第一篇：高考英語語法講解——虛擬語氣教案

虛擬語氣

一、非真實條件句中的虛擬語氣

1.和現(xiàn)在的事實相反

從句：一般過去時（were/done）；主句：過去將來時（would do）

E.g.：I am not free today.If I ___free today, I __ and visit some of my friends.2.和過去的事實相反

從句：過去完成時（had done）；主句：過去完成時（would have done）E.g.：If my lawyer ___ here last Saturday, he __ me from going.3.和將來的事實相反

從句：①were to + 動詞原形 ②should +動詞原形 ③動詞過去式； 主句should/would/could/might +動詞原形

E.g.：If I were to see Tom, what ___ you ___ me to tell him?

二、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

1.wish后面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反的愿望。其表達形式一般是將從句的謂語動詞退后一個時態(tài)。例如:

1)與現(xiàn)在事實相反 : wish +(that)+ did(were)

E.g.：I wish I were as healthy as you.E.g.：I wish that I had a plane.2)與過去事實相反 : wish +(that)+ had done E.g.：I wish I had been to the concert last night.E.g.：I wish you had written to him.3)與將來事實相反 : wish + would/could/might + do E.g.：I wish he would forgive me.2.在某些動詞后的賓語從句中需用should+動詞原形的虛擬語氣形式。“should”可以省略。一個堅持insist;兩個命令order, command;三條建議suggest , advise, propose;四項要求demand, request, require, ask;另外有:prefer、recommend 注意: suggest表“暗示表明”時 insist表“堅持認(rèn)為”時不用虛擬語氣

E.g.：He ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves.E.g.：The doctor suggested that she(should)have an operation at once.*His face suggested that he had been punished by the teacher.三、主語從句中的虛擬語氣

1.It be+過去分詞+that…+(should)+動詞原形+… 過去分詞：suggested, requested, ordered, proposed E.g.: It is required that nobody(should)smoke here.E.g.: It’s suggested that everybody(should)buy a dictionary 2.It be+形容詞+that…+(should)+動詞原形+…

形容詞:important, necessary, natural, right, wrong, better,proper, funny, strange, surprising… E.g.: It is necessary that we(should)have a walk now.E.g.: It's important that we(should)take good care of the patient.3.It be+名詞（a pity/a shame/ no wonder）that…+(should)+動詞原形+…(表示驚異、懊悔、失望等情感)It is a regret that he(should)miss this golden chance.四、表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣

在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice ,decision等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動詞原形。

E.g.: My suggestion is that we(should)leave at once.E.g.: I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.五、狀語從句中的虛擬語氣

1、用在由as if, as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，表示和現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的懷疑，用過去時；表示過去想象中的動作或情況，用過去完成時;表示將來用would + 動詞原形。E.g.: It seems as if the man were his brother.E.g.: This device operated as though it had been repaired.2.用在lest, for fear that和in case引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，這時謂語動詞用(should)+動詞原形 E.g.: She closed the windows lest she catch cold.六、其他句式

1、It’s(high/low)time 從句：

It is(high)time that從句謂語動詞要用過去式或用should加動詞原形，但should不可省略。E.g.: It is time that the children went to bed.E.g.: It is high time that the children should go to bed.2、一些介詞短語

But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.Nothing could live without the sun.3、比較if only與only if only if 表示“只有”；

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.if only 則表示“如果……就好了”。其從句中的謂語動詞用過去時或過去完成時。If only I knew more.If only the alarm clock had rung.七、虛擬語氣難點

1、錯綜虛擬與隱含虛擬

錯綜虛擬：If you hadn’t bought the ticket last week, how would you go now? 隱含虛擬：情境中提供虛擬語氣

Suppose there were no gravity, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped.She wasn’t feeling very well.Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.（連詞）I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.（連詞）Given more time, we could have done it better.（分詞短語）… … Such mistakes could have been avoided.（通過上下文）

2、倒裝

①.Were it(=If it were)not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.②.Had I(=If I had)known about it, I would have told you.③.Should anyone(=If anyone should)call, please take a message.DDDDB DDDB

第二篇：英語語法教案第三章(虛擬語氣定稿)

虛擬語氣

第一部分：語氣的定義和種類 語氣(mood)語氣是動詞的一種形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。2 語氣的種類

陳述語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如： There are two sides to every question.每個問題都有兩個方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎？ How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師啊！祈使語氣：表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。如： Never be late again!再也不要遲到了。

Don’t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。

虛擬語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如： If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。May you succeed!祝您成功！

虛擬語氣在語法里算得上是個難點。讓我們就從最簡單的開始吧。

第二部分：虛擬語氣的用法

I.簡單句中虛擬語氣的用法

一、動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣，常用于日常會話中。如：Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office? 請你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎？

It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。

二、表示祝愿。

1、常用“may+動詞原形”表示祝愿，此時may須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。May good luck be yours!祝你好運！May you be happy!祝你快樂！

May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！May you have a good time.祝愿你玩的痛快。

May the friendship between us last long.祝愿我們的友情天長地久。May you be happy.(注意那個be)祝你幸福。

2、用動詞原形。例如：

(1)Long live the people!人民萬歲！

(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧師說：“愿上帝保佑你！”

(3).Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快！

3、表示強烈愿望。（該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)也不加“s”）(1).God save me．(2).Heaven help us．

第三部分：名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣

I.賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

一、在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。

1、表示與現(xiàn)在的事實相反，wish后賓語從句中的謂語動詞用過去式或過去進行式(時間上是同時的)。1)I wish(that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道這個答案。(事實上是不知道)2)I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實上不可能)3).I wish I were a bird.但愿我是只小鳥。(事實上不可能)4).When she was at the party, she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不在家)5).Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動詞understood)現(xiàn)在他在中國，他希望能懂得中文。(事實上并不懂)6).When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(事實上并不和我們在一起)

2、對過去情況的虛擬（和過去的事實相反）：Wish后賓語從句的謂語動詞用過去完成時，或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時。例：

1）I wish(that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(事實上已浪費了)2）He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望沒有失去機會。(其實已失去)3）We wished he had spoken to us.(事實上他并沒同我們講)4）I wish you had called earlier.(事實上已遲了)5）They will wish they had listened to us sooner.(事實上并不如此)例題分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A.could have slept B.slept C.might have slept D.have slept 動詞wish后面接從句，表達不可能實現(xiàn)或與事實相反的情況時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣，即用過去式（表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動作）或過去完成式（表示過去發(fā)生的動作）。本題后半句謂語動詞have用的是過去時had to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作。所以, 選項A（could have slept）是答案

3）、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)：

如果wish表示對將來事情的愿望。賓語從句謂語動詞用“would/should/could/might + 動詞原形”(時間上較后)(請注意：主句和從句的主語不相同)。

1）.I wish it would stop raining.我希望雨能停止。(事實上雨還在下著呢)2）.I wish you would be quiet 我希望你安靜一些。(事實上那家伙還在吵著呢)3）.You wished she would arrive the next day.你希望她第二天會到。(事實上她還沒到)4）.I wish she would change her mind.我希望她會改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)5）.He will wish we would join him the following week.(只是希望我們和他在一起，實際上還沒在一起)注意：.如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動詞形式不變。例如： I wished I hadn't spent so much money.我要是那時沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。

2.如果wish后賓語 從句中用would , 一般表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求 I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣的用法

由于這些動詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見，認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣，這些詞語后面的“that”從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，且均以“should+動詞原形”表示這種語氣，但事實上“should”常被省略，故此從句中謂語動詞用原形，常用的此類動詞有：

表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提議、勸告、建議”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“決定、命令”的：decide, order, command, demand 表示“主張”的：maintain, urge 表示“同意、堅持”的：consent, insist 例如：

1.The doctor suggested that he(should)try to lose his weight.2.He insisted that we(should)tell him the news.3.When I suggested that he(should)try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job.”(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時，他說“剃刀和水就行了”。)4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work.(他費了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù)，直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動的。)

三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中，我們經(jīng)常用“should＋動詞原形(或完成形式)”，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿等。

I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.我們從來沒想到他是個如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。

四、在would rather，would sooner，had rather，would(just)as soon，would prefer之后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣的用法

would rather , would sooner, had rather, would(just)as soon，would prefer（希望）也用來表達主觀愿望，它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚眠^去完成式表示與過去事實相反。表示”寧愿做什么”或“對過去做的事的懊悔”。

(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.(4).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。

(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．坦率地說，我希望你不要卷入這件事。

(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．你沒有必要這么著急，我寧愿你先去上班。

(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．我倒希望你暫時先不要就此事發(fā)表意見。

(10).Frankly speaking，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．坦白地說，我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對此事什么也不要做。

(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點上床呢？(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用動詞原形 I would rather stay at home today． would rather．．．than．．．中用動詞原形 I would rather stay at home than go out today．

II：主語從句中的虛擬語氣

一、“It is(was)+形容詞（或過去分詞）+that??”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣的用法

在“It is(was)+形容詞（或過去分詞）+that??”結(jié)構(gòu)中，某些表示愿望、建議、請求、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語從句中的謂語也用虛擬語氣。其表達形式為should ＋動詞原形或省略should直接用動詞原形（美國英語中省去should）常用的形容詞： natural(自然的), appropriate(適當(dāng)?shù)?, advisable(合適的), preferable(更可取的), better(更好的)，necessary(必須的), important(重要的), imperative(急需的), urgent(急迫的), essential(本質(zhì)的), vital(必不可少的)probable(很可能的), possible(可能的)，desirable(極好的)，advisable（合理的），compulsory（必須的），crucial（緊急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（驚人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（緊迫的）。

常用的過去分詞(Past Participle): required(需要的), demanded(要求), requested(被請求的), desired(要求)，suggested(建議), recommended(推薦)，ordered(命令)1.It is necessary that we(should 可省略, 下同)have a walk now.2 It was necessary that we(should)make everything ready ahead of time.3.It is required that nobody(should)smoke here.(表示要求不要在此抽煙)4.It is important that every pupil(should)be able to understand the rule of school.(表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))5.It's important that we(should)take good care of the patient.6.It is natural that she should do so.7.It is essential that these application forms（should）be sent back as early as possible． 這些申請表應(yīng)盡早地寄回，這是很重要的。

8.It is vital that enough money（should）be collected to fund the project． 重要的是募集足夠的錢，為這個項目提供資金。

9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening． 希望我們今晚一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。

注：在上述所列形容詞后面用that引出的賓語從句中，謂語動詞也要用虛擬語氣。

10.I don't think it advisable that Tom（should）be assigned to the job since he has no experiences.湯姆缺乏經(jīng)驗，指派他做這項工作我認(rèn)為是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

二、在It is ＋名詞＋that?的主語從句中的虛擬語氣

在It is ＋名詞＋that的主語從句中，常用虛擬語氣，表示建議、命令、請求、道歉、懷疑、驚奇等。這類名詞有：advice，decision，desire，demand，idea，motion，order，pity，proposal, recommendation，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．我建議派他去國外進一步學(xué)習(xí)。III.虛擬語氣用在表語從句或同位語從句中

當(dāng)某些表示建議、請求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語時，其后的表語從句或同位語從句需用虛擬語氣，其表達形式為should ＋動詞原形或直接用動詞原形。這類名詞常見的有：

demand(要求), desire(請求), requirement(要求), advice(勸告), recommendation(建議), suggestion(建議)order(命令)necessity(必要地), preference(優(yōu)先)proposal(計劃), plan(計劃), idea(辦法)，recommendation等。

We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off．我們都贊成你提出的將討論延期的建議。

The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone．由市長頒發(fā)獎金的建議被每個人接受。

The advice is that we(should 可省略，下同)leave at once.My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.IV.虛擬語氣用在It is（about ／high）time ＋that定語從句中 在It is（about／high）time ＋that從句中需用虛擬語氣，表示“該做??的時候了”，其動詞形式用一般過去時或should ＋動詞原形。

It's already 5 o'clock now．Don't you think it's about time we went home？現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)5點鐘了，你不認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該回家了嗎？

注：在this is the first time ／second time that．．．句型中，從句中謂語動詞用陳述語氣完成時態(tài)。例如：

Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？這是你第一次參觀香港嗎？ V.虛擬語氣用在as if（as though）引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中。

（一）在as if（as though）引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中，常用虛擬語氣，其動詞形式與wish后接賓語從句中的形式相同。Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman．艾倫談起羅馬來好像他是個羅馬人一樣。2 He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.（用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)）

3．The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to 20 years ago.(用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實)那老人看著照片，他覺得仿佛回到20年前了。

4。They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形動詞meet，表示與將來事實相反)他們談了又談，仿佛他們不會再相見的樣子。

（二）虛擬語氣用在lest，for fear that及in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中。

在由lest等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中需用虛擬語氣，表示“以防，以免” 等意思，其謂語動詞多由should＋動詞原形構(gòu)成，should也可省略。

He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again．他被處以懲罰以免他再犯。VI、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法： 條件從句有兩類：（1）真實條件句；（2）虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)情況有可能發(fā)生的，就是“真實條件句”。如： If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有時間的話，我們就一起去釣魚。)如果假設(shè)的情況與事實相反，則為“虛擬條件句”。如：

If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.如果昨天下雨的話，我們就會留在家里。）

這種句子一般由“從句”（Subordinate Clause）和“主句”(Main Clause)組成。如上例：

If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.“If it had rained yesterday” 就是“從句”；“we would have stayed at home” 則為主句。無論從句或主句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣。它們所用的動詞有三種時態(tài)(Tenses)，就是： 現(xiàn)在時態(tài)、過去時態(tài)、將來時態(tài)。

.一、與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)(事情的發(fā)生都在同一時間內(nèi)): 從句中用：if + 主語 + 動詞的過去式(be 用 were)主句中用：主語 + would(should, could , might)+ 動詞原形

例如：1.If I were you, I would go with him.2.If I were you, I should buy it.3.If I had time, I would study French.(如果有時間，我會學(xué)習(xí)法文。)（從句用過去式動詞had，主句用動詞原形 study）

4.If she knew English, she would not ask me for help.(如果她懂英文，她就不必要我?guī)土恕?(從句用過去式動詞knew, 主句用動詞原形ask)注意：如果動作在進行中，主句要用：“主語 + would be + 進行式動詞 ” 5.If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(從句用過去式動詞were, 主句用 would be speaking)

二、與過去事實相反的假設(shè)(假設(shè)從句的事實為過去的事)： 從句用：If + 主語 + had +過去完成式動詞

主句用：主語 + would(should, could, might)+ have +過去完成式動詞 +?? 1.If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(從句動詞用had studied, 主句動詞用have passed)如果你在上個學(xué)期用功一些，你就會在考試中過關(guān)了。

2.If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(從句動詞用had taken, 主句動詞用have failed)如果你當(dāng)時聽從我的勸告的話，你就不會在考試中失敗了。

3.If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(從句動詞用had got up, 主句動詞用 have caught)如果你起身得早一點，你就會趕得上火車了。

4.If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(從句動詞用had snowed, 主句動詞用 have skied)如果下雪的話，我就可在公園里滑雪了。

注意：如果動作在進行中，主句要用：“主語 + would + have + 完成進行式動詞 5.If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(從句動詞用had been, 主句動詞用 have been speaking)

三、與將來的事實可能相反(對將來的事實實現(xiàn)的可能性不大)： 句：If + 主語 + should(或were)+ 動詞原形 +??

句：主語 + would(could, should, might)+ 動詞原形 +?? 1.If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(從句動詞用should rain，主句動詞用 be)如果天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。

2.If he were to go tomorrow, he might tell you.(從句動詞用were to, 主句動詞用 tell)如果明天他走的話，他可能會告訴你。

3.If he were here, I would give him the books.(從句動詞用 were, 主句動詞用 give)如果他在這兒，我可能會把書給他。

注意：如果動作在進行中，從句(不是主句喔)要用：”If + 主語 + 過去進行式動詞+??“ 4.If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(從句動詞用 were staying, 主句動詞用 let)如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒，我可能會讓她騎我的馬。

從句的 If 有時可省略，那么從句中的動詞(were, had, should)就得移到主語前面： 1.原句：If she were younger, she would do it.去If：Were she younger, she would do it.(把動詞were移到主語she的前面)2.原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主語he的前面)

四、錯綜條件句（混合型條件句）中虛擬語氣的用法有時虛擬條件句的從句和主句的動詞動作時態(tài)會不一致：

（一）從句表示過去，主句表示將來：

If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.（二）從句表示將來，主句表示過去：

If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.（三）從句表示過去，主句表示將來： If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.（四）從句表示將來，主句表示現(xiàn)在：

If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.（五）省略了條件句的虛擬語氣的用法（隱含型條件句）

有時候句中省略了條件句，而用 without / but for / in the absence of ”要不是“、”如果沒有"，表示條件虛擬句：

1.Without air, nothing could live.要是沒有空氣，什么也不能生存。

2.But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的幫忙，我們是難有成就的。

3.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果沒有水和空氣，什么也不能生存。

The exercises for subjunctive mood

1.He acted ____ he had never lived in China before.a.as though b.even if c.as d.since 2.____ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive.a.If he went b.Were he gone c.Should he have gone d.Had he gone 3.If you were older, I ____ you to go there yesterday.a.will allow b.should allow c.would have allowed d.had allowed 4.The secretary suggested that they ____ the men in at once.a.had brought b.should have brought c.brought d.bring 5.I wish I ____ able to tell him all about it last night.a.was b.were c.had been d.should be 6.If we ____ here ten minutes earlier, we ___ the bus.a.arrived/would catch b.arrived/would have caught c.had arrived/had caught d.had arrived/would have caught 7.If I ____ more time, I would have gone with him.a.had b.had had c.have had d.would have 8.He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ____ to the meeting.a.would come b.came c.would have come d.had come 9.The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King _____ right away.a.would be arrested b.must be arrested c.be arrested d.had to be arrested 10.Jane's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel any longer.a.not staying b.not to stay c.that he not stay d.staying not 11.Don't touch the sleeping tiger.If he woke up, he _____ you.a.would come to b.would come at c.would have come toward d.will come to 12.Without electricity human life _____ quite different today.a.is b.will be c.would have been d.would be 13.How I wish I ____ to repair the watch!I only made it worse.a.had tried b.hadn't tried c.have tried d.didn't try 14.He demanded that the laboratory report ___ immediately after the experiment was done.a.was written b.be written c.must be written d.would be written 15.The man insisted that he _____ there.a.should send b.would be sent c.sent d.be sent 16.If he had not gone out in the storm _____.a.he will be alive now b.he would be alive now c.he would have been alive now 17.If it ___ tomorrow, what would we do? a.rains b.were to rain c.would rain d.rain 18.It is required that you ____ at six.a.will arrive b.arrive c.arrived d.would arrive 19.If only I _____ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.a.had known b.would know c.should know d.knew 20.He spoke in a quiet, distinct voice, as though his thought _____.a.was far away b.had been far away c.were far away d.went far away.21.If it ___ rain, we ___ get wet.a.is to, should b.were to, would c.were going to, would d.was going to, should 22.If he ___ to the teacher attentively, he ___ the answer to the problem now.a.had listened, would have known b.listened, would know c.listened, would have known d.had listened, would know 23.But for the party, he ___ of hunger 30 years ago.a.would have died b.would die c.must have died d.must die 24.___ today, he would got there for holiday.a.Was he leaving b.Were he to leave c.Would he leave d.If he leaves 25.I would have come earlier, but I ___ that you were waiting for me.a.didn’t know b.hadn’t know c.would have known d.haven’t known 26.It’s high time that we ___ to school.a.would to b.went c.go d.will go 27.It seems as if it ___ rain.a.will b.is going to c.is to d.were going to 28.I’d rather you ___ right away.a.leave b.left c.will leave d.to leave 29.He is working hard for fear that he ___.a.fails b.failed c.would fail d.fail 30.It is really strange that the girl ___ so early.a.has been married b.has married c.be married d.would marry 31.Supposing I ___ this gift, what would he say? a.accept b.accepted c.should accept d.would accept 32.The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ___ two weeks to prepare for the exam.a.give b.should give c.be given d.would be given 33.I was busy yesterday, otherwise I ___ your birthday party.a.attended b.had attended c.would attend d.would have attended 34.He insisted that he ___ me before.a.see b.should see c.had seen d.saw 35.The two strangers talked as if they ___ friends for years.a.were b.would be c.have been d.had been 36.We ___ our lives had it not been for the policeman.a.would have lost b.should lose c.might lose d.could have lost 37.----I thought you would come back tomorrow.----I would if I ___ to attend a meeting.a.don’t have b.didn’t have c.will not have d.would not have 38.He wishes ___ mistakes.a.he doesn’t always make b.he isn’t always making c.he didn’t always make d.he wouldn’t always making 39.It ___ very nice if only it were possible.a.will be b.would be c.is d.were 40.Without your help, our team ___ the last match.a.won’t win b.will lose c.wouldn’t have won d.can’t win 41.I wish ___ I what to do.a.knew b.have known c.know d.would know 42.___, I would take an umbrella with me.a.Had I been you b.I were you c.Were I you d.I had been you 43.If I had hurried, I ___ the train.a.would catch b.could catch c.would have caught d.had caught 44.He insisted that John ___ it.a.do b.does c.did d.would do 45.It is high time we ___ off.a.are b.were c.be d.will be 46.He felt as if he ___ more time to study for the test.a.needs b.were needed c.needed d.need 47.It is important that I ___ with Mr.Willians immediately.a.speak b.spoke c.will speak d.to speak 48.James wishes he ___ the football game instead of the film.a.saw b.see c.had been seen d.had seen 49.I wish ___.a.he left b.he leaves me alone c.he be left d.he would leave me alone 50.If I had known that, I ___ so.a.wouldn’t do b.wouldn’t have done c.won’t do d.have not done 51.The doctor suggested that she ___.a.will not smoke b.not smoke c.would not smoke d.did not smoke 52.If I ___ you, I wouldn’t return the call.a.be b.am c.was d.were 53.You talk as if you ___ there.a.were really b.has really been c.had really been d.would really be 54.He suggested that the work ___ at once.a.would started b.would be started c.should started d.should be started 55.It is strange that such a thing ___ in your school.a.will happen b.happen c.should happen d.happened 56.It is imperative that you ___ on time.a.are b.will be c.be d.would be 57.I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I ___ there.a.was b.were c.had been d.went 58.It is time we ___ up our results.a.sum b.summed c.will sum d.would sum 59.If the doctor had been available, the child ___.a.would not die b.would not have died c.could not die d.could not have died 60.Dr.Bethune worked hard as if he ___.a.never had felt tired b.had never felt tired c.never felt tired d.was tired never 61.I enjoyed the movie very much.I wish I ___ the book from which it was made.a.have read b.had read c.should have read d.am reading 62.You are late.If you ___ a few minutes earlier, you ___ him.a.came/ would meet b.had come/ would have met c.come/ will meet d.had come/ would met 63.I wish my husband ___ as well as yours.a.had dressed b.dress c.will dress d.dressed 64.Edison kept phosphorus carefully in a bottle lest it ___.a.would burn b.burned c.was burning d.should burn 65.He looked as if he ___ ill for a long time.a.was b.were c.has been d.had been 66.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child ___.a.would not have been lied there for two hours b.would not have laid there for two hours c.would not have lied there for two hours d.would not have lain there for two hours 67.I wish that I ___ with you last night.a.went b.could go c.have gone d.could have gone 68.Let’s say you could go there again, how ___ feel? a.will you b.should you c.would you d.do you 69.Mr.Brown left for London long ago.That’s pity.I wish ___.a.I meet him.b.I’ll have met him c.I’d had met him d.I’d meet him 70.I can’t stand him.He always talks as though he ___ everything.a.knew b.knows c.has known d.had known 71.I wish I ___.a.will tell him that b.didn’t tell him that c.told him not that d.had not told him that 72.If you had told me in advance, I ___ him at the airport.a.would meet b.would had meet c.would have met d.would have meet 73.Kunar can take his car apart and put it back together again.I certainly wish he ___ me how.a.teaches b.will teach c.has taught d.would teach 74.I would have told him the answer had it been possible but I ___ so busy then.a.had been b.were c.was d.would be 75.I wish I ___ able to tell him all about it last night.a.should be b.were c.had been d.was 76.If it ___ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.a.had rained b.would had rained c.have seen c.did see 77.He suggested that they ___ use a trick instead of fighting.a.should b.would c.do d.had 78.My father did not go to New York;the doctor suggested that he ___ there.a.not went b.won’t go c.not go d.not to go 79.I would have gone to the meeting if I ___ time.a.had had b.have had c.had d.would have had 80.John wished ___.a.he will study more b.he had studied more c.he studies d.he won’t have studied more 81.You look so tired tonight.It is time you ___.a.go to sleep b.went to sleep c.go to bed d.went to bed 82.“Why didn’t you buy a new car?” “I would have bought one if I ___ enough money.” a.had b.have had c.would have d.had had 83.I recommended that the student ___ his composition as soon as possible.a.finishing writing b.should finish the writing c.finish writing d.finished writing 84.If she could sew, ___.a.she make a dress b.she would have made a shirt c.she will make a shirt d.she would had made a coat 85.___ today, he would get there by Friday.a.Would he leave b.Was he leaving c.Were he to leave d.If he leaves 86.His doctor suggested that he ___ a short trip abroad.a.will take b.would take c.take d.took 87.The Bakers arrived last night, if they’d only let us know earlier, ___ at the station.a.we’d meet them b.we’ll meet them c.we’d have met them d.we’ve met them 88.If I __ you, I ___ more attention to English idioms and phrases.a.was/ shall pay b.am/ will pay c.would be/ would pay d.were/ would pay 89.We might have failed if you ___ us a helping hand.a.have not given b.would not give c.had not given d.did not give 90.The Law requires that everyone ___ his car checked at least once a year.a.has b.had c.have d.will have 91.I wish ___ I busy yesterday;I could have helped you with the problem.a.hadn’t been b.weren’t c.wasn’t d.have not been 92.Had I known her name, ___.a.or does she know mine? b.and where does she live? c.she would be beautiful d.I would have invited her to lunch 93.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ___ all about that.a.know b.knows c.known d.knew 94.If I ___ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car.a.possessed b.owned c.had d.had had 95.I wish I ___ a young man again.a.am b.was c.were d.will be 96.The librarian insists that John ___ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he had borrowed.a.will take b.took c.take d.takes 97.I left very early last night, but I wish I ___ so early.a.didn’t b.hadn’t left c.haven’t left d.couldn’t leave 98.I do not have a job.I would find one but I ___ no time.a.had b.didn’t have c.had had d.have 99.I wish that you ___ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.a.hadn’t b.didn’t have had c.hadn’t had d.hadn’t have 100.He insisted that we all ___ in his office at one o’clock.a.be b.to be c.would be d.shall be 101.Helen couldn’t got to France after all.That’s too bad, I’m sure she would have enjoyed it if ___.a.she’s gone b.she’ll go c.she’d gone d.she’d go 102.I must go there earlier.John has suggested that I ___ an hour before the discussion begins.a.go b.shall go c.will go d.would go 103.If her husband had not liked the dress ___.a.she would be delighted b.he would get mad c.she would have returned it d.she must have taken it back to the store 104.If I ___ you, I ___ worry.a.were/ wouldn’t b.was/ wouldn’t c.been/ would have d.be/ would 105.We ___ delighted if the report ___ true.a.were/ were b.shall be/ were c.should be/ were d.were/ would be 106.If he ___ here, he ___ you.a.had been/ would have helped b.would have been/ should have helped b.were/ had helped d.would have been/ would had helped 107.If I ___ so busy, I ___ the lecture that day.a.were not be/ should attend b.should not/ should have attend c.was not/ would attend d.had not been/ would have attended 108.If I ___ the way to New York, I ___.a.knew / would drive b.knew/ will drive c.knew/ would have drive d.had known/ would drive 109.But for the leadership of our Party, we ___.a.shouldn’t succeed b.could not have succeed c.will not succeed d.should not have succeeded 110.You ___ the train if you ___ a little earlier.a.could take/ started b.could have taken/ had started c.could take/ had started d.could have taken / started

Key to the subjunctive mood exercises: 1.a 2.d 3.c 4.d 5.c 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.c 10.c 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.b 15.d 16.c 17.b 18.b 19.d 20.b 21.b 22.d 23.a 24.b 25.a 26.b 27.b 28.b 29.d 30.c 31.b 32.c 33.d 34.c 35.d 36.a 37.b 38.c 39.b 40.c 41.a 42.c 43.c 44.a 45.b 46.c 47.a 48.d 49.d 50.b 51.b 52.d 53.c 54.d 55.c 56.c 57.c 58.b 59.b 60.b 61.b 62.b 63.d 64.d 65.d 66.d 67.d 68.c 69.c 70.a 71.d 72.c 73.d 74.c 75.c 76.a 77.a 78.c 79.a 80.b 81.d 82.d 83.c 84.b 85.c 86.c 87.c 88.d 89.c 90.c 91.a 92.d 93.d 94.d 95.c 96.c 97.b 98.d 99.c 100.a 101.c 102.a 103.c 104.a 105.c 106.a 107.d 108.a 109.d 110.b

第三篇：淺談高中英語語法虛擬語氣教學(xué)（共）

淺談高中英語語法虛擬語氣教學(xué)

江蘇省高郵市第一中學(xué)英語組 居樹君 【摘 要】 隨著新課改的不斷深入，高二英語語法中的虛擬語氣成為單選題中占分比較多的題型，這就面臨著如何學(xué)好虛擬語氣的問題。本文闡述虛擬語氣在英語教學(xué)中的重要性，簡析了高中虛擬語氣教與學(xué)中存在的問題，探討針對高中生如何掌握好虛擬語氣的方法，在指出傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)誤區(qū)的同時，結(jié)合自己的實踐，在吸收先進的教學(xué)方法的同時，提出幾種可行的教學(xué)方法，提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣的能力，為學(xué)生學(xué)好英語打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。【關(guān)鍵詞】英語 虛擬語氣 教學(xué)

眾所周知，虛擬語氣既是高中英語教學(xué)的重點，又是一大難點，很多學(xué)生經(jīng)常對它的用法感到困惑。語法教學(xué)是高中生學(xué)好英語的前提和基礎(chǔ)，對學(xué)生來說，學(xué)好虛擬語氣是進步提高英語語法學(xué)習(xí)的前提和保障，作為一個教學(xué)工作者，如何有效地進行虛擬語氣教學(xué)，將直接影響到學(xué)生是否真正理解和掌握英語，能否在考試中取得好的成績以及切實有效地運用英語。

一． 虛擬語氣的定義及應(yīng)用

虛擬語氣是指與事實相反，不可能或想象的情況或假設(shè)。

（一）.虛擬語氣在if引導(dǎo)的非真實條件句中的應(yīng)用 動詞形式/時間 從句 主句

與現(xiàn)在事實相反

動詞過去式(be的過去式一般用were)would(could/should/might)+動詞原形 與過去事實相反 be+動詞過去分詞

would(could/should/might)+have+過去分詞 與將來事實可能相反

動詞過去式;should/were to+動詞原形 would(could/should/might)+動詞原形

【注意】主句中的should只用于第一人稱，would/could/might可用于所有人稱 1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣 如果我們有足夠的錢，我們就去買一臺電腦。2.表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣

if i had known your telephone number yesterday, i should have telephoned you.如果我昨天知道了你的電話號碼，我就會給你打電話了。3.表示與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣

if it should rain, the crops would be saved.假如天下雨，莊稼可能就有收獲了。【注意】（1）條件句中有were, had, should時，可把if省略，而把were, had, should放在主語前，構(gòu)成到狀結(jié)構(gòu)。

（2）若非真實條件句為否定句，否定詞not不提前。

（3）“could have+過去分詞”可用于if條件句中表示不真實的情況。二．虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的應(yīng)用 1.虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用

在“it is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.that?和“it is desired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)that?”句型中，從句謂語用“（should+）動詞原形

it is necessary that i should return it right now.我有必要馬上把它還回去。

it is required that the students(should)learn a foreign language.學(xué)生們被要求必須學(xué)一門外語。2.虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運用

（1）wish后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣。若表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望，從句謂語用一般過去時；若表示與過去相反的愿望，從句謂語用過去完成時；若表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，用“would/could/might+動詞原形”。i wish i had a little lab of my own.但愿我有一間屬于自己的實驗室。要是你昨天來聽報告就好了。would rather 后的句子用虛擬語氣。通常一般過去時表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾矗眠^去完成時表示與過去事實相反。

i would rather he came tomorrow than today.we suggest that students should spend two or three years in an english-speaking country.我建議學(xué)生們在一個說英語的國家呆上兩三年。【注意】當(dāng)insist作“堅持認(rèn)為”，用以陳述一種情況，suggest作“暗示，表明”解時，賓語從句通常不用虛擬語氣。

mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.邁克堅持說他沒有偷任何東西。

3.虛擬語氣在表語從句、同位語從句中的運用。

當(dāng) advice, order, demand, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞后跟表語從句或同位語從句時，其謂語一般用“（should+）動詞原形”。

his suggestion is that you should drink more water.三．在練習(xí)題型中學(xué)生常犯的錯誤 如：（2009.天津高考）this picture is of good quality.if it _b___break down within the first year, we would repair i at our expense.a.would b.should c.could d.might大多數(shù)學(xué)生容易選成a答案，這說明他們對虛擬語氣的本質(zhì)還沒有把握清楚。

（2006.湖北高考）__b__fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.a.would you be b.should you be c.could you be d.might you be 這題很多學(xué)生容易把答案選成a 原因是他們不知道是對將來的虛擬，把if 省略了，should 給提到了句首，用了部分倒裝句。這也是虛擬語氣中的常考題型，往往被學(xué)生所忽視。四．解讀虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣”中的“命令性虛擬語氣”和“成語性虛擬語氣”,再加上“were 型”虛擬語氣。[1] §3116如下圖所示:subjunctive present mandative formulaic were從屬分句中的任何動詞就都能用虛擬語氣。[1] §3116如:(1)our decision is that the school remain closed.(2)it is necessary that every member inform himself of these rules.(3)there was a suggestion that brown be dropped from the team.(4)we ask that the individual citizen watch closely any developments in this matter.jespersen[5](p161)稱: 在這種由that 引導(dǎo)的主語、賓語、表

語、同位語四種名詞分句中, “祈使句被作為直接引語完整的保存下來, ?講話人覺得這里的be 型虛擬式是未經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變的指未來的祈使語氣”。quirk 等[2] §14133也指出: 所有主要句子類型皆可變?yōu)殚g接引語, 而在轉(zhuǎn)型后的間接祈使句中, 并無時態(tài)之后移。如果我們將這些命令性虛擬語氣的深層語義和形式與祈使句作一對比, 便可發(fā)現(xiàn)二者有著十分密切的聯(lián)系。如:(5)“do it right away.”i insistently said(to john).(6)i insisted that john do it right away.(7)“have another apple ,”caral suggested(to me).(8)caral suggested that i have another apple.例(5)、(7)屬于隱主語型祈使句, 其主語是交際雙方中的受話者you , 謂語動詞為意指未來的一般現(xiàn)在時第二人稱的形式。[6] quirk 等[2](p828)說過: “it is intuitively clear that the meaning of a directive implies that the omitted subject is the 2nd person pronoun you.”易仲良教授[4](p45)也撰文指出: 祈使句式 的主語無論隱沒不現(xiàn), 還是使用外現(xiàn), 使用時不管是you 或是貌似第三人稱的不定代詞或名詞詞組, 都是受話者, 其謂語動詞形式是限定動詞現(xiàn)在時的第二人稱形式。例(6)、(8)quirk等稱之為命令性虛擬語氣。而我們的看法

卻不然。兩例的that 分句中, 原例(5)、(7)祈使句被作為直接引語完整的保存了下來, 其主語表面上是第三人稱john 和第一人稱i, 而實際上仍然是交際雙方中的受話者, 原祈使句之潛在主語you , 謂語動詞保留了原祈使句謂語動詞的形式, 即與第二人稱you 相呼應(yīng)的英語動詞現(xiàn)在時態(tài)形式,[4]而不是quirk等所說的動詞原形, 也不是did、had在轉(zhuǎn)型后的間接祈使句中, 限定性動詞并無時態(tài)之后移, 沒有通常應(yīng)有的一致性, 沒有現(xiàn)在時和過去時之分。這樣, 受話人可以從中感受來自現(xiàn)實發(fā)話人與原始發(fā)話人的雙重聲音, 從而較多的保留了話語原聲狀態(tài)下的祈使色彩。分析表明, quirk 等的be 型虛擬語氣中的一類, 即“命令性虛擬語氣”并沒有它自身的標(biāo)記性, 其謂語動詞不是什么動詞原形形式, 而是與祈使句謂語動詞始終使用一般現(xiàn)在時第二人稱的形式是一致的, 語義亦無二致, 都是要受話人作出某種行為的反應(yīng)。易仲良教授[4](p48)將命令性虛擬語氣稱做間接祈使句。21成語性虛擬語氣和心理祈使成語性虛擬語氣(formulaic subjunctive)或曰祈求性虛擬語氣是quirk等確認(rèn)的現(xiàn)在虛擬語氣的第二大類。他們認(rèn)為這類虛擬語氣也由原形(v)構(gòu)成。但是, 這種成語性虛擬語氣僅僅用在某些需要作為整體來學(xué)的成語性結(jié)構(gòu)中[1] §3116用于某些感嘆句表示愿望或希冀, 常常與超越自然力有關(guān)。如:(10)so be it then!(11)heaven forbid that ?(12)suffice it to say that ?(13)be that as it may, ? 試與祈使句作比較, 如:(14)god save the queen!(15)smith stand by me!quirk等把例(14)命之曰成語性虛擬語氣, 它與祈使句例(15)的動詞形式完全一致, 所引兩例在深層語義上都是祈使某一對象做某事。祈使句例(15), 如前所述, 所祈使的對象“smith”表面上看是第三人稱, 但實際上為現(xiàn)實語言交際中的受話人you , 其謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時第二人稱的形式。[4](p45)關(guān)于祈使句中不定代詞或名詞短語作主語不是第三人稱而是第二人稱的觀點jespersen [5](p148)早有論述: “any imperative is virtually in the second person , even if seemingly addressed to a third person.”poutsma[7](p200)在論述祈使句謂語動詞時也曾說道: “the imperative , from the nature of its meaning, is used only in the present tense.”而例(14)所祈使的對象“god”在quirk 等看來, 也是第三人稱, 但從話語的形成過程看, 句中“god”系發(fā)話人向彼岸世界之呼告, 我們不難讀出其心理語言為彼岸的受話人you , 其謂語動詞不是quirk等所說的動詞原形形式, 而是與心理語言的受話人you 相呼應(yīng)的現(xiàn)在時態(tài)形式。句中賓語“the queen”乃此岸世界受話人的稱謂, 屬現(xiàn)實語言第二人稱, 寥寥幾言, 發(fā)話人的思緒往返天人之際, 經(jīng)歷著內(nèi)部語言向外部語言的轉(zhuǎn)換, 卻始終保持著面對面的交際, 表達一種發(fā)自內(nèi)心的、祈求上帝保佑現(xiàn)實受話人的強烈愿望。[8]這里所謂的成語性虛擬語氣實質(zhì)上是心理祈使句。[4](p51)我們的論述在大家面前便展現(xiàn)了一幅be 型虛擬語氣、祈使語氣、陳述語氣實為一體的圖景:語氣 主語 謂語

be 型虛擬語氣 you v 祈使語氣 you v 陳述語氣第二人稱 you v

quirk等的所謂be 型虛擬語氣的二大類與祈使句的形式完全一致, 語義亦無二致: “be 型虛擬語氣”的主語或明或隱都是受話人, 即第二人稱you;其謂語動詞與祈使句總是相同的, 我們稱之為一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)第二人稱形式。[4](p51)quirk 等[2](p155)也指出: “these(mandative subjunctive and formulaic subjunctive)are realized , like the imperative , by the base form of the verb.”可是傳統(tǒng)語法學(xué)家卻將這三為一體的形式分別劃分為三種不同的語氣語法范疇: 陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。這種“同一范疇內(nèi)的同形異意”有悖語言學(xué)關(guān)于語法范疇的基本觀點。

31were 型虛擬語氣和過去時態(tài)

quirk等的were 型虛擬語氣是一種假設(shè), 它用在條件分句、讓步分句和前面是祈愿動詞如wish 的從屬分句中。這種虛擬語氣只限于用were 這一種形式, 它出現(xiàn)在動詞be的第一人稱和第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時中。[1] §3116這樣, quirk 等將傳統(tǒng)的含過去時態(tài)的所謂虛擬語氣, 不論是行為動詞的-ed 形式, 還是be 動詞的was , 還是情態(tài)助動詞的過去式都歸為或陳述語氣范疇, 或祈使語氣范疇, 或情態(tài)詞范疇, 并非虛擬語氣。同時quirk等[1] §11132還指明: “事實上, 對表達假設(shè)條件來說, 用陳述語氣和虛擬語氣都可以, 而在正式的書面英語中更多采用虛擬語氣的形式。”可知, 陳述句也可以表達假設(shè)意義。我們知道“時”(tense)是個語法范疇, 它是表示時間區(qū)別的動詞形式。[9](p160)“過去時”, 顧名思義, 當(dāng)然表示過去時間。可是在語言實際操作中, 人們卻被告知“時態(tài)”與“時間”本不一一對應(yīng), 過去時也可以表示現(xiàn)在時間或者將來時間, 即非過去時間。[10](p64)如:(16)i saw a film last night.(17)if he lived with us now we would be much happier.(18)i wondered if you could do that for me.lyons[11](p71836)沈家煊[14](p17-24)虛化的結(jié)果是進一步提高了were 的使用頻率, 卻降低了was的使用。由于were 的高使用率, quirk等將過去虛擬語氣中的were 看作是普通的過去時形式,[1] §11132與be 動詞以外的所有動詞的過去時態(tài)采用不分人稱和數(shù)的單一式是一

致的, 換言之, 那分人稱和數(shù)的was 便被看作了特殊的過去時形式,[4](p51)只用于比較非正式的語體中, 往往被當(dāng)作陳述句。而且, 在were 型虛擬語氣中, were 之所以取代was 出現(xiàn)在動詞be的第一人稱和第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時中, 是因為“if i were you , ?.”這樣類似的語句是顯然違反事實的假設(shè)。因此, 筆者認(rèn)為: quirk 等之所以對were 情有獨鐘是因為語法化了的were 所包蘊的內(nèi)涵遠遠大于was。動詞were 除了表達時間方面的距離, 還表達與真實性方面的距離和語法對稱方面的距離。[15] 五.結(jié)束語 綜上所述, quirk等的所謂be 型虛擬語氣的二類與祈使句的主謂形式是完全一致的;所謂的were 型虛擬語氣實質(zhì)為陳述句過去時態(tài)表與真實性方面的距離性, 我們贊成易仲良教授關(guān)于否定虛擬語氣的觀點。如果我們承認(rèn)虛擬語氣就等于承認(rèn)相同語法形式可以表示處于相互對立關(guān)系的同類語法意義, 也就等于承認(rèn)同一范疇內(nèi)表示某一語法意義的形式可以脫離自身的意義而成為另一對立語法意義的標(biāo)志, 這顯然有悖語言學(xué)關(guān)于語法范疇地基本原則。求簡、求易是理性人類不懈追求的目標(biāo)。既然“虛擬語氣”與祈使句或陳述句的相似形式可能給人們帶來識別或理解上的麻煩, 人們就有理由冷落它。因此, 我們否定“虛擬語氣”從理論上是毋庸置疑的, 從語言現(xiàn)象的解釋方面是入情入理的, 從實際運用上更有利于我們的英語教學(xué)。

第四篇：高考英語語法填空題解題指導(dǎo)教案(老師版)講解

高考英語語法填空題解題指導(dǎo)教案

一、關(guān)于純空格形式

1、根據(jù)語境判斷詞義

通過句意或語篇的要求確定單詞的含義,此種設(shè)計考查點包括實詞和虛詞。值得注意的是,有時通過句子本身或上下兩個句子就可以確定詞義,但有時要通過幾個句子、一個段落甚至整個篇章結(jié)構(gòu)才能確定。

判斷詞義可以通過定義、對比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索確定。

(1定義法:定義法是指通過定義解釋、定語從句、同位語等判斷詞義,這類詞主要是名詞,如: We are all in the position of the_______.If we plant a good seed, we will get a good harvest.If our seed is poor and full of weeds, we’ll get a useless crop.If we don’t plant anything, we’ll harvest nothing at all.答案:farmer。解釋:通過后面句子的含義解釋可以確定空格詞義是“農(nóng)夫、農(nóng)民”,特別是幾個關(guān)鍵詞“plant, seed, harvest”與farmer的工作特點是完全一致的。

(2對比法:對比法指通過句子的對比關(guān)系來判斷所缺單詞的詞義,通常可以通過一些連詞或副詞來判斷,如but, or, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand等。如: There are more _____________ teachers in my schools than men teachers.答案:women。解釋:通過對比后面的men teachers可以確定空格詞義是“女性的”,即名詞women作定語修飾teachers。

(3因果法:指通過句子的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系或句子之間存在的因果關(guān)系來判斷詞義。如:

The museum was so______ that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.答案:large。解釋:根據(jù)結(jié)果狀語從句的含義“不可能一天之內(nèi)看完所有的展品”可以判斷主句指的原因是“博物館太大了”。

(4語境線索:即通過上下語境確定空格內(nèi)要填的詞義。如: One day mother looked at Nick’s shoes and said, “Nick, look at your shoes.How _____ they are!You must clean them”.答案:dirty。解釋:根據(jù)語境“看看你的鞋子、你必須把它們弄干凈”可以判斷空格處詞義

2、根據(jù)句子成分確定詞性

對于純空格形式的填空,在確定詞義后,還要判斷所填詞的詞性。詞性的判斷主要是通過分析句子的成分來確定。一般情況下可以作如下分析:(1主語和賓語一般由名詞、代詞充當(dāng),有時也有動名詞、不定式短語。如: From Monday until Friday, most people are busy working or studying, but in the evening or on weekends they are free to relax and enjoy _____.答案:themselves。解釋:此處考查代詞作賓語的用法。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu),句子的主語是they,謂語是are free,to relax and enjoy _____是目的狀語,在這個狀語中缺賓語,再根據(jù)語境“周末時自由放松”,所以要使用反身代詞themselves。

(2謂語主要是由動詞充當(dāng)。在確定詞義后,要判斷其時態(tài)和語態(tài)。由于題目要求每空只填一詞,所以時態(tài)一般只考查一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。如: She is the one who always takes his sorrow as her own sorrow, the one who always _________ by his side whether he is poor or rich.答案:stands。解釋:此處考查作謂語的動詞,根據(jù)語境,此空含義是“站在(他身邊”,即stand。同時根據(jù)前后句的時態(tài)可以判斷要使用一般現(xiàn)在時,由于主語是she,所以使用第三人稱單數(shù)stands。

但有時也可能涉及非謂語動詞,如: At midnight, I woke up to find the wife ________ soundly in her man’s embrace.I could see the smile of security on her face.答案:sleeping。解釋:此處考查語境理解及賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。根據(jù)語境“半夜我醒來時發(fā)現(xiàn)那人的妻子正在她的男人的懷抱中熟睡”,所以使用動詞sleep的現(xiàn)在分詞形式充當(dāng)補語。

(3表語、定語和補語一般由形容詞充當(dāng),有時也有動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞等。如: Every year, on Spring Festival Eve, CCTV broadcasts its Spring Festival Gala___________ to millions of viewers.答案:live。解釋:此處考查語境理解及形容詞充當(dāng)補語的用法。broadcast…live意為“現(xiàn)場直播”。

(4狀語主要由副詞充當(dāng)。如: He dug fo r 12 hours…24 hours._______,in the 38th hour, he pulled back a large stone and heard his son’s voice.答案:Eventually /Finally。解釋:此處考查語境理解及副詞充當(dāng)狀語的用法。從語境可以理解到此空含義是“終于,最后”,由于是修飾后面的整個句子,所以使用副詞形式。

3、根據(jù)句子類型確定詞類

若兩個或幾個簡單句之間是逗號,可以判斷,一定是填連詞。連詞有兩類,一種是并列連詞,一種是從屬連詞。我們可以根據(jù)句子的類型判斷所要填的詞類。主要有

以下幾種句型:(1 并列句:并列句一般由簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句構(gòu)成,有時并列連詞前有逗號,可以根據(jù)上下句的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系判斷連詞,如同等關(guān)系(and、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系(but、選擇關(guān)系(or、因果關(guān)系(so等。如: “There are many mainland students at my university and all the other universities in Hong Kong.These students could not speak Cantonese at first, ______ I had to speak putonghua to make friends with them” said Chueng.答案:so。解釋:根據(jù)上下句的語義可以判斷是因果關(guān)系,所以使用so。句意為“這些學(xué)生不會講廣州話,所以,為了跟他們交朋友,我不得不講普通話”。

(2 狀語從句:當(dāng)確定為狀語從句后,就要通過語境理解,判斷上下文的邏輯關(guān)系是時間、地點、條件、原因、讓步、目的或其他,最后確定從屬連詞。如: _______the sun came out, he looked down and laughed.There was no abyss.Just six inches down there was a rock.答案:As/When。解釋:根據(jù)前后兩個都是簡單句可以判斷是缺從屬連詞,從第一句的含義來看,是表示時間的狀語從句,所以使用as/when。

(3 名詞性從句:當(dāng)確定為名詞性從句后,可以分析從句是否缺主語、賓語或表語,如果缺以上成分,一般情況下要使用what,有時可能使用who/whom或which;如果不缺以上成分,則考慮句子意思是否完整,完整的句子可以使用that,意思不完整的則考慮where, why, how, because等。如: I was in the train sitting opposite a middle-aged couple.They were ordinary in every respect, but ______ they did touched me deeply.答案:what。解釋:此處考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。從句中缺表示物的主語,所以使用what。

(4定語從句:當(dāng)確定為定語從句后,首先要看看先行詞指人、物、時間、地點,還是其他,然后判斷引導(dǎo)詞在從句中的成分,再根據(jù)定語從句的有關(guān)規(guī)則確定使用哪個

引導(dǎo)詞。如: However, Cheung, _______ graduated from Hong Kong Baptist University this summer, has found that now she needs putonghua more than ever.答案:who。解釋:此處考查非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞的用法。由于先行詞是人Cheung(張, 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語,所以使用who。

4、根據(jù)固定搭配、典型句型確定動詞、名詞、介詞等

固定搭配的短語及習(xí)慣用法是屬于比較簡單的考點,只要平時注意積累基本上就能答對。如: V olunteer work plays an important _______in America’s high school education.答案:part。解釋:此處考查短語play a part in的搭配用法。

但要有時命題者會在設(shè)計時增加一些難度,在短語之間插入其他一些成分,或?qū)⒐潭ㄟB用的短語分隔開來,這一點也需注意。

Some parents tried to pull him off the school’s ruins, saying, “It’s too late!They are all dead!There is nothing you can do!” ________each parent he responded with the same line: “Are you going to help me now?” And then he continued to dig for his son, stone by stone.答案:To。解釋:此處考查短語respond to的固定搭配。由于賓語each parent放在了句首,短語被拆開,所以難度加大了許多。

二、提供單詞原形的空格

1、括號內(nèi)提供的是動詞

當(dāng)括號內(nèi)提供的是動詞時,主要要判斷是謂語還是非謂語。

(1當(dāng)考查的是謂語時,首先要判斷其時態(tài)和語態(tài)。如: Since Hong Kong ________(rejoin China in 1997, more student from the Chinese mainland have chosen to study there.答案:rejoined。解釋:此處考查作謂語的動詞形式。根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)have chosen及從句的時間狀語in 1997,此空動詞應(yīng)該是一般過去時態(tài)。

(2如果考查非謂語,要判斷非謂語在句中的成分,根據(jù)不同成分使用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?其中使用ing形式和ed形式居多,有時也考查to do, to be done, having done等形式或名詞,如: Ten years ago, Jessica Cheung was only 13._________(live with her parents in Hong Kong, she knew little putonghua.答案:Living。解釋:此處考查作非謂語的動詞形式。動詞live(生活作原因狀語,與邏輯主語she是主動關(guān)系,所以使用現(xiàn)在分詞living。

2、括號內(nèi)提供的是形容詞或副詞

如果括號內(nèi)提供的是形容詞,一般是判斷考查副詞,即要變成副詞形式;如果括號內(nèi)提供的是副詞,一般是判斷考察形容詞,即要變成形容詞形式。如: “Thirty-five cents,” she said___________(rude.答案:rudely。解釋:此處考查副詞作狀語的用法。括號內(nèi)提供的是形容詞,要用來修飾動詞said,所以要使用副詞形式。

但有時也要根據(jù)語境判斷是否要變成名詞或否定含義。如: At last, her courage and _________(wise impressed both the CEO and Princeton University.答案:wisdom。解釋:括號內(nèi)提供的是形容詞,但此空與前面的名詞courage是并列成分,一起充當(dāng)主語,所以要使用名詞形式wisdom。

3、括號內(nèi)提供的是名詞

當(dāng)括號內(nèi)提供的是名詞時,一般判斷考查形容詞,如: There, my voice sounds really__________(wonder because there’s a slight echo to it.答案:wonderful。解釋:括號內(nèi)提供的是名詞,但此空作系動詞sounds的表語,所以要使用形容詞形式。

但有時也可能考查副詞、動詞等。如: A certain man planted a rose and watered it______(faith and before it blossomed, he examined it.答案:faithfully。解釋:括號內(nèi)提供的是名詞,但此空是作狀語,修飾動詞water,所以要變成副詞。注意:先將名詞faith變成形容詞faithful,然后再變成副詞faithfully。

【實例分析】 實例1:(廣東卷

I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains.The sun was setting when my car 1(break down near a remote and poor village.Cursing my misfortune, I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to 2 should have the honor of receiving me 3 a guest in their house.Finally, I accepted the offer of an old woman who lived alone in a little house.While she was getting me 4(settle into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to 5 small town some 20 kilometres away 6 there was a garage.I had noticed three hens running free in my hostess's courtyard and that night one of them ended up in a dish on my table.7 villagers brought me goat's cheese and honey.We drank together and talked 8(merry till far into the night.When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman 9 the trouble I had caused 10.短文解讀:本文是一篇記敘文,講述了作者在外旅行的一次經(jīng)歷。大意是:在一個窮鄉(xiāng)僻壤的小山村附近,作者的車壞了。幸運的是,他受到了村民的熱情款待,并在一老太太家里度過了一個愉快的晚上。

【答案與解析】

1、答案:broke。解析:此處考查一般過去式及動詞不規(guī)則變化的用法。句子屬于典型句型be doing …when…結(jié)構(gòu),在when引導(dǎo)的句子中謂語要使用一般過去時,空格處單詞是謂語功能,所以使用break的過去式broken。

2、答案:who。解析:此處考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞who的用法。空格前是介詞短語as to(至于、關(guān)于,空格后是謂語及賓語,根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu),空格處明顯是主語,而且指人,所以使用who,其引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞短語as to的賓語。

3、答案:as。解析:此處考查短語的固定搭配用法。Receive sb as…意為“把某人當(dāng)作、、、、、、來接待”,句意為“當(dāng)我在怨天尤人、想著該到哪過夜時,我意識到聚集在我周圍的村民正在爭論誰有幸在家里接待我這個貴賓”。

4、答案:settled。解析:此處考查過去分詞作賓補的用法。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu),句子的主語是she ,謂語是was getting,賓語是me,空格處單詞是補語作用,邏輯主語me與settle是被動關(guān)系,即“被安置下來”,所以要使用過去分詞。

5、答案:a。解析:此處考查不定冠詞的用法。從語境看,此處表示泛指,意為“一個小鎮(zhèn)”。

6、答案:where。解析:此處考查定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞where的用法。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)看,先行詞是a small town(some 20 kilometers away作定語,空格處為定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,在從句中作地點狀語,所以使用關(guān)系副詞where。意為“那里(小鎮(zhèn)上有個修車廠”。

7、答案:other。解析:此處考查不定代詞的用法。根據(jù)語境,是“其他”村民給我送來goat's cheese and honey,所以使用other。

8、答案:merrily。解析:此處考查副詞作狀語的用法及副詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)則。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu),空格處單詞修飾謂語動詞talked,括號內(nèi)提供的詞是形容詞,因此要變成副詞形式。意為“高興地談到深夜”。

9、答案:for。解析:此處考查介詞for表示原因的用法。reward sb.for sth意為“因、、、、、、而酬謝/報答某人”。

10、答案:her。解析:此處考查代詞作賓語的用法。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu),空格處單詞在定語從

第五篇：高考虛擬語氣 很全

虛擬條件句的三種基本類型：與現(xiàn)在事實相反、與過去事實相反、與將來事實相反。

條件句有真實條件句和非真實(虛擬)條件句兩種。真實條件句所表示的假設(shè)是有可能發(fā)生的，而非真實條件句則通常表示一種假想，與事實相反或不大可能會發(fā)生：

If I have time, I will go with them.假若我有時間，我就同他們?nèi)ァ?陳述語氣)If I were you, I would go with them.假若我是你，我就同他們?nèi)ァ?虛擬語氣)▲ 與現(xiàn)在事實相反

若與現(xiàn)在事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“should(would, could, might)+動詞原形”：

If I knew her number，I could ring her up.要是我知道她的電話號碼，我就可以給她打電話了。(可惜我不知道)▲與過去事實相反

若與過去事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去完成時(had+過去分詞)，主句謂語用“should(would, could, might)+have+過去分詞”：

If I’d left sooner，I’d have been on time.要是我早點動身，我就準(zhǔn)時到了。(但我動身太遲了)

▲與將來事實相反

若與將來事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“should(would, could, might)+動詞原形”：

If I asked him，I’m sure he’d help us.如果我向他提出要求，肯定他會幫助我們。(不過我不打算這樣做)注：幾點特別說明

① 主句謂語中的should主要用于第一人稱后。would, might, could的大致區(qū)別是：would表示結(jié)果，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允許或可能性。比較：

If you tried again，you would succeed.要是你再試一試，你就會成功的。(would表結(jié)果)

If you tried again，you might succeed.要是你再試一試，你可能會成功的。(might表可能)If you tried again，you could succeed.要是你再試一試，你就能成功了。(could表能力)

④ 對于與將來事實相反的情形，請注意以下幾點： 一是這里說的與將來事實相反，實為對將來情況的推測；

二是此用法中的條件從句謂語除用過去式外，有時也用“should+動詞原形”(表示可能性極小，常譯為“萬一”)或“were to+動詞原形”(表示與將來事實相反的假設(shè))；

三是當(dāng)條件從句使用“should+動詞原形”這樣的謂語時，主句謂語除可用“should(would, could, might)+動詞原形”這樣的虛擬語氣外，也可用直陳語氣或祈使語氣：

If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me.萬一明天下雨，就不要等我了。（祈使語氣）

If I should see him, I’ll tell him.萬一我見到他，我就告訴他。（直陳語氣）

2、錯綜時間虛擬條件句

所謂錯綜時間虛擬條件句即條件從句與主句所指時間不一致，如從句指過去，而主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚藭r應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語境情況，結(jié)合上面提到的三種基本類型對時態(tài)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整：

If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.要是昨晚下過雨的話，現(xiàn)在地面就會是濕的。

You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.假若你當(dāng)時聽我的話，你現(xiàn)在就會好多了。

3、兩個常考虛擬語氣句型

▲ 句型介紹

這兩個句型是If it weren’t for…和If it hadn’t been for…，這是兩個很常用的虛擬語氣句型，也經(jīng)常受到命題人的青睞，其意為“若不是(有)”“要不是有”。如：

If it weren’t for water, no plant could grow.要是沒有水植物就無法生長。

If it hadn’t been for your assistance，we wouldn’t have succeeded.=But for your assistance，we wouldn’t have succeeded.=Without your assistance，we wouldn’t have succeeded.5、wish后賓語從句用虛擬語氣

▲ 用法說明

動詞wish后接賓語從句時，從句謂語要用虛擬語氣。

若要表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望，從句謂語用一般過去時或過去進行時；

若表示與過去相反的愿望，從句謂語用過去完成時或would / could+have +過去分詞； 若表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，用would(could)＋動詞原形。如：

注：特別注意

從句的時態(tài)只與從句所指的時間有關(guān)，而與wish的時態(tài)無關(guān)，比較：

I wish I were rich.要是我現(xiàn)在有錢就好了。

I wish I had been rich.要是那時我有錢就好了。

I wished I were rich.當(dāng)時我后悔自己沒有錢。

I wished I had been rich.當(dāng)時我后悔自己曾經(jīng)沒有錢。

6、if only后的句子用虛擬語氣

if only 與 I wish一樣，也用于表示與事實相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語氣的時態(tài)與 wish后所接時態(tài)的情況相同：

If only she had had more courage!她再勇敢一些就好了。

If only I had listened to my parents!我要是當(dāng)時聽了父母的話就好了。

If only she would go with me!她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!注：if only 通常獨立使用，沒有主句。

7、as if(though)從句用虛擬語氣

▲ 基本用法

以as if(as though)引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句或表語從句，有時用虛擬語氣，若表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去時； 若表示與過去事實相反，用過去完成時；

表示將來的可能性不大，用would(might, could)+動詞原形：

He acts as if he knew me.他顯得認(rèn)識我似的。

They treat me as though I were a stranger.他們待我如陌生人。

He talks as if he had been abroad.他說起話來好像曾經(jīng)出過國。

注：兩點說明(1)從句所表示的內(nèi)容若為事實或可能為事實，也可用陳述語氣：

It looks as if we’ll be late.我們似乎要遲到了。

(2)注意 It isn’t as if…的翻譯：

It isn’t as if he were poor.他不像窮的樣子(或他又不窮)。

8、It’s time后的從句用虛擬語氣

▲ 基本用法

從句謂語通常用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚袝r也用過去進行時或“should+動詞原形”(較少見，且should不能省略)，其意為“(早)該干某事了”：

It’s time we went [were going, should go].我們該走了。

It’s time I was in bed.我該上床睡了。(不用were)

9、would rather后句子用虛擬語氣

在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that從句中, 句子謂語習(xí)慣上要用虛擬語氣，表示”寧愿做什么”，具體用法為：

▲ 一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?/p>

I’d rather you went tomorrow(now).我寧愿你明天(現(xiàn)在)去。

▲ 用過去完成時表過去的愿望

I’d rather you hadn’t said it.我真希望你沒有這樣說過。

10、賓語從句用虛擬語氣的10種類型

▲ I wish后的賓語從句

動詞wish后接賓語從句時，從句謂語要用虛擬語氣。若要表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望，從句謂語用一般過去時或過去進行時；若表示與過去相反的愿望，從句謂語用過去完成時或would / could+have +過去分詞；若表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，用would(could)＋動詞原形。如：

I wish I could be of some use.我希望我能有什么用處。

We wish he didn’t smoke.我們希望他不吸煙。

I wish prices would come down.我希望物價能降下來。

▲ 表示“堅持”后的賓語從句

主要是指insist的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如：

I insisted that he(should)stay.我堅持要他留下。

注：動詞insist后接賓語從句時，除可用虛擬語氣外，也可用陳述語氣，兩者的區(qū)別是：若謂語動詞所表示的動作尚未發(fā)生，或尚未成為事實，則用虛擬語氣；若謂語動詞所表示的動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，或已經(jīng)成為事實，則要用陳述語氣。比較：

He insisted that I had read his letter.他堅持說我看過他的信。

He insisted that I should read his letter.他堅持要我看他的信。

▲ 表示“命令”后的賓語從句

主要是指order, command的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如： He ordered that it(should)be sent back.他命令把它送回去。

▲ 表示“建議”后的賓語從句

主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如：

He suggested that we should leave early.他建議我們早點動身。

注：與動詞insist相似，動詞suggest后接賓語從句時，除可用虛擬語氣外，也可用陳述語氣，兩者的區(qū)別也是：若謂語動詞所表示的情況尚未成為事實，則用虛擬語氣，此時suggest通常譯為“建議”；若謂語動詞所表示的情況為既成事實，則要用陳述語氣，此時的suggest通常譯為“表明”、“認(rèn)為”。比較并體會：

He suggested that we(should)stay for dinner.他建議我們留下吃飯。

I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him.我覺得你與他心照不宣。

▲ 表示“要求”后的賓語從句

主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如：

I ask that he leave.我要求他走開。

He requires that I(should)appear.他要求我出場。

▲ 表示“提議”“投票”后的賓語從句

主要是指move, vote等后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如：

I move that we accept the proposal.我提議通過這項提案。

▲ 表示“敦促”后的賓語從句

主要是指動詞urge后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如：

He urged that they go to Europe.他敦促他們到歐洲去。

▲ 表示“安排”后的賓語從句

主要是指動詞arrange后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如：

He arranged that I should go abroad.他安排我去國外。

▲ 表示“希望”“打算”后的賓語從句

主要是指動詞desire, intend后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如：

She desires that he do it.她希望他做此事。

▲ 表示“指示”后的賓語從句

主要是指動詞direct后的賓語從句，從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如：

The general directed that the prisoners should be set free.將軍指示釋放那些俘虜。

11、主語從句中的虛擬語氣

在It is necessary，important，strange，natural，advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(絕對必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.；

it is a pity；It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即Should+動詞原形或只用動詞原形。如：

▲ It’s important…類

這一類型主要包括It is(was)important(necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that...句型。如：

It is impossible that he should go home.他不可能會回家去。

▲ It’s a pity…類

It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得這么差，真可憐。

▲ It’s desired…類

這種主語從句還常用在It is(was)desired(suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc.)that...句型。如：

It is requested that a vote be taken.建議付諸表決。

12、表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣

在advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation，suggestion，idea，plan，order等名詞后的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即should+動詞原形或只用動詞原形。如：

Our suggestion is that you（should）be the first to go． 我們的建議是你應(yīng)該第一個去。

13、在 lest，for fear that(以免), in case(以防)引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣 在 lest，for fear that(以免), in case(以防)從句中用should＋動詞原形, should 可以省略.She walked quietly lest she(should)wake up her roommates.她走得很輕以免吵醒她的室友。

為方便記憶，表格對比

使用虛擬語氣的主要句型 謂語動詞的虛擬形式 例句

表現(xiàn)在的虛擬條件句 從句：用動詞過去（be 多用were）

1.If I were you, I should study English.2.I would certainly go if I had time.主句：would/should/could/might+動詞原形

表過去的虛擬條件句 從句：had + PP

1.If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test.2.If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.主句：would/should/could/might +have + PP

表將來的虛擬條件句 從句：①用動詞過去②should +V原③（were +to do）1.If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.2.If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.主句：would/should/could/might +have + PP

省略 if 的條件句 從句：用倒裝形式，即把were,had等置于句首。(并只限were/ had)主句：根據(jù)虛擬的情況采取與從句相應(yīng)的形式。

1.Were I in school again(= If I were in school again, I would work harder.)

2.Were it not for the rain,(不能說Weren’t it for the rain,)I would go swimming.錯綜時間條件句（從句與主句所表示時間不一致）根據(jù)從句與主句表示的不同時進行調(diào)整。

1.If you had worked hard yesterday, you would be tired now

2.If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things woud be going so smoothly.含蓄條件句（虛擬條件暗含在短語或上下文之中，從句不表現(xiàn)出來）

(常見有but for“要不是” without等)根據(jù)句子表達的實際情況選用相應(yīng)的虛擬條件句中的主句的動詞形式

1.Without air, there would be no living things.2.I would have given you more help, but I was busy now.名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣

wish, “可惜……”“……就好了”，“悔不該……”“但愿……” wish后從句：與表各種時間的虛擬條件句中的從句動詞形式基本相同。

具體：

1，表與現(xiàn)在不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用“過去時，be 用were”

2.表與過去不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用“had+PP 或 could/would +have +PP“ 3..表與將來不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用“could/would +動詞原形” 1.I wish I were a bird.2.I wish I had known the answer..would rather 后的賓語從句 would rather后從句：動詞常用過去式

1.I would rather they came tomorrow

demand, insist,suggest, command, order, require, request, desire等一類動詞后的賓語從句（suggest表“暗示、隱含等”insist表“強調(diào)，力言等”不用虛擬語氣。）從句謂語用“should+動詞原形”，should可省。

1.I suggest you(should)go at once.2.He suggested that he patient’s leg should be cut and this suggested that he was not good at the case.(注意兩個suggest的準(zhǔn)確翻譯)

“It is(was)+上述demand/suggest等動詞過去分詞important,natural,strange ,necessary等形容詞）”后的主語從句 從句謂語用“should+動詞原形”，should可省。

1.It ordered that the army(should)get there by 4 a.m.2.It is necessary that she(should)be sent there at once.order,suggestion,idea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名詞后的表語從句或同位語從句 從句謂語用“should+動詞原形”，should可省。

His demand is that we(should)finish the work in 3 hours.特殊形式的虛擬語氣

as if 引導(dǎo)的從句（表示非真實時）但表真實時，不用虛擬語氣。與虛擬語氣條件中從句動詞形式基本相同。

1.Tom speaks as if he were a girl.2.He looks as if he had been to Beijing.so that, in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句 May/might/should +V原 I live so that others may live better.It is(the very/high)time that后的定語從句 從句謂語動詞常用過去式，有時也可用should+動詞原形

It is(high)time that we went(should go)to bed.It is time that I were leaving.省去主句的If only(要是……就好了)虛擬條件句 與wish后的賓語從句謂語形式相同。

If only I hadn’t lost the chance!(= I wish I hadn’t lost the chance)

某些表祝愿的句子 常用原形或“May+動詞原形” Long live world peace!May you be happy1

表委婉客氣的是常語句 情態(tài)動詞的過去式+動詞原形 Could I borrow your bike? Would you please give me a hand?