第一篇:獨立宣言中英文版
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE In Congress, July 4, 1776,THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained;and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected;whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise;the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States;for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners;refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren.We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here.We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States;that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved;and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.JOHN HANCOCK, President
Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON
Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY
Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY
Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT
Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO.WALTON
Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON
Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON.New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS
Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS
Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN
North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN
South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON
New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK
Pennsylvania: Robert Morris,Benjamin Rush,Benjamin Franklin,John Morton,George Clymer,James Smith,George Taylor,James Wilson,George Ross
Delaware: Caesar Rodney,George Read,Thomas McKean
Maryland: Samuel Chase,William Paca,Thomas Stone,Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia: George Wythe,Richard Henry Lee,Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Harrison,Thomas Nelson,Jr.,Francis Lightfoot Lee,Carter Braxton
North Carolina: William Hooper,Joseph Hewes,John Penn
South Carolina: Edward Rutledge,Thomas Heyward,Jr.,Thomas Lynch,Jr.,Arthur Middleton
Georgia: Button Gwinnett,Lyman Hall,George Walton.1776年7月4日北美原十三個英屬殖民地一致通過的《獨立宣言》原文:
在有關人類事務的發展過程中,當一個民族必須解除其和另一個民族之間的政治聯系,并在世界各國之間依照自然法則和上帝的意旨,接受獨立和平等的地位時,出于人類輿論的尊重,必須把他們不得不獨立的原因予以宣布。
我們認為下面這些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者賦予他們若干不可剝奪的權利,其中包括生命權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。為了保障這些權利,人類才在他們之間建立政府,而政府之正當權力,是經被治理者的同意而產生的。當任何形式的政府對這些目標具破壞作用時,人民便有權力改變或廢除它,以建立一個新的政府;其賴以奠基的原則,其組織權力的方式,務使人民認為唯有這樣才最可能獲得他們的安全和幸福。為了慎重起見,成立多年的政府,是不應當由于輕微和短暫的原因而予以變更的。過去的一切經驗也都說明,任何苦難,只要是尚能忍受,人類都寧愿容忍,而無意為了本身的權益便廢除他們久已習慣了的政府。但是,當追逐同一目標的一連串濫用職權和強取豪奪發生,證明政府企圖把人民置于專制統治之下時,那么人民就有權利,也有義務推翻這個政府,并為他們未來的安全建立新的保障--這就是這些殖民地過去逆來順受的情況,也是它們現在不得不改變以前政府制度的原因。當今大不列顛國王的歷史,是接連不斷的傷天害理和強取豪奪的歷史,這些暴行的唯一目標,就是想在這些州建立專制的暴政。為了證明所言屬實,現把下列事實向公正的世界宣布--
他拒絕批準對公眾利益最有益、最必要的法律。
他禁止他的總督們批準迫切而極為必要的法律,要不就把這些法律擱置起來暫不生效,等待他的同意;而一旦這些法律被擱置起來,他對它們就完全置之不理。
他拒絕批準便利廣大地區人民的其它法律,除非那些人民情愿放棄自己在立法機關中的代表權;但這種權利對他們有無法估量的價值,而且只有暴君才畏懼這種權利。
他把各州立法團體召集到異乎尋常的、極為不便的、遠離它們檔案庫的地方去開會,唯一的目的是使他們疲于奔命,不得不順從他的意旨。
他一再解散各州的議會,因為它們以無畏的堅毅態度反對他侵犯人民的權利。
他在解散各州議會之后,又長期拒絕另選新議會;但立法權是無法取消的,因此這項權力仍由一般人民來行使。其實各州仍然處于危險的境地,既有外來侵略之患,又有發生內亂之憂。
他竭力抑制我們各州增加人口;為此目的,他阻撓外國人入籍法的通過,拒絕批準其它鼓勵外國人移居各州的法律,并提高分配新土地的條件。
他拒絕批準建立司法權力的法律,藉以阻撓司法工作的推行。
他把法官的任期、薪金數額和支付,完全置于他個人意志的支配之下。
他建立新官署,派遣大批官員,騷擾我們人民,并耗盡人民必要的生活物質。
他在和平時期,未經我們的立法機關同意,就在我們中間維持常備軍。
他力圖使軍隊獨立于民政之外,并凌駕于民政之上。他同某些人勾結起來把我們置于一種不適合我們的體制且不為我們的法律所承認的管轄之下;他還批準那些人炮制的各種偽法案來達到以下目的:
在我們中間駐扎大批武裝部隊;
用假審訊來包庇他們,使他們殺害我們各州居民而仍然逍遙法外;
切斷我們同世界各地的貿易;
未經我們同意便向我們強行征稅;
在許多案件中剝奪我們享有陪審制的權益;
羅織罪名押送我們到海外去受審;
在一個鄰省廢除英國的自由法制,在那裹建立專制政府,并擴大該省的疆界,企圖把該省變成既是一個樣板又是一個得心應手的工具,以便進而向這里的各殖民地推行同樣的極權統治;
取消我們的憲章,廢除我們最寶貴的法律,并且根本上改變我們各州政府的形式;
中止我們自己的立法機關行使權力,宣稱他們自己有權就一切事宜為我們制定法律。
他宣布我們已不屬他保護之列,并對我們們作戰,從而放棄了在這里的政務。
他在我們的海域大肆掠奪,蹂躪我們沿海地區,焚燒我們的城鎮,殘害我們人民的生命。
他此時正在運送大批外國傭兵來完成屠殺、破壞和肆虐的勾當,這種勾當早就開始,其殘酷卑劣甚至在最野蠻的時代都難以找到先例。他完全不配作為一個文明國家的元首。
他在公海上俘虜我們的同胞,強迫他們拿起武器來反對自己的國家,成為殘殺自己親人和朋友的劊子手,或是死于自己的親人和朋友的手下。
他在我們中間煽動內亂,并且竭力挑唆那些殘酷無情、沒有開化的印第安人來殺掠我們邊疆的居民;而眾所周知,印第安人的作戰規律是不分男女老幼,一律格殺勿論的。
在這些壓迫的每一陷階段中,我們都是用最謙卑的言辭請求改善;但屢次請求所得到的答復是屢次遭受損害。一個君主,當他的品格已打上了暴君行為的烙印時,是不配作自由人民的統治者的。
我們不是沒有顧念我們英國的弟兄。我們時常提醒他們,他們的立法機關企圖把無理的管轄權橫加到我們的頭上。我們也曾把我們移民來這里和在這里定居的情形告訴他們。我們曾經向他們天生的正義善感和雅量呼吁,我們懇求他們念在同種同宗的份上,棄絕這些掠奪行為,以免影響彼此的關系和往來。但是他們對于這種正義和血緣的呼聲,也同樣充耳不聞。因此,我們實在不得不宣布和他們脫離,并且以對待世界上其它民族一樣的態度對待他們:和我們作戰,就是敵人;和我們和好,就是朋友。
因此,我們,在大陸會議下集會的美利堅聯盟代表,以各殖民地善良人民的名義,非經他們授權,向全世界最崇高的正義呼吁,說明我們的嚴正意向,同時鄭重宣布;這些聯合一致的殖民地從此是自由和獨立的國家,并且按其權利也必須是自由和獨立的國家,它們取消一切對英國王室效忠的義務,它們和大不列顛國家之間的一切政治關系從此全部斷絕,而且必須斷絕;作為自由獨立的國家,它們完全有權宣戰、締和、結盟、通商和采取獨立國家有權采取的一切行動。
為了支持這篇宣言,我們堅決信賴上帝的庇佑,以我們的生命、我們的財產和我們神圣的名譽,彼此宣誓。
第二篇:《獨立宣言》 中英文對照
美國《獨立宣言》中英文對照
The Declaration of Independence IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERAICA When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government.The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States.To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained;and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.] He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected;whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within.He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states;for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners;refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new appropriations of lands.He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent of laws for establishing judiciary powers.He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salary.He has erected a multitude of new officers, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out our substances.He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States.For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;For imposing taxes on us without our consent;For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule these Colonies;For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury.A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren.We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them., as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled , appealing to the supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United States Colonies and Independent States;that they are absolved by from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do.And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.在人類事務發展的過程中,當一個民族必須解除同另一個民族的聯系,并按照自然法則和上帝的旨意,以獨立平等的身份立于世界列國之林時,出于對人類輿論的尊重,必須把驅使他們獨立的原因予以宣布。
我們認為下述真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物主賦予他們若干不可讓與的權利,其中包括生存權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。為了保障這些權利,人們才在他們中間建立政府,而政府的正當權利,則是經被統治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦對這些目標的實現起破壞作用時,人民便有權予以更換或廢除,以建立一個新的政府。新政府所依據的原則和組織其權利的方式,務使人民認為唯有這樣才最有可能使他們獲得安全和幸福。若真要審慎的來說,成立多年的政府是不應當由于無關緊要的和一時的原因而予以更換的。過去的一切經驗都說明,任何苦難,只要尚能忍受,人類還是情愿忍受,也不想為申冤而廢除他們久已習慣了的政府形式。然而,當始終追求同一目標的一系列濫用職權和強取豪奪的行為表明政府企圖把人民至于專制暴政之下時,人民就有權也有義務去推翻這樣的政府,并為其未來的安全提供新的保障。這就是這些殖民地過去忍受苦難的經過,也是他們現在不得不改變政府制度的原因。當今大不列顛王國的歷史,就是屢屢傷害和掠奪這些殖民地的歷史,其直接目標就是要在各州之上建立一個獨裁暴政。為了證明上述句句屬實,現將事實公諸于世,讓公正的世人作出評判。
他拒絕批準對公眾利益最有益、最必需的法律。
他禁止他的殖民總督批準刻不容緩、極端重要的法律,要不就先行擱置這些法律直至征得他的同意,而這些法律被擱置以后,他又完全置之不理。
他拒絕批準便利大地區人民的其他的法律,除非這些地區的人民情愿放棄自己在自己在立法機構中的代表權;而代表權對人民是無比珍貴的,只有暴君才畏懼它。
他把各州的立法委員召集到一個異乎尋常、極不舒適而有遠離他們的檔案庫的地方去開會,其目的無非是使他們疲憊不堪,被迫就范。
他一再解散各州的眾議院,因為后者堅決反對他侵犯人民的權利。
他在解散眾議院之后,又長期拒絕另選他人,于是這項不可剝奪的立法權便歸由普通人民來行使,致使在這其間各州仍處于外敵入侵和內部騷亂的種種危險之中。
他力圖阻止各州增加人口,為此目的,他阻撓外國人入籍法的通過,拒絕批準其他鼓勵移民的法律,并提高分配新土地的條件。
他拒絕批準建立司法權利的法律,以阻撓司法的執行。
他迫使法官為了保住任期、薪金的數額和支付而置于他個人意志的支配之下。
他濫設新官署,委派大批官員到這里騷擾我們的人民,吞噬他們的財物。
他在和平時期,未經我們立法機構同意,就在我們中間維持其常備軍。
他施加影響,使軍隊獨立于文官政權之外,并凌駕于文官政權之上。
他同他人勾結,把我們置于一種既不符合我們的法規也未經我們法律承認的管轄之下,而且還批準他們炮制的各種偽法案,以便任其在我們中間駐扎大批武裝部隊;不論這些人對我們各州居民犯下何等嚴重的謀殺罪,他可用加審判來庇護他們,讓他們逍遙法外;他可以切斷我們同世界各地的貿易;未經我們同意便向我們強行征稅;在許多案件中剝奪我們享有陪審制的權益;以莫須有的罪名把我們押送海外受審;他在一個鄰省廢除了英國法律的自由制度,在那里建立專制政府,擴大其疆域,使其立即成為一個樣板和合適的工具,以便向這里各殖民地推行同樣的專制統治;他取消我們的許多特許狀,廢除我們最珍貴的法律并從根本上改變我們各州政府的形式;他終止我們立法機構行使權力,宣稱他們自己擁有在任何情況下為我們制定法律的權力。
他們放棄設在這里的政府,宣稱我們已不屬他們保護之列,并向我們發動戰爭。
他在我們的海域里大肆掠奪,蹂躪我們的沿海地區,燒毀我們的城鎮,殘害我們人民的生命。
他此時正在運送大批外國雇傭兵,來從事其制造死亡、荒涼和暴政的勾當,其殘忍與卑劣從一開始就連最野蠻的時代也難以相比,他已完全不配當一個文明國家的元首。
他強迫我們在公海被他們俘虜的同胞拿起武器反對自己的國家,使他們成為殘殺自己親友的劊子手,或使他們死于自己親友的手下。
他在我們中間煽動內亂,并竭力挑唆殘酷無情的印地安蠻子來對付我們邊疆的居民,而眾所周知,印地安人作戰的準則是不分男女老幼、是非曲直,格殺勿論。
在遭受這些壓迫的每一階段,我們都曾以最謙卑的言辭吁請予以糾正。而我們一次又一次的情愿,卻只是被報以一次又一次的傷害。
一個君主,其品格被他的每一個只有暴君才干的出的行為所暴露時,就不配君臨自由的人民。
我們并不是沒有想到我們英國的弟兄。他們的立法機關想把無理的管轄權擴展到我們這里來,我們時常把這個企圖通知他們。我們也曾把我們移民來這里和在這里定居的情況告訴他們。我們曾懇求他們天生的正義感和雅量,念在同種同宗的分上,棄絕這些掠奪行為,因為這些掠奪行為難免會使我們之間的關系和來往中斷??伤麄儗@種正義和同宗的呼聲也同樣充耳不聞。因此,我們不得不宣布脫離他們,以對待世界上其他民族的態度對待他們:同我交戰者,就是敵人;同我和好者,即為朋友。
因此我們這些在大陸會議上集會的美利堅合眾國的代表們,以各殖民地善良人民的名義,并經他們授權,向世界最高裁判者申訴,說明我們的嚴重意向,同時鄭重宣布:
我們這些聯合起來的殖民地現在是,而且按公理也應該是,獨立自由的國家;我們對英國王室效忠的全部義務,我們與大不列顛王國之間大不列顛一切政治聯系全部斷絕,而且必須斷絕。
作為一個獨立自由的國家,我們完全有權宣戰、締和、結盟、通商和采取獨立國家有權采取的一切行動。
我們堅定地信賴神明上帝的保佑,同時以我們的生命、財產和神圣的名譽彼此宣誓來支持這一宣言。
〔說明〕
杰斐遜起草了《獨立宣言》的第一稿,富蘭克林等人又進行了潤色。大陸會議對此稿又進行了長時間的、激烈的辯論,最終作出了重大的修改。特別是在佐治亞和卡羅來納代表們的堅持下,刪去了杰斐遜對英王喬治三世允許在殖民地保持奴隸制和奴隸買賣的有力譴責。這一部分的原文是這樣的:
他的人性本身發動了殘酷的戰爭,侵犯了一個從未冒犯過他的遠方民族的最神圣的生存權和自由權;他誘騙他們,并把他們運往另一半球充當奴隸,或使他們慘死在運送途中。
托馬斯.杰斐遜(1743-1826),生于弗吉尼亞的一個富裕家庭。曾就讀于威廉-瑪麗學院。1767年成為律師,1769年當選為弗吉尼亞下院議院。他積極投身于獨立運動之中,并代表弗吉尼亞出席大陸會議。他曾兩次當選弗吉尼亞州長。1800年當選美國總統。
杰斐遜在為自己的墓碑而作的墓志銘中這樣寫到:
這里埋葬著托馬斯.杰斐遜,美國《獨立宣言》的作者,弗吉尼亞宗教自由法規的制定者和弗吉尼亞大學之父。
第三篇:獨立宣言
“我們認為以下真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者賦予他們若干不可剝奪的權利,其中包括生命權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。為了保障這些權利,人們才在他們之間建立政府,而政府之正當權力,是經被統治者的同意而產生的。當任何形式的政府對這些目標具破壞作用時,人民便有權力改變或廢除它,以建立一個新的政府;其賴以奠基的原則,其組織權力的方式,務使人民認為唯有這樣才最可能獲得他們的安全和幸福。為了慎重起見,成立多年的政府,是不應當由于輕微和短暫的原因而予以變更的。過去的一切經驗也都說明,任何苦難,只要是尚能忍受,人類都寧愿容忍,而無意為了本身的權益便廢除他們久已習慣了的政府。但是,當追逐同一目標的一連串濫用職權和強取豪奪發生,證明政府企圖把人民置于專制統治之下時,那么人民就有權利,也有義務推翻這個政府,并為他們未來的安全建立新的保障。”
第四篇:獨立宣言
柳林中學高二歷史公開課教案
授課人:張志達
授課時間:2014年5月16日
授課班級:高二8班
第1課
美國《獨立宣言》
【課標要求】掌握《獨立宣言》產生的歷史背景,分析《獨立宣言》體現民主思想的主要內容
及對其的客觀評價,認識民主化進程要有一個從思想理論到制訂法律的準備階段。
【教學目標】
知識與能力:
識記:歐洲啟蒙思想的影響;潘恩發表《常識》;獨立戰爭爆發;杰斐遜等五人委
員會草擬《獨立宣言》;《獨立宣言》的主要內容;《獨立宣言》的民主思想;《獨立宣言》
的意義、作用和局限性。
理解:《獨立宣言》是啟蒙思想與北美獨立運動相結合的產物?!丢毩⑿浴防^承并
發展了啟蒙思想,體現出鮮明的民主思想。
運用:比較分析《獨立宣言》的思想淵源以及所體現的民主思想和獨具的歷史價值。
過程與方法:材料分析、歷史比較、問題探究。
情感態度價值觀:《獨立宣言》在人類歷史上第一次以政治綱領的形式宣布了民主共和
國的原則,是“第一個人權宣言”。它體現的民主思想成為一代又一代美國人不斷追求的 理想。
【重點難點】
重點:《獨立宣言》體現的民主思想。
難點:《獨立宣言》產生的歷史背景
【教學用具】多媒體課件 【課時安排】1課時 【教學過程】
導入新課在美國哈得遜河口一個百米見方的自由島上有座自由女神像,舉世聞名。她右手高擎火炬,猜一猜,她的左手拿著什么? 學生回答《獨立宣言》,就此導入新課。
一、《獨立宣言》的發表
1.探究:閱讀教材24-25頁內容,結合以下情景材料,概括《獨立宣言》在怎樣的歷史背景發表的?
(1)理論基礎:歐洲啟蒙思想的深刻影響
早在獨立前的一百多年間,歐洲啟蒙思想就開始在北美傳播,為《獨立宣言》的發表奠定了理論基礎。
(2)思想動員:北美產生了自己的啟蒙思想家,民族民主意識覺醒,激勵更多的人為獨立而勇敢地走向戰爭。
在歐洲啟蒙思想的熏陶下,北美殖民地也產生了自己的啟蒙思想家,代表人物是本杰明·富蘭克林(1706-1790)和托馬斯·杰斐遜(1743-1826),他們反對奴隸制,主張人民享有自由、平等的權利。潘恩的《常識》消除了人民對英國國王的幻想,激勵更多的人為獨立而勇敢地走向戰爭。
(3)和解破滅:英國的殖民壓迫政策和暴虐統治,使北美人民的和解幻想徹底破滅,爭取獨立成為整個殖民地人民的共同目標。
“沒有代表權,就不得征稅”,英國議會對殖民地不斷征稅,但在議會中卻沒有殖民地的代表。英國議會新征收的印花稅、茶稅、糖稅等,遭到北美殖民地人民的強烈抵制,并最終引發了北美
獨立戰爭。1773年,英國議會頒布《茶稅法》,波士頓市民一怒之下,把價值近10萬英鎊的英國茶葉倒入查爾斯河。(波士頓傾茶事件)英國議會大怒,通過一系列被殖民地視為不可容忍的法令。英王對北美人民反抗的血腥鎮壓,使殖民地人民與英國王室和解的幻想徹底破滅,“要求獨立”成為北美殖民地人民的普遍呼聲。最終促成北美13個殖民地代表組成大陸會議決定宣布獨立。2.過程:
(1)提出:1776年6月初,費吉尼亞的代表提出決議案,大陸會議指派杰斐遜為首的五人委員會草擬獨立宣言。
(2)通過:1776年7月4日,《獨立宣言》經修改后獲得一致通過,這一天也因此成為美國的獨立紀念日.二、《獨立宣言》體現的民主思想
1.探究:閱讀教材26頁,概括《獨立宣言》由幾部分組成?有哪些基本內容?
主要內容
第一部分為前言,闡述了宣言的目的。
第二部分高度概括了當時資產階級最激進的政治思想——自然權利學說和主權在民思想。
第三部分歷數英國壓迫北美殖民地人民的條條罪狀,說明殖民地人民是在忍無可忍的情況下被迫拿起武器的。
第四部分莊嚴宣告獨立。
2.探究:閱讀材料結合教材內容歸納:《獨立宣言》體現了哪些民主思想?
“我們認為這些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,他們都從他們的造物主那邊被賦予了某些不可轉讓的權利,其中包括生命權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。為了保障這些權利,所以才在人們中間成立政府。而政府的正當權力,系得自被統治者的同意。如果遇有任何一種形式的政府變成損害這些目的的,那么,人民就有權利來改變它或廢除它,已建立新的政府?!?/p>
——節選自《獨立宣言》 民主思想:
第一、平等與天賦人權思想。《獨立宣言》繼承并發展了洛克的天賦人權學說,認為人人生而平等,這些權利是大自然所賦予的,不可剝奪,這些權利包括“生命、自由和追求幸福的權利?!?/p>
第二、主權在民學說?!丢毩⑿浴诽岢觯嗣袷侵鳈嗾?,政府的一切權力來自人民,政府應服從人民意志,為人民幸福和保障人民權利而存在。
第三、人民革命權利的理論。《獨立宣言》以天賦人權和主權在民理論為基礎,進一步提出人民革命權利理論。指出,既然政府的權力來自人民,目的是保障人民的自然權利,如果一旦政府不履行職責,侵犯人民的權利,人民就有權起來革命來改變或推翻它。
3.探究:結合材料和所學內容:歸納:《獨立宣言》有何進步性?
材料1:馬克思說:美國是“宣布了第一個人權宣言和最先推動了18世紀的歐洲革命的地方”;是“最先產生了偉大的民主共和國思想的地方”。
材料2:美國獨立戰爭和《獨立宣言》在大洋彼岸的中國引起了很大的反響。自那時起,華盛頓及其領導的美國革命一直是近代中國進步人士心目中的理想和榜樣。1897年章太炎在《變法箴言》中稱華盛頓“功若女媧、燧人”。《獨立宣言》在中國被首次翻譯并發表在1901年出版的《國民報》第一期上。1903年陳天華在《猛回頭》中疾呼:“要學那,美利堅,離英自立”。
評價:
《獨立宣言》的積極意義:
(1)宣告了美利堅合眾國的誕生
(2)在人類歷史上第一次以政治綱領的形式宣布了民主共和國的原則,被稱為世界上“第一個人權宣言”。
(3)推動了歐洲反封建的資產階級革命,直接影響了法國大革命。
(4)它體現的民主思想成為歷代美國人不斷追求的理想,推動了資產階級革命運動。
《獨立宣言》的歷史局限性:
(1)沒有廢除奴隸制。
(2)存在著財產、性別、種族的各種限制。
【學思之窗】請同學們聯系近代中國的社會狀況,思考為什么美國獨立戰爭和《獨立宣言》會在中國引起如此強烈的反響?
答:(1)1901年《辛丑條約》簽訂,中國完全淪為半殖民地半封建社會,要求推翻清王朝的專制統治,獲得民族獨立,爭取民主權利成為全國人民的共同呼聲。(2)北美獨立戰爭的勝利,《獨立宣言》體現出的民主思想給中國人民極大鼓舞。
【板書設計】
美國《獨立宣言》
背
景:理論基礎、思想動員、和解破滅
主要內容:四個部分
民主思想:平等與天賦人權,主權在民,人民革命的權利等
評
價:積極意義 歷史局限性
【作業布置】《導與練·演練廣場》1-7題 【教學反思】
第五篇:獨立宣言讀后感
讀《獨立宣言》
——資產階級民主政治思想
法學1301 馮歆然在美國華盛頓特區美國國家檔案館 永久展示著一份讓美國人民永遠自豪對后世產生身深遠影響的文件——《獨立宣言》。1776年,托馬斯·杰弗遜主持起草的《獨立宣言》在戰火中誕生,北美洲十三個英屬殖民地驕傲又莊嚴的宣告脫離大不列顛王國,自此,美國的歷史開啟了新的篇章。
自由女神像作為美國的地標性建筑自有她最獨特的含義和紀念價值,美國是個追求自由民主的國家,這或許是一種根生地固的思想,追溯百年前他的建國和立憲,《獨立宣言》無疑最光燦奪目,略讀發現其民主思想突出且有先進意義。
平等與天賦人權思想
獨立宣言中說到:“我們認為下面這些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者賦予他們若干不可剝奪的權利,其中包括生命權、自由權和追求幸福的權利?!?/p>
“天賦人權”即“自然權利”,其基本精神是強調人具有與生俱來的權利,指自然界生物普遍固有的權利,并不限由法律或信仰來賦予。這些權利絕不應該被剝奪。
洛克,英國哲學家、經驗主義的開創人,同時也是第一個全面闡述憲政民主思想的人將天賦人權概括成自由權、生命權和財產權,適應了英國資產階級和新貴族,反對專制統治,實行法治的民主要求;《獨立宣言》繼承并發展了洛克的天賦人權學說,認為人人生而平等,這些權利是大自然所賦予的,不可剝奪,但將其概括成自由權、生存權和追求幸福的權利以適應北美人民擺脫殖民統治、爭取民族獨立的要求。
主權在民學說
盧梭在《社會契約論》中貫穿了一個中心思想——主權在民他認為一個民主的政府必須把權力完全交給這個國家的全體公民,然后再由全體公民把權力賦予給一個組織,即民選的政府。
《獨立宣言》提出,人民是主權者,政府的一切權力來自人民,政府應服從人民意志,為人民幸福和保障人民權利而存在。《獨立宣言》中提到“如有任何政府損害這些目的(保障生命,獲得自由及追求幸福),人民就有權利改變或廢除
它……”,這是人民主權說在資產階級具有法律效力的文件中的第一次體現。
人民革命權利的理論
人民革命權最早由洛克在《政府論》中提出:“由于政府建立在“人民同意”的基礎上;如果君主篡奪立法機關的權力和未經人民同意而制定選舉制度,或政府濫用職權而侵犯了人們的自然權利時,人們就有用武力推翻他們的權利。他認為,任何政府都可能腐化而退化為暴政。暴政就是非法地獲取他私人的或小集團的利益,必然侵犯人民的利益。必須把實行暴政的人當作侵略者來對待。專制國家不是國家,專制政體不是國家的合法形式,人民沒有義務服從。暴政是對神創秩序的侵犯,是以暴力迫使人民崇拜偶像。所以,反抗暴政不僅是人民的權利,更是神圣的宗教義務?!?/p>
而《獨立宣言》以天賦人權和主權在民理論為基礎,指出:既然政府的權力來自人民,目的是保障人民的自然權利,如果一旦政府不履行職責,侵犯人民的權利,人民就有權起來革命來改變或推翻它。
憲法的精髓就在于反對專制、不自由、不平等,爭取自由、民主、主權在民、平等,無疑,《獨立宣言》具有憲法精神和歷史上不可替代的地位。
但是他也有其局限性,由于屈從于種植園奴隸主的壓力,宣言沒有宣布廢除奴隸制,天賦人權也不包括黑人和印第安人,暴露了美國資產階級革命的不徹底性和人權的局限性。
之后,《獨立宣言》對推動后來的歐洲各國資產階級革命,特別對法國大革命及其《人權宣言》產生和亞非拉革命都產生了深淵積極的影響。