第一篇:拋錨式教學設計.
[53] 劉瓊.網絡模式下的拋錨式教學在大學英語視聽說課堂上的應用[J].佳木斯教育學 院學報,2010(2).[54] 馬利娟.中職英語拋錨式教學的思考與實踐[J].教育探索,2009(12).[55] 湯月明.英語課堂“自主學習”教學模式探討---建構主義理論的實際應用[J].文教資 料,2006(6).[56] 王文靜.賈斯珀系列概覽---建構主義教學模式案例研究[J].全球教育展覽,2001(01).[57] 溫梅, 王瑞云.基于高職應用寫作的拋錨式教學模式研究[J].河北科技師范學院學 報(社會科學版), 2005(4).[58] 徐斌艷.拋錨式教學模式在數學教學中的應用[J].教育發展研究, 2001(8).[59] 徐麗華.拋錨式教學模式在大學英語精讀教學中的應用 [J].西安郵電學院學 報,2009(11).[60] 楊曉娟.基于建構主義學習理論的教學過程設計模式[D].濟南:山東師范大學,2000.[61] 鄭琴,劉蓉.拋錨式教學模式在大學英語精讀教學中的應用研究[J].吉林省教育學院 學報,2009(10).1.2 研究目的
本研究嘗試著將基于建構主義理論下的拋錨式教學模式具體地運用到對外漢 語聽力課堂教學中,并驗證其效果,為對外漢語聽力教學提供更多的可操作的模 式。筆者以自身所教授的泰國法政大學大二學生赴重慶大學 2011 暑期強化培訓班 為例,采用教案分析,將建構主義理論中的其中一種較成熟的教學模式,即拋錨 式教學模式,運用到筆者所教授的一堂聽力課中,筆者會在教學過程中嚴格按照 教學模式所申明的教學步驟操作,并論證其效果。1.3 研究意義
本研究具有一定的現實意義。對外漢語聽力教學研究是一直是熱點問題,本 文將建構主義理論下的拋錨式教學模式與對外漢語聽力教學相結合,研究聽力教 學中面臨的實際問題,為今后的其它相關研究提供佐證,以期提高廣大將漢語作 為第二語言的學習者的漢語聽力水平。本研究還有較大的實踐意義,本研究為學 校開展對外漢語聽力教學改革提供一定的借鑒,本研究結合研究者自身的教學實 踐,探討對外漢語聽力教學的具體措施與教學策略,為對外漢語聽力課堂的教學 者和學習者提供參考
2.3 建構主義理論下的拋錨式教學模式
“建構主義理論”作為教學方面的主流,在各科的教學中都得到了廣泛的運用,特別是在數學和科學這兩門學科。“建構主義理論”可以追溯到皮亞杰的“孩童思維發展理論”(轉引自 Ormrod,2004)。自 1980 年代以來,盡管認知心理學已經取代了行為主義心理學在教學中處于主導地位,然而“建構主義理論”卻并沒有對教學產生很大的影響。近年來,電腦和互聯網多媒體的技術發展迅速,有了這些先進的技術,教師們更愿意為學習者創造基于“建構主義理論”的學習環境,到此,建構主義理論才越來越被廣泛應用。建構主義教育理念植根于認知建構論和社會建構論。前者是建立在皮亞杰的觀點之上的(Lefrancois, 2004),后者通常被認為是建立在維果斯基的觀點之上的。建構主義作為一種教育和學習的方法,已經從心理學和信息處理理論的基礎上得到了發展,近年來日益整合語言學、人類學和社會學等形成了自己特有的觀點(Lefrancois, 2004)。即建構主義已形成了自己特有的知識觀、學習觀和教育觀。建構主義者認為,“知識不是被動地接受,而是被認知的主體所建立的”(vonGlasersfeld,1995)。他們將知識定義為“暫時性的,發展的,以社會和文化作為媒介的,因而是無目標的”(von Glasersfeld,1995)。知識不是對現實世界的準確論證;它是通過學生與世界之間的關系創造的。知識被看作是動態的,隨著經驗不斷變化的,并且,在本質上是主觀的、臨時的。同時,建構主義者認為, “學習是一種基于已有知識的積極地建構的過程”。學習需要產生新的想法,而不是機械地積累事實。有意義的學習是通過重新思考舊的概念,在與我們的舊觀點沖突的情形下,最終對新的概念產生了新的結論。由于學生不是知識的被動接受者,教師也不能向學生傳遞知識, 因此從建構主義理論來看,“教學應該是一個促進學生構建知識的過程”(von Glasersfeld,1995:56)。
基于建構主義理論,產生了多種教學模式,如支架式教學模式、拋錨式教學模式,和隨即通達式教學模式。本文重點使用的是拋錨式教學模式。2.3.1 拋錨式教學法 ①拋錨式教學的特點
拋錨式教學模式的核心在于,學習者如果想獲得知識,必須親自發現、處理和轉化復雜的知識信息。學習被視為不斷地檢查與舊規則對立的新信息,當舊的規則不再起作用時,修改舊的規則,形成新規則。因而,在課堂上向學生提出好的問題成為教師最重要的工作之一。在拋錨式教學模式的課堂上,教師和學生都認為知識不像惰性信息的記憶,但作為一個動態的、不斷變化的觀點我們生活的這個世界里,能夠成功地伸展和探索這一觀點(劉穎燦,2007)。劉穎燦對傳統課堂與拋錨式教學模式課堂進行了對比,見表 2.1.②拋錨式教學模式的教學步驟
拋錨式教學強調教學情境的重要性,將教學內容鑲嵌某個現實的人類生活事件或問題情境中,讓學生在真實的,或者是至少類似于真實的情境中親身體驗、生成學習,并自主地探究事件、解決問題、建構意義。(陳寧,2005)這種教學不僅有利于激發學生的學習興趣和積極性,更重要的是有助于學生掌握真正實用的知識。讓學生直接面對并嘗試解決問題。被選出來的事件或問題稱為“錨”,而確定問題的教學環節被形象地稱為“拋錨”,所選擇的事件或問題必須與教學內容緊密相關。一旦問題、事件或者是任務被確定下來,整個教學內容和教學進程隨之也就確定下來,就像對應的錨可以將一艘大輪船固定住一樣。在“拋錨”之后,教師需要完成的任務包括:向學生提供解決該問題的幫助和指導;盡可能讓學生發揮自主學習能力;組織學生開展合作學習;與學生一起對教學效果進行評價。由于拋錨式教學 強調創設真實情境,主張教學要以真實的事例或問題為基礎,因此也被稱為“情境性教學”、“實例式教學”或“基于問題的教學”。拋錨式教學由這樣幾個環節組成(劉洋,鐘志賢,2005):1)創設情境 --使學習能在和現實情況基本一致或相似的情境中發生。2)確定問題--在上述情境下,選擇出與當前學習主題密切相關的真實性事件或問題作為學習的中心內容。選出的事件或問題就是“錨”,這一環節的作用就是“拋錨”。3)自主學習--不是由教師直接告訴學生應當如何去解決面臨的問題,而是由教師向學生提供解決該問題的有關線索,并特別注意發展學生的“自主學習”能力。
4)協作學習--討論、交流,通過不同觀點的交鋒,補充、修正、加深每個學生對當前問題的理解。
5)效果評價--由于拋錨式教學的學習過程就是解決問題的過程,由該過程可以直接反映出學生的學習效果。因此對這種教學效果的評價不需要進行獨立于教學過程的專門測驗,只需在學習過程中隨時觀察并記錄學生的表現即可。
(很好的參考)3 研究方法
本文采用定量的研究方法。主要用在學生成績進行分析和總結。3.1 研究問題
本研究嘗試著將基于建構主義理論下的拋錨式教學模式具體地運用到對外漢 語聽力課堂教學中,并驗證其效果,為對外漢語聽力教學提供更多的可操作的模 式。本項研究包括的問題:
在對外漢語聽力課堂教學中,拋錨式教學模式是否能有效幫助外國學生完成漢語聽力的學習? 3.2 研究對象
本研究對象是來重慶大學國際教育交流學院進行暑期項目交流的泰國法政大學學生,即泰國法政大學大二學生赴重慶大學暑期強化短訓班,共計 37 人,由于人數較多,短訓班隨機分為兩個班,短訓一班(實驗班)17 人,短訓二班(對照班)20 人。本人被分派負責教授的是短訓一班的聽力課,并采用拋錨式教學模式進行聽力教學,短訓二班的聽力課,是由本人的同事所教授,她采用的是傳統教學模式進行聽力教學的。對照班和實驗班的學生的漢語為均中級水平。他們中的絕大多數學生都是華裔,祖輩大部分來自廣東、福建等地。這 37 名來華學習漢語的泰國學生的漢語背景為泰國法政大學中文專業本科二年級漢語專業,學生學習漢語的時間為 3—6 年。3.3 研究設計 本研究主要以《漢語聽力速成》(中級篇)第二課——《吃的學問》中的課文一,即介紹“中國茶”的短篇聽力文章為例,具體闡釋在教學實踐過程中是如何遵循該模式的具體實施步驟的。表 3.1 為實驗班的基本情況介紹。
基于建構主義理論,將拋錨式教學模式運用于本研究的聽力教學設計中,表 3.2.為教案樣課,本人將通過教案詳細展示在教學實踐過程中是如何遵循并且實施該模式的具體實施步驟的
3.3.1 步驟一:創設情境 筆者備課中將在網絡上所搜集到的一些中國的馳名中外的茶葉品牌的圖片(比如說西湖龍井、洞庭碧螺春、黃山毛峰、安徽鐵觀音、普洱茶等)及其留學生們在中國超市常見的一些茶飲料的圖片(如康師傅冰紅茶,冰綠茶,烏龍茶,茉莉花茶等等),經過加工整理后通過多媒體大屏幕幻燈片方式一一展示給學生。
3.3.2 步驟二:確定問題
3.3.3 步驟三:幫助學生組成小組,在討論的過程中學習
教師在這個過程中會在教室里走動,并觀察每個組的討論情況,適當地給予指引,以確保每個學生都在思考問題,并積極地投入到討論中,在這個過程中教師會注意掌控分組討論的時間。
3.3.4 步驟四:教師記錄下每個小組的討論成果,并予以總結在這個過程中,如若學生的討論結果還不夠全面,教師可以給予指引,同時,教師可以在此過程中順帶講解生詞以及語法。
由于學生的討論中,沒有涉及到“飲茶的方式”這一方面的內容,教師考慮到用咖啡這種跟茶相似的飲料,給予提示。提示內容如下:“我們平常喝咖啡時,既可以在家直接用熱水泡咖啡,也可以通過咖啡壺煮咖啡來喝。教師在講咖啡的飲用方式時,在 PPT 上配以泡咖啡和煮咖啡兩種喝咖啡的方式。同學們,猜想一下,中國人飲茶的方式有幾種?是不是像喝咖啡那樣呢?”
3.3.5 步驟五:檢驗學生的學習效果
在檢查學生的學習效果方面,筆者從兩個方面來考察,一方面是直接考察,直接考察與學生的聽力能力直接相關,即通過學生聽完課文后,完成教材所附的練習題的準確度來考察(聽力短文見附錄 A);另一方面,是間接考察,即通過話題辯論等口頭表達的形式來考察學生是否掌握了所學語法和詞匯,以及是否了解了課文中所涉及到的文化知識。
3.4 研究工具 本論文研究的工具:
3.4.2 培訓前、中、后期的測試本研究在培訓前、培訓中以及培訓后進行測試,其目的是為了了解學生在聽力課堂中的成績是否有所提高,是否有效。筆者希望通過測試學生在基于“拋錨式教學模式”的聽力課堂中的聽力水平,具體介紹如下: ① 培訓前期測試
泰國法政大學漢語專業大二的學生在來華參加漢語短期強化培訓之前,重慶大學曾給這些學生作過一次測試,只有通過這次測試的同學才有資格來重大培訓。而這次測試的成績則可以作為筆者所帶班級學生實驗的前測成績。詳細成績情況請見附錄 D,由于重慶大學要對這次測試的具體內容保密,所以筆者只能在本文中呈現他們在此次測試的總成績。兩個班的總成績見附錄 D。②培訓期中測試
在培訓中期進行的,學生已經接受了一段時間的聽力訓練,并對重慶的文化氛圍,及其重慶人的生活習慣有了一定的了解。本次期中考試的題目是由筆者出的卷子(詳見附錄 E),總共包含五個聽力話題,共 7 篇聽力文章。這五個聽力話題分別是:一,問路;二,吃飯;三,購物;四,生活及其學習;五,旅游。此次期中考試共涉及七篇文章,六篇對話和一篇短文聽力,共計 100 分,需要學生 100 分鐘內完成。(成績見附錄 F)③培訓期末測試
泰國 2011 暑期短訓班聽力課考試試題的考試時間為 100 分鐘,滿分為 100 分。由筆者和短訓班二班的聽力教師共同出題,主要內容為上課所使用的教材《漢語聽力速成》中所教授過的知識,并結合 HSK 漢語水平考試五級的部分原題。本套題由五個題組成,具體詳見附錄 G。(學生期末考試成績見附錄 H)3.5 數據收集與分析
本部分主要針對通過上文提到的三種研究工具所收集到的數據結果進行綜合分析。3.5.2 培訓前、中、后期的測試數據分析 ① 對培訓前期摸底性測試的分析
由重慶大學國際教育交流學院負責本次暑期交流項目的負責人張老師給我提供的學生的摸底成績,不難看到,總的來說,這批學生的水平還是不錯的。筆者對學生的成績作了一張表格(見表 3.9),便于分析。表 3.9 培訓前期學生的測試成績分析表 Table 3.9 The Analysis Table of Students’ Scores Before Training
從表 3.9 中不難看出,實驗班學生的平均分達到了 81.75 分,而對照班學生的平均分是 81.65 分,兩個班的學生成績基本一致,都屬于中等水平。兩個班都存在
學生水平參差不齊的情況,其表現在低分太低,而高分與低分的差距也比較大,總的來說,兩個班里 80~90 分這個區間段的學生占絕大多數,90 分以上的同學卻一個也沒有,可以看出兩個班聽力非常拔尖的同學都挺欠缺。② 對培訓中期的期中測試的分析
在培訓的中期,對實驗班和對照班的學生進行了一場期中考核,考核成績具體情況,見附錄 E。表 3.10 為培訓中期兩個班學生成績對照表表 3.10 培訓中期學生的實驗班和對照班的測試成績對照表
Table 3.10 The Analysis of Students’ Scores Between Experimental and Control Class in While Training
從表 3.10 不難看出,實驗班和對照班的學生在培訓中期整體還是呈現進步的趨勢,這表現在:第一,低分段的人數有所減少,實驗班原 70~80 分段的 3 人變為現在的 1 人,對照班原 60~70 分段的 1 人變為 0 人,原 70~80 分段的 5 人變為 4人;第二,整體的平均分有所提升,實驗班由原來的 81.75 上升到現在的 87 分,對照班由原來的 81.65 提升到現在的 83.25 分;三,最高分和最低分相對于培訓前都有所提高。但就這兩個班的進步程度相比較,實驗班略勝一籌,表現在高分段的人數,實驗班,90 分以上的人數由原來的 0 人到現在的 3 人,而對照班,90 分以上的人數始終是 0 人; ③ 對培訓后期的期末測試的分析
期末測試是由筆者與聽力二班的聽力老師共同出題,這份試題的來源有兩個部分,一部分是課本上教師教授過的話題和詞匯;另一個部分是完全取自 HSK 五級真題中的聽力練習。兩個班學生的期末測試成績見附錄 H,表 3.11 為兩個班成績對照。表 3.11 培訓后期實驗班和對照班學生的成績對照表
The Analysis Between the Results of Students’ Scores of Experimental and Control Class in After Training
或許從培訓前期與培訓中期實驗班和對照班的成績比較還看不出兩個班的差距,但從期末考試成績可以看出,無論是最高分,最低分,平均分,還是高分段人數這幾個方面,實驗班的成績都明顯優于對照班。4 結果與討論
本研究希望通過定量分析的研究方法,即把培訓前、中、后期的測試成績相結合,試圖探求本文提出的研究問題:
在對外漢語聽力課堂教學中運用建構主義理論的拋錨式教學模式是否能有效協助外國學生完成漢語聽力的學習? 4.1 “拋錨式教學模式”的效果
本研究在實際教學過程中采用了“拋錨式”教學模式,收到了良好的教學效果。學生們從培訓開始之前的聽不太懂教師提出的問題或是即使聽懂了教師提出的問題也不知道該如何表達的狀態,逐步過渡到能聽懂教師正常語速下的問題并能夠自然流暢地回答教師提出的問題,在一定程度上表達自己的觀點和看法。學生們話時應有的鎮靜、從容和自信。這點從培訓前和培訓后的訪談中可以直觀地看出,培訓前,大部分學生都不敢表達,說話支支吾吾,也聽不清教師課上的提問,與教師溝通的話輪較少;但培訓后,幾乎所有的學生都能暢所欲言,他們對教師的問題對答如流,此時,與教師交流的話輪大幅提高,不僅如此,他們還能自如地在聽力課堂外的社會大課堂,與中國人大膽地交流。說是建立在聽的基礎之上的,學生敢說,會說,說得恰當準確必然說明了他們已經聽懂并且正確理解了對方的 講話內容。故而,筆者由此可以得出結論,學生的聽力水平得到了提高。本人在實際教學過程中采用了“拋錨式”教學模式,對提高學生漢語聽力水平起到了一定的作用。具體表現為:學生在做聽力理解時,不再糾結于個別詞匯和語法,而是能夠做到棄小部分,而抓整體,從文章的核心主題層面上來把握聽力材料。綜合上述測試的統計結果,學生在經歷了培訓前、中、后期三段不同時期的測試后,成績有了明顯的提高。具體詳見表 4.1。表 4.1 培訓前中后期測試學生成績對比表
由表 4.1 不難看出,將實驗班和對照班兩個班培訓后較之于培訓前學生的聽力水平都有了提高,但是實驗班的學生成績提高得比較明顯,無論是在最高分,最低分還是平均分的提高上,實驗班較之于對照班都有明顯的優勢。5.2 “拋錨式教學模式”的實施步驟改進與完善
筆者在教授來自泰國法政大學大二的學生的長達一個半月的暑期強化班中的對外漢語聽力課過程中,在不斷與學生的磨合以及自我改進中,筆者形成了適合學生學習的聽力教學方法。首先在教授詞匯時,最好是(側重于)采取情景教學的方法,而且必須是最貼合學生實際情況或者學生最感興趣的話題教學,譬如,筆者在教授”尷尬”這個詞時,在 PPT上放了一張圖片,圖片的內容大致是一位女明星上臺領獎時,不慎摔倒了,她的臉上露出了尷尬的笑容。通過老師對圖片的簡單講解,學生迅速地了解了尷尬這個詞的意思,這比直接介紹詞典里尷尬的意思給學生的印象要深很多。但是,由于筆者課時有限,為了控制課程時間,筆者在教授詞匯時,都是自己設置的情境,讓學生自己理解,并沒有給很多時間讓學生舉一反三的時間。其次,教師要及時鞏固練習學生已掌握的內容,并且復習方式要輕松活潑有趣,比如,看出現很多已學過的詞匯的電影,聽中文歌曲說歌詞,等等。(這些都是以輕松活潑的情景讓學生融入所學內容的方法)在教學過程中,學生認為平時的課堂模式相對枯燥,如若教師可以通過更加輕松活潑地方式幫助學生復習已經學過的知識,會更受學生親睞,學生學習的積極性也會有所提高。
另一篇文章
前言
4.1研究方法:(1)文獻法 在查閱文獻的基礎上,了解國內外建構主義拋錨式教學發展現狀,構建適合中專學生的拋錨式化學教學模式。(2)實驗法 中專化學建構主義拋錨式教學對學生化學學習和發展的影響研究,主要采用實驗法。通過對我校一年級同一層次的園林10級1班(對比班)和林業10級3班(實驗班)一個學期的教學,在實驗班實施拋錨式教學模式,對比班實施傳統教學模式,比較實驗班和對比班學生的學習水平、學習傾向、學習能力發展情況 4.2實驗的基本過程和主要步驟 4.3教學實踐過程 4.2.1被試確定
研究對象為齊齊哈爾林業學校不同專業一年級八個班中的兩個班,其中林業1的班為實驗班,入校人數33人,園林101班為對照班,入校人數31人,由于入校學生為初中畢業生或初中未畢業的學生,有些學生未接觸過化學,所以沒有對他們的入學成績進行比較,而是運用問卷調查的方法對他們的學習基礎和學習興趣進行比較。調查結果統計后列于表1。
4.2.3拋錨式教學實驗研究材料 a.自編中專化學校本教材b.實驗班和對照班學生前測問卷c.自編2010年下學期學生課堂學習總內容和總時間一記錄表 4.2.4數據的處理方法
實驗班和對照班的歷次考試成績及同質性檢驗,采用分析統計軟件Excel進行t檢 驗和Z檢驗處理。4.3教學實踐過程
我對校本教材化學的教學內容進行了全面梳理,重點選取了“物質的量”及“離子 反應”二個教學內容進行了“拋錨式”教學法的嘗試。4.3.1“物質的量”的“拋錨式”教學法教學實踐過程 教學題目:物質的量 教學重點:1.物質的量的概念
另外一篇論文:However, in traditional teaching, the class is still teacher-centered, the students have little chance for expressing ideas and lack of interest in writing and they do not know how to write.It leads to the students’ writing competence is poor, and they can not do effective written communication.In order to change this present situation, motivate students’ learning interest andimprove the writing ability, anchored instruction is introduced into English writing class bythe author.The anchored instruction model is based on the theory of constructivism.Itemphasizes on situating the learning in realistic problems, to make students have learningneeds.Then they learn autonomously and collaborate with group members to solve theproblem.It can innovate on the traditional teacher-centered teaching model and it can help toset up the student-centered teaching model which lays stress on acquiring the directexperience, on solving the problems, on developing students’ initiatives and the practicalability.The anchored instruction is consistent with the New English Curriculum Standard(2005).Anchored instruction is developed by the Cognition & Technology Group at Vanderbilt(CTGV)under the leadership of John Bransford.The application of anchored instruction hasbeen to elementary language arts and mathematics skills.But the research on the applicationof anchored instruction hasn’t been widely carried out, especially in English writing in seniorhigh school.The present paper is intended to show that the application of anchoredinstruction has a positive effect on English writing.The author intends to testify the following hypothesis:
Is the model of anchored instruction superior to the traditional model in students’writing performance? Can this model help students’ to promote cooperative learning? The period of the study lasts one semester: from September, 2010 to January, 2011.Theexperiment was carried out in class 65(experimental class)and class 66(control class)ofYongnian Senior High School---a rural school.The anchored instruction was implemented inexperimental class, which the traditional model was implemented in control class.First, theresearcher conducted a pre-test to show the students’ writing ability in two classes is parallel,then collected the information of the students’ English writing situation by carrying outpre-questionnaire.Second, the researcher implemented the anchored instruction in theexperimental class.Third, the researcher testified the effect of the anchored instruction byanalyzing the post test scores, and the results show that the anchored instruction is superior tothe traditional model, it can create a relaxed and interactive learning atmosphere, arouse thewriting interest, form the positive attitude to English writing, help students learnautonomously, enhance the confidence in writing, promote their collaborative abilities andimprove their writing abilities.2.3 Theoretical Basis: Constructivism Constructivism is a learning theory that has its foundations in psychology, philosophy aswell as anthropology(Brookes & Brooks, 1993).The basic premise of the learning theory isthat the knowledge is not transmitted from the external world to memories of individuals.It isconstructed by an individual through her or his interactions with the environment.Hence, thelearner is an active information processor, and she or he tends to interpret the world in her orhis way with the support of her or his exiting knowledge.(Williams & Burden, 2003).Constructivism has many schools.As Tynjala put it, “In recent literature, at least thefollowing branches of constructivist thought can be found: radical or cognitive constructivism;social constructivism;the socio-cultural approach;symbolic interactionism;and socialconstructionism.” These branches are common in that knowledge is constructed byindividuals to social communities.These branches differ in the emphases---either theindividual factor or the social factor plays a more important role than the other during thelearning process.And in this thesis mainly introduce two of them which are closely related tothis study.They are cognitive constructivism and social constructivism.2.3.1 Cognitive Constructivism The theory of constructivism’s formalization is generally attributed to Swisspsychologist Jean Piaget(1896-1980)whose works are grounded of cognitive constructivism.He articulated mechanisms by which knowledge is internalized by learners.Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive constructivism describes everyone’s developmentexperiences four successive stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concreteoperational, formal operational.He suggests that learning is the process of the balance ofexisting schema and new experience.He argues that an individual constructs new knowledgefrom their experience, through the process of accommodation or assimilation.Whenassimilating, individuals incorporate the new experience into the existing framework withoutchanging it.On the contrary, when individuals’ experiences contradict their internalknowledge, they may change their understanding of the experiences to fit their internalknowledge.That is to say, accommodation is the process of reframing individual’s mentalrepresentation of the external world to fit new experiences.An individual arrivesequilibration with the external world through assimilation and accommodation: whenindividuals assimilate the new information without changing existing knowledge, they are ina state of equilibration;when the individual’s existing knowledge can not incorporate the new information, the equilibration is violated.At this moment, the process of reframing theirinternal representations is the process of seeking for the new equilibration.The cognitivestructure of an individual constructs, enlarge and develop through the process of assimilationand accommodation.Piaget’s works has always focused on the learning process’s constructive nature.Heargued that an individual is involved in constructing their personal knowledge from theexperiences from birth.During this process, individuals assimilate new knowledge to theexisting framework and to modify the existing to accommodate new experience.Therefore,the individual is the center in the learning theory.Thus, according to Piaget, the teacher is a facilitator by providing information and guiding students to explore and interact with the surroundings, so that the students can discover and construct knowledge.His theory provides the cognitive basis of development of constructivism.2.3.2 Social Constructivism Social constructivism focuses on collaborative nature of learners learning in the socialcontext, arguing that knowledge is mutually built and constructed(Santrok, 2004).LevisVygotsky, a Soviet psychologist, has formed foundation of social constructivism.Heintroduces culture and social factor of learning into constructivism.He emphasizes theinfluence of culture and social context for learning.Vygotsky argues that children construct knowledge through social interaction.It issocial learning that leads to the cognitive development.“Zone of proximal development”(ZPD)is Vygotsky’s contribution to social constructivism.It refers to the gap between theactual development level and the potential development level(Vygotsky, 1978:86).“Zone ofproximal development”(ZPD)is Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that a child cancomplete independently, and those complete with the guidance or assistance of adults ormore-skilled peers.The lower limit of ZPD is the level of skill reached by the childindependently.The upper limit is the level of development that the child can reach with theassistance of a capable instructor.The ZPD describes the child’s cognitive skills that are inprocess of maturing and can be accomplished with the assistance of a more-skilled person.Scaffolding is a concept closely related to the idea of ZPD.The Zone of Proximal Development(ZPD)is the distance between what has known andwhat can be known.Vygotsky suggests that learning occurs in this zone.The students cansolve the problems beyond the actual development level under the guide of teachers anddiscussion and cooperation with classmates.Social interactions between students orstudent-teacher can make students’ cognitive development.2.4 Constructivist Views on Learning Intervention 2.4.1 Constructivist Views on Learners Social constructivism holds that every learner is a unique individual.He or she has hisore her different backgrounds and unique needs.Every learner is also multidimensional andcomplex.The social constructivism not only admits the complexity and the uniqueness of thelearners, but also views them as the indispensable part in learning process to encourage,utilize and reward them.(Wertsch 1997).The constructivism encourages learners to arrive at their viewpoints of the truth influenced by their backgrounds, their culture or embedded knowledge.Every learner frombirth influenced by a particular culture, such as language, family culture and so on.And thesewill influence throughout the learner’s whole life.The importance of learner’s socialinteraction with other human beings of society is also stressed.The learner acquires newinformation or knowledge and learns to use it with the interaction with people around them.The learner develops his or her thinking competences by interacting with their peers, parents,society and physical world.From this, social constructivist holds that the culture andbackground of a learner are important in the process of learning, and this unique backgroundand culture are also helpful to shape the learners’ viewpoints and helps the learners explore,create, and attain knowledge in the process of learning.Furthermore, the nature of a learner also concerns the learning motivation.VonGlasersfeld argued that sustaining motivation for learning depends on learners’ confidence intheir potential for learning.The competence or belief of the learner in potential for solvingproblems is derived from the firsthand experience of solving problems formerly, and it ismore powerful than the external motivation or acknowledgment(Prawat and Floden, 1994).By experiencing the completion of solving problems successfully, the learner gainsconfidence and has motivation to engage in more challenging tasks.2.4.2 Constructivist Views on Instructors According to constructivism, instructors should adapt to role of facilitators, not teachers(Bauersfeld, 1995).When giving a lecture, a facilitator helps learners to get into their ownunderstanding.In the traditional class, learners play passive role and according toconstructivism approach, learners play active role in the learning process.Thus the emphasisconverts from instructor and content to the learner(Gamoran, Secada, & Marrett, 1998).Thisdistinct change of the role shows that the facilitator needs to show a different set of skills thanthe teacher(Brownstein 2001).The teachers just tell, while the role of facilitators ask;teachers teach from the front, facilitators support from the back;teachers give answersaccording to the school curriculum, facilitators provide guidelines and create learningenvironment for learners to arrive at their own conclusions;teachers mostly give amonologue, facilitators are dialogue with learners in continuous(Rhodes and Bellamy, 1999).The learning atmosphere designed should also support and challenge learners’ thinking(Di Vesta, 1987).It is advocated to give learners ownership of problem and solution process,but the case is that not any activity or every solution is adequate.The finial goal is to supportlearners become effective thinkers.It can be attained by multiple roles, such as coach orconsultant.2.4.3 Constructivist Views on Learning Constructivism is a learning theory, the advocates of the approach argue that learning isthe active and social process in which the learners construct new ideas and knowledge basedon learners’ current experience.Learning, as a social activity, can not isolate from the connection with the others aroundlearners, such as their teachers, peers, family members and strangers next to them.In thetraditional, the learner always is isolated from social interactions, and learns by one-on-one.In contrast, constructivists admit the learning is a social process involving interaction andconversation with other people.Learning also is considered as an active process, duringwhich learners participate in learning activities to get experience and construct knowledge.Besides that, learning should be contextual.It is impossible to isolate the knowledgefrom the realistic life.Learners learn in relationship to what they believe, what else theyknow, their prejudices and fears.It is the consequence of the thought that learning is socialand active.During the learning process, motivation is a key element.Only learners know ‘thereason why’, they will involve in applying the knowledge that they learned.Therefore,motivation not only helps learners to learn, it is also the essential of learning.Learning is a constructive and active process.The learner perceives the externalinformation actively and constructs the meaning with their existing cognitive structures.Thatis to say, the learner’s existing cognitive structures get reconstruct.According to Piaget,knowledge is constructed when learner interacts with the surroundings around them in ameaningful way.Authentic activity and realistic situation make the learner interest toconstruct new knowledge.That is to say, learning is authentic and contextual.2.4.4 Constructivist Views on Teaching Concerning instruction, the teacher should encourage their students to explore bythemselves.Teachers and students should interact with each other by engaging in activedialogues.The teacher’s task is to present knowledge to be learned by a format suitable tolearners’ current condition of understanding.And the curriculum should be well organized inspiral way, so that, students can build new knowledge on what students have learned.Constructivism holds there is never any one right way for teaching.About consideringwhat constructivist approach provides to a teacher, Von Glasersfeld asserts: “Constructivismcan not tell a teacher new things to do, but it may suggest why certain attitudes andprocedures are counter-productive, and it may point out opportunities for teachers to use theirown spontaneous imagination.” Chapter Three The Research Design Since the last chapter has shown the anchored instruction, this section will implementthe anchored instruction in the real classroom.This chapter will present the whole process of the experiment.3.1 Research Purposes The main purpose of the empirical research is to answer the following questions:Is the model of anchored instruction superior to the traditional model in students’writing performance?In a word, the empirical study is to prove the effectiveness of anchored instruction instudents’ English writing, 3.2 The Implementation of Anchored Instruction 3.2.1 Duration This empirical study was conducted from September, 2010 to January, 2011.To bespecific, it last 18 weeks.The subjects in experimental class attended the writing class onceevery two weeks, spending one and a half hour in class learning.They are required to learnby themselves or in groups, while traditional model applied in the control class.3.2.2 The Subjects The subjects are from two classes in Grade one in senior high school---Yongnian ShiyanSenior High School---a rural high school.These two classes are parallel in Englishproficiency, and it is shown in the later data collection and data analysis.Class 65 was chosenas the experimental class, and Class 66 was the control class.There were 70 students in Class65 with 29 boys and 41 girls, and 68 students in Class 66 with 30 boys and 38 girls.Most ofthem are 16-18 years old.As freshstudents in senior middle school, they are curious aboutthe new life and determined to work hard.3.2.3 Teaching Material The two classes use the same textbook which is published by the People’ EducationPress---New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1 and Book 2.3.2.4 The Instruments The instruments involving the empirical study are writing tests Thepre-test is to examine the subjects’ writing performance before the experiment, and to checkwhether the subjects in two classes are in parallel in English writing performance.Thepost-test is to explore whether the subjects in experimental class make differences from thosein control class.3.2.5 Study Stages The experiment was conducted from September, 2010 to January, 2011.This study involved in three stages.Stage one: Choose one class as the experimental class.The class was representative of Grade2010 the fresh students in Yongnian Shiyan Senior High School.Give a pre-test to examine the subjects’ writing performance before the experiment,and to check whether the subjects in two classes are in parallel in English writingperformance.Stage two:The experiment was carried out.The anchored instruction is used in experimental class, while the control class still in traditional model.Stage three:Give a post-test to the subjects to explore whether the subjects’ writing competence in experimental class makes differences from those in control class.(很好的參考)3.3 Techniques of Anchored Instruction Based on constructivism theory, the application of anchored instruction in writinginvolves five phases in present study: creating the authentic situation;making anchors;students’ autonomous learning;students’ collaborative learning;teacher’s response.Creating Authentic Situation Anchored instruction lays stress on placing learning in a meaningful context.Learninglanguage can not isolate from the realistic situation.Language isolating from life is inert andthe meaning of language expressing fails to transfer.In writing class, the context plays a roleof helping learners to write in the target language to express ideas in life.The learningcontextualized provides a learner with the realistic role that serves to consolidate the processof learning.Learners in realistic environment can actively take part in the learning activitiesand have high interests in writing.In class, teachers can utilize the textbook, stories, pictures,photos, the internet resources and multimedia to create the situation.Anchoring In anchored instruction, the activity of teaching and learning is designed around ananchor which maybe a story or situation which includes issue or problems to be solved and isinteresting for learners.The CTGV regarded anchors as macro-contexts for subsequentinstruction and learning, and explained the goal of the design of anchors “was to createinteresting, realistic contexts that encouraged the active construction of knowledge bylearners.Our anchors were stories rather than lectures and were designed to be explored bystudents and teachers.” The anchoring always refers to as the bonding of content within therealistic context.Anchored modules usually embed the information needed or hint as scaffolding, it makes the problem easier to solve.In writing class, providing an anchor withembedded information makes the writing process easier.Students’ Autonomous Learning In anchored instruction, learners are considered as active meaning constructors, and they can learn autonomously.During the process of writing, students are required to get thenecessary relevant information and take notes from the anchors provided.After thepreparation, they decide the writing content around the topic with the relevant informationfrom the anchors, utilize them to finish their writing independently.In the draft, the studentsshould be sure to express their ideas clearly to the reader, neglecting the language forms.Andthe students were told the draft can be rough, just put their mind down to paper quickly.Andthey should leave blank lines or margin for readers to response.And the teacher provideshints or information when the students need.After finishing draft, the students are asked to re-read their draft to evaluate and revisethe drafts, try their best to correct the errors of words, expressions, grammars and structures.Maybe they still have questions in expression and about some detailed information.Next,they will solve the questions in groups.Students’ Collaborative LearningIn anchored instruction, creating the environment of collaborative learning is one ofgoals of it.In writing class, under the collaborative atmosphere, the students work in groupsto discuss the topics, share opinions, give suggestions, solve problems and help each other.Thus, the interaction between learners is an important factor influencing on the knowledgeconstruction.Collaborative learning can help students view the topic from multipleperspectives, arouse their writing interests, and enhance their writing confidence.This partmainly includes group discussion and peer-evaluation.When studying in group, the students show their written paper and discuss theirambiguity in writing with others in group.The group member makes suggestions to eachother.In this stage, the students’ role is shifted, from a writer to a reader.The experience hastwo good points.First, students give support to other members.Second, students can learnfrom others: the good points, expressions and structures, also, it can develop the sense ofreader for them.When evaluation, the students as a reader examines the writing in terms of thoughtsexpressed and the usage of language, offering opinions by pointing out what are good pointsand what still confuse to readers.Then, they make suggestions and evaluation for thewriting’s improvement.The students revise their written paper again by getting feedback from members ingroup.They should decide whether the feedback from others is valuable and make a change.Teachers’ Response In anchored instruction, the teacher, as a facilitator or a guider, helps students realize that language is a communication tool to express and transfer knowledge.When making response to the students’ writing, the teacher should focus on the good expressions and points to praise students, and give mentions to typical errors, not all.The teacher also should make response with questions.Asking questions helps the students to express thoughts more clearly.It indicates the teacher is not authority but facilitator, helping students learning easier.The teacher’s encouraging or useful response can arouse students’ learning interest, motivate them and enhance confidence in the process of writing.3.4 A Sample Lesson Teaching Material: New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1 Teaching Content: Unit 1 Friendship(writing part)Teaching Time: September 8th, 2010.Teaching Objectives: 1)to improve students’ writing performance;2)to improve students’ problem solving abilities;3)to cultivate students’ consciousness of autonomous learning;4)to develop students’ collaborative learning.Teaching Procedure: Step One: Warming Up T: Good morning, class.In this unit, we have learned friendship between Anne and her diary.I think everybody here has your own good friend.Who can tell me the importance of the friendship? S1: My best friend often helps me with my studies.S2: We always play basketball together.T: Ok, well done.Now I will show you some pictures on the screen.Look at them carefully.Then tell me what the pictures express and your ideas about them.Ss: The pictures show about the importance of friends.T: Friends are important for us.But not everyone is good at making friends.How to makefriends with others is also important.Today, it is our topic.Supposing you received a letterfrom a pen pal named Xiao Dong.I will show the letter on the screen.Step Two: Pre-writing During the process, the teacher asks the students to identify the problem Xiao Dong hasand take notes about the necessary information they need by themselves for a minute or two.T: Today, we are going to write some advice for Xiao Dong.Do you know how to write aproposal letter? Now have a discussion on it in groups.After discussion, the teacher asks some students to answer the question.Ss: First, presenting the problem;second, proposing solutions;third, conclusion.Step Three: While-writingDraftingAfter the preparation, students begin to write the draft.In the draft, students should besure the problem Xiao Dong faces and what advice they want to give, then express ideasclearly.It can be rough, just put their ideas down to paper.Students’ Advice Samples:Self-evaluationAfter finishing the draft, students are asked to re-read their draft and try their best toevaluate and correct the errors.Discussion and Peer-evaluationThen students study in groups.In groups, students present their writing to each other anddiscuss their ambiguity during the writing process.Members of group make suggestions toeach other.The role of the student is shifted, from a writer to a reader.And they need toevaluate peers’ writing and help them to correct the errors, try their best to help the peers’writing improvement.RevisionAccording to the feedback from members of group, the students revise their writtenpaper again.Following is the revision from one of the students:Step Four: Post-WritingAfter revision, the teacher asks some students to make presentation in front of the class, and gives positive comment on the structure and the ideas expressed by students.The teacher should focus on the good expressions and points to praise students, and pay attention totypical errors.The teacher also makes response with questions.Asking questions helps thestudents to express thoughts more clearly.It suggests that the teacher is facilitator notauthority.The teacher’s encouraging or useful response can arouse students’ learning interest,motivate them and enhance confidence in the process of writing.The teacher encouragesstudents to find more solutions to the problem after class.And the teacher assigns writing aletter to pen pals or friends as homework.It can enhance students’ writing abilities and also isa process of self-improvement.Students’ Reflection After writing class, some students were asked about the effect of the class, and most ofthem thought this class was a success.What those students said was concluded.(1)The learning atmosphere is relaxed;(2)Working in group benefits everyone and fills in blanks between each other;(3)Peer evaluation is helpful for writing improvement;(4)Listening to peers is valuable;(5)They participated in the discussion actively and were willing to present their ideas;(6)Group work and discussion is helpful for problem solving.The students’ reflection shows that anchored instruction has been applied effectively inthis class and is popular with students.Teacher’s Reflection On the whole, the writing class is successful.In this English writing class, studentsparticipated in the learning actively.In group work, they discussed, expressed ideas andhelped each other.Working together aroused the learning enthusiasm of the students.Discussion was helpful for finishing their writing from identifying the problem to solving theproblem.At the stage of peer evaluation, the students shifted their role as writers to readers.This change made them have a better understanding of the content of writing and know whatthe reader really needed.However, there were some defects in this class.Some low level students depended ongroup members excessively.They did nothing, and high level students did the most work.And during the process of discussion, some students used native language to expressthemselves, the teacher had to remind them and asked them to speak in English.Chapter Four Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Data Collection This experiment was carried out from September, 2010 to January, 2011.Data resourcesinclude pre-test, after the experiment.As follows is thedetailed information of data collection.The experiment involved three stages: At the stage one, Pre-test was given to examine the subjects’ writing performance beforethe experiment, and to check whether the subjects in two classes are in parallel in Englishwriting performance.The subjects in two classes took in the pre-test on September 2, 2010.All the papers are collected and graded.And both total scores and writing scores in theexperimental class and the control class were collected and made comparison.Then thepre-questionnaire was delivered on September 3, 2010.The questionnaire before theexperiment is to collect the general information of the subjects: the factors influencing theirwriting;their opinions about English writing teaching;their strategies about English writing;their evaluation about their English writing;the condition of cooperation in English study.All the subjects were involved in it.And all of them made response earnestly.All thequestionnaires are collected.Then, the experiment was carried out.The anchored instruction model was applied inthe experimental class and the traditional model in the control class.At stage three, the post-test was carried out in the two classes to explore whether thesubjects in experimental class make differences from those in control class.Like pre-test,both total scores and writing scores are collected.After the post-test, the subjects were askedto answer the post-questionnaire.The post-questionnaire is to get the feedback from thesubjects about the anchored instruction and to explore whether this model is helpful to theirEnglish writing.4.2 Data Analysis 4.2.1 Analysis of Scores of the Pre-test The pre-test was conducted on September 2, 2010.After the military training for freshstudents, the school organized an examination for them.The test paper is provided by theschool.The test papers were collected and graded by the teachers in grade one.And forwriting part, at least three English teachers graded one paper.Now the results of the pre-testare shown in Table 1.The total score of the paper is 150 points.(The scores of students inpre-test are shown in Appendix I.)
From this table, it shows that the mean score of these two classes before experiment arevery close.The mean score of control class is 0.7 points higher than the experimental class.The highest score in experimental class is four points higher than the control class, but thelowest score in experimental class is two points lower than the control class.The pass numberof students in this examination is the same.And the pass percentage of two classes is close toeach other.It shows that these two classes are parallel classes.The present study focuses on students’ writing competence.Following shows the resultsof students’ writing competence.The writing score is 30 points.The mean points in this examination of two classes are 15.64 and 15.47, the control class0.17 points higher than the experimental class.There is no distinct difference between thetwo classes.And the highest score is the same.The lowest score only 1 point between thesetwo classes.Table 2 shows the students’ writing competence in two classes is parallel.4.2.2 Analysis of Scores of the Post-test The final examination was carried out on January 22, 2011.All the test papers arecollected and graded.And the post-test is graded by English teachers of grade two.The scoreof writing part in one paper is graded by at least two teachers.(The scores of students inpost-test are shown in Appendix II.)Table 3: Analysis of the total score in post-test
For the table 3, it shows that the scores of the students in the experimental class areapparently higher than the control class.The pass number of students in experimental class ismore than the control class by 7.And the pass percentage in experimental class is 8.75%higher than the control class.It shows the students in experimental class made great progressthrough this experiment.That is to say, the students’ comprehensive competence inexperimental class has been improved from this angle.Through comparison the writing scores between these two classes in post-test, table 4shows all the data of experimental class is apparently higher than the control class.The meanscore in the experimental class is 3.04 points than the control class.The highest score inexperimental class and control class are 28 and 25.The lowest score in experimental classand control class are 12 and 9.The excellent number in experimental class is more thancontrol class by 10 people, and the excellent percentage is 13.87% higher than the controlclass.It shows the anchored instruction is effective in the experimental class.Through table 5, the result of the experiment is apparent.The post-test scores of studentsin experimental class are distinct from the pre-test.The mean score in the post-test is 3.6points than the pre-test.The highest score in pre-test and post-test are 25 and 28.The lowestscore in pre-test and post-test are 7 and 12.The excellent number in post-test is more than thepre-test by 10 people, and the excellent percentage is 14.29% higher than the control class.From table 4 and 5, there is a significance difference between the control class andexperimental class, the experimental class in pre-test and post-test.That is to say, the result ofthe application of the anchored instruction model in experimental class is prominent.It showsthe anchored instruction is effective and practical.4.3 Comparison Between the Anchored Model and Traditional Model 4.3.1 The Role of the Teacher In traditional classroom, the teacher always plays an authority role in the class whocontrols all the class activities.In writing class, the teacher spends much time telling his orher students how to write the essay around the given topic and how to get more points in theexamination.Next, the students write and hand in within the limited time.The teacher beginsto spend much time red-inking the mistakes, like grammar mistake and vocabulary mistake.Then, the teacher hands out their writing papers.If the teacher gives the scores, the studentsglance the score, put it into desk.That is all about writing training.If the teacher does notgive the scores out, the students throw the writing paper into the desk straightly.The writingclass can not be effective.This point is like parents, who do everything for their children untilthe children master skills or have abilities to live independently from the moment the babiesare born.The teacher does everything to try to provide students master the skills.But thewriting class has little efficiency.While in the class of anchored instruction model, the teacher acts as a facilitator.As afacilitator, the teacher asks questions to give the students clues not tell them how to do,provides guidelines not gives answers and creates the environment for students to arouse thestudents’ interests to explore.A facilitator is always in continuous dialogue with his or herstudents(Rhodes and Bellamy, 1999).The teacher needs to create a relaxed and interactivelearning atmosphere and guides the students to learn autonomously, to cooperate with othersand discuss with each other.4.3.2 The Role of the Student According to traditional classroom, the students just listen to the teacher, taking notesand practicing the newly learned useful expressions.In writing class, the students also write agiven topic within the limited time by using the skills which offered in the textbook thenwaiting the teachers’ response to the writing papers.They are passive;they feel the writingclass is monotonous, and gradually lose interest in it.In the anchored instruction model class, they face the realistic issues in their daily lifeand need to do a lot of work to collect the related information to solve it.They overcome thedifficulties by themselves and learn autonomous.In class, they need to discuss in group andcommunicate with others about the issue.Then, they present their draft in the group andrevise it by peers’ evaluation.They learn from each other, work together and fill in blanks foreach other.In this model class, it is a real students-centered or learners-centered class.There are many differences between the anchored instruction model and traditionalmodel.The following table shows them.Chapter Five Conclusion The previous chapters have shown and the results of the experiment anddiscussion show that the application of anchored instruction is superior to the traditionalmodel and this instruction has positive effect on the subjects.The instruction shifts fromteacher-centered to student-centered in classroom.Students participate in learning andcollaborate with classmates for learning actively.And the anchored instruction promotes thelearning consciousness of students, thus, students make progress.In this Chapter, the authordescribes major findings about the experiment and implication, discusses the limitation andfurther suggestion for continued research.5.1 Major Findings Through the data analysis in chapter 4, the study shows the anchored instruction modelis more effective in improving the students’ writing competence than traditional model.Thereare three major areas the author has found the application of anchored instruction: 5.1.1 Creating a Relaxed and Interactive Learning Atmosphere The anchored instruction model is significance in creating a relaxed and interactivelearning atmosphere.In the experimental class, the teacher acts as a facilitator, organizing thecontextualized lessons for students and promoting opportunities for communication.Thestudents are active in the learning process,and they are interested in the situated questions.The teacher and the students are involved in learning process from each other equally.Thelearning environment is designed to support, and challenge the students’ thinking.And togive the students ownership of the solution process is necessary.The teacher providesreference and creates an environment for the students to arrive at their own conclusions.Under this relaxed and interactive environment the students will be an effective thinker, andthe teacher is a consultant or coach.5.1.4 Promoting Students’ Collaborative Learning Abilities Collaborative learning is an important segment in anchored instruction.It means a smallgroup of learners work together to accomplish shared goals.During the process, learners helpeach other, discuss and collaborate with each other to solve problems, and assess peers andfill in blanks in each other’s comprehension.A group is a team.Everyone of the team isresponsible not only for learning what has taught but also for helping other team members tounderstand.Moreover, the learners have opportunities and time to try out their answers witheach other and they can receive feedback from others in the group before being asked to showtheir contributions to the whole class.The students in a group are not afraid of being laughedby team members when they make mistakes.The relationship of the group or team membersis interdependent.Peers support and mutual help replace the competition.The learningatmosphere is harmonious.It also enhances the learners’ self-confidence.And from theanalysis of the post-questionnaire, 90% of the subjects have a strong will to study in a group.5.2 Implications These findings of this study may give some hints on teaching English writing in thesenior high school.According to the teaching experiences, following are some pedagogicalimplications: To create a realistic situation Learning a language needs a realistic situation.Only using it in the daily life, thestudents can master the language well.In English writing class, writing topics should berelated to the students’ daily life.Students use writing to express their own ideas and communication with others.To help students be autonomous learners In anchored instruction, the writing class should be student-centered or learner-centered.The teacher should guide the students to complete their learning tasks by asking helpfulquestions not giving answers.The students needs to know their essays not for the teacher tocorrect, they are for others to read.Through the essays, they express their thought andcommunicate with others, and they will master the language well.To enhance the students self-confidence As a non-native speaker, writing is difficult for them.They are afraid of writing.Therefore, helping students to enhance their confidence is significance.If the students haveconfidence to write, writing is so easy.Follows list some suggestions for teachers: Do notred-ink every mistake if the mistakes do not affect readers’ understanding;Focus on what thestudents convey not the correct forms;Pay attention to good points and sentences;Exhibit thegood written product.To give positive assessment for every student as far as possible Although it is impossible for the teacher to pay attention to every student, the teachershould give proper assessment to his each student.For students, the teacher’s assessment isencouraging.It can be an incentive for students to make progress.5.3 Limitations and Suggestions Although the empirical study has yielded some achievements in English writing, the study inevitably has limitations.First, this experiment lasted one semester.With relatively short time for the study andauthor’s limited teaching experience, the results may not be prominent.From the point, theauthor advises to carry out a longer term experiment.Second, this experiment was carried out in two large size of class.Most students canfollow the teacher’s instruction, and a few students can not follow the teacher’s instruction.Itprevents this experiment from getting more good results.Third, the subjects in this experiment are all from grade one in senior high school.Theexperiment should be done with large different samples from various grades and schools totest whether this model is effective.Through the results of the experiment, it can be inferred that the anchored instructionhas a positive effect on students’ learning.But the study also leaves a lot to be continuedresearch.And it is need more researches to explore the practical applications of anchoredinstruction.[45] 陳桂芳.建構主義的拋錨式教學策略在課堂教學中的應用 [J].教育理論與實踐,2005(6).[46] 陳青,烏美娜.從拋錨式教學看情境學習對教學及教學設計的啟示[J].中國電化教育,1999(4).[47] 程曉堂,鄭敏.英語學習策略[M].北京:外語教學與研究出版社.2002:3.[48] 胡壯麟.語言學教程.北京大學出版社,2001.[49] 何克抗.建構主義的教學模式教學方法與教學設計[J].北京示范大學學報(社會科學版),1997,(5).The instructional design principles underlying the anchored instruction are:(1)Anchored instruction aims to solve the real problems.It stresses the utility ofknowledge.In this situation, the students know the necessity of learning the newknowledge.Thus, they will study automatically and independently.(2)In anchored instruction, the students are the center in the learning procedure.They try to identify the anchor, set up their own goals, and explore the solutions to theproblem on their own.(3)The teacher’s influence decreases in anchored instruction, but it doesn’t meanthe teacher is not important any more.In fact, such kind of instruction requires moreto the instructor.The teacher should act as guide, resource provider, time controller,facilitator, etc.The learners accomplish the knowledge construction under theguidance of the teacher.2.1.4 Procedures of Anchored Instruction In 1998, on the basis of the studies about anchored instruction both at home andabroad, Gao Wen and Chen Haiyan summarized the anchored instruction model.Theydid further researches on the objectives, the instructional principles and the methodsof applying anchored instruction.They also put forward five procedures of anchoredinstruction: 1)Situation creation: the instructor tries to create a macro-situation similar to thereal situation.2)Problem identification: the instructor should point out a question for thestudents to solve.The selected problem plays the role as the “anchor”, and it is thelearning center.The students do their best to solve the problem under themacro-situation.Thus the teaching objectives will be obtained in the process ofproblem-solving.3)Independent learning: the following stage will be finished by the studentswithout being told what to do and how to do.If they meet some difficulties, theteacher will provide some clues to guide them to the correct direction.In this way, thelearners’ autonomous learning ability can improve gradually.4)Collaborative learning: after independent learning, the students communicatewith each other to share their ideas, to express their understanding of the text, and toshow their solution to` the problem.Argument, supplement and revision will occur inthis process.Through cooperating with each other, the students will have a betterunderstanding of what they are learning.5)Evaluation: As anchored instruction requires the students to solve the realproblems, the learning process is the process of solving problems.Thus the students’learning achievements can be assessed in the learning process.3.3.2 The PETS-3 Test Papers The papers of Public English Test System 3(PETS-3)(Appendix II, III)will be usedas the instrument to investigate the students’ English proficiency.Furthermore, thechanges in their English achievements after the experiment can also be reflected bythe paper.First, the author uses the PETS-3 test paper(the PETS 3 test paper in Dec.2010)before the experiment to assess the students’ English proficiency level in thepre-test.And then the author employs another PETS-3 test paper(the PETS-3 test paperin June, 2011)at the end of the semester to compare the changes of the students’English proficiency between the pre-test and the post-test.The full scores of thePETS-3 test paper is 100 points, and the paper is made up of five types of questions,including listening comprehension(20%), vocabulary and structure(20%), reading comprehension(30%), translation(20%)and writing(10%).The examinations ofPublic English Test System 3 is an official test which is of high validity.It is popularin higher vocational colleges, and the questions of the paper are appropriate to thevocational college students’ English capacity, so the test paper can reflect the students’true English proficiency.To ensure the reliability of the data, the test conditionsincluding the time, places, environment, equipments are all the same for theexperimental class and the control class.3.3.3 SPSS V 17.0 SPSS V17.0 is employed in this thesis to analyze the data of FLCAS andfinal test collected in pre-test as well as post-test.SPSS(Statistical Product andService Solutions)is a comprehensive statistical analysis and data managementsystem.It is the earliest statistical analysis software and is widely applied to the fieldsof natural science, technological science, social science, etc.With the continuousdevelopment and improvement, SPSS is highly commended for its accuracy,flexibility and convenience.3.4 Research Design The present research adopts an empirical study.Anchored instruction wasapplied in the experimental class, while the control class instruction still remained tobe the traditional teaching method.The whole instructional experiment processconsists of three stages: pre-test, implementation of the experiment and post-test.The experiment was conducted in the second semester of their freshmen year.It totallylasted sixteen weeks, from February 2012 to June 2012.3.4.1 Pre-test The first stage of the experiment is to survey the students’ foreign languageanxiety level in English classroom via FLCAS, and to investigate their Englishproficiency by means of PETS-3 test paper.Some relevant data will be collected inthe form of the questionnaires and the PETS-3 test papers.3.4.2 Implementation of the Experiment 3.4.2.1 Experimental Class — Anchored Instruction Teaching material: New Horizon English Course(Reading and Writing)Teaching content:Unit 5 Parents’ LoveTeaching time: April 5th, 2012 Teaching procedures: Procedure One: 1)Situation creation: This part is the initial stage of the anchored instruction.Inorder to achieve the teaching goal, the teacher often uses videos, pictures, or tell somestories to create a macro-situation.By these means, the students will be guided intothe circumstances similar to the real situations.The teaching material is New Horizon English Course(Reading and Writing).It consists of ten units, and each unit has two texts.The content of the two passages isabout the same theme.Since the theme has been identified, the instructor will createthe situation around the theme.Take unit 5 for example.The fifth unit of the teaching material is composed oftwo passages : Text A is Father Dearest, and Text B is My Mother and I.The twopassages tell us something about parents’ love.First, the teacher showed them threevideos.The videos were produced by America, China and Thailand separately.All ofthem had something to do with the relationship between parents and their children.The video time lasted about fifteen minutes.After watching them, nearly all thestudents were deeply impressed by the movie.Some girls were even moved to cry.Through the observation the author knew that the students had been guided into the situation which was created by the teacher.2)Problem identification: The instructor should poses a question for the studentsto solve.The selected question plays the role as the “anchor”, and it is the learningcenter.The students do their best to solve the problem under the macro-situation.Thusthe teaching objectives will be obtained in the process of problem-solving.Then we come to the second stage:Problem identification.The teacher showedthem some moving pictures.These pictures helped to narrow down the theme, makingthem know the theme is about the parents’ love.Under such circumstance, onequestion was put forward: telling us something about your father or mother, includingtheir appearance, their character and one thing that impresses you most.3)Independent learning: The following stage will be finished by the studentswithout being told what to do and how to do.If they meet some difficulties, theteacher will provide some clues to guide them to the correct direction.In this way ,the learners’ autonomous learning ability can improve gradually.Since the problem had been identified, the teacher gave the students some time tofinish the assignments.To describe their parents and the thing their parents did forthem, the students had to master some relevant words and phrases.Such kind ofquestions made the students think over the problem by reviewing their ownexperience.They were situated in a familiar environment.This way can arouse theirinterests, and stimulate them to learn the words and phrases actively.This stage is called independent learning.It is mainly finished by the learnersindependently.They can refer the words and grammars at the back of the text, or turnto the dictionary for help.As their English proficiency is limited, the teacher shouldprovide assistance for them appropriately.The instructional assistance ought to stay inthe zone of proximal development.The teaching procedure will be adjusted on thebasis of the learners’ cognitive ability observed by the teacher.This stage lasted about20 minutes.Of course, they made some mistakes in the statement.Then I redressedtheir mistakes and explained some grammars in the text.Through independentlearning, the students had accumulated many new words and phrases related to thetheme, and learned some new grammars.They had been equipped with the ability totransfer from the actual development level to the potential development level.4)Collaborative learning: After independent learning, they had already had anoverview of the text.Then in the next step, collaborative learning began.I divided the37 students into 7 groups.Each group contained 5 or 6 members.They are assignedthe task of summarizing the text.The students communicated with each other to sharetheir ideas, to express their understandings of the text, and to show their solutions tothe problem.Argument, supplements and revisions would occur in this process.Bycooperating with each other, the students had a better understanding of what theywere learning.5)Evaluation: Evaluation is the output stage.The English output is made up of two forms: oral output and written form.As anchored instruction requires the students to solve the real problems, the learning process is the procedure of solving problems.The oral output can be assessed in the course of the instruction through theirpresentation of the question.As for the writing task, it would be evaluated by meansof English proficiency test via PETS-3 test paper.3.4.2.2 Control Class — Traditional Teaching method Class two is still taught with the traditional teaching method.Reading the newwords, translating the text, teaching the grammar, and explaining the exercises werethe common procedures.The students in the control class were not given much timeand opportunities to participate in the classroom activity.What they did in the class was passively listening to the instructor.拋錨式教學模式的基本程序(l)創設問題情境,創設能引導學生主動參與的問題情境,促使學生原有的知識與必須掌握的新知之間發生激烈的沖突,激發學生強烈的問題意識和求知欲,是探究性學習的第一步。只有產生問題意識,學生才會激發起求知的欲望,才能努力開發創造性思維和探究知識的熱情。模擬、再現歷史是運用拋錨主義思想指導學科教學改革的典范,它的理論意義不限于歷史學科教學本身,它對于我們重新認識教學過程的一般問題,如教學過程中師生的角色、學生與學生的關系,知識與智力目標統一實現的問題,知識的廣度與深度之間的關系,以及全體學生素質的提高與因材施教的關系等,都提供了一定的啟示。(2)確定問題并提出假設,“問題”是教學的心臟,有了問題,學生才有探究的欲望,有了問題,學生才有探究的目標。確定問題是解決問題的起點,也是動力.引發學生積極探究,有利于他們思維的發展。課堂教學的核心是發展學生的思維,(3)自主探究與集體討論相結合,共同參與問題的解決.自主探究是本模式的核心環節,是讓學生根據自己的體驗,用自己的思維方式采用獨立探究或小組合作的方法,搜集相關資料,自由地,開放地去探究,去發現,去創造有關的知識。(4)活動的反思與知識遷移,通過反思與總結,學生的認識水平和能力得到提高,為今后的學習和活動提供了經驗和教訓,學會用理解、歸納、綜合、分析以及評價等歷史思維方式來解決問題,知識的遷移能力也大大提高.3.2 建構主義的教學設計
教學設計是依據對學習需求的分析,提出解決問題的最佳方案,使教學效果達到最 優化的系統決策過程.由此可見,教學設計其實就是一個分析教學問題、設計解決方案、檢驗方案有效性并做出相應修改直至最優化的過程.一般認為,教學設計可劃分為:教 學系統設計、課程教學設計、課堂教學設計、教學媒體設計.本文討論的是課堂教學設 計.一般認為,課堂教學設計指教師在教學工作開始之前,根據現代教育理論的基本觀 點,依據教學目的和要求,通過對課堂教學過程中各主要要素(內容、學生)的分析,確定合適的教學起點,形成有序流程,以指導課堂教學工作的有效實施.課堂教學設計 主要有以下幾個環節:教學目標分析,這是課堂教學設計的開始;教學分析,包括教學 任務分析、學習任務分析;教學效果的測定和評價的設計,這是課堂教學設計的反饋途 徑.進行教學設計的主要功能是將知識從學術形態轉化為教育形態3.2.2 建構主義理論下數學課堂教學設計的原則
(1)要充分體現教學過程中學生的主體地位, 強調以學生為中心,各種教學因素,包括教師只是作為一種廣義的學習環境支持學習者的自主學習;
(2)要促使學生學會學習,在教學過程中使學生逐步從“學會”向“會學”轉變;(3)以問題為核心驅動學習,注重培養學生創造性、發展性的思維能力,鼓勵學生 多角度、多方向、新穎獨特地提出問題和解決問題;
(4)強調協作學習的重要性,要求學習環境能夠支持協作學習;
(5)重視課堂內外的結合,努力把課堂延伸到課外,變被動接受為主動探索;(6)強調非量化的整體評價,反對過分細化的標準參照評價. 3.2.3 建構主義理論下數學課堂教學設計的基本模式(1)教學目標分析
進行教學目標分析,以確定課堂所要學知識的“主題”(即與基本概念、基本原理或 基本方法有關的知識內容).在傳統課堂教學設計中,教學目標是高于一切的,它既是教 學過程的出發點,又是教學過程的歸宿.通過教學目標的分析可以確定教學內容和教學 內容的安排次序;教學目標也是檢查教學效果和進行評估的依據.而在以學生為中心的 課堂教學設計中,由于強調學生是認知主體、是意義的主動建構者,所以把學生對知識 的意義建構作為學習過程的最終目的.在這樣的課堂教學設計中往往不是從分析教學目 標開始,而是從創設有利學生意義建構的情境開始,甚至存在一種偏向,認為建構主義 學習環境下沒有必要進行教學目標分析.這種看法是片面的.因為“意義建構”是指對 當前要學習的內容進行建構,而當前所要學的內容總是由一些知識點組成的:如基本概 念、基本原理或一般性知識.必須在進行教學目標分析基礎上選出當前所學知識的基本 概念、基本原理、基本方法和基本過程作為當前所學知識主題,然后再圍繞這個主題讓 學生進行意義建構.課堂教學目標確定之后,教學語言的組織、問題的設計、例題的選 擇以及習題的配制等都應該圍繞教學目標而進行,做到重點突出、難點分散.對于同一 知識點,在不同課型中,目標則可能不同.如數學新授課目標在于建構某種新知識,而 復習課教學目標則是在學生掌握知識基礎上向深度和廣度發展,以培養學生能力,即在 層次上有不同要求.(2)教學任務分析
教學任務分析是體現教師教學基本功的重要環節,也是數學課堂教學設計的重要內 容.教學任務分析主要包括:第一,分析教學內容的地位和作用.教學任務總是以一定 的教材為依據,而數學教材總是按照一定的邏輯順序編排的,各部分的知識相互關聯,我們必須學習和掌握教學大綱,了解教學要求,認真鉆研,弄清教材內容在整個教材體 系中的地位和作用,包括和已學內容的聯系,對后續知識產生的影響.第二,分析教學 任務所蘊含的數學思想.第三,分析教材內容的合理性.第四,挖掘教學內容的生活背 景.第五,分析教學任務的類型.在實際的課堂教學中,我們知道,有些知識點只需要 記憶,有些知識點需要理解,有些知識點側重于應用.在教學任務分析的基礎上,結合學生實際情況(如年齡,原有知識經驗)從而確定教學任務目標.(3)學習任務分析 ①確定預期狀態
這主要是指通過課堂教學設計,期望學習個體達到學科的知識能力水平情感態度的 變化等,而這種信息主要來源于教學目標、教學任務的分析和對學生年齡、年級、原有 知識經驗等情況的分析. ②測量或估量學生的原有知識經驗
對于數學課堂教學設計而言,測量學生的原有知識水平主要指測量學生已經具備的 與學習新知識內容有關的知識或經驗或下位技能,如有關概念、性質、公式等,通過測 量可以把握學生在課堂教學工作實施前已具有的知識技能或經驗,還缺乏哪些相關知識,這可以為數學課堂教學設計提供合適的教學起點,避免課堂教學活動的盲目性.因為教 學起點過高,會使課堂教學活動脫離大多數學生的實際水平;確定過低,會浪費精力和 時間.確定合適的教學起點就是使課堂教學活動開始于學生的“現有發展區”. ③學生的活動方式的確定
學生的活動應該以實現目標為根本目的;而學生活動方式的確定其實涵蓋了一系列 的設計內容,如教學策略、教學材料、形成性評估及總結性評估等的設計.如果說,前 面的教學目標、教學任務的分析、學生原有知識經驗情況的分析是準備的話,則這一切 準備工作都是為這個本體部分而做的.在學生的活動方式的確定過程中,貫穿了設計如 何提出問題,發現學習內容的過程,設計知識如何產生的過程,方法、規律的探索發現 過程.活動圍繞著問題而展開,問題也可以在活動中產生.當然,學生活動方式的確定,還包括教師對學生學習組織形式(如全班學習、小組討論、搭檔討論等),時間分配等的 設計.(4)情境創設
建構主義學習理論認為,數學學習總是與一定的知識經驗背景,“情境”相聯系的.利 用生動、直觀的情境可以有效地激發聯想,喚醒長期記憶中有關的知識、經驗或表象,從而使學習者能利用自己原有知識結構中的有關知識與經驗去同化當前的新知識;如果 原有知識與經驗不能同化新知識,則引起順應過程,即對原有認知結構進行改造、重組.總之,應通過“同化”與“順應”才能達到對新知識意義的建構,同化和順應離不開原有 認知結構中的知識、經驗與表象,情境創設則為激活這些知識經驗與表象提供了有利條 件.對數學課堂教學設計而言,情境的創設要求有豐富的資源,如體現概念的本質屬性 或多種外部表征,變式運用或反例運用等,從而有助于對數學知識的意義建構,對于數 學情境的創設,可以從以下幾個方面入手:第一,運用現實生活背景誘發學習情境.即 以實際問題為背景材料,從實際出發,通過抽象、概括的數學化過程建構數學知識.第 二,運用錯誤的直覺定勢創設情境.即創設一種誘導情境,讓學生上當受騙,產生錯誤 直覺,而錯誤形式正好為探索性思維過程提供材料,也是深化學生認識,培養思維深刻 性的有效方法.第三,運用多媒體演示創設情境.多媒體的運用為學生創設了良好的學習環境,將教學內容由“靜態”變為“動態”,由“單調”變為“豐富”.通過多媒體的 摸擬,在視、聽等多種感觀交互作用的共同體驗下,促使學生的認識從現象到本質,由 感情認識上升到理性認識.
(5)自主學習設計建構主義理論下的數學課堂教學設計是以學為中心進行的設計.由此,自主學習的設計成為課堂教學設計的核心內容,學生的自主學習主要表現為“自主活動”與“智力參與”.“自主活動”主要指數學教學實踐活動,而“智力參與”主要偏重于數學思維活動,因此課堂教學設計的自主學習設計主要圍繞學生的“自主活動”和“智力參與”而設計.
(6)教學效果的測定和評價
課堂教學設計的結果通常是教學方案,要評價課堂教學設計得好與次,將教學方案 付諸實施,投入教學是不可缺少的.最強有說服力的評價來源于它的教學效果,而教學 效果就是通過教師在課堂教學工作實施后學生的學習效果來進行測定和評價的.在建構 主義教育理論指導下,數學學習強調學習的過程,強調學生對知識的主動建構并獲得感 悟和體驗,從而決定了對學生學習效果評價的多元化特點.這種評價的多元化主要指: 第一,評價內容的多元化.傳統評價內容是只看學生掌握學科知識的情況,看最終測驗 結果.換句話說,是把那些能夠量化的因素作為評價對象,而忽視了教育中那些不可測 量的重要方面,學生在學習過程中有很多因素是無法量化的,如學習的抱負、態度及體 驗等;學生的原有知識經驗是最重要的,而它的不可測量性,恰恰是傳統評價內容所忽 視的.因此,現如今不僅強調對直接結果的評價,還重視學生多種能力與品質的評價,不僅重視對學生認知技能、情感、態度的評價,還重視對元認知能力的測量和評價,即 指考察學生自己對于知識策略方面掌握情況的能力.第二,評價主體的多元化.以往教 師似乎是天經地義的評價的主體,這種單一評價主體,只對學生的學習成績進行評價,不能從不同側面給學生提供較完整的評價,其實教學活動是一種雙主體活動,教師是教 學主體,學生是學習主體,在尊重教師評價的同時,必須重視學生的自我評價和自我改 進,使評價成為學生學會實踐和反思、發現自我、欣賞別人的過程.同時,家長、其他 同學也可以參與對學生的評價.第三,評價形式的多元化.單一的評價形式對于建構主 義理念下的數學學習是不適應的,只有多種評價形式才能充分發揮評價的導向作用和診 斷、激勵功能.由此,學生一學期下來的學習效果可采用由期末的紙筆測驗結合平時成 績來進行綜合評定,平時成績可以通過觀察學生平時學習狀態、學習效果、學習能力等 進行評估.
:統的歷史教學模式存在許多弊端
自新中國成立以來,中學歷史教學己經過多次改革,并不斷發展,在促進社會進步 和人才培養等方面做出很大的貢獻.但在知識經濟迅猛發展的今天,歷史教學卻沒有跟 上時代發展的步伐,傳統教學模式的種種弊端不斷顯現,嚴重阻礙著學科的發展和人刁‘ 的培養。傳統的歷史教學模式主要存在著以下弊端與不足: 1.重知識掌握輕能力培養
研究表明知識的掌握是發展能力的基礎,脫離了知識的學習和技能、技巧的形成,能力便成為無源之水,無法得到很好的發展;但知識的掌握同樣也離不開能力的發展。在傳統的歷史教學模式下,大多數教師所做的就是把書本上現成的知識告訴學生,讓學生通過死記硬背的方法去獲取考試的高分,而忽視對學生的分析、綜合、理解、概括等探究問題的能力培養,學歷史變成了背歷史。而探究性與創造性是一對因果關系,沒有探究就沒有創造。據調查,美國的學生從小學就開始自己獨立進行探索和研究,重視對探究意識和能力的培養:而中國的學生正好相反,從小就習慣了接受現成的知識,養成循規蹈矩的習慣,不敢越雷池一步。這兩種方法培養出來的人才是截然不同的:美國學生的基礎知識雖然掌握的不如我們的學生扎實,但他們的創造性和實踐能力卻大大超過中國學生,使得我們“贏得了起點,卻輸掉了終點”。2.重教輕學
教學過程應是以學生為主體的教師和學生的互動過程。在傳統的歷史教學中,強調以教師、教材為中心,教學過程實際成為教授過程,學生的主體地位只是停留在口頭而沒有落到實處。許多歷史教師在課堂教學中仍然采用“題海戰”和“滿堂灌”等老方法,不能隨著形勢的變化更新教育思想,教學中死記硬背的現象比比皆是,學生主要是通過被動接受的方法來學習,而不是通過積極主動的探究去獲取知識、發展能力。許多教師信奉“權威式教育”,認為教學內容和教師的科學性、權威性不容質疑,也就不允許學生提出反對意見,加上注重唯一正確答案的聚合式思維,嚴重束縛了學生的創造力.在探究學習中,學生自主研究,主體地位得到充分體現,學習過程真正成為學生自己探索新知、發展能力、培養情感態度和價值觀的過程。3.重結果輕過程
教學應該是一種知、情、意、行的協調統一過程,為了實現這一目標,教學方法的選擇和運用就顯得極為重要。但是由于應試教育的影響,在傳統的歷史教學中,大多數教師通常的教法是照本宣科,將現成的結論傳授給學生,至于這種結論是怎么得出的、需要運用何種史學方法和史學觀念等則很少教給學生,更談不上知、情、意、行的統一了。因此,學生并不能很好理解歷史結論形成的過程,以及如何運用所學的知識,學生掌握的只是“死知識”,無法做到學以致用,更無法很好地培養情感態度和價值觀,導致歷史這門重要的人文學科不能發揮它應有的現實意義,既阻礙了學生的歷史思維能力的發展,也不利于學生健康人格的發展。
4.重智力因素,輕非智力因素
教學中注重發展學生的智力具有重要的意義,因為智力是各種認識活動的一個重要基礎,對學生的學習和發展起著重要作用.但是,智力只是為人的發展提供了可能性,并不能決定一個人的能力和未來,也不能決定學生的學習成績,而非智力因素對于人的發展也起著重要作用。非智力因素指一個人的動機、興趣、情感、意志、性格等心理成分,是推動和引導個體采取決定并行動的內在力量,對學習起著推動、影響和調節作用。動機明確的學生一般有高度的學習自覺性,學生的情感、意志特征對學習的作用也很明顯.非智力因素與智力因素共同決定著學習的成功,但傳統的教學活動片面強調促進學生的智力,卻忽視了非智力因素的培養,造成許多學生的學習動機不是出于對學習內容本身的興趣,也缺乏積極向上的進取心,所以學生喪失了創造的動力,不想通過新角度、新方法來分析和解決問題。5.重被動接受學習,輕主動探究學習、發現學習
在接受學習中,學習的內容主要以結論的形式傳授給學生,學生通過內化,使知識納入己有的知識結構;而在探究性學習和發現學習中,學習不是將現成的知識傳授給學生,而是在學生內化之前,由他們自己去探究、去發現這些內容口接受學習是學生學習歷史必不可少的學習方式,它可以使學生在相對較短的時間內掌握豐富的歷史知識。這些浩如煙海的知識寶庫,是經過人類長期的探索與研究才‘積累下來的,如果都讓學生自己去探究,去重復知識發現、發展的過程,那是絕對不可能的。而且,通過接受學習,學生掌握的知識可以達到系統化。所以,接受學習有其無可代替的優越性。但接受學習是從書本中獲取現成的知識,掌握的是間接經驗,無法很好地培養學生的探究意識、創造精神。因此,接受學習與發現學習必須結合使用,二者相輔相成,缺一不可。傳統的教學模式卻忽視了這一點,過于強調接受學習,強調“滿堂灌”,使得學生成為被動接受知識的容器。由于傳統教學模式的這些弊端,無法很好地培養學生的主體性與探究性,使得許多學生在面對實際問題時無所適從,高分低能的現象比比皆是,這既不利于人才的培養,也會最終阻礙社會的進步和發展。所以,傳統的教學模式已經到了非改不可的地步。傳統的教學方法如下表所示: 拋錨模式的組成程序如圖所示:
(三)拋錨式教學模式的基本程序(1)創設問題情境
創設能引導學生主動參與的問題情境,促使學生原有的知識與必須掌握的新知識之間發生激烈的沖突,激發學生強烈的問題意識和求知欲,是探究性學習的第一步。只有產生問題意識,學生才會激發起求知的欲望,才能努力開發創造性思維和探究知識的熱,清。在歷史教學中,通過歷史情境的再現,可促進學生有效地掌握歷史知識,尤其在學習驚心動魄的戰爭場面、波瀾壯闊的歷史改革、扣人心弦的熱點問題和氣勢輝煌的經濟建設時,再現歷史情境就顯得更加重要。創設問題情境的方法很多,既可以通過教師生動的描述,也可以通過多媒體展示,再現當時的時代背景和狀況,還可以借助實物、模型、圖片等多種手段。這對于教師的要求較高,應具備比較高明的語言表達能力、行為表演能力、媒體操作能力和實物演示能力,而且要善于激發學生的情感,使學生受到震撼,真正有身臨其境的感覺,從而把課程內容轉化為探究的主題,自覺地站在歷史的角度去分析、探究歷史現象.一般說來,設置歷史情景的方法有以下三種:A用形象的語言、實物創設問題情境。激發學生興趣,引起聯想,啟示對問題理解、追求探索。即利用各種歷史文物、圖片、文字資料、錄像、電影或多媒體給學生展示某些重大事件的背景材料和場而,使其獲得豐富的感性材料。在教學中國古代史B利用故事、漫畫等手段來設喻創設問題情境。例如C運用直觀教具或多媒體手段巧現“歷史情境”。案例1。(2)確定問題并提出假設“問題”是教學的心臟,有了問題,學生才有探究的欲望,有了問題,學生才有探究的目標。確定問題是解決問題的起點,也是動力.問題的提出者可以是教師,也可以由學生自己提問,但最好是由教師創設問題情境,讓學生自己發現問題并質疑,因為這樣的問題更貼近學生的思維實際,更引發學生積極探究,有利于他們思維的發展。課堂教學的核心是發展學生的思維,而思維的發展有一定的規律.設疑導學,要求教師要善于審時度勢,抓住契機,可根據具體情況,緣機而變。設置情境的時機要尋找最佳點。一是把握時機,如在上課一開始設疑,可吸引學生的注意力;在學生注意力逐漸分散時設疑,可使注意力回升;在一節課結束或學習完一個單元后設疑,可布下懸念,承上啟下,形成以后的高潮。二是把握適當的點,情境應設在學生容易迷惑、混淆、不懂的地
方或教學的重點和難點處,使學生在積極的思考探索中理解知識、把握重點、突破難點。所以,創設問題情境之后,教師要鼓勵學生不迷信書本知識和權威的論點,積極思 考,敢于質疑和提問。學生提出的問題可以與書本知識一致,也可以有沖突,但能夠喚 起學生進一步探究的好奇心。剛開始時,學生提出的問題可能比較幼稚,需要通過師生 的合作,共同“審題”,分析出問題的背景、條件、目標和探究的方向,在符合學生“最近發展區”的基礎上,明確目標。提出問題的目的不僅要使學生再現己有的知識,而且要激發他們的思考,因此,問題確定之后,教師作為指導者,應開動學生的發散性 思維,通過獨立思考與討論交流,找出問題的關鍵和核心,鼓勵他們在己有知識經驗的 基礎上,提出假設,構思問題解決方案,并決定解決問題的行動計劃.要注意難易適度,不能過難或過易“問題情境”的創設絕不是簡單意義上的“是不是”、“對不對”、“好不好”的一問到底的做法,創設的問題情境應富有啟發性和挑戰性,教師設計的問 題必須從學生的實際情況出發,注重學生年齡特征、知識水平和接受能力。課堂設疑如 果偏難或過易,都不會激起學生的思維火花,往往造成“啟而不發”的尷尬局面,或使 學生產生“不屑一顧”的情緒。葉圣陶先生說,好的提問,“必令學生運其才智,勤其 練習,領悟之源廣開。”教師應在符合教學目的要求的情況下,深入學生實際,了解其 知識水平,提出難易適度的問題,使學生能運用己有的知識只要肯“跳一跳就能夠摘到 果子”。所設問題既要有一定難度,又不能超過學生現有的認知水平。同時要考慮到大 多數學生的認知水平,應面向全體學生,切忌專為少數人設置,只有這樣,學生的思維 才最活躍,主動參與教學的積極性最高。使全體學生都能完成對所學知識的“再創造”。(3)自主探究與集體討論相結合,共同參與問題的解決
自主探究是本模式的核心環節,是讓學生根據自己的體驗,用自己的思維方式采用 獨立探究或小組合作的方法,搜集相關資料,自由地,開放地去探究,去發現,去創造 有關的知識。教學的最終目的不是向學生奉獻知識,而是引導學生去探究、發現真理,培養歷史思維能力。當學生不能單純靠己有知識和習慣去解決問題,而要進一步思考和 探索,處于想說出、想表達而又不能即“憤”、“徘”的狀態時,教師再去啟發、點撥、誘導,這樣才能真正開啟學生思維的門扉,促進其智能的發展。因此,當學生有了求知 的要求后,不能用生硬灌輸代替學生獨立思考,而應積極地啟發誘導。填鴨說教,拔苗 助一長或者“抱著走”,只能損害學生的學習主動性和求異性思維的形成。教師設置問題 情境以后,如果過多指導則會傷害學生的主動性,失去自由思考的余地,妨礙學生自己 的探索和得出結論。但采取放任的態度讓學生隨意思考,學生則可能偏離前進的方向或 走一些曲折的道路。正當的指導則應讓學生有發現和探索的余地。通過教師的引導或暗 示讓學生思考,讓他們自己發現問題的答案。它要求教師的“說”要誘導學生的“想”;教師說的“點”要帶動學生想的“面”:要求教師千方百計地引導學生走上思考的大道,發揮引路、搭橋、開竅、點撥的作用。當問題提出后,教師要用啟發的方法,來幫助學 生分析問題,使學生認清問題的所在。問題確定之后,要鼓勵學生根據他們的學識,運 用推理和觀察的方法,去探索解決問題的途徑,繼續不斷地提出可能解決問題的辦法(又 稱假設)。學生提出假設之后,要用批判的態度,來考核這些假設。若發現假設與事實 不符,即放棄,再考核另一個假設。經過這樣仔細的考驗,直至獲得一個完美的假設為 止。
學生教師則為學生的探究提供必要的條件,如提供相應的資料,明確研究方向,在 學生遇到困難是給予適當的支持和指導。教師的指導一定要把握好“度”,既不要不聞 不問、放任自流,也不能干涉過多、越姐代泡,要給學生以空間,注重學生自主學習能 力的培養:同時還應關注學生的個別差異,因為在對問題的理解上,不同的個體存在一 定的差異,這是由學生己有的知識經驗和思維方式決定的,教師要努力滿足不同學生的 需要,指導他們找到解決問題的關鍵,變“授人以魚”為“授之以漁”。只有這樣,學 生才能學會用類似史學家的研究方法,獨立自主地進行探究。
學生得出自己的理解和觀點之后,教師應組織師生互動交流,展開討論,共同參與 問題的解決。討論不應是教師問、學生答、教師再問、學生再答這種簡單機械的形式,而應鼓勵學生積極加入討論的行列,各抒己見,敢于發表自己的觀點。教師要善于發現 學生發言中的閃光點,引導他們作出更準確、全面的回答,當討論陷于僵局或錯誤的方 向時,教師要給予修正、補充或引導。只有這樣,才能激發學生的自信心和共同解決問 題的熱情,使探究活動越來越深入,最終得出客觀、公正的答案。這種經歷會使學生認 識到學習歷史是一個從感知歷史到不斷積累歷史知識,再到逐漸加深對歷史和現實的理 解過程:同時也是主動參與、學會學習的過程。(4)活動的反思與知識遷移
問題解決了,但活動不能就此結束,因為學習不僅要使學生掌握知識,還要促進學 生的發展,因此,活動之后的反思是必不可少的。反思有助于學生檢查自己是否達到了 探究目標,并認識到自己的水平與能力。反思的內容包括:自己對活動和集體所做的貢 獻、探究觀點和方法的成功與不足之處、在活動中自己的知識和能力有哪些增加、對自 己有什么啟示等多方面。通過反思與總結,學生的認識水平和能力得到提高,為今后的 學習和活動提供了經驗和教訓,學會用理解、歸納、綜合、分析以及評價等歷史思維方 式來解決問題,知識的遷移能力也大大提高,做到“一理通,百理明’(四)拋錨式教學設計的課堂實例和實驗研究 1拋錨式教學設計課堂實例
1《游歷大都》創設情景:.情境描述本節內容是.分析探究
教師運用多媒體列表把不同.學習運用.問題討論With the development of times, great changes have taken place in the connotation of theEnglish curriculum: from stressing the disciplinary content to emphasizing learners' experience and practice.However, rethinking the present Englishteaching reality in high school in our country, we find some problems in it.The exam-oriented education prevails;the teaching situation is lacked;the learningstrategies are old and decayed;intercultural communication ability is weak, etc.It is an urgent task for the present English teaching to foster English qualifiedpersonnel with innovative consciousness and practicing ability.In order to help solve the problems that exist in the English teaching reality in high school atpresent, this thesis grasps a kind of brand-new education idea---the constructivism instruction theory and attempts to apply four comparatively typical constructivism instruction models: the scaffolding instruction model, the anchored instruction model, the random access instruction model and the cognitive apprenticeship instruction model to the senior English listening teaching, spoken teaching, reading teaching and writing teaching.The theme of this thesis is to apply constructivism instruction models to senior English teaching.Because this is still original at home, there must bedrawbacks in it.But it is just the ingenuity of this thesis.The author will go onwith the further study on the drawbacks of this thesis in the future.本論文主題是將建構主義教學模式應用于高中英語教學,國內研究較少,因而缺陷難免,這也正是本論文的創新之處。本論文不足之處將留給筆者今后做進一步研究。
四、建構主義教學模式在高中英語不同課型教學中的應用 前面講到,運用建構主義教學模式,不是生搬硬套該教學模式,而是得其要領,領悟建構主義的“建構”思想精髓,充分發揮雙方的主動性,創造性地、“建構”性地運用建構主義教學模式。
(一)基本要求 1.創設情境
情境,是指用英語語言形式進行聽、說、讀、寫、交流信息的社會環境。任何有意義的語言交際活動都是在特定的情境中實現的。因此,克魯姆指出:“成功的外語課堂教學應在課內創造更多的情境,讓學生有機會運用自己學到的語言材料。”[2]情境作用于人的感官能使人產生交際的動機和使用英語進行交際的心智活動。情境決定語言表達的意義,語言也是 情境的反映。沒有情境,就沒有語言的意義,所以英語交際活動離不開語言的情境。心理學的研究表明,新奇的刺激容易引起人的注意,喚起人的興趣。因此,新課初始,教學情境的創設一定要新穎,盡量使學生獲得新的感受,以便更好地激發學生觀察情境和描繪情境的熱情,激發、保持、提高學生的學習興趣,使學生更加積極主動地參與到教學活動中來。英語教學要從激發情感開始,其目的是變“逼”為“導”,變“苦學”為“樂學”,把求
知變成學生最大的內在需要。因此,教學首先應該創設與當前學習主題相關的情境,通過教學內容、教學環境、教學語言的情境化,激發學生潛在的認識興趣和求知欲,讓學生進入積極的學習情感狀態,形成強烈的達標意向,提取有關知識、經驗激發學生的聯想和自主建構的欲望。如為了學會句型“Is it watching TV too much bad or good for your health?”鈴聲響后,教師一邊捂著面包,滿臉痛苦的樣子,走向講臺自言自語道:“Is eating too much bad or goodfor my health? I think it is bad.”然后提出“What is good or bad for your health?”四人一組的討論開始了,很快答案就產生了: a.Doing morning exercises is good for your health.b.Keeping the classroom clean is good for your health.c.Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.2.在合作學習過程中培養學生自主建構知識的能力
在處理課文中該單元所牽涉的知識點時,教師可以組織學生進行討論,引導學生將他們 以前的知識點聯系起來,從而幫助學生實現對新知識的建構。如在講授 with 復合結構這一重要知識點時,教師可以先向學生描述這樣兩個句子: 3.效果評價
建構主義學習環境中的評價應該基于動態的、持續的、不斷呈現的學習過程以及學習者 的進步、教師所采取的教學策略和所創設的學習環境。建構主義教學評價的目的在于更好地根據學習者的需要定制教學,該教學應能根據需要和情況的變化不斷地修改和提煉自己的策略,以便使學習者通過建構性的學習,朝著專家的方向,獲得持續的進步。[1] 以上是建構主義教學模式的基本要求。我們可以就不同的英語課型教學創造性地應用不同的建構主義教學模式。
(二)建構主義教學模式在不同課型中的教學操作程序 1.支架式教學模式在英語聽力教學中的應用
英語聽、說、讀、寫四項語言技能中,“聽”是一種語言輸入,是“說”的前提,只有聽懂對方語言,并從交流語言的文化背景去理解,才會有真正的語言交流活動。所以“聽”不是消極地接受信息,而是根據自己具有的語言知識(包括語音、語義和語法等方面),通過自己聽的素質的潛能,從語言交流中獲得信息的一種積極的活動。傳統英語聽力教學的操作程序是:學生預習材料,明確聽的任務——教師播放錄音或錄象——學生答題——核對答案。該操作程序典型弊端是學生被動地接受信息、測試題型單一化、學生易出現胡亂猜測的情況、答案的唯一性,極大地抑制了學生的主動性。支架式教學模式突出教學情境,注重教師有效地“搭建支架”和及時“淡出支架”,強調教師有效地組織學生自主協作學習,引導學生由現有發展水平向“最近發展區”發展。這就要求聽力教學由易到難,聽力練習形式多樣化,如采取標題探索(title exploration)、概述選擇(summary choice)、排序(sequencing)、聽與畫(listening picture)、遠距離聽寫(distantdictation)等多種形式。下面以 Senior English for China Book1B Unit 15 的聽力課為例。(1)進入情境
教師一邊走進教室,一邊摸著口袋,待走近講臺,然后裝作神情沮喪地告訴同學們: “Boys and girls, I will tell you bad news.I found my mobile phone missing.My wife gave me as a birthday present last year.It was much too important for me.Now I have lost it.What shall I do?I rang a call a moment ago.Then I left it on my desk.When I returned, I found it lost.Someonemust have stolen it.”學生聽到這個消息,就會提出很多的辦法。如寫遺失啟事、馬上尋找,也有人會說去報
那么就可以很自然地導入該聽力課的主題:ALost Necklace(2)搭建支架,引導探索
教師可以用畫圖軟件將教材中的項鏈圖展示在屏幕上,突出各項鏈的不同特征以引起學 生足夠的注意。教師接著說:There are 5 necklaces in the picture.Please describe them in details, including the sizes andcolors of the pearls and diamonds.給學生幾分鐘的時間,讓他們自主建構對這五條項鏈的描述。學生接著會踴躍發言,如: S1: The diamond of the first necklace is long and light green.The color and size of the pearlsare yellow and round.S2: The diamond of the sec T: You are watching the necklaces very carefully.You are excellent.Would you like to knowwhich necklace on earth has the woman lost?T: OK.Now please listen to the tape carefully, and then you will know which necklace the woman has lost.(教師放錄音,學生仔細尋求所需信息,進行驗證,然后建構正確答案,知道該婦女丟了什么樣的項鏈,從而完成該課第一道題。)(3)獨立探索
T: Imagine you have lost a gold watch.After you have told him something about it, what else will the police ask you?S1: Of course, he will ask me what my name is.S2: The police will ask me my telephone number and where I live so that we can get in touchwith me in time.S3: The police
T: Good!You are really an excellent secretary.When the police and the woman are having a talk, please write down the information.S: OK!(教師放錄音,學生根據剛才情境建構起來的新知識,馬上會積極投入到記錄員的角色 中去,記錄這位婦女與警察談話的主要信息,包括其丟失項鏈的地點、時間及其姓名、地址、電話號碼等,從而也就完成該課的第二道題。)(4)合作學習
教師可以把全班同學分成若干組,每組三至四人,一至兩人扮演警察,一人扮演失主,一人扮演記錄員,然后模擬失主報警的情境。如:Loser: comrade, I lost something important.Police: What did you lost?L: I lost a luxurious(豪華的)bicycle.It is worth 1,200 yuan.P: Would you like to describe your lost bicycle? L: It is FEIGE Brand.It i在這樣的合作學習過程中,不僅鍛煉了“記錄員”的聽力能力(盡管他所獲得的不是地道的英語),也培養了“警察”和“失主”的口語表達能力。而傳統的英語聽力教學以會考或高考的題型進行訓練,使整個教學缺乏一種活力,學生消極被動地接受信息,其主動性沒有得到充分的發揮。培養學生的聽力理解能力和口語表達能力是緊密聯系在一起的,讓學生游離于口語表達之外,而以題型進行機械的訓練,會使得英語聽力教學缺乏生機。長期以往,勢必導致學生合作學習精神的缺失。(5)效果評價
T: I am glad to see some students behave very actively.They are willing to show themselves before others.In the modern society, I think, we need this kind of courage.But there are still few silent students.They neither talk nor write down the information, I hope these students talk more, listen more and develop more.Only in this way, can you improve your listening comprehension ability.And I sincerely hope all of you succeed.OK?S: OK.T: Class is over.Thanks.2.拋錨式教學模式在英語口語教學中的應用
過去很長時間,由于高考對非報考英語專業學生的口語測試不作要求,因此英語口語教學在英語教學中被忽略了。而對報考英語專業的學生的口語訓練也僅僅拘泥于這樣一種模式:教師講授某一句型的適用場合——教師示范——學生操練句型——學生自由會話。在這樣一種操作程序下,學生較容易陷入一種機械模仿的境地,學生可能會出現一些合乎語法但 不合乎交際習慣的句子,甚至還會出現套用漢語的現象。如“開窗”說成“open the window”,從而把“開燈”說成“open the lamp”。在建構主義教學理念下,對于英語教學中的口語教學,教師要給學生創設一個寬松、活潑的環境,以此喚起學生積極的情感和思維,創設情境式的口語教學。教師應該引導學生置身差異文化背景下的情境,幫助學生在口語練習過程中實現對 Language points 的建構,而不應該把口語教學理解成鸚鵡學舌般的機械模仿與重復。下面以 Senior English for China Book1B Unit 15 the Necklace 中的 Speaking 為例,談談拋錨式教學在英語口語教學中的應用。(1)創設情境,激發口語練習的動機 T:Imagine that you are alone outside at night.When you hear a terrible sound, what is your feeling?S1: Yes, you must feel terrible.S2: I will not feel terrible because I am brave.T: So great you are!You may not feel terrible if you are brave enough.T:(showing the following picture: a boy is smiling)Can he be very sad?S3: No, he can’t.T: Do you know what feeling he has?S4: Yes, I do.He is happy.T: You are right.He must be very happy.(2)進行兩段簡短對話后,師生很自然地說出下列三個句子:a.You must feel terrible.b.You may not feel terrible if you are brave enough.c.—— Can he be very sad?—— No, he can’t.(教師可以將以上三個句子板書在黑板上或用 POWERPOINT 將其展示在屏幕上,并將must、may、may not、can、can’t 以下劃線或不同顏色的字體標出喚起學生的注意。)T: Do you know the usage of must, may and can? S:(學生因為已經知道情態動詞的用法)Yes, we do.T: But today it is different.Would you like to know it?S: Yes.T: Now please listen to the following dialogue and try to catch the meaning of must, mayand can.教師播放事先準備好的錄音:
Woman: Today is my birthday.Man: Of course, I know it.And I have prepared a birthday gift for you.W: Oh, really? I am so glad to hear that.What is it?M: Guess it, please.W: May it be very expensive?M: No, it may not.I can’t afford an expensive gift.W: Can it be a birthday 學生通過以上對話所蘊涵的情境,也就初步了解了 must、may、can 表推測的用法,從而確定了該口語教學的話題和教學目標。(3)自主學習
教師提供不同的語言材料和語境幫助學生自主建構 must、may、can 表“推測”這一語言點的理解。如教師可以就表示 happy、sad、rude、sleepy 等不同表情的畫面向學生提問:a.Can he be very happy?b.Can he be very sad?c.Why is he so angry?d.What feeling do you think he has?水平較高的學生則可能會在教師的引導下較為熟練地運用 must、may、can 來表示
“推測”,教師同時將 must、may、can 表示“推測”的用法小結呈現在屏幕上:
通過以上信息的呈現,印證了學生對該用法的自主建構,從而加深對該語言點的理解。(4)合作學習
T: Imagine that 4 classmates find a box in their dormitory.The box is very large, and strange noises are coming from it.I’ll ask 4students to create a short play to guess what on earth is inside the box.S1:(thinkingly)The box is very large but it is rather light.The thing inside it must be verylight, too.S2: Can it be a book?S3: No, it can’t.Because it sounds strange noises when we move the box.T: Thanks for your excellent performances.(5)效果評價T: We have watched the 4 classmates’ perfect performances.I’m very glad that you havebasically mastered the new usage of must may and can.Congratulations!
五、結束語
如前所述,建構主義教學模式的主要內涵是指以學生為中心,在整個教學過程中由教師起組織者、指導者、幫助者和促進者的作用,利用情境、協作、會話等學習環境要素充分發揮學生的主動性、積極性和首創精神,最終達到使學生有效地實現對當前所學知識的意義建構。建構主義教學模式的核心內容是自主建構,同時也強調了師生關系民主化、教學的情境性及教學的交互性。建構主義教學模式的應用給高中英語課程改革提供了一個全新的視角,在應用建構主義教學模式的過程中,應該注意以下一些問題,建構主義教學模式注重對學生進行發展性評價,當然并非一味的肯定。雖然建構主義倡導學生自主“建構”,但當學生“建構”起“欣賞白骨精屢敗屢戰的勇氣”的念頭時,[1]教師應堅決加以否定,應用建構主義教學模式對教師的要求較高。教師除了具備有系統的教育教學理論和所教學科的知識體系外,還應具備一定的課程整合能力,掌握現代教育教學技術,如超文本技術、POWERPOINT 等;教學有法,但無定法,貴在得法。我們在高中英語教學應用建構主義教學模式的過程中,并非機械套用,關鍵是要把握其“建構”的思想精髓,力圖體現一種新型的教學觀,為解決現行高中英語教學中存在的諸多問題提供一些參考。60.高文,王海燕.拋錨式教學
(一)[J].外國教育資料.1998,(8).
第二篇:拋錨式教學策略
拋錨式教學策略
這種教學策略要求建立在有感染力的真實事件或真實問題的基礎上。確定這類真實事件或問題被形象地比喻為“拋錨”,因為一旦這類事件或問題被確定了,整個教學內容和教學進程也就被確定了(就像輪船被錨固定一樣)。建構主義者認為,學習者要想完成對所學知識的意義建構,即達到對該知識所反映事物的性質、規律以及該事物與其他事物之間聯系的深刻理解,最好的辦法是讓學習者到現實世界的真實環境中去感受、去體驗(即通過獲取直接經驗來學習),而不是僅僅聆聽別人(例如教師)關于這種經驗的介紹和講解。由于拋錨式教學要以真實事例或問題為基礎(作為“錨”)所以有時也被稱為“實例式教學策略”或“基于問題的教學策略”。
拋錨式教學策略由這樣幾個步驟組成:
(1)創設情境:使學習能在和現實情況基本一致或相類似的情境中發生。
(2)確定問題:在上述情境下,選擇出與當前學習主題密切相關的真實性事件或問題作為學習的中心內容(讓學生面臨一個需要立即去解決的現實問題)。選出的事件或問題就是“錨”,這一環節的作用就是“拋錨”。
(3)自主學習:不是由教師直接告訴學生應當如何去解決面臨的問題,而是由教師向學生提供解決該問題的有關線索(例如需要搜集哪一類資料、從何處獲取有關的信息資料以及現實中專家解決類似問題的探索過程等),并要特別注意發展學生的“自主學習”能力。自主學習能力包括:①確定學習內容表的能力(學習內容表是指為完成與給定問題有關的學習任務所需要的知識點清單);②獲取有關信息與資料的能力(知道從何處獲取以及如何去獲取所需的信息與資料);③利用、評價有關信息與資料的能力。
(4)合作學習:討論、交流,通過不同觀點的交鋒,補充、修正、加深每個學生對當前問題的理解。
(5)效果評價。由于拋錨式教學要求學生解決面臨的現實問題,學習過程就是解決問題的過程,即由該過程可以直接反映出學生的學習效果。因此對這種教學效果的評價往往不需要進行獨立于教學過程的專門測驗,只需在學習過程中隨時觀察并記錄學生的表現即可。
第三篇:有關拋錨式教學模式(二)
拋錨式教學中的學習和評估
拋錨式教學探究的基本目的不是進步學生在測驗中的分數,由于這類測驗大多數側重的是互不關聯的技能和知識的片斷。溫特比爾特認知和技術小組(ctgv)的首要目的是幫助學生進步達到目的能力,這種目的是完整的——從某一新題目的一般定義開始,天生為解決新題目所必須的子目標,然后達到目標。附加的目標還包括和他人有效地交流思想和展開討論以及為有效地評判他人提供論等。為此,探究職員設計了一系列評價標準,試圖根據自己設定的目的評價拋錨式教學的全過程。
在大產業范圍應用不著拋錨式教學中,探究職員不僅采用自己的評估工具,同時,也采用了標準化成績測驗作為評價工具。這樣做是為了表明,在不降低學生在標準化成績測驗中的分數的同時,學生能在有關復雜新題目解決的評價中獲得明顯的成就。探究職員曾經擔心,從傳統課程中抽取一部分時間用于杰斯帕系列的教學,有可能降低學生在標準化成績測驗中的分數。不過,實驗進行至今,這種擔心還沒有變為現實,在若干平安中,實驗小組在標準化測驗中甚至于取得了明顯的進步。有趣的是摘要:普通學校的教師還可利用拋錨式教學課程中和某一知識、技能相應的教學時段,往幫助學生在標準化測驗以及其它各種測驗中獲得高分。
為了證實拋錨式教學方式能導致比傳統方式更好的學習和遷移,探究職員設計了若干方法用以丈量復雜新題目的解決。首先,應確保實驗組和控制組在教學中獲得的是同樣的基礎內容,只是對教學進行支撐的程度各不相同。例如,在夏洛克系列中,實驗組和對照組都獲得有關故事要素的教學,以使更好地發展故事的情節。不過,實驗組的教學是在各種形式多樣的故事背景中進行的。結果表明,在故事寫作、詞匯應用和相關的歷史知識的獲得方面,實驗組的學生都要優于控制組。
又如摘要:在杰斯帕系列的教學探究中,實驗組和控制組同樣得到包括間隔、速度、時間計算在內的基礎概念的教學。只是,實驗組的教學貫串于解決杰斯帕歷險中的一系列新題目;而控制組學生解決的是標有不同題目的、一般的一步或二步文字題。數據表明,有機會在解決一個完整的杰斯帕新題目的背景中工作的學生,向復雜新題目解決的遷移能力大大強于控制組,這是由于,在杰斯帕新題目中包括了很多內在相關的子新題目,這種教學遠勝于僅僅解決覆蓋同樣內容的彼此不相關的一步或二步新題目。
此外,ctgv還進行了大規模的評估探究,對拋錨式教學方式和目前在各種學校中進行的傳統教學方式作了比較。在最近的探究中,探究職員不對對照組的教學內容進行控制,但實驗組仍優于有很多教師和學生參和的“真實的”對照組。從大規模評估獲得的數據表明,實驗組的學生(不受性別和種族的影響)無論在學習態度還是新題目解決能力方面都具有上風。
拋錨式教學中的遷移新題目
曾有人擔心,發生于具體情境地中的拋錨式教學會使學生對所獲得的概念的理解和應用跟具體背景焊接在一起,這樣勢必影響知識的遷移。應該承認,在特定場景中進行情境教學確實存在這種潛伏的危險,但對于知識遷移而言,這種危險并不是不可避免的。ctgv在過往三年中進行的實驗表明,經過全盤認真考慮的教學方式將有助于學生在情境性的拋錨式教學中發展各種經驗的表征,這將促進遷移發生的可能性。以下就是探究職員設計的可由拋錨式教學引發的不同類型的遷移。向新的類似新題目的遷移
遷移的第一個標準是對新新題目的建構,該新題目應和先前解決的新題目直接相似。例如,學生已經在杰斯帕的第一個和航行有關的歷險的背景中提示了間隔、速度、時間概念。現在,教師則要求在類似的新的場景(比如,船型、耗油不同、起迄地點、時間不同等)中,建構新題目及其解答。
向部分類似新題目的遷移
遷移的一個重要方面是學生將某一特定課堂中的活動和其它課堂或校外的活動自發聯系起來的程度。早期的探究發現,在一些事例中學生自發地將課堂獲得的信息用于日常生活。最引人注目的是摘要:學生在影像提供的情境中學習如何利用標準度量稀奇(印地安娜·瓊斯的高度)后,會自發地將所學知識用于丈量其它物體,如飛機的長度、校園里旗桿、樹木的高度等。同樣,在夏洛克項目中,學生會把學到的詞匯自發地應用到其它的課堂和不同的內容領域。此外,有些學生在書寫活動中,還自發地天生橫貫幾個故事的連貫的情節結構。
使用權用杰斯帕系列的學生分布在世界各地,探究職員不斷收到家長的報告,反映的孩子將杰斯帕學習和日常生活活動聯系起來。例如,有的家長注重到,當他們的車子停在加油站時,孩子開始詢問車的燃油容量和功率;還有的家長發現,孩子對各種度量單位產生喜好,等等。這種將拋錨式教學中學到的知識自沉地應用到生活真實情景中的能力,及有力的表明拋錨式教學有助于提主學生向真實的、高效率學習的移遷能力。
向特定學科領域的遷移
ctgv曾說明,用于教學的支撐物并不一定是視覺的。探究組的一位成員就曾經將基于平安和基于新題目的學習推廣至醫學、法律和商務內容的學習領域。在這一探究中他主要利用語詞形式的支撐物,探究結果表明學生通過學習把握了一整套組織有序的知識,同時還提出并達到了自己的學習目標。參加這一實驗課程的學生都有是按照側重語詞技能的標準選擇出來的。
盡管如此,ctgv仍然以為有足夠的理由偏愛視覺支撐物,而不僅僅使用語詞支撐物,尤其是對于那些未達到語詞技能選擇標準的學生。偏愛視沉支撐物的理由之一就是給閱讀能力差的學生一個參和課堂討論的機會。理由之二是,視覺支撐物更易于傳達極其豐富的、復雜而新奇的信息。理由之三是摘要:既然豐富的視覺環境能引起更廣泛的關注,那么,在這種視覺環境中,不同小組的學生就有機會集中注重同一個支撐物中不同方面的新題目。比較語詞和視覺支撐物差異的最好方法是讓學生單用一種方式——或書面的或影像的方式解決杰斯帕的一個新題目。結果表明,只用書面材料的學生,在返回原處尋找解決新題目所必須的相關數據時,有較大的困難。
目前,ctgv在夸大視覺支撐物的優點的同時,仍在努力進步學生處理語詞材料的能力并將此作為探究目標之一。比如,在涉及閱讀、寫作的拋錨式課程中,探究職員在開始時試用視覺教材,然后逐漸幫助學生適應純語詞不達意的教材。
拋錨式教學的優點
ctgv以為,圍繞支撐物組織課程有以下幾點好處摘要:
首先,對于教師為完成一個基于社區的真實項目往發現所必須的一切資源是十分困難的。但圍繞支撐物組織教學則比較易于治理。利用具有豐富信息的支撐物為改變課堂教學的實踐提供了臺階,避免了因項目自身的改變而導致的過于忽然的變化。
由于學生在活動開始之前具有的經驗水平有很大的差異,圍繞支撐物組織教學有利于使學生的原有的預備水平趨于平衡。
支撐物還為學生以及社區其他成員積極參和知識的共享提供了一個共用平臺。不同的學生可以從同一個原始情境出發,提出 不同的新題目以及解決的方案。新新題目的提出往往受到他人的重視并激發出濃厚的喜好。
支撐物的利用還促進了學生之間,以及學生和社區其他成員之間的交流。例如,邀表家長和社區成員進進課堂,和學生共享支撐物,在解決復雜新題目的過程中,經常發現,在有些領域可以為學生提供補充信息。其中有一例就是家長在觀看了涉及紫外線的歷險后,邀請學生現場參觀真正的紫外線外線。
拋錨式教學探究項目的一個十分重要的課題是摘要:教學能在何種程度上使學生通過學習為未來作好預備。支撐物可能為學生敏感的、形成性的評價奠定基礎,這交有助于保證所有的學生盡自己的可能學到最多的知識。對情境認知的反思
通過1990年以來的實驗探究,ctgv對情境認知作了進一步的反思。提出,1)必須以更為廣闊的視角來看待“表境性”;2)有關學習和遷移的情境觀點;3)如何利用遠程教學技術創建“學習共同體”,以支持學生為生活做好預備的學習類型。
有關“情境地性”的廣角思考
1990年以前,ctgc主要夸大以影像為支撐物或在宏觀背景中進行情境地教學。如今,探究職員固然仍然相信,支撐物對改變課堂中發生的教育活動著重要的功能,但有必要進一步清楚地思考支撐物所處情境的文化背景。實驗表明,教師和學生在開始杰斯帕系列課程的工作時,首先必須面對的挑戰是改變其課堂的文化,即幫助教師從“講述者”轉變為“教練”或“學習的伙伴”。其次,學習最好從比較簡單的技術開始,如帶有遠控器的電視唱片或條形碼解讀器等,比較復雜的計算機技術可以稍后再先容。此外,應為技術的試用提供足夠的時間和設備的支持,以避免因設備新題目浪費學生寶貴的學習時間。此外,通過實驗獲得的第一手資料也證實,幫助實驗教師獲得學校和社區對新項目的廣泛支持是極其重要的。為此,教師已經在工作中創造了很多方法,比如,邀請家長和行政職員進課堂解決杰斯帕新題目。探究職員也創造了一些重要的評價工具,以便讓教師有可能性展示學生通過拋錨式課程所學到的東西。這一切將有助于轉變家長和社區其他成員的教育觀念,以便為拋錨式教學的順利實施創造相應的文化背景。
學習和遷移的情境觀
拋錨式教學的實驗探究幫助探究職員逐漸確立起有關學習和遷移的情境觀點。根據格瑞諾(greeno)等人的學習定義,即學習是“??和一情境中的物和他人交互功能能力的進步”,將遷移新題目理解為摘要:如何學習參和某一情境地中的活動可以影響(正面地或負面地)此人對某一新情境中另一活動的參和。ctgv以為,greeno及其同事對學習和遷移的定義的啟示是摘要:不同情境地中的學習是不同的。由此,應該引起探究職員注重的是摘要:大多數有關學習的探究都主要關注典型的學校場景中的活動。然而,有些探究者指出,典型的課堂文化會導致學習的膚淺,而不是深進。因此,為了全面、深刻地熟悉和探究真實的學習和遷移,作為各種學習理論基礎的應該是對由各種場景中發生的學習所引起的廣泛變化進行分析,而不只是單一地、局限地孤立地探究學校場曩發生的學習。
夸大情境地認知的理論家十分注重對發生于日常場景中的學習和新題目解決進行分析。例如摘要:赫美羅(hmelo,1992)以為學習和教學的原則提出應該依據兩種不同的分析摘要:其一是對基于課堂教學的學習的分析;另一種分析對象是非學校場景中的學習。他曾對這兩種學習原則進行比較。他指出,在學校場景中,學習通常是教師指導的,而在非學校場景中學習必須由學習者自己指導,這就要求學習者克服學習中對他人的依靠獨立地識別、分析、解決新題目。此外,不同場景要求的學習策略也不同摘要:學校場景中夸大的學習策略的類型主要是應付考試的,如記筆記、回憶并記憶課文中信息、關注新題目的標準答案、猜測測驗的可能性范圍等;和此相反,在以解決真實新題目為目標的很多非學校場景中,學習策略夸大的主要是識別重要新題目、機會和場景以及如何確立符合自己需要的學習目標、如何尋找為解決新題目所必須的資源、手段、方法和途徑。
學習和遷移的情境觀對評價新題目有著同樣重要的啟示。教學改革的一個主要障礙是教師和學習系統經常過高地考慮標準化成績測試中分數的意義。事實上,學生應付考試的能力并不能保證且有助于他積極參和新情境中相應的活動,如摘要:職業工作所必須的獨立學習活動。因此,改變課堂文化挑戰的一個重要部分是改變作為學習標志的評價的實質。這一點對于解釋杰斯帕軟件的目的是很重要的。該軟件的主要目標并不在于提供學生在標準化測試中的成績。但ctgv需要有評價學生進步的方式,所以,開發了評價工具,主要用以評估新題目發現、新題目表征的天生性技能。沉得這些技能對于不斷變化的日常情境是十分重要的。新的評價方法作為一個題目已成為近十年來論述的主要新題目。情境學習和遷移理論有助于闡明教材、教學和評價之間的內在聯系,從而更好地確定課堂、學校和共同體的文化。
ctgv的理論依據是吉布森有關“供給”的解釋并以此對教材、教學和評價進行了分析。他們所設計的支撐物主要支持這樣一些學習活動類型摘要:天生學習、協作學習和有效的交流,這些學習類型恰恰相反恰恰相反是傳統教學材料所不支持的。隨著ctgv從課堂中獲得更多的經驗,已經發現推薦能促進學習的補充教材和實踐是重要的。其中最重要的是使思維可視化,從而在必要時提供精制和修復的機會。總的說來,對供給物的夸大有助于將注重力集中在多種多樣實踐的用處上。例如,在提供有依據的自我食欲的機會和僅僅測試學生之間存在著重大的差異。對于他們,自我評價的主要目標是幫助學生發展。
第四篇:拋錨式教學的運用
拋錨式教學的運用
楊 臻
學習者所掌握的知識,不是由教師或書籍直接給予的,而是學習者在與環境、他人以及各種學習資源的互動中,通過學習者本人的內化而實現的。拋錨式教學就是要讓學生在一個完整、真實的情境中,產生學習的需要,并通過學習共同體中成員間的互動、交流,憑借自己的主動學習、生成學習,親身體驗知識建構的全過程,借以提高分析和解決問題的能力。這種教學的關鍵是要創設有意義的生活情境和問題情境。寬松、和諧、新穎的情境,可以誘發學生新的想象,激發生生之間、師生之間的思想火花,有助于學生積極主動地參與到動態生成的討論、探究等互動活動中去。教師也容易在其中發現學生思想、學習等方面的問題,及時予以解決。
一、情境設計案例
情境預設:教師選取2006年8月至2007年8月全國豬肉價格曲線圖,提出問題:①豬肉價格上漲的原因是什么?②豬肉價格上漲對生產和生活又會產生什么影響?③面對豬肉價格上漲,生產者、消費者應該怎么辦?
預設目標:讓學生理解“影響價格的因素”以及“價格變動的影響”兩個框題中的相關內容,學會運用價值規律分析經濟現象。實際結果:學生各抒己見,積極參與,認為養豬成本上升和養豬戶的減少是導致豬肉價格上漲的主要因素,聯系自己家庭實際,覺得消費者要少吃豬肉多買魚、鴨等肉食品。養豬戶要懂技術會管理,降低成本。在擴大還是壓縮生產規模的問題上,同學之間甚至還產生了激烈辯論,在老師引導下,學生對價值規律的理解進一步加深了。教后分析:創設較為集中的情境,有助于引發學生的深度思考和廣闊思維。本節課圍繞“豬肉價格”這一中心,只用一張“豬肉價格曲線圖”幻燈片,在教師適時的引導下,激發了學生的多維思考,學生順勢展開“在豬肉價格不斷上漲時,是否應該擴大生產規模”的辯論。反方認為,沒有只漲不跌的價格,豬肉價格的上漲已持續一年多,因為有利可圖,養殖規模已擴張,此時再擴大規模,一旦價格下跌,則損失慘重。從而生成出生產者要研究市場的觀點,正方則據理力爭,例舉家電市場認為,即使價格不斷下跌,“海爾”等知名品牌仍然產銷兩旺,居然打造成國際品牌,靠的就是技術和管理,所以,生產者還要重視技術創新,加強管理。通過創設典型且具有代表性的情境,學生自己整體感知了價格的形成和影響,理解了價值規律的內涵。
學生感想:我們對于一些近期社會熱點話題特別感興趣,老師能夠在課堂中提起,并讓我們討論,使我們能夠在與同學的相互溝通中探究出其中的原理,既可信又管用。
二、拋錨式教學應用
1、情境設置
人教版高二思想政治上冊有一框題是《堅持唯物辯證法,反對形而上學》,這節課內容龐雜,涉及面廣,實際上是對整個上冊唯物辯證法知識的系統總結。在學習這一內容前,我精心選擇了一組有關秦淮河的照片。屏幕上首先出現的是昔日漿聲燈影中秦淮河的風光照,迷人的景色、和諧的畫面立即吸引了學生的眼球。緊接著,另一幅畫面上又出現了一條河:河道是黃色的,就象什么東西生銹了一樣,河水的顏色也是黃色的,上面還有許多飄浮物。看到這兩組對比如此強烈的畫面,學生們一個個蠢蠢欲動。我適時發問:這是同一條河嗎?大多數學生回答:不是。我說:這不僅是同一條河,而且這條河就是在我們身邊靜靜地流淌著的秦淮河。學生們的思維被激活了,為下一步更深入的探究創造了有利的條件。
2、確定具體的研究問題
在建立了良好的教學情境后,選擇與當前學習主題密切相關的真實事件或問題作為學習的中心內容,選出的事件或問題就是“錨”,這一環節的作用就是“拋錨”。在實際的應用中,視具體情況可以選擇大型的“錨”(知識面涵蓋幾課或更大),也可以選擇微型的“錨”(某節中的某個具體內容)。
在上述課例中,我提出的問題是:①從昔日漿聲燈影的秦淮河到今天“銹色憂人”的秦淮河,你有什么感想?②秦淮河為什么會發生這樣的變化?③秦淮河的變化給我們哪些哲學啟示?這三個問題提出以后,整節課都圍繞著它們而展開。
一般來說,問題的確立是把學生引入一節課或一節課中某一內容的關鍵。一個好的問題,可以把學生引入預期的教學目標,引發學生進行積極的思考和探索(即自主學習),所以教師所拋的“錨”要對學生有足夠的吸引力。同時還應注意,“錨”不僅是學習者應用已掌握知識的情境,更重要的是使用“錨”來幫助學生發展新思維,提高創新能力。也就是說,教師提出的這些問題是為了給學生提供繼續攀爬的“腳手架”。
3、自主學習與協作學習
根據教學目標設定的“錨”,學生在解決問題時會遇到很多困難, 有時還會受到學生學習習慣、學習品質等方面的影響。在這種情況下,教師尤其要注重發揮學習者的主觀能動性,鼓勵學生首先嘗試自己獨立解決問題。必要時老師可以向學生提供一些解決問題的有關線索,例如怎樣對給定問題進行假設,怎樣通過查詢各種信息資料對問題進行論證,從何處獲取有關的信息資料以及如何對已經形成的認識進行反饋,補充和完善等。
對某些復雜問題,通常學習者不能獨立完成問題的解決,需要與同伴或教師討論和交流,這就是協作學習。另外,“錨”的可視性特征也有利于相互之間的協作學習,即使學業不理想的學生也能在協作學習中有展示自己的機會,從而獲得同伴的尊敬。通過學習者與學習者之間、學習者與教師之間互相討論、交流,不同觀點彼此發生相互碰撞,可以補充、修正并加深每個學生對當前問題的理解,以進一步深化和完善對主題的意義建構。
在討論過程中,教師應當鼓勵學習者去考慮多種可能的問題解決方案,要認真、專注地傾聽每位學生的發言,善于發現每位學生發言中的積極因素(哪怕只是萌芽),并及時給以肯定和鼓勵;要善于發現每位學生通過發言暴露出來的、關于某個概念(或認識)的模糊或不正確之處,并及時用學生樂于接受的方式予以指正(切忌使用容易挫傷學生自尊心的詞語);當討論開始偏離教學內容或糾纏于枝節問題時,教師還要考慮如何站在稍稍超前于學生智力發展的邊界上(即稍稍超前于最鄰近發展區)通過提問來引導討論,但切忌直接告訴學生應該做什么(即不能代替學生思維);在討論的末尾,應由教師(或學生自己)對整個協作學習過程作出小結。
在這節課中,在提出了三個問題之后,我并不急于要求學生立即給出答案,而是給學生提供一條線索:解決上述問題需要運用已經學過的辯證法知識,然后要求所有學生先進行自我論證,并把要點寫在草稿紙上以備協作學習時使用,遇到困難可以從課本上獲取有關信息。經過查閱課本和獨立思考,每人都寫下了自己的觀點。接著展開協作學習,先在小組內部進行討論交流(事先已有明確分工,每組設組長、紀檢委員、記錄員、美工、匯報人等若干),然后各組派匯報人闡述己方觀點,其他小組可提出質疑并就此展開討論。經過熱烈討論,大家一致認為:秦淮河的污染是“人禍”所致,是人們孤立地、靜止地、片面地看問題,辦事情的結果。它給我們的哲學啟示就是要用聯系的、發展的、全面的觀點看問題,辦事情。這樣,辯證法和形而上學的分歧已不言自明。
4、效果評價
由于拋錨式教學要求學生解決面臨的現實問題,學習過程就是解決問題的過程,即由該過程可以直接反映出學生的學習效果,因此可以將學習過程中對學生表現的隨時觀察與記錄作為重要的評價依據,這種評價包括小組評價和由教師進行的評價。在小組內部交流階段,學習者與同組成員交流自己的看法和觀點,由小組成員進行評價,既有利于學習者及時反思自己解決問題的思維過程,也有利于培養學生的自主管理能力。在集體交流(小組之間協作學習)階段,各組的表現主要由教師進行評價。
為了全面客觀地評價每個學生的課堂表現,我給每個小組發了一個檔案袋,由組長記錄本小組內每位同學參與組內協作學習的情況,記錄后面有每個學生的自我評價。檔案袋課后交給我,我再對各小組進行橫向對比評價,各方面評價的總和就是每個學生的成績。
第五篇:拋錨式access2003教學案例access范文
“拋錨式”教學模式在ACCESS2003 課堂教學中的實踐
2010年10月
通許縣中等職業學校
陳亮中 “拋錨式”教學模式在ACCESS2003課堂教學中的實踐
通許縣中等職業學校 陳亮中
第一章 認識ACCESS2003 第一課時教學設計
【教材分析】
本章教學只要求學生了解數據庫基本概念、了解各種數據類型、初步掌握利用Access管理數據的基本方法,目的是為將來學習“數據庫技術及其應用”做知識和技能的準備。因此筆者認為教學不應只局限于讓學生了解或掌握幾個基本概念、基本操作,而應給學生創設一個情境和平臺,使其在自主學習掌握知識技能的同時培養學習“數據庫技術”的興趣。
依據《學科教學指導意見》,本節教學安排三課時。筆者由教學情境創設需要,安排第一課時的內容是數據庫相關的幾個概念,第二課時的內容是字段的各種數據類型和設計簡單的數據表,第三課利用Access管理數據記錄的基本操作。本設計針對第一課時的教學。
【學生分析】
運用知識遷移能力學習“利用Access管理數據記錄的基本操作”做了準備。但教學內容中新概念較多對于學生學習興趣會有影響,另外不同學生的知識技能水平存在差異,因此在具體教學中要創設好學習情境,引起學生學習興趣,并注重學生之間的協作學習。
【教學目標】
一、知識與技能 1.能夠描述數據庫、數據庫管理系統、數據庫應用系統、數據庫系統的概念及相互關系。
2.熟悉Access軟件的操作界面及其基本操作方法。
二、過程與方法
在創設的學習情境中,自主學習、小組合作探究,體驗發現或歸納出數據庫系統基本概念及相互關系,培養觀察能力、分析能力、知識技能運用能力和協作、交流的能力,通過互動點評活動結果和完成學習日記,學習正確評價自己和他人的信息活動過程和結果。
三、情感態度與價值觀
【教學重點】
1.數據庫系統的幾個基本概念。
【教學難點】
1.數據庫系統幾個概念之間的關系。
【教學策略】
本課教學運用了拋錨式教學模式,以教學論壇為學習的平臺,“寵物世界”游戲為教學引線,通過兩個互動活動實現情境創設,將“錨”拋在本課教學的兩個重點。創設“學習日記”情境,引導學生自我評價,發掘本課情感態度、價值觀培養作用。學生以自主學習、協作學習的方式完成學習任務。師生互動點評學習過程和結果,實現效果評價。
【教學過程】
一、熟悉平臺,導入新課
教師指導學生登陸教學論壇,熟悉論壇設置。學生熟悉學習的平臺,閱讀論壇中“學習指導”貼,明確學習目標,復習知識點。
二、情境依托,構建知識
1.數據庫系統基本概念及關系
師:上一節課我們體驗了網上數據管理帶來的好處,其實同學們平時在接觸的網絡游戲也存在數據管理的問題。
學生顯露興奮的表情。
師:我們邊玩邊學,一起進入“互動活動一”。
互動活動一:“寵物世界”初探
活動內容:(1)自學教材“ 數據庫技術第一章”,了解數據、數據庫、數據庫管理系統、數據庫應用系統、數據庫系統的概念,完成論壇“知識問答”;(2)到“寵物世界”領養一個寵物寶寶,把它養得又肥又壯;(3)思考、猜想“寵物世界”游戲與數據庫系統中的基本概念的聯系以及這些概念之間的關系。
學生自學基本概念,摸索游戲功能,探究彼此聯系。教師巡視輔導。活動結束后,交流學習成果。
師:我們的互動活動暫告一個段落,請同學們查看一下誰的寵物寶寶培養的最好?
學生查詢“寵物排行榜”,推舉出第一名的同學。
師:網絡游戲本身是一個軟件,這位第一名的同學在很短的時間內就熟悉了這個軟件的功能,可見他知識遷移能力、操作能力很強。下面我們就請他來談談“寵物世界”游戲與數據庫系統中基本概念的聯系。
生:“寵物世界”游戲是一個數據庫應用系統,我們在玩游戲時產生的數據應該是有個數據庫文件在存儲的,并有一個相應的數據庫管理系統對該文件進行管理。
教師請其他同學分析、補充,并從服務器調出“寵物世界”游戲后臺的數據庫文件證明學生的猜想。
師:這就是“寵物世界”游戲的數據庫文件,擴展名為“.mdb”,鼠標雙擊該文件,計算機會調用Access這個軟件將其打開,Access就是該數據庫文件的數據庫管理軟件。
教師簡單介紹Access軟件對數據的管理方式;學生都瞪大了眼,看著教師演示。
生:我看到我的寵物的名字了,還有它的等級!老師,是不是用Access改一下這個數據庫文件,在“寵物世界”游戲就會發生變化?
師:這位同學腦筋轉得可真快!既然想到了,那我們就去做吧,開始我們第二階段的互動活動。
設計意圖:學生在教師創設的情境中自學數據庫系統基本概念,然后和具體實例相結合分析其中的聯系和關系,并經過師生共同討論、教師演示講評,最終實現學生對當前所學知識意義建構的目的,同時培養了觀察、分析能力和學習興趣。
三、歸納延伸,提升素養
師:不知道班級里有沒有同學玩網游有點上癮?如果有,那么我們這節課的學習已經很好的告訴你“你所日夜為之奮斗的只是數據表里的一個數字”。請真誠的面對現實生活,從容的看待虛擬世界,學會約束自己。
師:接著請大家都來談談課堂學習的感受,完成“學習日記”。
學習日記:一個論壇投票貼,設置了五個固定內容供學生多項選擇,當然學生也可以在投票貼回復更多的學習感受。
五個選項:(1)今天上課心情還不錯,這種邊玩邊學的課堂形式我還是比較喜歡的。(2)原來認為學習數據庫的一些概念會比較枯燥,但我今天掌握起來卻比較輕松。(3)今天課堂上大家一起玩的“寵物世界”游戲雖然界面比較簡單,但還是有點味道的。關于游戲,我相信自己能夠做到不沉迷其中。(4)剛接觸“寵物世界”和Access的時候,我感覺有點無從下手,看來我對于以前學習的知識技能掌握還不夠好,不過我會努力趕上的。(5)另外,我覺得我們班級的學習氛圍很好,當我學習碰到困難的時候同學們都會來幫助我,當然我也很樂意幫助別的同學。
師生共同參與關于本課學習的討論。教師提出預習要求。設計意圖:創設一個輕松自然的評價環境,指導學生對自己的信息活動過程和結果進行評價,并希望引起學生關于“情感態度、價值觀”的思考,為課堂教學畫龍點睛。
【教學反思】
拋錨式教學要求建立在有感染力的真實事件或真實問題的基礎上,確定這類真實事件或問題被形象地比喻為“拋錨”,因為一旦這類事件或問題被確定了,整個教學內容和教學進程也就被確定了。拋錨式教學一般由創設情境、確定問題、自主學習、協作學習、效果評價這幾個環節組成。在教學實踐中,學生對于這樣的教學情境設置和教學模式都很有興趣,教學任務也完成得比較不錯,同時筆者也有了以下教學后的思考:
(1)任何一種教學模式的應用,學生都有一個適應的過程,尤其是像“拋錨式”這樣的教學模式,學生在以往的教學活動中接觸比較少,教師應考慮在整個教學階段逐步引入教學模式。
(2)在拋錨式教學中,教師是學生學習的組織者、指導者、幫助者和促進者,因此教師要從學生的角度出發切身體驗課程內容,全面的分析在教學實施中學生可能產生問題的范圍。實現創設的情境能符合學生心理,教學的“錨”能拋在學生的“臨近發展區”,能掌控整個教學進程,把握課堂指導的最佳時機。
(3)教學中應該考慮多種教學策略配合運用,該用其他教學策略的地方還是要用其他的。例如拋錨式教學中確定問題環節,教學的“錨”(學習任務)一定要拋在關鍵點上,要能激發學生內部學習動機。如果此時完全讓學生自己在情境中發現問題、確定選擇問題,就可能產生“教學方向偏離”、“部分學生不感興趣”、“教學效率低下”等問題,在這里教師就可以考慮運用啟發式策略,或者事先搭建一個學習支架,幫助確定學習任務。
(4)教學評價是拋錨式教學的一個重要環節,也是新課改要求教學中強化的部分。如何讓學生很自然的對自己和他人的學習進行評價,讓教學評價真正發揮作用,教師應該對評價進行設計。例如在本課教學中,活動成果展示階段,學生急切想知道自己努力的結果如何,還想知道別人是怎么看待自己的學習成果的,因此此時設置一個師生互動點評學習成果將是很自然、有效的事情。另外筆者在課堂教學將結束階段設計了一個“學習日記”環節,試圖探尋一種課堂評價的新形式,通過精心設置日記中的五個選項,使學生在自然的狀態下對本課學習相關的知識技能、情感態度和價值觀進行反思。