第一篇：材料科學與工程專業英語1-18單元課后翻譯答案
Unit 1
Translation.1.“材料科學”涉及到研究材料的結構與性能的關系。相反，材料工程是根據材料的結構與性質的關系來涉及或操控材料的結構以求制造出一系列可預定的性質。
2.實際上，所有固體材料的重要性質可以分為六類：機械、電學、熱學、磁學、光學、腐蝕性。3.除了結構與性質，材料科學與工程還有其他兩個重要的組成部分，即加工與性能。
4.工程師或科學家越熟悉材料的各種性質、結構、性能之間的關系以及材料的加工技術，根據以上的原則，他或她就會越自信與熟練地對材料進行更明智的選擇。
5.只有在少數情況下，材料才具有最優或最理想的綜合性質。因此，有時候有必要為某一性質而犧牲另一性能。
6.Interdisciplinary
dielectric constant Solid material(s)
heat capacity Mechanical property
electromagnetic radiation Material processing
elastic modulus 7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8.Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 2 1.金屬是電和熱很好的導體，在可見光下不透明；擦亮的金屬表面有金屬光澤。
2.陶瓷是典型的導熱導電的絕緣體，并且比金屬和聚合物具有更高的耐熱溫度和耐惡劣環境性能。3.用于高科技領域的材料有時也被稱為先進材料。
4.壓電陶瓷在電場作用下膨脹和收縮；反之，當它們膨脹和收縮時，他們也能產生一個電場。5.隨著能夠觀察單個原子或者分子的掃描探針顯微鏡的出現，操控和移動原子和分子以形成新結構成為可能，因此，我們能通過一些簡單的原子水平的構建就可以設計出新的材料。6.advanced materials
ceramic materials high-performance materials
clay minerals alloy
implant glass fibre
carbon nanotube 7.Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.8.Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9.Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulators(viz.ceramics and polymers).10.Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 3 1． 金屬的行為（性質）不同于陶瓷的行為（性質），陶瓷的行為（性質）不同于聚合物的行為（性質）。2． 原子結構主要影響化學性質、物理性質、熱學性質、電學性能、磁性能、光學性能。微結構和宏觀結構雖也能影響這些性能但是他們主要影響力學性能和化學反應速率。3． 金屬的強度表明原子是通過強的鍵結合在一起的。
4． 元素的原子序數表明該元素的原子核內帶正電的質子數。而原子的原子量則表明該原子核中質子數與中子數。
5． Microstructure
macrostructure 1
Chemical reaction
atomic weight Balanced electrical charge
positively charged proton 6.100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings, 7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.8.Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a microscope.Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.9.The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.Unit 4 1． 當密度小于水的密度時，物體將漂浮在水面上，當密度大于水的密度時，物體會沉降。相似的，當比重小于1時，物體將漂浮在水面上，當比重大于1時，物體會沉降。
2． 由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移動，導致磁通量密度比真空中小，這種材料為反磁性材料。3． 使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫順磁性材料，使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫鐵磁性材料。
4． 某些鐵磁性材料，特別是一些粉末狀或夾層鐵，鋼或鎳合金的相對導磁率可高達1000000。反磁性材料的相對導磁率小于1，但是到目前還沒有哪種材料的相對導磁率遠小于1。
5． 當順磁性或鐵磁性的芯插入線圈時，其磁感應系數等于相對磁導率乘以空芯時的磁感應系數。6． specific gravity
boiling point
magnetic induction
coefficient of thermal conductivity
glass transition temperature non-ferrous metals
linear coefficient of thermal expansion
mass per unit of volume 7.Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties.8.Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.9.At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material.10.In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.Unit 5 1.金屬的力學性能決定了材料的使用范圍及期望的服役壽命。
2.因此，一般多測幾次以得到力學性能，報導的數值一般是平均值或者計算的統計最小值。
3．材料的承載方式極大地影響了材料的力學性能，也決定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有預警。4．然而，受力彎曲時會產生一個應力分布，應力大小與到軸線的垂直距離有關。5．材料受到低于臨界壓力即屈服強度的力時，材料才會發生彈性形變。6． Test specimen
static loading
force
normal axis
Engineering strain
critical stress
yield strength stress area
Stress-strain curve 7.Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys;while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease.8.From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.9.Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.10.A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.2 Unit 6 1.隨著影響我們星球上人類生存條件的社會問題的即將出現，材料科學與工程界有責任和機遇通過解決未來世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、飲食、回收和健康方面的需求來改變世界。2.不發達國家的人口增長率遠高于1.4%的世界平均人口增長率。
3.全球能源使用的預算在2025以前將以每年1.7%速度增長，這比世界人口增長率快多了。4.此外，發達地區的人均能量使用量是不發達地區人均能量使用量的九倍以上。5.gross domestic product
materials science and engineering
market economy
Societal issues
economic index
sanitation
Gross national product
popilation growth rate 6.Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.7.We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine, telecommunications, and transportantion industries.8.Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to sanitation.9.Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit 7 1.從化學角度來說，金屬是一類容易失電子以形成正離子的元素，它與其他金屬原子形成金屬鍵。2.金屬鍵的無方向性被認為是金屬具有延展性的主要原因。
3.存在著共價鍵的晶體只有在原子之間的鍵斷裂的情況下變形，從而導致晶體破裂。4.合金特別是為滿足更高應用要求的合金比如噴氣發動機，可能含有十種以上的元素。5.delocalized electron
electronic structure alkaline earth metal
chemical cell nuclear charge
electric conductivity 6.Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.7.Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.8.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.9.Combining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.Unit 8 1.超耐熱合金的發展非常依賴于化學與加工的創新，并主要受到航空和能源工業的推動。2.抗蠕變性能主要取決于晶體結構內位錯速度的放緩。
3.超耐熱合金在加工方面的發展使超耐熱合金的操作溫度大幅度提高。
4.單晶高溫合金是運用改進的定向凝固技術而形成單晶的，因此在材料中并無晶界。5.faced-centred cubic crystal structure
turbine entry temperature metallic materials
phase stability nuclear reactor
synthesis of nanoparticle 6.Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.7.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance.8.Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.9.At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride)is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds inside.3 Unit 9 1.腐蝕過程從本質上說是一個電化學的過程，有著與電池相同的本質特征。2.從礦物中提煉金屬所需能源的問題與后續的腐蝕和能量釋放直接相關。
3.當電子與中和的正離子（如電解液中的氫離子）發生反應時，陰極處電子得以平衡。4．Protective film
circuit
Free electron
electron transfer
Metal cation
anode reaction 5.Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to corrode.6.Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom.7.If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode.8.Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit 10 1.我們要觀察（研究）這些性能，看它們與我們所期望的陶瓷的組成有多匹配。2.在高于玻璃化轉變溫度的高溫下，玻璃不再具有脆性行為，而表現為粘稠液體。3.它們顯示出優異的力學性能、抗腐蝕/氧化性能，或電學、光學抑或是磁學性能。
4.一般認為，先進是最近100年才發展起來的，而傳統的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了。
5.the glass transition temperature
ionic-covalent bond
Stress distribution
coefficient of thermal expansion
Glass optical fibre
materials science and engineering
Solid-oxide fuel cells
electron microscopy 6.Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.7.Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength.8.Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.9.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit 11 1.材料科學與工程領域經常是根據四大方面—合成與加工，結構與組成，性質與性能之間的相互聯系來定義的。
2．我們不僅要考慮具有完美晶格和理想結構（的情況），我們也要考慮材料中不可避免的結構缺陷的存在，甚至是無定形的。
3.通過熱壓可使孔徑減小從而得到高密度產品。4.在運輸時，廠方要提供關于產品危害方面的信息。
5.crystalline ceramics
grain boundary
Alkaline earth oxide
oxide additive
Triple point
saturation magnetization
Television tube
the color scale 6.7.To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were 4
consolidated.8.9.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit 12 1.材料的選擇是任何組分設計至關重要的環節，尤其在植入體和其它醫療器械方面是特別重要的。2.我們能進行承載應用的三種主要材料是金屬、聚合物和陶瓷。
3.高密度、高純度的氧化鋁被大量的用于植入物，特別是在需要承載壓力的髖關節修復和牙移植中。4.在陶瓷或陶瓷復合材料中，氧化鋯的磨損率遠遠高于氧化鋯鋁的磨損率。5.controlled reaction
stress shielding Total hip prosthese
strain-to-failure ratio Mechanical stress
flexural strength Martensitic transformation 6.Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.7.These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out.8.Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.9.Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites.10.There are questions concerning the long-term effect of Unit 13 1.聚合物的俗名叫塑料，這個詞指的是一大類具有許多性質和用途的天然材料和合成材料。2.聚合物合成是一個把叫做單體的小分子通過共價鍵的結合形成鏈的過程。3.支化聚合物分子是由一條帶有一個或多個側基或支鏈的主鏈組成。一些特
殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳狀聚合物和刷狀聚合物。
4.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的膽識結構卻相關的單體組成的，例如聚核苷酸是由核苷組成的。5.persistence length
cross-link
Polar monomer
nucleic acid Polymerization
polyelectrolyte 6.7.8.9.Unit 14 1.大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，這是因為碳原子具有與其它原子形成更強更穩定的鍵的優異性能。2.它們在一定范圍內軟化，這與完好晶體相具有非常明確的熔點不同。3.分子量取決于其合成時的條件，因此分子量可能分布很寬或分布很窄。
4.Goodyear 很偶然的發現了在橡膠中加入硫磺并加熱這個混合物能使橡膠變硬，對氧化和化學進攻能力的敏感性降低。
5.thermosetting plastic
cross-sectional area Polymerization reaction
double bond Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer Units which comprise the polymer.? radiation emission from zirconia ceramics.5
Chemical composition
carboxylic acid Melting point
degradation by oxidation 6.Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.7.A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily.8.Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.9.Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.Unit 15 1.逐漸增強的環境意識促使包裝薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有環境友好的特點。2.顯而易見，實現這些性能對控制和改進機械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。
3.在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解過程中，由水和熱引發的過氧化反應可以使之降解成低摩爾質量的物質，這就是碳氫聚合物力學性能降低的主要原因。
4.用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包裝材料并不合理，另外也是因為包裝材料被食物污染后再進行物理回收是不切合實際的。
5.natural gas
packaging materials
Aroma compound
bioplastic material
Chemical structure
the life cycle of biomass 6.Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus.7.The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, water and CO2 production.8.During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable with low molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light.9.While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable in real composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity.Unit 16 1.比如，多相金屬在微觀尺度上是復合材料。但一般意義上的復合材料是指通過鍵的作用使兩種或多種不同的材料結合在一起的材料。
2.最常見的是，復合材料有一個連續的叫基體的本體相，還有一個分散的非連續的叫增強相的相。3.先進材料采用了樹脂與纖維的復合材料，一般為碳/石墨，凱芙拉或玻璃纖維與環氧樹脂的復合材料。纖維具有高的硬度，而聚合物樹脂基體能保持復合材料的結構。
4.如果復合材料設計和制備合理的話，復合材料就既具有增強相的強度又具有基體的韌性從而得到了性能的理想組合，這是任何一種組分單獨存在時所具備的性能。
5.composite material
reinforcement material
Fiberglass
matrix material
Strengthening mechanism
conventional material 6.A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.7.Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable.8.According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix composites and concrete are composites.9.In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component.Fiberglass and carbon fiber 6
composites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.Unit 17 1.震蕩、撞擊或者重復的周期性應力能導致兩層的界面處發生薄層分離，這種情況叫剝離。2.3.事實上，工業材料既要質輕又要牢固的要求是推動復合材料發展的主要動力。
4.提到飛機，值得銘記的是復合材料不像金屬（如鋁）那樣在壓力的作用下會完全解體。5.orthotropic
thermoset
Thermoplastic
Young’s Modulus
Mechanical property constants
extreme enviroment 6.7.8.9.In contrast, isotropic material(for example, aluminuim or steel), in standard wrought forms, typically have the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or moments.The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and stiffness combined with lightness.This makes them ideal for use in products thar are exposed to extreme enviroments such as boats, chemical-handling equipments and spacecrafts.Composites will never totally replace tranditional materials like steel, but in many cased they are just what we need.Unit 18 1.具有相分離的聚合物共混材料經常出現納米尺度的相。在過去幾十年里研究的基于溶膠-凝膠化學的有機-無機納米復合材料已基本淡出納米復合材料的研究。3.理解粒子的性質隨著尺寸降低到納米級別而發生改變，這對于優化所得到的納米復合材料很重要。4.廉價石墨的生產尚未實現，石墨的廣泛使用嘔待石墨合成技術的突破。5.electro-optical property
bactericidal property Block copolymer
interfacial phenomena Exfoliated graphene
morphology control 6.7.8.9.The field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development in basically all technical discillines.Nanoscale is considered where the dimensions of the particle, platelet or fiber modification are in the range of 1～100nm.These improvements are key to future aircraft and wind energy turbine applications.Nanostructured surfaces have been noted to yield superhydrophobic character and exceptional adhesion.7
第二篇：材料科學與工程專業英語1-18單元課后翻譯答案
材料科學與工程專業英語1-18單元課后翻譯答案
Unit 1Translation.1.“材料科學”涉及到研究材料的結構與性能的關系。相反，材料工程是根據材料的結構與性質的關系來涉及或操控材料的結構以求制造出一系列可預定的性質。2.實際上，所有固體材料的重要性質可以分為六類：機械、電學、熱學、磁學、光學、腐蝕性。3.除了結構與性質，材料科學與工程還有其他兩個重要的組成部分，即加工與性能。4.工程師或科學家越熟悉材料的各種性質、結構、性能之間的關系以及材料的加工技術，根據以上的原則，他或她就會越自信與熟練地對材料進行更明智的選擇。5.只有在少數情況下，材料才具有最優或最理想的綜合性質。因此，有時候有必要為某一性質而犧牲另一性能。6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constant Solid materials heat capacity Mechanical property electromagnetic radiation Material processing elastic modulus7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand therelationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8.Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing andapplication of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 21.金屬是電和熱很好的導體，在可見光下不透明；擦亮的金屬表面有金屬光澤。2.陶瓷是典型的導熱導電的絕緣體，并且比金屬和聚合物具有更高的耐熱溫度 和耐惡劣環境性能。3.用于高科
技領域的材料有時也被稱為先進材料。4.壓電陶瓷在電場作用下膨脹和收縮；反之，當它們膨脹和收縮時，他們也能 產生一個電場。5.隨著能夠觀察單個原子或者分子的掃描探針顯微鏡的出現，操控和移動原子 和分子以形成新結構成為可能，因此，我們能通過一些簡單的原子水平的構 建就可以設計出新的材料。6.advanced materials ceramic materials high-performance materials clay minerals alloy implant glass fibre carbon nanotube7.Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.8.Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9.Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductorsviz.metals and metal alloys and insulatorsviz.ceramics and polymers.10.Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 31．金屬的行為（性質）不同于陶瓷的行為（性質），陶瓷的行為（性質）不同于 聚合物的行為（性質）。2．原子結構主要影響化學性質、物理性質、熱學性質、電學性能、磁性能、光 學性能。微結構和宏觀結構雖也能影響這些性能但是他們主要影響力學性能 和化學反應速率。3．金屬的強度表明原子是通過強的鍵結合在一起的。4．元素的原子序數表明該元素的原子核
內帶正電的質子數。而原子的原子量則 表明該原子核中質子數與中子數。5．Microstructure macrostructure Chemical reaction atomic weight Balanced electrical charge positively charged proton6.100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.8.Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eyebut using a microscope.Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.9.The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.Unit 41．當密度小于水的密度時，物體將漂浮在水面上，當密度大于水的密度時，物 體會沉降。相似的，當比重小于 1 時，物體將漂浮在水面上，當比重大于 1 時，物體會沉降。2．由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移動，導致磁通量密度比真空中小，這種材料 為反磁性材料。3．使磁通量密度提高 1 倍以上小于或等于 10 倍的材料叫順磁性材料，使磁通量 密度提高 10 倍以上的材料叫鐵磁性材料。4．某些鐵磁性材料，特別是一些粉末狀或夾層鐵，鋼或鎳合金的相對導磁率可 高達 1000000。反磁性材料的相對導磁率小于 1，但是到目前還沒有哪種材料 的相對導磁率遠小于 1。5．當順磁性或鐵磁性的芯插入線圈時，其磁感應系數等于相對磁導率乘
以空芯 時的磁感應系數。6．specific gravity boiling point magnetic induction coefficient of thermal conductivity glass transition temperature non-ferrous metals linear coefficient of thermal expansion mass per unit of volume7.Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties.8.Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid liquid gas and plasma.9.At some temperature below the melting point polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains which tesults in a soft and pliable material.10.In engineering applications permeability is often expressed in relative rather than in absolute.Unit 5 1.金屬的力學性能決定了材料的使用范圍及期望的服役壽命。2.因此，一般多測幾次以得到力學性能，報導的數值一般是平均值或者計算的 統計最小值。3．材料的承載方式極大地影響了材料的力學性能，也決定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有預警。4．然而，受力彎曲時會產生一個應力分布，應力大小與到軸線的垂直距離有關。5．材料受到低于臨界壓力即屈服強度的力時，材料才會發生彈性形變。6． Test specimen static loading force normal axis Engineering strain critical stress yield strength stress area Stress-strain curve 7.Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an
increase in strength properties of metallic alloys while ductility fracture toughness and elongation usually decrease.8.From the respective of what is happening within a material stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.9.Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.10.A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.Unit 61.隨著影響我們星球上人類生存條件的社會問題的即將出現，材料科學與工程 界有責任和機遇通過解決未來世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、飲食、回 收和健康方面的需求來改變世界。2.不發達國家的人口增長率遠高于 1.4的世界平均人口增長率。3.全球能源使用的預算在 2025 以前將以每年 1.7速度增長，這比世界人口增 長率快多了。4.此外，發達地區的人均能量使用量是不發達地區人均能量使用量的九倍以上。5.gross domestic product materials science and engineering market economy Societal issues economic index sanitation Gross national product popilation growth rate6.Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity the engineer’s ability to address societal needs and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.7.We have
witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine telecommunications and transportantion industries.8.Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40 has no access to sanitation.9.Materials and society are interlinked and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit 71.從化學角度來說，金屬是一類容易失電子以形成正離子的元素，它與其他金 屬原子形成金屬鍵。2.金屬鍵的無方向性被認為是金屬具有延展性的主要原因。3.存在著共價鍵的晶體只有在原子之間的鍵斷裂的情況下變形，從而導致晶體 破裂。4.合金特別是為滿足更高應用要求的合金比如噴氣發動機，可能含有十種以上 的元素。5.delocalized electron electronic structure alkaline earth metal chemical cell nuclear charge electric conductivity6.Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.7.Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.8.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.9.Combining different ration of metals as
alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.Unit 81.超耐熱合金的發展非常依賴于化學與加工的創新，并主要受到航空和能源工 業的推動。2.抗蠕變性能主要取決于晶體結構內位錯速度的放緩。3.超耐熱合金在加工方面的發展使超耐熱合金的操作溫度大幅度提高。4.單晶高溫合金是運用改進的定向凝固技術而形成單晶的，因此在材料中并無 晶界。5.faced-centred cubic crystal structure turbine entry temperature metallic materials phase stability nuclear reactor synthesis of nanoparticle6.Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.7.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance.8.Superalloys are widely used in aircraft submarines nuclear reactors and military electric motors.9.At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chlorideor fluoride is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds inside.Unit 91.腐蝕過程從本質上說是一個電化學的過程，有著與電池相同的本質特征。2.從礦物中提煉金屬所需能源的問題與后續的腐蝕和能量釋放直接相關。3.當電子與中和的正離子（如電解液中的氫離子）發生反應時，陰極處電子得 以平衡。4．Protective film circuit Free electron electron transfer Metal cation anode reaction5.Some metals such as gold and silver can
be found in the earth in their natural metallic state and they have little tendency to corrode.6.Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom.7.If the surface becomes wet corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode.8.Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit 101.我們要觀察（研究）這些性能，看它們與我們所期望的陶瓷的組成有多匹配。2.在高于玻璃化轉變溫度的高溫下，玻璃不再具有脆性行為，而表現為粘稠液 體。3.它們顯示出優異的力學性能、抗腐蝕/氧化性能，或電學、光學抑或是磁學 性能。4.一般認為，先進是最近100 年才發展起來的，而傳統的基于粘土的陶瓷早 已在 25000 多年前就被使用了。5.the glass transition temperature ionic-covalent bond Stress distribution coefficient of thermal expansion Glass optical fibre materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuel cells electron microscopy6.Diamond which is classified as a ceramic has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.7.Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength.8.Ceramics generally have low toughness although combining them in composites can dramatically
improve this property.9.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure which determines their properties.Unit 111.材料科學與工程領域經常是根據四大方面—合成與加工，結構與組成，性質 與性能之間的相互聯系來定義的。2． 我們不僅要考慮具有完美晶格和理想結構（的情況），我們也要考慮材料中 不可避免的結構缺陷的存在，甚至是無定形的。3.通過熱壓可使孔徑減小從而得到高密度產品。4.在運輸時，廠方要提供關于產品危害方面的信息。5.crystalline ceramics grain boundary Alkaline earth oxide oxide additive Triple point saturation magnetization Television tube the color scale6.To understand the behavior and properties of any material it is essential to understand its structure.7.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.8.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.9.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit 121.材料的選擇是任何組分設計至關重要的環節，尤其在植入體和其它醫療器 械方面是特別重要的。2.我們能進行承載應用的三種主要材料是金屬、聚合物和陶瓷。3.高密度、高純度的氧化鋁被大量的用于植入物，特別是在
需要承載壓力的 髖關節修復和牙移植中。4.在陶瓷或陶瓷復合材料中，氧化鋯的磨損率遠遠高于氧化鋯鋁的磨損率。5.controlled reaction stress shielding Total hip prosthese strain-to-failure ratio Mechanical stress flexural strength Martensitic transformation6.Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.7.These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased damaged or just simply wears out.8.Because of its low density cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.9.Eliminating stress shielding by reducing E is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites.10.There are questions concerning the long-term effect of radiation emission from zirconia ceramics.Unit 131.聚合物的俗名叫塑料，這個詞指的是一大類具有許多性質和用途的天然材料 和合成材料。2.聚合物合成是一個把叫做單體的小分子通過共價鍵的結合形成鏈的過程。3.支化聚合物分子是由一條帶有一個或多個側基或支鏈的主鏈組成。一些特 殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳狀聚合物和刷狀聚合物。4.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的膽識結構卻相關的單體組成的，例如聚核 苷酸是由核苷組成的。5.persistence length cross-link Polar monomer nucleic acid Polymerization polyelectrolyte6.Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.7.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.8.A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.9.In polymers however the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.Unit 141.大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，這是因為碳原子具有與其它原子形成更強 更穩定的鍵的優異性能。2.它們在一定范圍內軟化，這與完好晶體相具有非常明確的熔點不同。3.分子量取決于其合成時的條件，因此分子量可能分布很寬或分布很窄。4.Goodyear 很偶然的發現了在橡膠中加入硫磺并加熱這個混合物能使橡膠 變硬，對氧化和化學進攻能力的敏感性降低。5.thermosetting plastic cross-sectional area Polymerization reaction double bond Chemical composition carboxylic acid Melting point degradation by oxidation6.Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.7.A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be
reshaped readily.8.Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.9.Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.Unit 151.逐漸增強的環境意識促使包裝薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有環境友 好的特點。2.顯而易見，實現這些性能對控制和改進機械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。3.在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解過程中，由水和熱引發的過氧化反應可 以使之降解成低摩爾質量的物質，這就是碳氫聚合物力學性能降低的.
第三篇：材料科學與工程專業英語1-19單元課后翻譯答案
Unit 1
1.“材料科學”涉及到研究材料的結構與性能的關系。相反，材料工程是根據材料的結構與性質的關系來涉及或操控材料的結構以求制造出一系列可預定的性質。2.實際上，所有固體材料的重要性質可以分為六類：機械、電學、熱學、磁學、光學、腐蝕性。
3.除了結構與性質，材料科學與工程還有其他兩個重要的組成部分，即加工與性能。
4.工程師或科學家越熟悉材料的各種性質、結構、性能之間的關系以及材料的加工技術，根據以上的原則，他或她就會越自信與熟練地對材料進行更明智的選擇。5.只有在少數情況下，材料才具有最優或最理想的綜合性質。因此，有時候有必要為某一性質而犧牲另一性能。
6.Interdisciplinary
dielectric constant Solid material(s)
heat capacity Mechanical property
electromagnetic radiation Material processing
elastic modulus 7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8.Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 2
1.金屬是電和熱很好的導體，在可見光下不透明；擦亮的金屬表面有金屬光澤。2.陶瓷是典型的導熱導電的絕緣體，并且比金屬和聚合物具有更高的耐熱溫度和耐惡劣環境性能。
3.用于高科技領域的材料有時也被稱為先進材料。
4.壓電陶瓷在電場作用下膨脹和收縮；反之，當它們膨脹和收縮時，他們也能產生一個電場。
5.隨著能夠觀察單個原子或者分子的掃描探針顯微鏡的出現，操控和移動原子和分子以形成新結構成為可能，因此，我們能通過一些簡單的原子水平的構建就可以設計出新的材料。
6.advanced materials
ceramic materials high-performance materials
clay minerals alloy
implant glass fibre
carbon nanotube 7.Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.8.Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9.Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulators(viz.ceramics and polymers).10.Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 3
1．金屬的行為（性質）不同于陶瓷的行為（性質），陶瓷的行為（性質）不同于聚合物的行為（性質）。
2．原子結構主要影響化學性質、物理性質、熱學性質、電學性能、磁性能、光學性能。微結構和宏觀結構雖也能影響這些性能但是他們主要影響力學性能和化學反應速率。
3．金屬的強度表明原子是通過強的鍵結合在一起的。
4．元素的原子序數表明該元素的原子核內帶正電的質子數。而原子的原子量則表明該原子核中質子數與中子數。
5．Microstructure
macrostructure Chemical reaction
atomic weight Balanced electrical charge
positively charged proton 6.100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings, 7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.8.Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a microscope.Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.9.The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.Unit 4
1．當密度小于水的密度時，物體將漂浮在水面上，當密度大于水的密度時，物體會沉降。相似的，當比重小于1時，物體將漂浮在水面上，當比重大于1時，物體會沉降。
2．由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移動，導致磁通量密度比真空中小，這種材料為反磁性材料。
3．使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫順磁性材料，使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫鐵磁性材料。
4．某些鐵磁性材料，特別是一些粉末狀或夾層鐵，鋼或鎳合金的相對導磁率可高達1000000。反磁性材料的相對導磁率小于1，但是到目前還沒有哪種材料的相對導磁率遠小于1。
5．當順磁性或鐵磁性的芯插入線圈時，其磁感應系數等于相對磁導率乘以空芯時的磁感應系數。
6．specific gravity
boiling point
magnetic induction
coefficient of thermal conductivity
glass transition temperature non-ferrous metals
linear coefficient of thermal expansion
mass per unit of volume 7.Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties.8.Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.9.At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material.10.In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.Unit 5
1.金屬的力學性能決定了材料的使用范圍及期望的服役壽命。
2.因此，一般多測幾次以得到力學性能，報導的數值一般是平均值或者計算的 統計最小值。
3．材料的承載方式極大地影響了材料的力學性能，也決定了材料失效形式，以及在失效前是否有預警。4．然而，受力彎曲時會產生一個應力分布，應力大小與到軸線的垂直距離有關。5．材料受到低于臨界壓力即屈服強度的力時，材料才會發生彈性形變。6． Test specimen
static loading
force
normal axis
Engineering strain
critical stress
yield strength stress area
Stress-strain curve 7.Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys;while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease.8.From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.9.Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.10.A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.Unit 6
1.隨著影響我們星球上人類生存條件的社會問題的即將出現，材料科學與工程界有責任和機遇通過解決未來世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、飲食、回收和健康方面的需求來改變世界。
2.不發達國家的人口增長率遠高于1.4%的世界平均人口增長率。
3.全球能源使用的預算在2025以前將以每年1.7%速度增長，這比世界人口增長率快多了。
4.此外，發達地區的人均能量使用量是不發達地區人均能量使用量的九倍以上。
5.gross domestic product
materials science and engineering
market economy
Societal issues
economic index
sanitation
Gross national product
popilation growth rate 6.Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to address societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.7.We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine, telecommunications, and transportantion industries.8.Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to sanitation.9.Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit 7
1.從化學角度來說，金屬是一類容易失電子以形成正離子的元素，它與其他金屬原子形成金屬鍵。
2.金屬鍵的無方向性被認為是金屬具有延展性的主要原因。
3.存在著共價鍵的晶體只有在原子之間的鍵斷裂的情況下變形，從而導致晶體破裂。
4.合金特別是為滿足更高應用要求的合金比如噴氣發動機，可能含有十種以上的元素。
5.delocalized electron
electronic structure alkaline earth metal
chemical cell nuclear charge
electric conductivity 6.Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.7.Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.8.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.9.Combining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.Unit 8
1.超耐熱合金的發展非常依賴于化學與加工的創新，并主要受到航空和能源工業的推動。
2.抗蠕變性能主要取決于晶體結構內位錯速度的放緩。
3.超耐熱合金在加工方面的發展使超耐熱合金的操作溫度大幅度提高。
4.單晶高溫合金是運用改進的定向凝固技術而形成單晶的，因此在材料中并無晶界。
5.faced-centred cubic crystal structure
turbine entry temperature metallic materials
phase stability nuclear reactor
synthesis of nanoparticle 6.Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.7.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and
corrosion/oxidation resistance.8.Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.9.At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride(or fluoride)is transfereed to the surface of part and diffuseds inside.Unit 9
1.腐蝕過程從本質上說是一個電化學的過程，有著與電池相同的本質特征。2.從礦物中提煉金屬所需能源的問題與后續的腐蝕和能量釋放直接相關。
3.當電子與中和的正離子（如電解液中的氫離子）發生反應時，陰極處電子得 以平衡。
4．Protective film
circuit
Free electron
electron transfer
Metal cation
anode reaction 5.Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to corrode.6.Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom.7.If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode.8.Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit 10
1.我們要觀察（研究）這些性能，看它們與我們所期望的陶瓷的組成有多匹配。2.在高于玻璃化轉變溫度的高溫下，玻璃不再具有脆性行為，而表現為粘稠液 體。
3.它們顯示出優異的力學性能、抗腐蝕/氧化性能，或電學、光學抑或是磁學 性能。
4.一般認為，先進是最近100年才發展起來的，而傳統的基于粘土的陶瓷早 已在25000多年前就被使用了。
5.the glass transition temperature
ionic-covalent bond
Stress distribution
coefficient of thermal expansion
Glass optical fibre
materials science and engineering
Solid-oxide fuel cells
electron microscopy 6.Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.7.Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strength.8.Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.9.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit 11
1.材料科學與工程領域經常是根據四大方面—合成與加工，結構與組成，性質 與性能之間的相互聯系來定義的。
2．我們不僅要考慮具有完美晶格和理想結構（的情況），我們也要考慮材料中 不可避免的結構缺陷的存在，甚至是無定形的。3.通過熱壓可使孔徑減小從而得到高密度產品。
4.在運輸時，廠方要提供關于產品危害方面的信息。
5.crystalline ceramics
grain boundary
Alkaline earth oxide
oxide additive
Triple point
saturation magnetization
Television tube
the color scale 6.To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.7.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.8.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.9.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit 12
1.材料的選擇是任何組分設計至關重要的環節，尤其在植入體和其它醫療器 械方面是特別重要的。
2.我們能進行承載應用的三種主要材料是金屬、聚合物和陶瓷。
3.高密度、高純度的氧化鋁被大量的用于植入物，特別是在需要承載壓力的 髖關節修復和牙移植中。
4.在陶瓷或陶瓷復合材料中，氧化鋯的磨損率遠遠高于氧化鋯鋁的磨損率。5.controlled reaction
stress shielding Total hip prosthese
strain-to-failure ratio Mechanical stress
flexural strength Martensitic transformation 6.Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.7.These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out.8.Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.9.Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites.10.There are questions concerning the long-
Unit 13
1.聚合物的俗名叫塑料，這個詞指的是一大類具有許多性質和用途的天然材料 和合成材料。
2.聚合物合成是一個把叫做單體的小分子通過共價鍵的結合形成鏈的過程。3.支化聚合物分子是由一條帶有一個或多個側基或支鏈的主鏈組成。一些特
殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳狀聚合物和刷狀聚合物。
4.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的膽識結構卻相關的單體組成的，例如聚核 苷酸是由核苷組成的。
5.persistence length
cross-link
Polar monomer
nucleic acid Polymerization
polyelectrolyte 6.Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.7.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.8.A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.9.In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.Unit 14
1.大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，這是因為碳原子具有與其它原子形成更強 更穩定的鍵的優異性能。
2.它們在一定范圍內軟化，這與完好晶體相具有非常明確的熔點不同。3.分子量取決于其合成時的條件，因此分子量可能分布很寬或分布很窄。4.Goodyear 很偶然的發現了在橡膠中加入硫磺并加熱這個混合物能使橡膠 變硬，對氧化和化學進攻能力的敏感性降低。
5.thermosetting plastic
cross-sectional area Polymerization reaction
double bond Chemical composition
carboxylic acid Melting point
degradation by oxidation 6.Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.7.A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily.8.Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.9.Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.Unit 15
1.逐漸增強的環境意識促使包裝薄膜及其加工既要方便使用又要具有環境友 好的特點。
2.顯而易見，實現這些性能對控制和改進機械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的。3.在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解過程中，由水和熱引發的過氧化反應可 以使之降解成低摩爾質量的物質，這就是碳氫聚合物力學性能降低的主要原因。
4.用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包裝材料并不合理，另外也是因為包裝材
料被食物污染后再進行物理回收是不切合實際的。
5.natural gas
packaging materials
Aroma compound
bioplastic material
Chemical structure
the life cycle of biomass 6.Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus.7.The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, water and CO2 production.8.During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable with low molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light.9.While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable in real composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity.Unit 16
1.比如，多相金屬在微觀尺度上是復合材料。但一般意義上的復合材料是指通 過鍵的作用使兩種或多種不同的材料結合在一起的材料。
2.最常見的是，復合材料有一個連續的叫基體的本體相，還有一個分散的非連 續的叫增強相的相。
3.先進材料采用了樹脂與纖維的復合材料，一般為碳/石墨，凱芙拉或玻璃纖維 與環氧樹脂的復合材料。纖維具有高的硬度，而聚合物樹脂基體能保持復合材料的結構。
4.如果復合材料設計和制備合理的話，復合材料就既具有增強相的強度又具 有基體的韌性從而得到了性能的理想組合，這是任何一種組分單獨存在時所具備的性能。
5.composite material
reinforcement material Fiberglass
matrix material
Strengthening mechanism
conventional material 6.A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.7.Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable.8.According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix composites and concrete are composites.9.In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component.Fiberglass and carbon fiber composites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.Unit 17
1.震蕩、撞擊或者重復的周期性應力能導致兩層的界面處發生薄層分離，這種 情況叫剝離。2.3.事實上，工業材料既要質輕又要牢固的要求是推動復合材料發展的主要動 力。
4.提到飛機，值得銘記的是復合材料不像金屬（如鋁）那樣在壓力的作用下會完全解體。
5.orthotropic
thermoset
Thermoplastic
Young’s Modulus
Mechanical property constants
extreme enviroment 6.In contrast, isotropic material(for example, aluminuim or steel), in standard wrought forms, typically have the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or moments.7.The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and stiffness combined with lightness.8.This makes them ideal for use in products thar are exposed to extreme enviroments such as boats, chemical-handling equipments and spacecrafts.9.Composites will never totally replace tranditional materials like steel, but in many cased they are just what we need.Unit 18
1.具有相分離的聚合物共混材料經常出現納米尺度的相。在過去幾十年里研究的基于溶膠-凝膠化學的有機-無機納米復合材料已基本淡出納米復合材料的研究。
3.理解粒子的性質隨著尺寸降低到納米級別而發生改變，這對于優化所得到的納米復合材料很重要。
4.廉價石墨的生產尚未實現，石墨的廣泛使用嘔待石墨合成技術的突破。5.electro-optical property
bactericidal property Block copolymer
interfacial phenomena Exfoliated graphene
morphology control 6.The field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development in basically all technical discillines.7.Nanoscale is considered where the dimensions of the particle, platelet or fiber modification are in the range of 1～100nm.8.These improvements are key to future aircraft and wind energy turbine applications.9.Nanostructured surfaces have been noted to yield superhydrophobic character and exceptional adhesion.Unit19：
2.英譯漢
納米結構材料
制造過程 表面積/體積比(比表面積)
納米尺度 球半徑
光電器件 伯氏矢量
釘扎點
1.大多數生物分子和其他生物材料是納米尺寸的，因此納米尺度提供了一個研究這些生物 分子、材料和其它材料發生交互作用的最佳機會/手段。
2.不管納米材料性質和它們的制作過程如何，納米材料許多奇異、甚至令人興奮的性質可 以歸結為一個簡單道理：如果材料/結構的尺度接近納米時，物理性質和化學性質將發生巨大的變化。
3.這對納米材料的光學性質產生巨大的影響：例如吸收光譜又紅外向可見光區域移動。4.另外一種磁學上的納米效應是所謂的巨磁電阻效應，已經被用來制作磁存儲器件。5.根據這個方程可知：預置裂紋越小，臨界應力越高。
3.漢譯英
Nanotechnology
interdisplinary subject Two-dimentional nanostructure
critical length Surface tention
thermal motion Self-organization
brittle failure 1.Nanotechnololgy deals with materials with dimensions in the nanometer range.2.If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, three amazing effects come to play a role.(Materials will possess three new effects/properties, which the original ones do not have.)3.Nanotechnololgy consists of nano-eletronics, nano-mechanics and nano-materials, etc..4.The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is five times higher than that of microcrystalline one.
第四篇：材料科學與工程專業英語匡少平課后翻譯答案（定稿）
Alloy合金applied force作用力amorphous materials不定形材料artificial materials人工材料biomaterials生物材料biological synthesis生物合成biocompatibility生物相容性brittle failure脆性破壞carbon nanotube碳納米管carboxylic acid羥酸critical stress臨近應力dielectric constant介電常數clay mineral粘土礦物cross-sectional area橫截面積critical shear stress臨界剪切應力critical length臨界長度curing agent固化劑dynamic or cyclic loading動態循環負載linear coefficient of themal expansion性膨脹系數
electromagnetic radiation電磁輻射electrodeposition 電極沉積nonlocalizedelectrons游離電子electron beam lithography電子束光刻elasticity彈性系數electrostation adsorption靜電吸附elastic modulus彈性模量elastic deformation彈性形變elastomer彈性體engineering strain工程應變crystallization結晶fiber-optic光纖維Ethylene oxide環氧乙烷
fabrication process制造過程glass fiber玻璃纖維glass transition temperature玻璃化轉變溫度heat capacity熱熔Hearing aids助聽器integrated circuit 集成電路Interdisplinary交叉學科intimate contact密切接觸inert substance惰性材料implant移植individual application個體應用deformation局部形變
mechanical strength 機械強度mechanical attrition機械磨損Mechanical properties力學性Materials processing材料加工質mechanical behavior力學行為magnetic permeability磁導率magnetic hybrid technique混合技術induction磁感應mass per unit of volume單位體積質量monomer identity單體種類molecular mass分子量microsphere encapsulation technique微球膠囊技術macroscopical宏觀的
naked eye 肉眼nonlocalized nanoengineered materials納米材料nanostructured materials納米結構材料nonferrous metal有色金屬線nucleic acid核酸nanoscale納米尺度Nanotechnology納米技術nanobiotechnology納米生物技術nanocontact printing納米接觸印刷
optical property
光學性質optoelectronic device光電設備oxidation degradation氧化降解piezoelectric ceramics壓電陶瓷Relative density相對密度
stiffnesses剛度sensor傳感材料semiconductors半導體specific gravity比重shear剪切Surface tention表面張力self-organization自組裝static loading靜載荷stress area應力面積stress-strain curves應力應變曲線sphere radius球半徑submicron technique亞微米技術substrate襯底supramolecalar超分子sol-gel method溶膠凝膠法thermal/electrical conductivity 熱/點導率 thermoplastic materials熱塑性材料Thermosetting plastic熱固性塑料thermal motion熱運動toughness test韌性試驗tension張力torsion扭曲Tensile Properties拉伸性能Two-dimentional nanostructure二維納米結構 Tissue engineering組織工程transplantation of organs器官移植the service life使用壽命the longitudinal direction縱向the initial length of the materials初始長度the acceleration gravity重力加速度the normal vertical axis垂直軸the surface to volume ratio比表面密度the burgers vector伯格絲矢量the mechanics and dynamics of tissues組織力學和動力學
phase transformation temperature相轉變溫度plastic deformation塑性形變Pottery陶瓷persistence length余暉長度polymer synthesis聚合物合成Polar monomer記性單體polyelectrolyte高分子電解質pinning point釘扎點plasma etching等離子腐蝕pharmacological acceptability藥理接受性pyrolysis高溫分解
ultrasonic treatment超射波處理 yield strength屈服強度vulcanization硫化
1-1:直到最近，科學家才終于了解材料的結構要素與其特性之間的關系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties.1-2:材料工程學主要解決材料的制造問題和材料的應用問題。
Materials engineering mainly deals with the use of materials and how materials are manufactured.1-3: 材料的加工過程不但決定了材料的結構，同時決定了材料的特征和性能。
The materials process decided not only the structure but also the characteristic and performance of the materials.1-4:材料的力學性能與其所受外力或負荷而導致的變形有關。
Mechanical properties are tied to the deformation to an applied load or force.2-1:金屬元素有許多游離電子，金屬材料的許多性質可直接歸功于這些電子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons, therefore, many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.2-2:許多聚合物材料是有機化合物，并具有大的分子結構。Many of polymers are organic compounds and have very long molecular structures.2-3:半導體材料的電性特征介于導電材料（如金屬、金屬合金）與絕緣體（陶瓷材料和聚合體材料）之間。Semiconductors have eletrical properties that are intermediated between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulator(viz.ceramics and polymers).2-4:生物材料不能產生毒性，并且必須與人體組織互相兼容。Biomaterial must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.4-1:化學性質是用來描述一種物質是怎樣變成另外一種完全不同的物質的性質。Chemical properties are used to describe how a substance change into a completely different substance.4-2:相變是一種物理性質，并且物質存在四種相：固相，液相，氣相和等離子體。Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.4-3:當溫度低于熔點時，聚合物的晶體結構破壞，但其分子仍然連接在分子鏈上，從而形成一種柔軟和柔順性材料。At the temperature below the melting point, the polymer start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material.4-4:在工程應用中，滲透率通常用相對值而不是絕對值來表示。In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute, terms.13-1:現在商業上重要的聚合物是通過有機合成技術制備的。Most commercially important polymers today are synthesized by organic synthetic techniques.13-2:某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是結構卻是相關的單體組成的，例如：聚核苷酸是由核苷組成的。Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.13-3:具有高交聯度的聚合物分子能夠形成聚合物的網狀結構。A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.13-4:聚合物的分子質量可以用聚合程度來表示，本質上就是組成聚合物單體的數目。The polymer molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.14-1:不同化學結構的聚合物具有不同的物理和化學性質。Polymers of different chemical compositions provide great variety in physical and chemical properties.14-2:熱固性塑料成型后，由于不能取消化學過程，因此不能重新再成型。After being shaped, the thermosetting plastic cannot be reshaped owing to the irreversible chemical processes.14-3:天然橡膠不是一種有用的聚合物，因為它太軟了，并且太容易發生化學反應。Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.14-4:我們可以在聚合物中加入各種不同的化合物，使聚合物具有抗日照和抗氧化降解的性質。Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.19-1:納米技術處理具有納米尺寸的材料，例如納米結構材料。Nanotechnology deals with materials with dimensions of nanometers, i.e.nanostructured materials.19-2:當材料的尺寸進入納米量級時，材料就具有其原先材料所不具備的三大效應。If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, the three main effects of the material take place which do no exist in normal materials.19-3:納米技術包括納米電子、納米機械、納米材料等技術領域。In the realm of techonology, nanotechnology conclude the nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanomaterials, etc.19-4:納米晶體銅的硬度比通常微米級銅要高五倍。The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is 5 times higher than that of common copper in micron level.納米藥物結晶過程可提高多數難溶性藥物的溶解度，因此近年來成為難溶性藥物給藥系統研究的熱點之一。The solubility problem of the most indissoluble drugs could be improved by nano-drug crystallization procedure.本文綜述了納米藥物晶體的制備技術（如沉淀法、分散法、乳化法和微乳化法、超臨界流體結晶法等）及其研究進展。Therefore, the fabrication of nano-drug crystals have become one of the major points for drug delivery systems research.Based on recent literatures, this paper reviews the progress of the preparation techniques for nano-drug crystals, such as precipitation method, dispersion method, emulsification and microemulsification supercritical fluid crystallization, etc.1.材料科學指的是研究存于材料的結構和性能的相互關系。相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料結構和性能的相互關系的基礎上，開發和設計預先設定好具備若干性能的材料。Materials science involve investing the relationship that 2.實際上，固體材料的所有重要性質可以概括分為六類：機械、電學、熱學、磁學、光學和腐蝕降解性。Virtually 3.除了結構和性質，材料科學和工程還有其他兩個重要的組成部分：即加工和性能。In addition to structure and 4.工程師與科學家越熟悉材料的結構-性質之間的各種相互關系以及材料的加工技術，根據這些原則，他或她對材料的明智選擇將越來越熟練和精確。The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various 5.只有在極少數情況下材料在具有最優或理想的綜合性質。因此，有必要對材料的性質進行平衡。On only rare 1.金屬是電和熱的非常好的導體，對可見光不透明，一個拋光的金屬表面具有光澤
2.陶瓷是典型的絕熱、絕緣體，在對高溫和苛刻環境的抵抗力方面，優于金屬和高聚物。Ceramics are typical insulative 3.應用與高技術領域的材料有時候被稱為先進材料。Materials that are utilized in high-technology 4.響應外加電場，壓電陶瓷會膨脹和收縮；相反的，當尺寸改變時，壓電陶瓷也會產生一個電場。Piezoelectric ceramics 5.隨著掃面探針顯微鏡的問世，這種顯微鏡允許觀察單個原子或者分子，使得操作和移動原子和分子形成新的結構、基于簡單原子水平上設計新材料成為可能。With the advent of scanning probe microscope，which permit 1.物體密度比水輕時將漂浮在水面，密度比水大時將下沉。類似的，比重小于1的物體將漂浮，比重大于1的物體將下沉。2.使磁力線相互分開，導致磁通量比真空小，這種材料被稱為反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相對磁導率大于1小于或等于10的材料被稱為順磁性材料；使磁通集中、相對磁導率大于 10的材料被稱為鐵磁性材料。Materials that cause 3.某些鐵電材料，特別是粉末狀態或者疊層狀態的鐵、鋼、鎳合金，他們的相對磁導率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁導率小于1但是相對磁導率遠遠小于1的物質還沒有被發現。Certain ferromagnrtic materials especially power 4.當順磁性或鐵磁性芯被插入到線圈中時，磁感應強度是空氣芯時的μr倍。When a paramagnrtic or ferromagnrtic 1.金屬的力學性質決定了材料使用范圍，和服役期限。The mechanic properties of metal determine 2.因此，為了確定力學性質，一般需要做大量實驗，報道的值一般是平均值或者經過計算的統計學上的最小值。T 3.材料受載方式很大程度上決定了其力學性質，同時也在很大程度上決定了零部件怎樣失效或者是否失效，以及在失效發生以前，是否會給出預警信號。The way a materials is loaded greatly 4.但是，承受彎曲載荷的棒其應力分布狀態與垂直法線軸的距離有關。However a bar loaded in bending will 5.低于一個被稱為屈服極限的臨界應力時，材料僅僅發生彈性形變。Elastic deformation only occur in a material 1.雖然聚合物習慣上一般指塑料，術語實際上包含一大類天然和合成材料，這些材料有不同的性質和用途。While polymer in 2.聚合物合成是這樣一個過程：將許多被稱為單體的小分子連接成以共價鍵結合的鏈狀物的過程。Polymer synthesis 3.接枝聚合物分子由帶有一個或者多個側鏈的主鏈構成，特殊類型接枝聚合物包含星型形狀、梳子形狀、刷子形狀。4.一些生物型聚合物由許多不同但結構上有聯系的單體組成，如多聚核苷酸由核苷亞單體組成。A biological polymer 1.許多合成聚合物具有C-C骨架，這是因為碳原子據有非凡的彼此之間形成穩定強鍵的能力。A grate many of these synthesis 2.高聚物一般不是具有尖銳熔點的完美結晶體，而是在一定溫度范圍內軟化。Rather than exhibiting a well-defined crystalline 3.依賴于形成條件，分子量可以在相當大范圍內分布，也可以緊密圍繞在一個平均值附近分布。Depending on the condition 4.Goodyear 偶然發現添加硫磺在橡膠中然后加熱混合物可以使橡膠更硬、降低氧化和化學反應的敏感性。
1.大多數生物分子和其他生物材料是納米尺寸的，因此納米尺度提供了一個研究這些生物分子、材料和其它材料發生交互作用的最佳機會/手段。Most biomolecules and other bioentities 2.不管納米材料性質和它們的制作過程如何，納米材料許多奇異、甚至令人興奮的性質可以歸結為一個簡單道理：如果材料/結構的尺度接近納米時，物理性質和化學性質將發生巨大的變化。Irrespective of the nature of these nano-materials and 3.這對納米材料的光學性質產生巨大的影響：例如吸收光譜又紅外向可見光區域移動。This has a considerable influence 4.另外一種磁學上的納米效應是所謂的巨磁電阻效應，已經被用來制作磁存儲器件。Another magnetic nanoeffect 5.根據這個方程可知：預置裂紋越小，臨界應力越高。From this equation it is evident that 1.生物材料是一種合成材料，它是以一種同活體組織密切接觸的方式替換生命系統中的某一部分或者發揮功能的材料。A 2.相反，生理材料是生理系統產生的材料，例如：骨頭、皮膚或動脈。By contrast，a biological material 3.如果不被取出來，暫時性植入體也會變成永久性植入體，例如用以固定骨折部位所使用的接骨板，愈合后不取出來的話，就變成了永久性植入體。Sometimes a temporary implant becomes permanent 4.器官移植可以恢復某些功能，這些功能是人造材料所不具備的，或者是天然器官所具備的更好的功能。Transplantiation 5.基于基體組織的科學知識在探索生物材料的研究和發展的各種方法中，具有很大的幫助。Fundamental-based
第五篇：材料科學與工程專業英語第二版1.2.7.10.13.16課后習題_翻譯答案_
Unit1： 2.英譯漢
材料科學
石器時代 肉眼
青銅器時代 光學性質
集成電路 機械(力學)強度
熱導率
1.材料科學指的是研究存于材料的結構和性能的相互關系。相反，材料工程指的是，在基于材料結構和性能的相互關系的基礎上，開發和設計預先設定好具備若干性能的材料。
2.實際上，固體材料的所有重要性質可以概括分為六類：機械、電學、熱學、磁學、光學和腐蝕降解性。
3.除了結構和性質，材料科學和工程還有其他兩個重要的組成部分：即加工和性能。
4.工程師與科學家越熟悉材料的結構-性質之間的各種相互關系以及材料的加工技術，根據這些原則，他或她對材料的明智選擇將越來越熟練和精確。
5.只有在極少數情況下材料在具有最優或理想的綜合性質。因此，有必要對材料的性質進行平衡。3.漢譯英
Interdispline
dielectric constant Solid materials
heat capacity Mechanical properties
electro-magnetic radiation Materials processing
elasticity modulus 1.直到最近，科學家才終于了解材料的結構要素與其特性之間的關系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties.2.材料工程學主要解決材料的制造問題和材料的應用問題。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.3.材料的加工過程不但決定了材料的結構，同時決定了材料的特征和性能。Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.4.材料的力學性能與其所受外力或負荷而導致的形變有關。
Material mechanical properties is relative with(relates with)its deformation coming from(resulting from, due to)outside(applied)force or load.Unit2： 2.英譯漢
復合材料
游離電子 先進材料
剛度、剛性 半導體
生物材料
智能材料
納米工程材料
1.金屬導電、導熱能力特別強，對可見光不透明；一個拋光的金屬表面具有光澤。
2.陶瓷是典型的絕熱、絕緣體，在對高溫和苛刻環境的抵抗力方面，優于金屬和高聚物。
3.應用與高技術領域的材料有時候被稱為先進材料。
4.響應外加電場(或電壓)，壓電陶瓷會膨脹和收縮；相反的，當尺寸改變時，壓電陶瓷也會產生一個電場。
5.隨著掃面探針顯微鏡的問世，這種顯微鏡允許觀察單個原子或者分子，使得操作和移動原子和分子形成新的結構、基于簡單原子水平上設計新材料成為可能。3.漢譯英
Advangced materials
ceramic materials High-performance materials
clay minerals Alloys
implant
Glass fiber
carbon nanotube
1、金屬元素有許多有利電子，金屬材料的許多性質可直接歸功于這些電子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons，many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.2、許多聚合物材料是有機化合物，并具有大的分子結構。
Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures.3、半導體材料的電性特征介于導體材料（如金屬、金屬合金）與絕緣體（陶瓷材料和聚合體材料）之間。
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulators(viz.ceramics and polymers).4、生物材料不能產生毒性，并且不許與人體組織互相兼容。
Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit7： 2英譯漢
導帶
堿金屬
原子半徑
軌道能量重疊 離子晶格
固溶體
1.化學上，金屬被定義為這樣一種元素：容易失去電子行程正離子、容易和其他金屬原子形成金屬鍵。
2.金屬鍵的非方向性被認為是金屬延展性的主要原因。
3.共價鍵晶體只有打破原子間價鍵才能發生形變，因此導致了晶體破碎。4.為一些高性能場合應用，如噴氣式發動機，特殊設計的合金可以包含10種以上元素。3 漢譯英
delocalized electrons
electrical structure alkali-earth metals
electrochemical cell nuclear charge
electrical conductivity
1、金屬有時被描述為由游離電子團包圍的正離子晶格。
Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.2、通常地，金屬具有良好的導電性和導熱性，具有金屬光澤，密度較大，并且具有在壓力下變形而不會斷裂的能力。
Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.3、合金是指兩種或兩種以上的元素形成的固溶體混合物，其中主要組分為金屬。An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.4、不同比率的金屬結合成為合金可以改變純金屬的性質，從而產生所需要的性能。
Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produe desirable characteristics.Unit10： 2.英譯漢
原材料的提純
長鏈烷烴 玻璃燒杯
粘性液體 火花塞絕緣子
玻璃陶瓷 計算機輔助過程控制
表面分析方法
1.我們將審視幾個性質，會看到這些性質與我們對陶瓷構成的預判是何等匹配啊。
2.高溫下(高于玻璃轉變溫度)，玻璃不在表現出脆性行為，而是表現得像粘狀液體一樣。
3.它們表現出優異的力學性能、抗氧化腐蝕性能、或者電學、光學 磁學性能。4.盡管傳統的粘土基陶瓷已經使用了25000多年，先進陶瓷僅僅是近100年內發展起來的。3.漢譯英
Glass transiton temperature
covalent ionic bonding Stress distribution
thermal expansion coefficient Glass fiber
materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuell cells
electron
microscope
1.Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known materials.2.Ceeramics are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strengths.3.Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.4.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical compositon and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit13： 2.英譯漢
聚合物合成天然聚合物材料 單體確認
生物合成 鏈長
持久(余輝)長度
1.盡管聚合物這個屬于在通用意義上一般指塑料，這個術語實際上也包含一大類天然和合成材料，這些材料有不同的性質和用途。
2.聚合物合成是這樣一個過程：將許多被稱為單體的小分子連接成以共價鍵結合的鏈狀物的過程。
3.接枝聚合物分子由帶有一個或者多個側鏈的主鏈構成，特殊類型接枝聚合物包含星型形狀、梳子形狀、刷子形狀。
4.一些生物型聚合物由許多不同但結構上有聯系的單體組成，如多聚核苷酸由核苷亞單體組成。3.漢譯英
Persistent length
cross bonding Polar monomer
nucleic
acid Polyreaction
polyelectrolyte
1.現在商業上重要的聚合物是通過有機合成技術制備的。
Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.2.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是結構卻是相關的單體，例如：聚核苷酸是由核苷組成的。
Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.3.具有高交聯度的聚合物分子能夠形成聚合物的網狀結構。
A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.4.聚合物的分子質量可以用聚合成都愛表示，本質上就是組成聚合物單體的數目。
In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed is terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.Unit16： 2.英譯漢
工程材料
結果形成的材料 增強的混凝土
金屬基復合材料 陶瓷基復合材料
三明治結構
1.例如，多相金屬在微觀層次上是復合材料，但廣義上講，復合材料這個術語，指代的是兩個或多個不同材料之間依靠機械力結合而形成的材料。
2.許多情況系下，復合材料有一個體相：它是連續的，被稱為基體，還包括一個分散的、不連續相，被稱為增強體。
3.先進復合材料是樹脂和纖維的結合，通常是碳纖維/石墨、凱夫拉纖維、玻璃纖維和樹脂。纖維保證剛度，周圍的聚合物樹脂基體將整個結構固定起來。
4.如果復合材料被正確地設計和加工，它具備增強體的強度、基體的韌性，獲得所需要的結合的性質，這種性質是任何傳統單一材料所不具備的。3.漢譯英
Composite materials
reinforced
materials Glass fiber
host/matrix materials Strengthening mechanism
traditional
materials 1.復合材料既保留了各組分原有的性能，由具有每種組分單獨存在時所不具備的性能。A composite retains its own distinctive properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.2.碳環氧樹脂復合物的重量是鋁的2/3，硬度是鋁的2.5倍。該材料耐老化，易修復。Carbon-epoxy composites are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh environments, and are repairable.3.由復合材料的概念可知，強化塑料、金屬基復合物、陶瓷基復合物及混凝土都是復合材料。From the concept of composites, reinforced
plastic, metal-matrix composite, ceramic-matrix composite and concrete, etc, are all composites.4.在纖維增強復合材料中，纖維主要起承載負荷的作用。玻璃纖維和碳纖維就是這種復合材料中的兩種。
In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load bearing component.Fiberglass and carbon fiber components are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.
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