills, and plays an important role in our daily life and language learning, and at the same time, listening comprehension has increasingly become an important criterion to measure the level of learners’ language study(Long, 1993).But according to our longtime observation and study on the teaching practice, the traditional English listening teaching methods used in china inhibit the students’ listening ability to improve.Listening comprehension research includes five aspects, they are listening materials, speakers, tasks, learners and listening processes(Richards and Platt, 1992).The degree of difficulty about the listening material and listeners’ familiarity;the rate of speech, voice, expression of speakers;the type of listening task;the internal and
1External factors of learners;the processes of listening comprehension also can affect learners to understand the listening materials.Among them, there are some important aspects to affect listening, such as the level of language, memory, emotional factors, and background knowledge of learners.The most important thing is the study of the process of listening comprehension, which is an internal mental process, and the way learners to deal with language inputting and understanding it.The researchers of domestic and abroad reached a consensus in this area and hold that the process of language understanding is a process of language producing, and this process includes three stages, which are perception, resolution and application.At the perception stage, the input language is analysised and synthesised preliminary by the brain.At the resolving stage, the brain produces a series of proposition which is the foundation of listening comprehension.At the application stage, the new semantics proposition activates the existing propositions and knowledge in the brain which can form the updated discourse meaning and knowledge systems.The psychological factors are very important for students to understand the listening materials, and these factors are showed through the attitude of learners, such as their interest, self-confidence, the level of effort and anxiety.Learners’ mental states will affect their learning behavior and learning result directly.Negative mental states, such as anxiety, tension, slack, disgust, fear, and so on, will hinder their learning potential to perform normally.In order to help students overcome the negative sentiment in the listening process, cultivating their learning interest and making them in a good mental state is a good way.Therefore, teachers should analyze the reasons why students have so many negative emotions in their teaching practice, and also teacher should create a relaxed and positive atmosphere for students to learn and activate students' learning interests so that they always put them in a state of excitement.2.2 The studies of the application of Task-Based Approach to listening class The Task-Based Approach appeared in the 1980s.It aims to language teaching
real and classroom socialization.The Task-Based Approach is a task or an activity for a particular purpose(Crookes, 1989).In educational curricula, it is mainly used to collect data for research.In the process of language learning, task is a communication activity, and also a kind of language practice which emphasizes “l(fā)earning by doing“.The core of the Task-Based Approach is the ”learner-centered“ and ”people-oriented“, and the theoretical basis is the ”constructivist".The task is composed of five parts, which are the teaching aims, inputs, forms of activities, the role of teachers and students, and the environment(Nunan, 1989).The Task-Based Approach emphasizes that learners not only focus on the language, but also focus on the process of language learning, and it emphasizes the interaction and cooperation in the process of learning, and also emphasizes the process and results.Task-Based Approach use the relatively realistic tasks to make students complete the task in group discussion or role-playing and other activities, and then strengthen the interaction between teachers and students, motivate students’ learning interest, mobilize the students' positive emotional factors, and cultivate students’ awareness and cognitive abilities.At the same time, Task-Based approach also inspires the students to share their individual experience since they have to complete their task in groups, and then train them to understand, operate and use language.Extensive, in-depth, and complex language using has been fully reflected through the process of completing a task.Therefore, the Task-Based Approach has its own unique merits from its teaching aims or from its teaching model, because the Task-Based Approach not only has the advantages of traditional teaching methods but also has the advantages of the communicative teaching approach.There are three stages of the Task-Based Approach, which are pre-task, task-cycle and post-task(Willis, 1996).The pre-task is the preparation stage;the task-cycle is the implementation stage, and post-task is the acceptance and improvement stage.And these three stages influence with each other.Ⅲ.The current problems in English listening teaching For the current application of Task-Based Approach, the first task is to find the
problems of the listening teaching, which are two major problems in the teaching of learning comprehension.One is in the materials, the other is in the teaching models.3.1 The problems in teaching materials In the listening teaching of English in junior high school, the most important problem that troubles teachers lies in the listening materials.And there are two main problems in the listening materials.Firstly, the listening materials usually used by teachers are written language rather than spoken English, so it is difficult for English learners to understand.Certainly, one can not deny that there is a lot of spontaneous teacher-talk during class, but it is not enough to improve learners’ English listening ability.Secondly, the contents of the materials often do not match the real life.Many listening comprehension books usually include many long passages rather than dialogue and most of them beyond the learners’ ability.After listening, they have to do some comprehension exercises, usually multiple-choice.This teaching approach provides a certain type of practice, but it is not related to our real life.So the course of the listening comprehension is so boring to students.There is no doubt that the English leaner can not improve their listening ability.3.2 The Problems of Classroom Teaching Model In junior high school, most teachers usually prepare listening materials before starting listening class.They usually use a similar way to teach, they often play the tape several times, if students can not understand or memory the main idea of the listening materials, teachers often repeat the materials again and again.And teachers help students by explaining the difficult sentences.Finally, teachers usually check and correct the answers students have done, this is not a class of listening but a class of testing students’ memory, so most of the students are very tired after class.These methods of teaching not only fail to improve students’ listening ability but also make them lose confidence and interest of listening.This kind of class ignores students’ motivation to learn, and never be able to arouse students’ interest, also depresses the atmosphere and the fillings of students.The most important problem is that students do not have any chance to communicate in natural languages, let alone knowing about
the characteristics about real-life communication.From the method of teaching their teacher using, students don’t get any comments from their teacher, as a result this teaching method is not satisfied by many English learners.Ⅳ.The Application of the Task-Based Approach to the English Listening Class There are many problems about English listening teaching, especially in rural areas.To solve these problems the Task-Based Approach should be applied to the English listening class.This teaching approach is very important and useful to arouse English teachers’ awareness in order to change these old methods and improve the level of teaching.Task-Based Approach claims that effective learning is not in instruction, but experiential.Task-Based Language Teaching is characterized as collaboration, authenticity, focusing on process and students’ participation, and learning by using it, which is just a sign of modern education(Wang Yanghong, 2004:33-50).4.1 The principles for designing tasks in listening If the teachers want to use the Task-Based Approach in English teaching, they must solve the problem about the teaching materials, and this thesis will introduce three principles for designing of listening tasks.4.1.1 The task should be fun One of the advantages of Task-Based Approach is using the interesting communicative activities to stimulate students’ learning enthusiasm.Therefore, in order to improve the students’ English listening ability, teachers usually design a lot of fun tasks for them, which can arouse students’ motivation of learning.Usually, these interesting games are easy to design.For example, many teacher use pictures and let students describe them before listening, also some teacher permit students to communicate freely in class.These activities are very useful for teacher to help students improve their English learning ability.4.1.2 The difficulty level of tasks should be appropriate The difficulty level of tasks should be appropriate.If the difficulty level of the
task is beyond the students’ ability, it will lead to the entire classroom teaching fail, and then dampen the learners’ enthusiasm.Therefore, when teachers design the listening tasks, the difficulty level is very important.There is a lot of factors that can affect the listening difficulty level, but they often fall into three types:(1)The type of language used.The contents of the listening materials should match the real life.Therefore teacher should use the spoken language rather than written language in class.(2)The purpose for listening.Teachers should prepare some questions for students before listening, and ask students to finish them after listening.(3)The context of listening.Many students can’t understand the listening material because of without background knowledge.So teachers should provide enough background information to students.4.1.3 Learning by Doing
Actually, learning by doing is gaining knowledge from practice, which emphasizes to take students as a center.Teachers should guide the students to learn the language by performing a specific task.What’s more, student can achieve and enrich the learning experiences and strategies through designing some special-purpose language activities and completing some specific communicative tasks.Therefore, they can enjoy the joy of success.Students have to master the language used in the classroom communication, although they still have to learn grammar and memorizing vocabulary.If one wants to master the knowledge of the language, he/she should depend on himself, rather than teachers.Long(1933)believe that “ a Task-Based Approach sees the language process as one of learning through doing—it is primarily engaging in meaning that the students’ system is encouraged to develop”.4.2 The steps for designing task-based teaching model in listening class
The traditional model of teaching has affected the validity of the listening class.The nature of the Task-Based Learning is the process of learning by doing, and the students are engaged in natural language learning through experience and expectation.In the process of listening, what teacher needs to do first is to provide opportunities
and designing process.And teachers have to make the process of leaning more effective, in different stages, students can master certain skills of learning by with a specific purpose and working in different sub-tasks.According to the listening teaching model of Underwood’s and Willis’ model of the task-based instruction, the author tries to establish a task-based listening teaching model.Taking “Unit 8, anything else?” as an example(Chinese Ministry of Education, 2002)4.2.1 Pre-listening stage The principal function of tasks and exercises at this stage is to provide orientation to the input topic and to activate learners’ own knowledge and frames of reference(Keith and Helen, 2002:321-328).This target can be achieved through a variety of ways: using pictures, open discussion, reading a text on the same subject, prediction of the content, or doing some language practice, such as identifying related words or a group of pre-listening problems.In addition, teachers may also need to introduce a number of important topics related words and phrases which the leaner don’t know before.The first and foremost, teacher have to come up with an interesting topic which is related to the task.The teachers should know that all the students understand what the task involves and what its goal is.At this stage, Wang(2002)provides students with the following activities to finish.(1)Prediction
Studies show that good learners usually have good prediction.In order to help students become good listeners, the teachers try to help the learners become better predictors.This teaching method can help the students to improve their ability of listening.In order to improve the students’ listening ability, teachers often give students some topics to discuss before start listening, and teachers usually use different activities to encourage students predicting what they will listen to.Many times, the listening materials contain some pictures.Students can usually predict about what they will listen to according to them.(2)Set the Scene
Another type of pre-reading activities for students is to set the scene.It is more
difficult to leaner to listen to in class than in real life.Because in our daily life, we know clearly what we talk and why we talk when we communicate with each other.However, in the classroom, we just passively listen to a lot of listening material and it does not match to real life, so it is difficult for us to understand.Therefore, teacher should provide enough background information to the English learners to activate the schema of the learners, so the students will prepare to understand what they will listen to.For example, teacher provides a picture to students, and asks them to look at it.By doing so, the schema of related scene can be activated, and thus will make the listening task easier.4.2.2 while-listening stage Crookes argues that the while-listening stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control.Because at this stage students can came across many difficulties, for example, they don’t understand what they have listened to, so some student may give up going on listening.However, if the teacher provides students with some background information, students will not lose confidence while listening.Another important thing is that if the teacher provides students with a goal or task it can help the learners to focus on the listening materials.Teacher should design different kinds of tasks for students while they are listening to a passage.A few examples are as follows.(1)Listening for the gist.At this stage, firstly, teachers should make students understand what they should know from the listening material while listening.In our daily life, we have no chance to listen to something several times.Many times, although we can’t catch every single word the speakers said, we can understand them from the gist of what they said.Therefore it is importance for teachers to prepare some questions for students before start listening, and these questions must be related to the listening materials, and then make students understand the gist of the listening materials by these questions.If teacher use this way in listening class, students will cultivate a good habit of how to practice listening, and they will know that they only focus on the gist of listening materials rather than every single word.This not only can arouse their interesting but
also can help them improve their ability of communication in our real life.(2)Taking notes while listening.Because students can’t remember all the information they have heard after listening, teacher should ask them make notes whiling listening, which can help them understand the materials clearly.Certainly, teachers should make students understand how to make notes.For example, if the listening material is about some one, teachers will ask students to focus on some important information as follows: What does he/she do? How old is he/she? What does he/she like? So students can complete some tasks through taking notes.Using this approach can improve the students’ listening ability, so teacher should make students cultivate a good habit of taking notes.(3)Listening and filling When we do listening practice, we always do some questions about blank filling.We are very familiar with it.And this question is very difficult for students to finish.So teacher give students some tips about it.For example, teachers ask students to read the uncompleted passage before listening, and then finish the blank while listening.Also teachers should let students know how to focus on the details.For example, function words are almost unstressed and therefore some times difficult for students to hear, so teachers always help students infer them according to the whole passage.Using this ways can help students improve their ability of listening comprehension.Here is an example.Tom has _____________________.Lily has____________________.Her father is a_________________.He is a _____________________.4.2.3 Post-listening stage Post learning activities comprise a range of follow-up possibilities, including lexical and grammatical development, role play, writing practice various tasks and so on(Keith and Helen, 2001:321-328)
(1)gap-filling At this sage, firstly, teachers give students an incomplete summary of the text that students will listen to.This kind of practice is also very difficult for students.Firstly, the students have to make notes while listening.And then teachers give students some minutes to tidy up their taking notes.Finally, students have to complete the summary according to their own notes.However, they can use their own words, rather than original words from the listening materials to complete the summary.This is good activity for students to practice their listening.(2)Picking up the discussions on the pre-listening.At this stage, instead of other kinds of questions, open-ended questions can be discussed.Teachers always divide the students into small groups.These questions are prepared by teacher before start listening.Certainly, the answers of some questions have been discussed before listening.For example, why do you like Beijing? Do you want to study abroad? Why? Many times, some views of students are similar to the author, so they can complete the questions easily.Another type of questions students can’t discuss before listening but only be inferred from the text.So teachers give students some minutes to prepare and divide them into small groups to share their individual views.This way can improve their study efficiency.V.Conclusion Task-Based approach shows that the teaching aims and teaching functions have been transformed.The Task-Based Approach has become a respectable new teaching approach through the 20 years of exploration and practice.It gives teachers and students a new challenge and innovation.Moreover, it stimulates students' interest and motivation, and gives students a new feeling and sense of accomplishment.At the same time, the Task-Based Approach also continue to be improved and perfected in practice.Each teaching approach has its merits and demerits, however, it is extremely important for teachers to mobilize the students’ interest in learning and to design proper tasks for students to participate in the act of listening.References [1]Anderson and Lynch.Listening[M].London: Oxford University Press,1988.[2]Bruner.Child’s talk: Learning to Use Language[M].New York: Norton,1983.[3]Crookes.Task and language learning: Integrating theory and practice[M].Clevedon: Multilingual Matters,2000.[4]Keith Johnson and Helen Johnson.Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics Handbook for Language Teaching[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2001(2):321-328 [5]Long.Input, Interaction and Second Language Acquisition PhD [D],Los Angels:University of California,1993.[6]MC Dough.Research methods for English language teachers [M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1981.[7]Nunan.Communicative Tasks and the Language Curriculum TESOL Quarterly[J].Research methods for english language teachers,1998(2): 279-295.[8]O’Malley.Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1998.[9]Prabhu.Second language pedagogy[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987.[10]Richards and Rodgers.Approaches and methods in language teaching[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.[11]Richards and Platt.Longman dictionary of language teaching[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1992.[12]Sheerin.Listening comprehension: Teaching or testing[J].English Language Teaching,1987(2):42-43.[13]Skehan, P.Tasks type and task processing condition as influences on foreign language Performance[J].Language Teaching Research ,1998(4):185-211 [14]Ur.Discussion on listening comprehension[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996.[15]Underwood.Have you heard?[ M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,1999.[16]Wang Qiang.A Course in English Language Teaching[M].Beijing: Higher Education
press,2000.[17]Willis.A Flexible Framework for Task-Based Learning[J].Change in Language Teaching 1996(2)52-62.[18]蔡蘭珍.任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在大學(xué)英語寫作中的應(yīng)用[J].外語界,2002,(4):41-46.[19]成曉光.對(duì)我國課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的思考[J].外語與外語教學(xué),1995,(2):23-250.[20]方申萍.譯述第二語言聽力理解中的學(xué)習(xí)策略培訓(xùn)[J].國外外語教學(xué),2000,(4):21-45.[21]豐玉芳.任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J].外語與外語教學(xué),2004,(6):35-380.[22]葛文山.簡論任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式在基礎(chǔ)英語中的實(shí)施[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué),2003,(2):28-300.[23]國家教育部.英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[M].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2001.[24]國家教育部.Go for it[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2002.[25]廖曉青.Bangalore交際教學(xué)簡介[J].國外外語教學(xué),2002,(2):24-280.[26]李敏.任務(wù)型教學(xué)在中學(xué)英語聽力教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用[D].甘肅:教育學(xué)院英語學(xué)科教育,2005.[27]魏永紅.任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J].外語與外語學(xué),2004,(6):35-50.Acknowledgements
My deep gratitude first goes to my tutor, Mr.Liu, who has given me a lot of enlightening instructions in my paper and guides me through the process of writing this essay.He always takes pains to read my papers and gives me valuable advice.Without his guidance and valuable suggestions, the completion of this essay would not have been possible.I really appreciate his unreserved help and will keep it in mind forever.Sincere thanks also go to the others teachers who taught me during my four years of college life.They have greatly benefited my intellectual growth through their inspiring lectures.I am also grateful to my dear roommates and friends who have offered me a lot of helpful suggestions and valuable reference books.Finally, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family for their support, encouragement and understanding they have given me for these years.
第二篇:任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在大學(xué)英語聽力中的運(yùn)用
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在大學(xué)英語聽力中的運(yùn)用
【摘要】提高學(xué)生的英語聽力能力是當(dāng)前大學(xué)英語課程教學(xué)改革的重難點(diǎn)之一。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法是交際法的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,運(yùn)用于大學(xué)聽力課程中,能夠更好的解決聽力課堂上存在的一些問題,讓學(xué)生通過實(shí)踐,主動(dòng)的積極地參與到課堂活動(dòng)中,提高自己學(xué)習(xí)的能力。在大學(xué)英語聽力教學(xué)中運(yùn)用任務(wù)型教學(xué)法,通過前期任務(wù),任務(wù)環(huán)和語言點(diǎn)的學(xué)習(xí)提高聽力能力。
【關(guān)鍵詞】任務(wù)型教學(xué)法;大學(xué)英語聽力引言
隨著我國改革開放的不斷發(fā)展,對(duì)于英語教學(xué)的要求也越來越高。聽力作為語言的輸入部分,一直都是大學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的薄弱部分,很多學(xué)生都覺得聽力課上的十分吃力。目前,在很多學(xué)校中對(duì)聽力的教學(xué)方式仍然是先聽力一遍錄音,然后教師提問,學(xué)生回答。如果學(xué)生回答不出來,就再聽一遍錄音。這種單一的教學(xué)方式既不能有效的教學(xué),又不能調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的積極性。久而久之,學(xué)生對(duì)聽力學(xué)習(xí)就失去了興趣。在現(xiàn)代的教學(xué)法中,要求以學(xué)生為主體,教師只是教學(xué)的指導(dǎo)者。筆者認(rèn)為運(yùn)用任務(wù)型教學(xué)法能夠很好地實(shí)現(xiàn)這一要求,同時(shí)也能夠調(diào)動(dòng)起學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)聽力的積極性。任務(wù)教學(xué)法概述
在20世紀(jì)80年代,任務(wù)型教學(xué)法盛行于美國,英國,澳大利亞等國。許多國家的語言學(xué)家都對(duì)任務(wù)型教學(xué)法進(jìn)行了研究,這些語言學(xué)家也對(duì)“任務(wù)”這一詞下了很多定義,如:Long, Breen, Prabhu.Long 認(rèn)為任務(wù)是個(gè)人為自己或者他人承擔(dān)的無償?shù)幕蛘呤怯袃數(shù)囊豁?xiàng)工作。換言之,“任務(wù)”就是人們?cè)谌粘I睿ぷ鳎瑠蕵分兴龅氖虑椤reen 則認(rèn)為任務(wù)是指有實(shí)施語言學(xué)習(xí)為目的的一系列工作計(jì)劃,其中的語言學(xué)習(xí)包括從簡單的練習(xí)到復(fù)雜的活動(dòng),例如:小組解決問題或者情景問題以及決策制定。Prabhu 認(rèn)為任務(wù)是一種活動(dòng),該活動(dòng)要求學(xué)者經(jīng)過所知的信息到多重思考從而所得出結(jié)果,教師字在活動(dòng)中主要控制和規(guī)范思考的過程。
對(duì)于任務(wù)型教學(xué)法現(xiàn)在普遍認(rèn)為其主要功能是為課堂活動(dòng)提供一個(gè)目的以及使語言教學(xué)更有交際性。
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法作為一種比較先進(jìn),全面的新型教學(xué)法,有著許多特點(diǎn):強(qiáng)調(diào)通過目的語來學(xué)習(xí)交流;為學(xué)生提供一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),讓學(xué)生不僅將注意力在語言本身同時(shí)也集中在學(xué)習(xí)過程中;加強(qiáng)學(xué)者作為課堂中一個(gè)重要貢獻(xiàn)部分的自身經(jīng)歷;使課堂上的語言學(xué)習(xí)與課堂外的語言活動(dòng)聯(lián)系起來等。
3聽力教學(xué)中的問題
3.1教師的教學(xué)方式?jīng)]效果
首先,教師對(duì)聽力教學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)也會(huì)影響教學(xué)效果。
盡管所有教師都認(rèn)為語言教師掌握運(yùn)用在語言教學(xué)中教學(xué)理論,但是絕大多數(shù)教師對(duì)于聽力教學(xué)的理論知識(shí)不夠。而教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)是教學(xué)方法的主要來源。因此這些教師就不能最大限度的使用好教學(xué)材料。總所周知,教師的聽力教學(xué)是基于教學(xué)原則上的。那些沒有使用聽力原則的聽力材料會(huì)使教學(xué)變得枯燥。一方面,教師們沒有時(shí)間為學(xué)生選擇一些相關(guān)的聽力材料。另一方面,教師們發(fā)現(xiàn)與教學(xué)材料相關(guān)的資源不多。過猶不及,很多老師都在研究如何使用聽力方法卻忽視了學(xué)生的喜好。同樣也會(huì)使得教學(xué)變得索然無味。
其次,教師的教學(xué)方式也會(huì)影響教學(xué)效果。
如果學(xué)生做不出課本上的聽力練習(xí)題,教師就只是重復(fù)地播放聽力材料。而這些聽力練習(xí)題通常是填空,連線。那么可以說,教師缺乏有效的教學(xué)方法。他們只會(huì)聽力教學(xué)的簡單方法。對(duì)于聽力教學(xué)方法這個(gè)問題,基本上所有教師一致認(rèn)為是教師的教學(xué)方法不能滿足學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的需求。聽力教師只能教授書本上的材料。不難看出,填空,連線這類的練習(xí)并不適合聽力教學(xué)的每個(gè)單元。
3.2學(xué)生對(duì)聽力課缺少學(xué)習(xí)興趣
由于教師的聽力教學(xué)方式?jīng)]有效果,很少使用有效的教學(xué)方法。只有一些簡單的固定的方法在聽力課堂上不斷的重復(fù),使得學(xué)生對(duì)于聽力課逐漸的失去了興趣,最終導(dǎo)致很多大學(xué)生遇到聽力課就逃課的現(xiàn)象。任務(wù)型聽力在大學(xué)英語課堂的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施
4.1任務(wù)型聽力的教學(xué)目的
任務(wù)型聽力的教學(xué)目的包括聽懂材料內(nèi)容和運(yùn)用聽力材料,教師設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)目的時(shí)不僅要考慮到學(xué)生對(duì)新知識(shí)的接受程度,而且要考慮到聽力材料的現(xiàn)實(shí)作用,聽力材料要具有代表性和現(xiàn)實(shí)性。在21世紀(jì),新聞聽力在日常生活中扮演了十分重要的角色。因此,教師要精心的挑選聽力材料。同時(shí),也要注意聽力材料的難度。設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)是應(yīng)該注意由簡到難,循循漸進(jìn),由初級(jí)任務(wù)到高級(jí)任務(wù)的過渡。值得注意的是各個(gè)任務(wù)都有關(guān)聯(lián)性,能夠組成一個(gè)任務(wù)鏈,這個(gè)任務(wù)鏈的基本要求就是要使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣,讓學(xué)生在不斷的主動(dòng)地參與到教師交給的任務(wù)的同時(shí),感受到學(xué)習(xí)的快樂,掌握學(xué)習(xí)的方法。在設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的時(shí)候,教師要考慮到全班同學(xué)各個(gè)不同的英語聽力層次,智力能力,要根據(jù)不同的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況把握好任務(wù)的形式,難度和趣味性,使學(xué)生都能積極地完成任務(wù)。
4.2任務(wù)型教學(xué)在大學(xué)聽力中的具體運(yùn)用
根據(jù)Wills的理論,任務(wù)型教學(xué)法可分為三個(gè)階段:前期任務(wù)、任務(wù)環(huán)和語言點(diǎn)。
在大學(xué)聽力教學(xué)中前期任務(wù)即是,教師首先呈現(xiàn)出與聽力材料相關(guān)的話題,首先引起學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,根據(jù)材料的難度和學(xué)生的能力,講解單詞和短語。接著教師就需要分布學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。此時(shí)的前期任務(wù)主要可以分為兩個(gè)步驟。第一步:聽前回答。教師根據(jù)聽力材料,學(xué)生聽力能力,設(shè)計(jì)一些問題,讓學(xué)生聽前思考,激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣和大膽預(yù)測的能力。第二步:聽前預(yù)測。讓學(xué)生根據(jù)試卷上的題目等文字材料找出少許背景知識(shí),猜測聽力材料的文本類型。
在任務(wù)環(huán)這個(gè)階段,教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生抓住主題句、關(guān)鍵詞和信號(hào)詞。比如,主題句通常出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭,因此要仔細(xì)聽材料的前幾句話,了解文章的主旨思想。在出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞時(shí),要注意其后的內(nèi)容。轉(zhuǎn)折詞是一類信號(hào)詞。教師也要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在聽的同時(shí)做簡單的筆記。許多學(xué)生能大概聽懂文章的意思,但是對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)性內(nèi)容記不住。對(duì)于這一問題,就需要教師多訓(xùn)練學(xué)生做筆記的方法和能力。將文章中關(guān)鍵的部分,比如時(shí)間,數(shù)字,轉(zhuǎn)折后或?qū)Ρ刃詢?nèi)容。完成聽力后,教師應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生圍繞著聽力材料從各個(gè)方面對(duì)材料進(jìn)行分析,請(qǐng)幾位做的比較好的學(xué)生分享自己的聽力技巧,對(duì)聽力材料的層次、結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行討論分析。
在語言點(diǎn)這個(gè)方面,教師可以讓學(xué)生在聽完材料后提出聽力過程中的難點(diǎn)障礙,然后教師有針對(duì)性的進(jìn)行講解和練習(xí)。結(jié)論
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法是當(dāng)代的新型教學(xué)法,是對(duì)交際法的繼承和發(fā)展。傳統(tǒng)的聽力教學(xué)方式使的學(xué)生對(duì)聽力學(xué)習(xí)失去了興趣,感覺學(xué)習(xí)是件十分枯燥的事情。而任務(wù)型教學(xué)法把培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力作為教學(xué)目的之一。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的優(yōu)勢在于能夠在學(xué)習(xí)之前調(diào)動(dòng)起學(xué)生的積極性,能夠更加有效率的學(xué)習(xí),能夠讓學(xué)生享受到學(xué)習(xí)的成果和快樂。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法所擁有的這些優(yōu)點(diǎn)使之成為大學(xué)英語聽力教學(xué)中的有效方法。通過前期任務(wù)、任務(wù)環(huán)以及語言點(diǎn)這三個(gè)步驟,切實(shí)有效的提高學(xué)生的聽力能力,傳授學(xué)生的聽力學(xué)習(xí)方法,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]甘玲玲.2013.任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在大學(xué)英語聽力教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用[J].百色學(xué)院學(xué)(26):3
[2]李藝.2009.大學(xué)英語聽力教學(xué)中的任務(wù)型教學(xué)法探究[J].外語教學(xué)與研究(12):12-13
[3]石海瑩.2007.高中英語聽力教學(xué)中存在的問題及解決辦法[J].內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),(6):55-56
[4]張超清,李曉東.2009 任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在大學(xué)聽力課中的運(yùn)用[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究導(dǎo)刊,(26)
第三篇:任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中生物學(xué)課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中生物學(xué)課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
摘要:近年來,教育研究和教育改革不斷深入,廣大教師在教學(xué)實(shí)踐過程中通過總結(jié)和創(chuàng)新引入了各種新式教學(xué)法,而任務(wù)型教學(xué)法是在對(duì)以往各種教學(xué)法“取其精華,去其糟粕”的基礎(chǔ)上形成的一種新型教學(xué)法,在課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用范圍不斷擴(kuò)大。同時(shí),這一教學(xué)法對(duì)初中生物學(xué)課堂教學(xué)發(fā)揮了不可或缺的重要作用。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法作為一種先進(jìn)的教學(xué)理念,強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的主動(dòng)參與并以學(xué)習(xí)為中心,旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過實(shí)踐,加強(qiáng)合作與交流并履行一系列教學(xué)任務(wù),最終實(shí)現(xiàn)“做中學(xué),做中求進(jìn)步”的教學(xué)目標(biāo)。
關(guān)鍵詞: 任務(wù)型教學(xué)法
初中生物課堂教學(xué)
教學(xué)應(yīng)用
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法顧名思義多指以互動(dòng)或交際方式進(jìn)行的合作性活動(dòng)。生物教學(xué)即科學(xué)教學(xué),對(duì)于生物這樣一門兼具探究性與實(shí)驗(yàn)性的學(xué)科而言,“做”的過程即履行任務(wù)的過程是生物課堂教學(xué)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),而任務(wù)型教學(xué)法將在其課堂教學(xué)中發(fā)揮自身不可比擬的優(yōu)勢。下面我就“任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中生物學(xué)課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用”這一問題談?wù)勛约旱目捶ā?/p>
一、充分了解任務(wù)型教學(xué)法,把握其理念和特點(diǎn)
要在初中生物課堂教學(xué)中充分發(fā)揮任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的優(yōu)勢,提高學(xué)生探究能力和自主學(xué)習(xí)能力,首先充分認(rèn)識(shí)并了解任務(wù)型教學(xué)法,全面把握其教學(xué)理念和自身優(yōu)勢,將其貫穿初中生物課堂教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)中。初中生物內(nèi)容豐富,涉及的一些概念單純依靠教師的講述很難徹底理解,因此要借助實(shí)驗(yàn)等形式幫助學(xué)生進(jìn)行理解,這就需要發(fā)揮任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的優(yōu)勢。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的六大基本要素分別是目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容、程序、輸入材料、教師和學(xué)習(xí)者的角色及情景,教師實(shí)施任務(wù)型教學(xué)法時(shí)要立足于這六個(gè)基本要素,合理規(guī)劃教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。其次,教師制訂教學(xué)計(jì)劃時(shí)要遵循任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的原則即真實(shí)性原則、可操作性原則、實(shí)用性原則、趣味性原則和功能原則,教師應(yīng)將任務(wù)型教學(xué)法和初中生物這一學(xué)科的特點(diǎn)緊密結(jié)合,發(fā)揮其優(yōu)勢,通過各種任務(wù)的設(shè)置,激發(fā)學(xué)生興趣,并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在履行任務(wù)的過程中,通過實(shí)踐與操作進(jìn)行合作與交流,調(diào)動(dòng)已有知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),獨(dú)立思考,最終理解并掌握所學(xué)知識(shí)。
二、任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中生物學(xué)課堂教學(xué)中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用
對(duì)于任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)法在初中生物課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用,需要教師根據(jù)實(shí)際學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)科學(xué)合理的任務(wù)。具體來說,我認(rèn)為任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的應(yīng)用可以從以下方面入手。
1.合理分組,科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。由于生物這門學(xué)科具有密集的知識(shí)點(diǎn),涵蓋內(nèi)容很廣,而初中生剛剛接觸生物這一學(xué)科,要通過個(gè)人完成教室布置的任務(wù)具有一定難度,因此教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行小組合作學(xué)習(xí),小組建立要由教師統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃,綜合考慮學(xué)生的課堂表現(xiàn)及學(xué)習(xí)特點(diǎn)等方面,實(shí)現(xiàn)合理、互補(bǔ)的分組,并由小組成員推薦出小組長。教師在以小組為單位發(fā)布任務(wù)時(shí),要求各小組再將任務(wù)分離開來給各成員,確保各個(gè)成員都有參與任務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì)并科學(xué)地設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。如在學(xué)習(xí)七年級(jí)上冊(cè)“生物圈中的綠色植物”這一單元時(shí),當(dāng)學(xué)生研究“植物的細(xì)胞的吸水”這一內(nèi)容時(shí),讓學(xué)生將蔫了的青菜放到清水、鹽水中,進(jìn)行對(duì)比觀察實(shí)驗(yàn),過一段時(shí)間觀察變化,這一實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中包括材料的選擇和觀察結(jié)果的記錄等環(huán)節(jié)都可以具體任務(wù)的形式布置給小組成員,實(shí)現(xiàn)任務(wù)的分解。需要注意的是,教師要提醒小組的分解任務(wù)之間要有連接和遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,便于保證總?cè)蝿?wù)的質(zhì)量,體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的參與性,發(fā)揮學(xué)生的自主性。
2.明確目標(biāo),發(fā)揮引導(dǎo)作用。教學(xué)目標(biāo)的制定是教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)實(shí)施的先決條件,教師應(yīng)該根據(jù)本學(xué)期整體教學(xué)計(jì)劃調(diào)整任務(wù)教學(xué)內(nèi)容,確保課程規(guī)劃的可行性和教材內(nèi)容的配合力度。生物學(xué)習(xí)講究貫穿性和連接性,教師對(duì)任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該以本節(jié)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ),為上節(jié)內(nèi)容簡單回顧和下節(jié)內(nèi)容簡單預(yù)習(xí)做好鏈接,充分發(fā)揮任務(wù)的串聯(lián)作用,并對(duì)小組任務(wù)完成情況進(jìn)行分析評(píng)估,以此作為下節(jié)課任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)難度、范圍的參考。其次,教師要在學(xué)生履行任務(wù)的過程中發(fā)揮引導(dǎo)作用。如在進(jìn)行各類生物實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí),為了尊重學(xué)生的主體地位,發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性,教師要密切注意學(xué)生的操作過程,可以準(zhǔn)備記錄本將學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)情況記錄下來,當(dāng)學(xué)生在履行任務(wù)的過程中遇到困難時(shí)給予及時(shí)幫助。
3.合理評(píng)價(jià),開展課堂總結(jié)。在傳統(tǒng)初中生物課堂教學(xué)中,教師對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)往往以單調(diào)的終結(jié)性考試為檢閱標(biāo)準(zhǔn),測試結(jié)果僅僅是對(duì)單一知識(shí)內(nèi)容的體現(xiàn),違背任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的教學(xué)理念,同時(shí)限制學(xué)生的全面發(fā)展。因此,合理地進(jìn)行任務(wù)評(píng)價(jià),講究評(píng)價(jià)藝術(shù)是實(shí)施任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的重要環(huán)節(jié)。任務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)是檢驗(yàn)課堂教學(xué)效率和學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)效率的最佳方法之一,目的是激勵(lì)學(xué)生。教師可以根據(jù)課堂記錄對(duì)各個(gè)小組和組內(nèi)成員進(jìn)行點(diǎn)評(píng),提高個(gè)人完成任務(wù)的積極性并為小組合作提供動(dòng)力,可以通過設(shè)置優(yōu)秀小組和優(yōu)秀個(gè)人獎(jiǎng)等形式提高學(xué)生的參與積極性,而學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力是評(píng)價(jià)的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,教師要通過任務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)盡量避免學(xué)生的低效和無效學(xué)習(xí)。此外,通過任務(wù)評(píng)價(jià),教師可以及時(shí)進(jìn)行教學(xué)反思并總結(jié)課堂教學(xué)具體開展情況。可以說,進(jìn)行課堂總結(jié)是實(shí)施任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的重要步驟,通過課堂總結(jié),評(píng)價(jià)課堂開展效果,為下次生物課堂教學(xué)實(shí)施提供借鑒,這也是回顧課堂、完善課堂的有效形式。
三、任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在教學(xué)中存在不足,需要進(jìn)一步完善
作為一種新型的教學(xué)方法,任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中生物課堂教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用時(shí)間較短,因此在實(shí)際應(yīng)用過程中難免存在一些問題,如在進(jìn)行任務(wù)選擇、需要分析和任務(wù)等級(jí)評(píng)定時(shí)存在的不完備地方都是需要進(jìn)一步完善的,此外,在學(xué)生履行任務(wù)的過程中教師的指導(dǎo)方式有待研究。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在生物教學(xué)中存在的這些不足之處,還有待廣大教師進(jìn)一步探討和研究,教師要針對(duì)任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中生物課堂教學(xué)中的實(shí)施現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析,充分發(fā)揮任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的優(yōu)勢,提高學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新精神和獨(dú)立思考能力。
結(jié)語
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在初中生物課堂教學(xué)中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用需要廣大教師在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中不斷探索,總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn),為學(xué)生的生物學(xué)習(xí)奠定基礎(chǔ)并提高學(xué)生的科學(xué)素養(yǎng)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]陳伶俐.淺談任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)原則[J].北方文學(xué)(下旬刊),2013(10).[2]王明紅.論探究性學(xué)習(xí)在生物教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用[J].中國電力教育,2010(04).
第四篇:任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法始于20世紀(jì)80年代,是吸收了以往多種教學(xué)法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)而形成的。它作為一個(gè)新的理念,正備受英語界的關(guān)注,在英語教學(xué)中是非常有效的。它可以激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,有助于學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí),同時(shí)使學(xué)生有意識(shí)地把語言知識(shí)和語言技能結(jié)合起來,牢固掌握知識(shí),從而應(yīng)用到英語學(xué)習(xí)中,獲得語言運(yùn)用的綜合能力。它給學(xué)生的英語學(xué)習(xí)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)理想的環(huán)境,啟發(fā)學(xué)生的想像力和創(chuàng)造性思維,有助于拓寬學(xué)生的知識(shí)面,使學(xué)生能夠運(yùn)用英語分析和解決真實(shí)生活中所存在的問題,從而達(dá)到“為用而學(xué)、用中學(xué)、學(xué)中用”的目的。
根據(jù)任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的重要理論可知,任務(wù)型教學(xué)法屬于以學(xué)習(xí)為中心的教學(xué)法。任務(wù)型教學(xué)是指教師通過引導(dǎo)語言學(xué)習(xí)在課堂上完成任務(wù)來進(jìn)行的教學(xué)。它以合理的任務(wù)組織教學(xué),使學(xué)生積極參與,強(qiáng)化他們的互動(dòng)交流能力,培養(yǎng)他們自身的認(rèn)知能力,調(diào)動(dòng)他們大腦中的英語資源,在履行任務(wù)的過程中激發(fā)學(xué)生的語言習(xí)得和應(yīng)用能力。任務(wù)概念是任務(wù)型教學(xué)法中的重要概念,也是整個(gè)語言教學(xué)、乃至許多非語言學(xué)科課堂教學(xué)理論的重要概念。在英語的教學(xué)中,在很大程度上,教師對(duì)任務(wù)的選擇決定了課堂學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)、學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行的方式、學(xué)生和教師角色的作用,甚至學(xué)習(xí)成果的表現(xiàn)和評(píng)價(jià)方式。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法是一種以學(xué)生為中心的、能體現(xiàn)英語語言價(jià)值的有效教學(xué)途徑,包含先進(jìn)的教學(xué)原則和理念,但要將它有效地應(yīng)用于外語教學(xué)課堂中,我們中學(xué)英語教學(xué)實(shí)踐者必須首先做到的是認(rèn)識(shí)和了解任務(wù)及任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的本質(zhì),以及任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)的基本原則。運(yùn)用任務(wù)型教學(xué)法進(jìn)行英語教學(xué)的過程中,教師要做的首要環(huán)節(jié)就是呈現(xiàn)任務(wù)。在任務(wù)的驅(qū)動(dòng)下,學(xué)生能夠運(yùn)用自己的思維,通過完成具體的任務(wù)主動(dòng)地去習(xí)得英語,并且積極、主動(dòng)地參與到各種任務(wù)中來,真正地做到“做中學(xué)”,并從中獲得和積累相應(yīng)的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),享受學(xué)習(xí)帶來的樂趣。
在英語教學(xué)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,任務(wù)型教學(xué)使學(xué)生身臨其境,真正獲得情感體驗(yàn)和調(diào)整學(xué)習(xí)策略,形成積極的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度,促進(jìn)其語言實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力的提高。它強(qiáng)調(diào)以任務(wù)為核心,任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量是一堂課成敗的關(guān)鍵。另外,Skehan也提出“表達(dá)意義是任務(wù)的首要目的。”所以,在設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的過程中,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)站在教學(xué)目標(biāo)的高度,從學(xué)生的角度考慮,分析某特定年齡階段學(xué)生的心理,切實(shí)了解學(xué)生想做什么,會(huì)做什么,該做什么,從而設(shè)計(jì)出促使學(xué)生全面發(fā)展的以意義為中心的任務(wù),真正做到教學(xué)以教師為主導(dǎo)以學(xué)生為主體。任務(wù)型課堂教學(xué)活動(dòng)根據(jù)其交互特點(diǎn)可大致分為五類:故事鏈任務(wù)(小組中每人講一段故事,全小組講完整個(gè)故事);信息差任務(wù)(兩組或多組信息互補(bǔ),協(xié)商完成任務(wù));解決問題任務(wù)(圍繞一個(gè)問題或根據(jù)一系列信息,找出解決問題的辦法);做決定任務(wù)(圍繞一個(gè)和多個(gè)結(jié)果,通過協(xié)商或討論作出選擇);觀點(diǎn)交換任務(wù)(通過討論,相互交換意見,不必達(dá)成共識(shí))。譬如,在教師講授有關(guān)購物知識(shí)的課堂上,為激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣,可以這樣設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù):把學(xué)生分為兩組:一組學(xué)生扮演店員,一組扮演顧客。要求扮演店員的學(xué)生要努力銷售自己的物品,以成為第一個(gè)賣完物品又掙最多錢的人;扮演顧客的學(xué)生每人有50元,要購買老師發(fā)給的購物單上的物品(不同的店可以賣同樣的物品),他們要向不同的店員詢問價(jià)格,看誰能用最少的錢買到要求的物品。然后換角色再進(jìn)行一次。這樣設(shè)計(jì)符合學(xué)生的常識(shí)和心理,學(xué)生就不會(huì)有被迫學(xué)習(xí)的感覺,具有生活氣息和真實(shí)性。從上面所述,我們可以看出任務(wù)型教學(xué)具有較為明確的目標(biāo)指向,這種目標(biāo)指向具有兩重性,一是任務(wù)本身要達(dá)到的非教學(xué)目的,二是利用任務(wù)所要達(dá)到的預(yù)期的教學(xué)目的。還具有詳細(xì)的任務(wù)內(nèi)容和履行某一任務(wù)的程序和方法,即做什么和怎樣做;教師要提前準(zhǔn)備好一些輔助材料,使任務(wù)更具真實(shí)性,使任務(wù)的履行更具操作性,更好地與教學(xué)結(jié)合;促使學(xué)生與學(xué)生之間、學(xué)生與教師之間、學(xué)生與輸入材料之間進(jìn)行雙邊或多邊互動(dòng)。在任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)中,要遵循連貫性,實(shí)用性,趣味性;并且教師必須轉(zhuǎn)變一個(gè)觀念,就是要充分相信學(xué)生的能力,學(xué)生本身就是最可利用的課程資源;充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的獨(dú)立性和創(chuàng)造性,使學(xué)生擅于表達(dá),擅于交流。
在英語的實(shí)際教學(xué)中,影響任務(wù)實(shí)施的的因素有很多。對(duì)于選擇任務(wù)型教學(xué)法實(shí)施課堂教學(xué)的教師(包括大綱設(shè)計(jì)者和教材編寫者)來說,最實(shí)際的一個(gè)問題就是如何使任務(wù)的難度適合于學(xué)習(xí)者當(dāng)前的語言程度和水平。要把握和調(diào)整任務(wù)的難度,就必須分析影響任務(wù)難度的因素。一個(gè)顯而易見的事實(shí)是,語言因素并不是任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)中確定難度的唯一因素。我們以聽力任務(wù)為例,一些非語言因素也起非常重要的作用。包括聽話人的內(nèi)部因素,如注意力、對(duì)一篇聽力相關(guān)知識(shí)的了解、對(duì)主題的興趣﹑動(dòng)機(jī)等,甚至聽話人當(dāng)時(shí)的心情好壞,都可能對(duì)聽力理解的成功與否產(chǎn)生影響。Brown和Yule就曾提出影響聽力難度的四大因素。其一是說話人因素,包括參與說話的人數(shù),說話人是否使用方言,語速、語音是否標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等;其二是聽話人因素,包括聽話人的角色(參與者,旁聽者,甚至偷聽者)、要求回答的信息涵蓋量、聽話人對(duì)主題的了解等;其三是內(nèi)容因素,包括所聽語篇的類型、語篇涉及的語法、詞匯及信息結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜度、所涉及的背景知識(shí)等;其四是輔助因素,即在聽的過程之中,是否提供可以促進(jìn)理解的輔助手段,如圖表、關(guān)鍵詞匯或短語等。事實(shí)上,如果對(duì)Brown和Yule所列舉的這些大項(xiàng)所包含的子項(xiàng)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析,還可找出更多的影響理解聽力難度的因素。以“語篇”為例,就包括:首先,語篇信息組織和結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜度;其二,所提供信息的充分程度(是否需要通過推理才能獲得信息或問題答案);其三,所涉及的主題,比如是日常生活中廣為熟悉的,還是較專業(yè)或生僻的;其四,語篇在信息組織中使用銜接手段的類型。另外,聽話人目的也影響任務(wù)實(shí)施的難度。所謂聽話人目的,是指聽話人根據(jù)任務(wù)需要對(duì)語篇進(jìn)行理解和加工的方式和程度。如識(shí)別、定位、重點(diǎn)理解、細(xì)節(jié)理解、全面理解、推理等。如果只要求識(shí)別,判斷出人名﹑地名﹑事物名稱﹑廣告中的形容詞,任務(wù)的難度很小,如要求全面理解,或需要推理信息,則任務(wù)的難度顯然要增大。由上述可知,在任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)中,影響任務(wù)難度的因素多種多樣。教師應(yīng)根據(jù)學(xué)生的具體情況,綜合分析不同任務(wù)中影響任務(wù)難度的種種因素,選擇合適的任務(wù)的原則搭配,同時(shí)利用或提供必要的輔助手段,將任務(wù)難度調(diào)整到適當(dāng)程度,以使任務(wù)具有可操作性,真實(shí)性,使教學(xué)達(dá)到最佳效果。在教師的指導(dǎo)下,使學(xué)生在活動(dòng)中學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí),培養(yǎng)人際交往、思考、決策和應(yīng)變能力,使學(xué)生德智體美勞全面發(fā)展。
在英語教學(xué)中,任務(wù)型教學(xué)仍然存在不足,需要進(jìn)一步發(fā)展、完善。首先,教師不能完全按照任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的理論進(jìn)行教學(xué)活動(dòng),要有意識(shí)地把理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合,根據(jù)具體情況做適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。譬如,英國語言學(xué)家Jane Willis在她的專著A Framework for Task-based Learning 中提出的任務(wù)型課堂教學(xué)的三個(gè)步驟: 1.前任務(wù)(Pre-Task)——教師引入任務(wù)。
2.任務(wù)循環(huán)流程(Task-cycle):
a.任務(wù)(task)——學(xué)生執(zhí)行任務(wù);
b.計(jì)劃(planning)——各組學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備如何向全班報(bào)告任務(wù)完成的情況;
c.報(bào)告(reporting)——學(xué)生報(bào)告任務(wù)完成情況。
3.語言聚焦(Language focus):
a.分析(analysis)——學(xué)生通過錄音分析其他各組執(zhí)行任務(wù)的情況;
b.操練(practice)——學(xué)生在教師指導(dǎo)下練習(xí)語言難點(diǎn)。
如果教師讓學(xué)生按照任務(wù)循環(huán)流程(Task-cycle)中的三個(gè)步驟進(jìn)行課堂活動(dòng),會(huì)使學(xué)生感覺到?jīng)]有新意,使課堂氛圍機(jī)械乏味。因?yàn)檫@樣的任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)可能大大超出學(xué)生的能力和知識(shí)面,使他們產(chǎn)生“我們什么都不知道”的心理壓力,導(dǎo)致學(xué)生失去學(xué)習(xí)興趣,產(chǎn)生厭學(xué)的情緒。并且,作為促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)的教學(xué)任務(wù),教師更多地關(guān)注它的教學(xué)目的,在授課過程中也難以把握這個(gè)合適的尺度。所以一些任務(wù)型教學(xué)的理論需要進(jìn)一步提高和完善,需要在實(shí)踐中多多探討。另外,學(xué)生大多以小組的形式來完成任務(wù),教師在其間不直接指導(dǎo)會(huì)使一些學(xué)生產(chǎn)生僥幸心理,敷衍了事。如果這種現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn),教師不能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)及時(shí)給予指導(dǎo),會(huì)非常不利于學(xué)生的心理健康乃至國家教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展。
在英語的教學(xué)中,任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的效果是非常顯著的,它給學(xué)生提供了表現(xiàn)自我的機(jī)會(huì)和進(jìn)行語言交流的平臺(tái),激發(fā)學(xué)生進(jìn)行獨(dú)立思考,有利于保持英語學(xué)習(xí)的積極性,養(yǎng)成良好的語言習(xí)得。在教師的指導(dǎo)下,使教學(xué)活動(dòng)呈階梯式層層推進(jìn),使語言的學(xué)習(xí)過程逐漸自動(dòng)化和自主化。但是它是一種新型的語言教學(xué)方式,需要在教學(xué)的過程中不斷探索,不斷實(shí)踐,從而積累精華,使任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式在英語語言學(xué)習(xí)上達(dá)到近乎完美的效果。
第五篇:任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
2012級(jí)英語師范2班 李倩 20124033058 【摘要】:隨著全球化形勢的發(fā)展,以及對(duì)具有英語綜合能力的人才的需求,任務(wù)型教學(xué)法由國外引入到我國的大學(xué)英語課堂教學(xué)中。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法重視學(xué)生的情感因素,強(qiáng)調(diào)通過任務(wù)來實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)語言的意識(shí)和感知,它不僅發(fā)展聽、說、讀、寫等多種語言技能,并且在此基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展綜合運(yùn)用英語的能力。本文從各個(gè)方面著手,通過對(duì)任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的分析,探討任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用。【關(guān)鍵詞】: 任務(wù)型教學(xué)法 英語教學(xué) 分析應(yīng)用 【正文】:
一、任務(wù)型教學(xué)法的定義及其基本理論
任務(wù)教學(xué)法是指以完成交際任務(wù)為教學(xué)目標(biāo)的外語教學(xué)方法,它通過師生互動(dòng)來共同完成語言教學(xué)任務(wù),使外語學(xué)習(xí)者自然地習(xí)得語言,取得外語學(xué)習(xí)的進(jìn)步。學(xué)生知識(shí)的獲得主要不是靠教師傳授,而是學(xué)習(xí)者在一定的情境(即社會(huì)文化背景)下借助他人(包括教師和學(xué)習(xí)伙伴)的幫助,利用必要的學(xué)習(xí)資料獲得。在這一教學(xué)過程中,教師根據(jù)教學(xué)目標(biāo),課前精心設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),課堂上以學(xué)生完成既定任務(wù)為主,輔以教師的適當(dāng)指導(dǎo),學(xué)生通過自己的努力去實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃、完成任務(wù),而且在這一過程中不斷評(píng)估自己的學(xué)習(xí)。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法模式,要求學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下通過“做中學(xué),學(xué)中做”全面發(fā)展。綜合運(yùn)用語言能力,以任務(wù)為教學(xué)策略基礎(chǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)從運(yùn)用語言的任務(wù)入手進(jìn)行教學(xué),讓學(xué)生完成一項(xiàng)事實(shí)的任務(wù)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言的能力。它體現(xiàn)了“以學(xué)生為主體,以任務(wù)為中心和以活動(dòng)為方式”的思想,有助于學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí),提高學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言進(jìn)行交際的能力,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的興趣和信心,是素質(zhì)教育在英語教學(xué)中的具體體現(xiàn)。
任務(wù)型教學(xué)的目標(biāo):任務(wù)型教學(xué)把人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)生活中所做的事情細(xì)分為若干非常具體的“任務(wù)”并把培養(yǎng)學(xué)生具備完成這些任務(wù)的能力作為教學(xué)目標(biāo)。任務(wù)型課堂模式把學(xué)生的注意力聚集在怎樣利用英語作為交流的工具來完成任務(wù),而不只是關(guān)心自己所說的句子是否正確,任務(wù)完成的結(jié)果為學(xué)習(xí)者提供自我評(píng)價(jià)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并使其產(chǎn)生成就感這些目標(biāo)是為課堂教學(xué)服務(wù)的,學(xué)生是直接的受益者。任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)的理論依據(jù):理論依據(jù)來自許多方面,有心理學(xué)、社會(huì)語言學(xué)、語言習(xí)得研究等等。任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)的理論依據(jù)之一來自對(duì)語言習(xí)得的研究,根據(jù)語言習(xí)得懂得規(guī)律,語法知識(shí)的記憶不能保證語言使用的正確,必須有大量的語言輸入才能使得學(xué)生掌握所學(xué)習(xí)的語言,即語言的真實(shí)使用。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法也可以最大限度地激發(fā)學(xué)生內(nèi)在的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)。在語言的使用方面,采用各種各樣的任務(wù),也可以使學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)綜合運(yùn)用他們所學(xué)的語言,在交流中把注意力集中在語言所表達(dá)的意義上,以運(yùn)用語言和完成任務(wù)為最目標(biāo),從而降低他們的心理壓力。在完成任務(wù)的過程中,學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)調(diào)控自己的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),調(diào)整自己的學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)習(xí)行為,逐漸產(chǎn)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的意識(shí)。學(xué)生通過完成任務(wù),在真實(shí)或模擬真實(shí)的情境中創(chuàng)造性地綜合運(yùn)用他們所學(xué)的語言知識(shí),發(fā)展他們的語言能力。
二、任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在英語教學(xué)中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用
任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式,讓學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下,通過感知、體驗(yàn)、實(shí)踐參與和合作等形式,逐步達(dá)到教學(xué)目標(biāo)規(guī)定的要求。教師要在教學(xué)目標(biāo)的指導(dǎo)下施教,使學(xué)生能在任務(wù)型教學(xué)方式下感受成功,并在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中獲得情感體驗(yàn)和調(diào)整學(xué)習(xí)策略,形成積極的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度,促進(jìn)其語言實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力的提高。任務(wù)型課堂的教學(xué)就是把課堂活動(dòng)任務(wù)化,以任務(wù)為核心,計(jì)劃教學(xué)步驟,所以“任務(wù)“設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量是一堂課成敗的關(guān)鍵。設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)應(yīng)具有挑戰(zhàn)性,能讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)成功。所以我們必須認(rèn)真作好學(xué)生需要分析,切實(shí)了解學(xué)生想做什么,會(huì)做什么,該做什么,需要設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)以致用的任務(wù),與生活有關(guān)的任務(wù),促進(jìn)學(xué)生全面發(fā)展的任務(wù)。
任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)的原則:①交際性。交際能力的培養(yǎng),旨在以更加有效的方式提高外語教學(xué)水平,使學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)與社會(huì)需要密切結(jié)合起來。②科學(xué)性,以認(rèn)知心理學(xué)理論框架為基礎(chǔ),目標(biāo)明確,導(dǎo)向作用鮮明。③知識(shí)性、趣味性。通過完成各項(xiàng)任務(wù),學(xué)生既鞏固了語言知識(shí),又?jǐn)U展了知識(shí)面,提高了綜合運(yùn)用語言能力。④可操作性,以學(xué)習(xí)者為中心,以大綱和教材為基礎(chǔ),以學(xué)習(xí)者的需要和現(xiàn)實(shí)交際活動(dòng)為參照,有利于用外語解決實(shí)際問題。⑤創(chuàng)造性,人人參與其中,每個(gè)人都要為他人設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),每個(gè)人都要以自己的方式,用自己的語言完成他人設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)。
任務(wù)教學(xué)法的步驟:具體的任務(wù)教學(xué)模式有所差別,但大致都依據(jù)一下步驟:
?前任務(wù):教師引入任務(wù),呈現(xiàn)完成任務(wù)所需的知識(shí),介紹任務(wù)的要求和實(shí)施任務(wù)的步驟。
?任務(wù)環(huán):以個(gè)人、雙人、小組等形式執(zhí)行各項(xiàng)任務(wù),小組向班級(jí)報(bào)告任務(wù)完成的情況。
?后任務(wù):由分析(學(xué)生分析并評(píng)價(jià)其他各組執(zhí)行任務(wù)的情況)和操練(學(xué)生在教師指導(dǎo)下練習(xí)所學(xué)知識(shí)難點(diǎn))兩部分組成。
任務(wù)型教學(xué)的關(guān)鍵在于任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)。任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)須具有意義性、可操作性、真實(shí)性、差距性和拓展性等。我們最終要建立的是師生高度交互的專業(yè)英語教學(xué)模式,如圖1所示。
下面以一課為例說明任務(wù)型教學(xué)法在英語教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用:
教學(xué)SEFC BOOK1 Unite 16 Fire,圍繞:制定一個(gè)家庭火災(zāi)逃生計(jì)劃(make a home fire escape plan)這一主題,我為學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)了下列任務(wù):1.Find the fire hazards of the rooms of the house.2.correct the fire hazards.3.Safety tips to make a house safe 4.How to respond safety to home fire.火災(zāi)給人類帶來很大的危害,稍有不慎就會(huì)造成巨大的人員傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。如果學(xué)生具有一定的火災(zāi)防范意識(shí)和掌握一些自救措施,就能在生活中有效地防止火災(zāi)的發(fā)生或減輕火災(zāi)造成的傷害。因此,我在該單元教學(xué)中設(shè)計(jì)了上述任務(wù),其目的在于使學(xué)生能夠運(yùn)用英語解決真實(shí)生活中所存在的問題,從而達(dá)到“為用而學(xué)、用中學(xué)、學(xué)中用”的目的。我現(xiàn)將此任務(wù)的實(shí)施步驟分訴如下:
在完成任務(wù)一“尋找房間的危險(xiǎn)”之前,我先讓學(xué)生看一段介紹Michelle所住房屋的錄像片段,觀察他家的bedroom,living room,kitchen ,bathroom等不同房間所存在的火災(zāi)隱患,從而為完成這一任務(wù)打下基礎(chǔ)。為了更好地完成任務(wù)二“消除火災(zāi)患源”我讓學(xué)生4人一組進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的討論。學(xué)生在完成前兩項(xiàng)任務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合錄象內(nèi)容,以小組合作的形式圍繞smoke alarms,fire extinguisher,doors and other things that easily catch fire ,cooking safety ,heating safety ,electrical safety等方面進(jìn)行討論,進(jìn)而完成任務(wù)三“房屋安全建議”。第四個(gè)任務(wù)是“如何安全逃離火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場”,學(xué)生結(jié)合課文所學(xué)到的知識(shí)和一般性常識(shí)找出應(yīng)對(duì)措施。通過完成此項(xiàng)任務(wù),學(xué)生能夠后清楚地了解火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)應(yīng)該做什么,不應(yīng)該做什么,如何才能安全逃脫現(xiàn)場,我將學(xué)生討論的結(jié)果總結(jié)和整理如下: 1.Have something wet cover your face or your body to avoid being burned.2.Before opening any door in a fire ,feel it first to avoid being trapped.3.When escaping ,stay low to the floor ,because smoke rises during a fire.4.Get out fast and never hide or tackle tine to gather up your belongings.5.Use the stairs instead of the lift if you live in the upper floor of a tall building.6.Stay outside no matter what has happened.Do not go back for anything.7.Call 119 or the fire department for help.8.Choose a safe place to meet outside after you have left your home.從上面所訴,我們可以看出任務(wù)型教學(xué)注重真實(shí)場景下的,以明確目標(biāo)為向?qū)У恼Z言交際活動(dòng),它要求學(xué)生通過完成任務(wù)的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)來掌握真實(shí)、實(shí)用和有意義的語言。它提倡以教師為主導(dǎo),以學(xué)生為主體的教學(xué)活動(dòng),它倡導(dǎo)體驗(yàn)、實(shí)踐、參與、交流和合作的學(xué)習(xí)方式。學(xué)生在參與教師或教材精心設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)型學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)中認(rèn)識(shí)語言,運(yùn)用語言,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,找出規(guī)律,歸納知識(shí)和感受成功。
三、任務(wù)教學(xué)法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)及不足:
優(yōu)點(diǎn):1)任務(wù)型教學(xué)法有助于解決大學(xué)英語大班上課的難題
在大班英語課堂教學(xué)中,學(xué)生人數(shù)較多,一直以來的傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式是以“教師講授,學(xué)生聽記”為主,學(xué)生只是被動(dòng)地學(xué)習(xí),很少有運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言進(jìn)行交流的機(jī)會(huì),缺少參與課堂活動(dòng)的積極性,導(dǎo)致課堂氣氛沉悶。這種教學(xué)方式不僅忽視了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生應(yīng)用語言的能力,而且違背了語言學(xué)習(xí)的基本規(guī)律。而在“任務(wù)型”教學(xué)中,學(xué)生在完成一系列特定設(shè)計(jì)的“任務(wù)”的過程中實(shí)現(xiàn)運(yùn)用語言和語言習(xí)得的目的。在此過程中每個(gè)學(xué)生都是任務(wù)的參與者和執(zhí)行者,不再是傳統(tǒng)課堂上的旁聽者。
2)任務(wù)教學(xué)法有助于發(fā)展學(xué)生的綜合技能
綜合技能是指除了語言技能和交際技能之外,其中還包括學(xué)習(xí)技能、生活技能、競爭技能等。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法創(chuàng)造情境讓學(xué)生在運(yùn)用語言當(dāng)中學(xué)習(xí)語言,在小組活動(dòng)中和交際當(dāng)中學(xué)習(xí)語言,改“語言學(xué)習(xí)”為“完成任務(wù)”。活動(dòng)過程中不再只是重視語言形式,語言功能、語言內(nèi)容和使用都在活動(dòng)當(dāng)中得到重視。語言技能從理論形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為實(shí)踐形態(tài),都必須通過學(xué)生自身的實(shí)踐活動(dòng),從而大幅度增加了學(xué)生的語言實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì)。
3)任務(wù)型教學(xué)法有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的良好性格和情感
在執(zhí)行任務(wù)的過程中,每個(gè)學(xué)生都承擔(dān)著不同的任務(wù),并且小組成員之間需要相互協(xié)作,小組之間不僅是競爭的關(guān)系還是相互學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)系,這有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作精神。學(xué)生在完成任務(wù)的過程中能夠體會(huì)進(jìn)步感和成就感并感受到自己的不足。
4)任務(wù)型教學(xué)法有助于學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力和創(chuàng)新思維的培養(yǎng) 任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式強(qiáng)調(diào)語言環(huán)境的真實(shí)性,任務(wù)的設(shè)置都是根據(jù)學(xué)生的生活場景、學(xué)習(xí)場景、興趣愛好、實(shí)際英語水平等,任務(wù)的完成過程也非常貼近生活,因此很容易激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。其次,學(xué)生在完成任務(wù)的過程中因?yàn)橐c其它小組競爭,會(huì)想出各種點(diǎn)子來體現(xiàn)出與眾不同,每次任務(wù)匯報(bào)時(shí)總能發(fā)現(xiàn)有幾個(gè)小組讓人耳目一新的表現(xiàn)。因此任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)也有助于學(xué)生創(chuàng)新思維的培養(yǎng)。
5)任務(wù)型教學(xué)法有助于更好地轉(zhuǎn)變教師的作用和角色
大學(xué)英語教師的角色應(yīng)該根據(jù)不同的教學(xué)形式有所變化。在任務(wù)型課堂中,教師不再僅僅是知識(shí)的傳授者,而且是語言活動(dòng)的指導(dǎo)者、組織者和促進(jìn)者。任務(wù)教學(xué)法尤其強(qiáng)調(diào)明確教師的任務(wù)。教師要根據(jù)不同的學(xué)習(xí)目的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),確定不同群體的學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)。教師從傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)法的滿堂灌似的疲憊中解脫出來。在布置任務(wù)時(shí),起的是組織者的導(dǎo)演作用 ;在學(xué)生執(zhí)行任務(wù)的過程中給與及時(shí)的指點(diǎn)、評(píng)價(jià)和建議,支持和鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生有安全感、滿足感和成就感,充當(dāng)?shù)氖菂f(xié)調(diào)員、咨詢員,是指導(dǎo)者、促進(jìn)者的角色。這種教師角色的轉(zhuǎn)變一方面有利于課堂教學(xué)的需要,有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的能力,另一方面也有利于發(fā)展教師自身的組織協(xié)調(diào)能力和管理能力,以便不斷接受來自學(xué)生的挑戰(zhàn)。
不足:任務(wù)型教學(xué)法要求學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言完成具體任務(wù)、并強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的主動(dòng)參與,它強(qiáng)調(diào)交際的過程和語言的功能,注重發(fā)展學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)策略,因而有利于提高學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新精神和語言運(yùn)用能力。當(dāng)然,任務(wù)型教學(xué)存在一些不完備的地方,比如任務(wù)的選擇并有進(jìn)行需求分析,任務(wù)的等級(jí)評(píng)定也是任意的,并且任何形式中心的活動(dòng)在語言教學(xué)中都受到排斥,學(xué)生以對(duì)子或小組的形式來完成任務(wù),教師在其間不直接指導(dǎo)都有待進(jìn)一步探討和研究。
任務(wù)型教學(xué)法是語言教學(xué)的有效途徑,同時(shí)它是一種新型的教學(xué)方式,因此需要在教學(xué)中大膽實(shí)踐,積極探索,使任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式能夠在提高學(xué)生的英語實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力上發(fā)揮出最大的效應(yīng)。
結(jié)論:
通過教學(xué)實(shí)踐對(duì)比,可發(fā)現(xiàn)任務(wù)教學(xué)法的教學(xué)效率遠(yuǎn)高于其他類型的教學(xué)效率。它的應(yīng)用活躍了課堂氛圍,激發(fā)了學(xué)習(xí)興趣,學(xué)生積極參與各項(xiàng)任務(wù),他們查找和處理信息的能力、探究問題的能力和交際合作的能力能得到充分展現(xiàn)。學(xué)習(xí)英語的最終目的是為了在實(shí)踐中運(yùn)用,而英語教學(xué)的目的是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)者在日常生活中能用英語來完成交流的目的。任務(wù)教學(xué)法正是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,它從重視語言本身到強(qiáng)調(diào)語言習(xí)得與運(yùn)用,它較好體現(xiàn)以學(xué)生為中心的理念。任務(wù)教學(xué)法倡導(dǎo)的意義:長期以來,我國大學(xué)英語教學(xué)所采用的是講授法。教師的講解占據(jù)了課堂的大多數(shù)時(shí)間,學(xué)生沒有足夠的實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì),學(xué)生成為語言知識(shí)的被動(dòng)接受者。教育部2001年7月制定《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》明確指出:“教師應(yīng)該避免單純傳授語言知識(shí)的教學(xué)方法,盡量采用`任務(wù)型'的教學(xué)途徑”。任務(wù)教學(xué)法是如今高等教育界提倡和推崇的“以人為本”、“以學(xué)習(xí)為本”、注重培養(yǎng)應(yīng)用能力的一種新型教學(xué)法。任務(wù)型教學(xué)法與傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)法有很大的不同:?任務(wù)型教學(xué)開始就呈現(xiàn)任務(wù),以學(xué)生在任務(wù)的驅(qū)動(dòng)下用語言做事。?為了完成各項(xiàng)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),學(xué)生的活動(dòng)將以意義為中心,盡力調(diào)動(dòng)各種語言資源進(jìn)行意義構(gòu)建,以達(dá)到解決某個(gè)交際問題。?任務(wù)型教學(xué)具有目的性、過程性、綜合性和思維的挑戰(zhàn)性等的特點(diǎn),有效地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語言綜合能力。任務(wù)教學(xué)法與其他講授法相比,更加重視聽、說能力的訓(xùn)練,它吸取、融合了其它教學(xué)法的精華,為學(xué)習(xí)過程提供了更好的語境,能更好地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的英語運(yùn)用能力。
總的來說,在大學(xué)英語課堂上采用任務(wù)型教學(xué)法無論對(duì)于學(xué)生還是教師來說都是巨大的轉(zhuǎn)變,實(shí)踐證明學(xué)生普遍接受這種教學(xué)模式,并且這種模式的課堂效率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于傳統(tǒng)課堂,有效緩解了大班上課教師無法顧及大部分學(xué)生的弊端,有利于學(xué)生健康情感的培養(yǎng)。參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]豐玉芳、唐曉巖.任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)法在英語教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用[J].外語與外語教學(xué),2004(6).[2]李海燕(廣東金融學(xué)院,廣東,廣州510521)任務(wù)教學(xué)法在大學(xué)英語教學(xué)的應(yīng)用研究 [3]林純(廣州紡織服裝職業(yè)學(xué)校, 廣東 廣州 510310)淺談任務(wù)語言教學(xué)法
[4]鄭紅蘋(西南大學(xué) 外國語學(xué)院,重慶 400715)英語任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)的內(nèi)涵、特點(diǎn)及實(shí)施