第一篇：自己的專業所對應的英語翻譯大全

你知道自己專業對應的英文翻譯嗎？

自然科學

理學 Natural Science

數學 Mathematics基礎數學 Fundamental Mathematics計算數學 Computational Mathematics概率論與數理統計 Probability and Mathematical Statistics應用數學 Applied mathematics運籌學與控制論 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理學 Physics理論物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理與原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子與分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等離子體物理 Plasma Physics凝聚態物理 Condensed Matter Physics聲學 Acoustics光學 Optics無線電物理 Radio Physics化學 Chemistry無機化學 Inorganic Chemistry分析化學 Analytical Chemistry有機化學 Organic Chemistry物理化學（含化學物理）Physical Chemistry(including Chemical Physics)高分子化學與物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文學 Astronomy天體物理 Astrophysics天體測量與天體力學 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理學 Geography自然地理學 Physical Geography人文地理學 Human Geography地圖學與地理信息系統 Cartography and Geographic Information System大氣科學 Atmospheric Sciences氣象學 Meteorology大氣物理學與大氣環境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科學 Marine Sciences物理海洋學 Physical Oceanography海洋化學 Marine Chemistry 海洋生理學 Marine Biology海洋地質學 Marine Geology地球物理學 Geophysics固體地球物理學 Solid Earth Physics空間物理學 Space Physics地質學 Geology礦物學、巖石學、礦床學 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化學 Geochemistry古生物學與地層學（含古人類學）Paleontology and Stratigraphy(including Paleoanthropology)構造地質學 Structural Geology第四紀地質學 Quaternary Geology生物學 Biology植物學 Botany動物學 Zoology生理學 Physiology水生生物學 Hydrobiology微生物學 Microbiology神經生物學 Neurobiology遺傳學 Genetics發育生物學 Developmental Biology細胞生物學 Cell Biology生物化學與分子生物學 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理學 Biophysics生態學 Ecology系統科學 Systems Science 系統理論 Systems Theory 系統分析與集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科學技術史 History of Science and Technology

農業科學

農學 Agriculture作物學 Crop Science作物栽培學與耕作學 Crop Cultivation and Farming System 作物遺傳育種學 Crop Genetics and Breeding園藝學 Horticulture 果樹學 Pomology蔬菜學 Olericulture茶學 Tea Science農業資源利用學 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤學 Soil Science植物營養學 Plant Nutrition植物保護學 Plant Protection植物病理學 Plant Pathology農業昆蟲與害蟲防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control農藥學 Pesticide Science畜牧學 Animal Science動物遺傳育種與繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science動物營養與飼料科學 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草業科學 Practaculture Science特種經濟動物飼養學（含蠶、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type Economic Animals(including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)獸醫學 Veterinary Medicine基礎獸醫學 Basic Veterinary Medicine預防獸醫學 Preventive Veterinary Medicine臨床獸醫學 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林學 Forestry林木遺傳育種學 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育學 Silviculture森林保護學 Forest Protection森林經理學 Forest Management野生動植物保護與利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization園林植物與觀賞園藝 Ornamental Plants and

Horticulture 水土保持與荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水產學 Fisheries Science水產養殖學 Aquaculture Science捕撈學 Fishing Science漁業資源學 Science of Fisheries Resources

醫藥科學

醫學 Medicine基礎醫學 Basic Medicine 人體解剖與組織胚胎學 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫學 Immunology病原生物學 Pathogenic Organisms病理學與病理生理學 Pathology and Pathophysiology法醫學 Forensic Medicine 放射醫學 Radiation Medicine航空航天與航海醫學 Aerospace and Nautical medicine臨床醫學 Clinical Medicine內科學（含心血管病學、血液病學、呼吸系病學、消化系病學、內分泌與代謝病學、腎臟病學、風濕病學、傳染病學）Internal medicine(including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)兒科學 Pediatrics老年醫學 Geriatrics神經病學 Neurology精神病與精神衛生學 Psychiatry and Mental Health 皮膚病與性病學 Dermatology and Venereology影像醫學與核醫學 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine臨床檢驗診斷學 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics護理學 Nursing外科學（含普通外科學、骨外科學、泌尿外科學、胸心血管外科學、神經外科學、整形外科學、燒傷外科學、野戰外科學）Surgery(General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)婦產科學 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科學 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科學 Otolaryngology腫瘤學 Oncology康復醫學與理療學 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy運動醫學 Sports Medicine麻醉學 Anesthesiology急診醫學 Emergency Medicine口腔醫學 Stomatology口腔基礎醫學 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔臨床醫學 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共衛生與預防醫學 Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病與衛生統計學 Epidemiology and Health Statistics勞動衛生與環境衛生學 Occupational and Environmental Health 營養與食品衛生學 Nutrition and Food Hygiene兒少衛生與婦幼保健學 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 衛生毒理學 Hygiene Toxicology軍事預防醫學 Military Preventive Medicine中醫學 Chinese Medicine中醫基礎理論 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中醫臨床基礎 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中醫醫史文獻 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方劑學 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中醫診斷學 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中醫內科學 Chinese Internal Medicine中醫外科學 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中醫骨傷科學 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中醫婦科學 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中醫兒科學 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中醫五官科學 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine針灸推拿學 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine

民族醫學 Ethnomedicine中西醫結合醫學 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西醫結合基礎醫學 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西醫結合臨床醫學 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine藥學 Pharmaceutical Science藥物化學 Medicinal Chemistry藥劑學 Pharmaceutics生藥學 Pharmacognosy藥物分析學 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物與生化藥學 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy藥理學 Pharmacology中藥學 Science of Chinese Pharmacology

工程與技術科學

工學 Engineering力學 Mechanics一般力學與力學基礎 General and Fundamental Mechanics固體力學 Solid Mechanics流體力學 Fluid Mechanics 工程力學 Engineering Mechanics機械工程 Mechanical Engineering機械制造及其自動化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation機械電子工程 Mechatronic Engineering機械設計與理論 Mechanical Design and Theory車輛

工程 Vehicle Engineering光學工程 Optical Engineering儀器科學與技術 Instrument Science and Technology精密儀器及機械 Precision Instrument and Machinery測試計量技術及儀器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科學與工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理與化學 Materials Physics and Chemistry 材料學 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化學 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy鋼鐵冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金屬冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy動力工程及工程熱物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程熱物理 Engineering Thermophysics熱能工程 Thermal Power Engineering動力機械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流體機械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低溫工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工過程機械 Chemical Process Equipment電氣工程 Electrical Engineering電機與電器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus 電力系統及其自動化 Power System and its Automation高電壓與絕緣技術 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 電力電子與電力傳動 Power Electronics and Power Drives電工理論與新技術 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering電子科學與技術 Electronics Science and Technology物理電子學 Physical Electronics電路與系統 Circuits and Systems微電子學與固體電子學 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics電磁場與微波技術 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息與通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering通信與信息系統 Communication and Information Systems信號與信息處理 Signal and Information Processing控制科學與工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理論與控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering檢測技術與自動化裝置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment

系統工程 Systems Engineering模式識別與智能系統 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems 導航、制導與控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control計算機科學與技術 Computer Science and Technology計算機軟件與理論 Computer Software and Theory計算機系統結構 Computer Systems Organization計算機應用技術 Computer Applied Technology建筑學 Architecture建筑歷史與理論 Architectural History and Theory 建筑設計及其理論 Architectural Design and Theory城市規劃與設計（含風景園林規劃與設計）Urban Planning and Design(including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技術科學 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering 巖土工程 Geotechnical Engineering結構工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering 供熱、供燃氣、通風及空調工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防災減災工程及防護工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering橋梁與隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文學及水資源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力學及河流動力學 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工結構工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水電工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering測繪科學與技術 Surveying and Mapping大地測量學與測量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering攝影測量與遙感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 地圖制圖學與地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化學工程與技術 Chemical Engineering and Technology化學工程 Chemical Engineering化學工藝 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering應用化學 Applied Chemistry工業催化 Industrial Catalysis地質資源與地質工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering礦產普查與勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探測與信息技術 Geodetection and Information Technology地質工程 Geological Engineering礦業工程 Mineral Engineering采礦工程 Mining Engineering礦物加工工程

Mineral Processing Engineering安全技術及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油與天然氣工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油氣井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油氣田開發工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油氣儲運工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering

紡織科學與工程 Textile Science and Engineering紡織工程 Textile Engineering紡織材料與紡織品設計 Textile Material and Textiles Design紡織化學與染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服裝設計與工程 Clothing Design and Engineering輕工技術與工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制漿造紙工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering發酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化學與工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通運輸工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路與鐵道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通運輸規劃與管理 Transportation Planning and Management載運工具運用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶與海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶與海洋結構物設計制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure輪機工程 Marine Engine Engineering水聲工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科學與技術 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飛行器設計 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推進理論與工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人機與環境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科學與技術 Armament Science and Technology武器系統與運用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器發射理論與技術 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自動武器與彈藥工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering軍事化學與煙火技術 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科學與技術 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科學與工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循環與材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技術及應用 Nuclear Technology and Applications輻射防護及環境保護 Radiation and Environmental Protection農業工程 Agricultural Engineering農業機械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering農業水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering農業生物環境與能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering農業電氣化與自動化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林業工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科學與技術 Wood Science and Technology林產化學加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products環境科學與工程 Environmental Science and Engineering環境科學 Environmental Science 環境工程 Environmental Engineering生物醫學工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科學與工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科學 Food Science 糧食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering農產品加工及貯藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水產品加工及貯藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products

人文與社會科學

哲學 Philosophy馬克思主義哲學 Philosophy of Marxism中國哲學 Chinese Philosophy外國哲學 Foreign Philosophies邏輯學 Logic倫理學 Ethics美學 Aesthetics宗教學 Science of Religion科學技術哲學 Philosophy of Science and Technology經濟學 Economics

理論經濟學 Theoretical Economics政治經濟學 Political Economy經濟思想史 History of Economic Thought經濟史 History of Economic西方經濟學 Western Economics 世界經濟 World Economics人口、資源與環境經濟學 Population, Resources and Environmental

Economics

應用經濟學 Applied Economics國民經濟學 National Economics區域經濟學 Regional Economics財政學（含稅收學）Public Finance(including Taxation)金融學（含保險學）Finance(including Insurance)產業經濟學 Industrial Economics國際貿易學 International Trade 勞動經濟學 Labor Economics統計學 Statistics數量經濟學 Quantitative Economics國防經濟學 National Defense Economics法學 Law法學 Science of Law法學理論 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History憲法學與行政法學 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法學 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法學(含勞動法學、社會保障法學)Civil Law and Commercial Law(including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law)訴訟法學 Science of Procedure Laws經濟法學 Science of Economic Law環境與資源保護法學 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law 國際法學(含國際公法學、國際私法學、國際經濟法學、)International law(including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)軍事法學 Science of Military Law政治學 Political Science政治學理論 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科學社會主義與國際共產主義運動 Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement中共黨史(含黨的學說與黨的建設)History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)馬克思主義理論與思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics國際政治學 International Politics國際關系學 International Relations外交學 Diplomacy社會學 Sociology社會學 Sociology人口學 Demography人類學 Anthropology民俗學(含中國民間文學)Folklore(including Chinese Folk Literature)民族學 Ethnology 民族學 Ethnology馬克思主義民族理論與政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中國少數民族經濟 Chinese Ethnic Economics中國少數民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中國少數民族藝術 Chinese Ethnic Art教育學 Education教育學 Education Science教育學原理 Educational Principle課程與教學論 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比較教育學 Comparative Education學前教育學 Pre-school Education高等教育學 Higher Education成人教育學 Adult Education職業技術教育學 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育學 Special Education教育技術學 Education Technology心理學 Psychology基礎心理學 Basic Psychology發展與心理學 Developmental and Educational Psychology應用心理學 Applied Psychology體育學 Science of Physical Culture and Sports體育人文社會學 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports運動人體科學 Human Movement Science體育教育訓練學 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training 民族傳統體育學 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文學 Literature中國語言文學 Chinese Literature文藝學 Theory of Literature and Art對外漢語 Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language（TCFL）語言學及應用語言學 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics漢語言文字學 Chinese Philology中國古典文獻學 Study of Chinese Classical Text中國古代文學 Ancient Chinese Literature中國現當代文學 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中國少數民族語言文學 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比較文學與世界文學 Comparative Literature and World Literature外國語言文學 Foreign Languages and Literatures英語語言文學 English Language and Literature俄語語言文學 Russian Language and Literature法語語言文學 French Language and Literature德語語言文學 German Language and Literature日語語言文學 Japanese Language and Literature印度語言文學 Indian Language and Literature西班牙語語言文學 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯語語言文學 Arabic Language and Literature歐洲語言文學 European Language and Literature亞非語言文學 Asian-African Language and Literature外國語言學及應用語言學 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新聞傳播學 Journalism and

Communication新聞學 Journalism傳播學 Communication藝術學 Art藝術學 Art Theory音樂學 Music美術學 Fine Arts設計藝術學 Artistic Design戲劇戲曲學 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera電影學 Film廣播電視藝術學 Radio and television Art 舞蹈學 Dance歷史學 History歷史學 History史學理論及史學史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古學及博物館學 Archaeology and Museology歷史地理學 Historical Geography歷史文獻學(含敦煌學、古文字學)Studies of Historical Literature(including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)專門史 History of Particular Subjects中國古代史 Ancient Chinese History中國近現代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History軍事學 Military Science軍事思想學及軍事歷史學 Military Thought and Military History軍事思想學 Military Thought軍事歷史學 Military History戰略學 Science of Strategy軍事戰略學 Military Strategy戰爭動員學 War Mobilization戰役學 Science of Operations聯合戰役學 Joint Operation軍種戰役學（含第二炮兵戰役學）Armed Service Operation(including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)戰術學 Science of Tactics合同戰術學 Combined-Arms Tactics兵種戰術學 Branch Tactics軍隊指揮學 Science of Command作戰指揮學 Combat Command 軍事運籌學 Military Operation Research軍事通信學 Military Communication軍事情報學 Military Intelligence密碼學 Cryptography軍事教育訓練學（含軍事體育學）Military Education and Training(including Military Physical Training)軍制學 Science of Military System軍事組織編制學 Military Organizational System軍隊管理學 Military Management軍隊政治工作學 Science of Military Political Work軍事后勤學與軍事裝備學 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment軍事后勤學 Military Logistics后方專業勤務 Rear Special Service軍事裝備學 Military Equipment管理學 Management Science管理科學與工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理學 Science of Business Administration會計學 Accounting企業管理學（含財務管理、市場營銷學、人力資源管理學）Corporate Management(including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理學 Tourist Management技術經濟及管理學 Technology Economy and Management農林經濟管理學 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management農業經濟管理學 Agricultural Economics & Management林業經濟管理學 Forestry Economics & Management

公共管理學 Science of Public Management行政管理學 Administration Management社會醫學與衛生事業管理學 Social Medicine and Health Management教育經濟與管理學 Educational Economy and Management 社會保障學 Social Security 土地資源管理學 Land Resource Management圖書館、情報與檔案學 Science of Library, Information and Archival圖書館學 Library Science情報學 Information Science檔案學 Archival Science

第二篇：考研英語自我介紹及各個專業所對應的英語翻譯

考研英語自我介紹及各專業所對應英語翻譯

自我介紹(self-introduce)(1開場白)Good morning, my dear my dear professors.I feel so glad to meet all of you here.(2.姓名，英文名，畢業院校，畢業專業，畢業學院)My name is ****, I am *** years old.I major in***** in the institute of****

in china university of petroleum in Qingdao , My undergraduate period will be accomplished in July this year;and now, I am trying my best for obtaining a key to your university.(3．性格，愛好，實踐經驗)Generally speaking , I am a hard working student.I had an outstanding performance during my college life, and had won the scholarship for two times.When I decided to take part in The first National Petroleum Engineering Design Competition organized by your university, our group overcame several difficulties, we searched for information on the internet or in the library, used special softwares such as petrel and Eclipse to create model and make analysis, we tried our best and had learned a lot in the process, and our hard work paid off , we won the Excellence Award.What’s more, i am a person with great perseverance.I will try my best to finish a thing no matter how difficult it is.i once used C programming language to write a application programs about “how to query personal information quickly ” in a competition.when i was sophomore(['s?f?m?:]), i found public elective course ****very interesting, so i persisted in studying it throughout the second semester while most of my schoolmates chose to give up.My**** name **** ,which means ****t, was given by my teacher.In my spare time, I like reading books, especially history books, I also like playing tennis and ping pang, I also like English very much, I am fond of watching English films, I do believe learning a foreigner language is a way to communicate with aliens, and maybe a tool

to change one’s life.There is still a long way for me to learn English well enough, and I will try my best.(愛好若時間不夠可以省略)(4為什么想讀研,將來愿意從事的方向,讀研時的打算)考研原因(reasons for my choice)During the past four years, I have learned a lot of professional knowledge, but gradually, I realize it is not enough, further study is still urgent for me to realize self-value.Life is short, so it is necessary to take every chance for self-development, especially in the competitive modern society.Therefore, I prefer to go on for further education.研究生期間你的計劃(plans in the postgraduate study)There must be many things to learn if I were enrolled into my ideal research field.I hope I can build up a systematic([,sisti'm?tik])view of ****engineering.I plan to concentrate on study and research in this field in my graduate time.(On the other hand, I am dreaming of the participation of some relevant projects of my major, for this reason, I will get more experience in practice.)In a word, I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after three years study here.(5．結束語)ok, that is all, thank you for your attention.2你的家庭(about family)In my family, there are four members, my farther, my mother, my elder brother and I.My parents are famers, like other working people they are industrious , kindhearted and they bear hardships without complaint.their excellent character have a great influence on me.I went back to help them with the farm work every summer vacation.My brother encouraged me to pursue advanced studies though he himself didn’t go to university.I love my family members and they love me, too.When I make a success, they are more excited than me, and support me to do better.Even though I failed, instead of blaming, they always share sorrow with me, and encourage me not to give up.During my preparation for graduate examination, the support from my family is always my momentum([m?u'ment?m]).Their love is unselfish，I am deeply affected, so I will do all what I can to repay them.3.介紹你的家鄉(about hometown)

I come from Dongying , a beautiful city in Shandong province.It is a modern Internationalization city with dense highways network and distinctive appearance.The city lies in the eastern part of the province.It is the center city on the Yellow River Delta, where the Yellow River, China's second largest water system, empties into the sea.It is also the home for China's second largest oil base, the Shengli Oilfield.Many celebrities were born here, the most famous one is sun wu.You know, there is a saying that “The greatness of a man lends a glory to a place”。I think the city really deserves it.In addition, it is famous for the Yellow River Mouth Area and the Swan Lake.A lot of visitors come for tourism every year.This is my beloved hometown.4.你的大學(about university)I think some of you , my dear professors, are no stranger to china university of petroleum in qingdao.It was founded in 2002 and covers an area of about 2000 mu.It develops into a comprehensive university with efforts of generations.In recent years , many new teaching building and student apartments have been built for the coming of students in the branch campus of Dongying.I think it will achieve faster development after combination.I have spent 4 years of good times there and the unselfish assistance from my teachers and schoolmates deserves my appreciation.When I decided to go on for further study, my teachers suggested that I should walk out of the original campus to broaden my horizons ,besides your university has a good atmosphere.5.Why do you choose to study in our department?

there are several reasons for my choice: First of all, the subjects I have learned in huadong are partly the same with the subjects here and my teachers encourage me to go for further study in other schools to broaden my horizons ,without doubt this university is the best in our country;what’s more I am deeply affected by my uncle who is a driller, so I choose the subject--Oil-Gas Well Engineering;last but not least, I am deeply impressed by the academic atmosphere here.6.Your graduation design and advisor My graduation design title is “Numerical Simulation of water jet”, which means through numerical simulation I should find the effect of the shape of water hole and nozzle on the water jet.Our design began just several weeks ago, and I was busy with the preparation for second examinations, after i have found many relevant spe documents, now I am trying to use special software “fluent “perfectly.各工程與技術科學專業所對應英文翻譯

下面是各種工程與技術科學專業所對應的英文翻譯 工學 Engineering

力學 Mechanics 一般力學與力學基礎 General and Fundamental Mechanics 固體力學 Solid Mechanics 流體力學 Fluid Mechanics 工程力學 Engineering Mechanics

機械工程 Mechanical Engineering 機械制造及其自動化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation 機械電子工程 Mechatronic Engineering 機械設計與理論 Mechanical Design and Theory 車輛工程 Vehicle Engineering

光學工程 Optical Engineering 儀器科學與技術 Instrument Science and Technology 精密儀器及機械 Precision Instrument and Machinery 測試計量技術及儀器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments

材料科學與工程 Materials Science and Engineering 材料物理與化學 Materials Physics and Chemistry 材料學 Materialogy 材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering

冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering 冶金物理化學 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy 鋼鐵冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy 有色金屬冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy 動力工程及工程熱物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程熱物理 Engineering Thermophysics

熱能工程 Thermal Power Engineering 動力機械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering 流體機械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering 制冷及低溫工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering 化工過程機械 Chemical Process Equipment

電氣工程 Electrical Engineering 電機與電器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus 電力系統及其自動化 Power System and its Automation 高電壓與絕緣技術 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 電力電子與電力傳動 Power Electronics and Power Drives 電工理論與新技術 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering 電子科學與技術 Electronics Science and Technology

物理電子學 Physical Electronics 電路與系統 Circuits and Systems 微電子學與固體電子學 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics 電磁場與微波技術 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology

信息與通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering

通信與信息系統 Communication and Information Systems 信號與信息處理 Signal and Information Processing 控制科學與工程 Control Science and Engineering 控制理論與控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering 檢測技術與自動化裝置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment 系統工程 Systems Engineering 模式識別與智能系統 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems 導航、制導與控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control

計算機科學與技術 Computer Science and Technology 計算機軟件與理論 Computer Software and Theory 計算機系統結構 Computer Systems Organization 計算機應用技術 Computer Applied Technology

建筑學 Architecture 建筑歷史與理論 Architectural History and Theory 建筑設計及其理論 Architectural Design and Theory 城市規劃與設計（含風景園林規劃與設計）Urban Planning and Design(including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技術科學 Building Technology Science

土木工程 Civil Engineering 巖土工程 Geotechnical Engineering 結構工程 Structural Engineering 市政工程 Municipal Engineering 供熱、供燃氣、通風及空調工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering 防災減災工程及防護工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering 橋梁與隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering

水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering 水文學及水資源 Hydrology and Water Resources 水力學及河流動力學 Hydraulics and River Dynamics 水工結構工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering 水利水電工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering 港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering

測繪科學與技術 Surveying and Mapping 大地測量學與測量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering 攝影測量與遙感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 地圖制圖學與地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering

化學工程與技術 Chemical Engineering and Technology 化學工程 Chemical Engineering 化學工藝 Chemical Technology 生物化工 Biochemical Engineering 應用化學 Applied Chemistry 工業催化 Industrial Catalysis

地質資源與地質工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering 礦產普查與勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration 地球探測與信息技術 Geodetection and Information Technology 地質工程 Geological Engineering 礦業工程 Mineral Engineering 采礦工程 Mining Engineering 礦物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering 安全技術及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering 石油與天然氣工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering 油氣井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering 油氣田開發工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering 油氣儲運工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering 紡織科學與工程 Textile Science and Engineering 紡織工程 Textile Engineering 紡織材料與紡織品設計 Textile Material and Textiles Design 紡織化學與染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering 服裝設計與工程 Clothing Design and Engineering 輕工技術與工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering

制漿造紙工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering 制糖工程 Sugar Engineering 發酵工程 Fermentation Engineering 皮革化學與工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering

交通運輸工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering 道路與鐵道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering 交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通運輸規劃與管理 Transportation Planning and Management 載運工具運用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering 船舶與海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 船舶與海洋結構物設計制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure 輪機工程 Marine Engine Engineering 水聲工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering 航空宇航科學與技術 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology 飛行器設計 Flight Vehicle Design 航空宇航推進理論與工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering 航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle 人機與環境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering

兵器科學與技術 Armament Science and Technology 武器系統與運用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器發射理論與技術 Armament Launch Theory and Technology 火炮、自動武器與彈藥工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering 軍事化學與煙火技術 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics 核科學與技術 Nuclear Science and Technology 核能科學與工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering 核燃料循環與材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials 核技術及應用 Nuclear Technology and Applications 輻射防護及環境保護 Radiation and Environmental Protection

農業工程 Agricultural Engineering 農業機械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering 農業水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering 農業生物環境與能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering 農業電氣化與自動化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation

林業工程 Forestry Engineering 森林工程 Forest Engineering 木材科學與技術 Wood Science and Technology 林產化學加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products

環境科學與工程 Environmental Science and Engineering 環境科學 Environmental Science 環境工程 Environmental Engineering

生物醫學工程 Biomedical Engineering 食品科學與工程 Food Science and Engineering 食品科學 Food Science 糧食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering 農產品加工及貯藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products 水產品加工及貯藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products

4）考研英語復試口語常見問題30例 1.Where do you come from? 2.What kind of landscape surrounds your hometown? 3.What do you do during the Spring Festival? 4.Tell me something about the customs of your hometown.5.Could you tell me something about your family? 6.What social responsibilities should a post-graduate take? 7.Which kind of professor do you like best? 8.What does friendship mean to you and what kind of people do you make friend with? 9.What is your major? How do you like your major?

10.When and where did you graduate? What qualifications have you obtained? 11.What impressed you most when you were at university? 12.What is the best university in your opinion? 13.Do you think the subjects you are studying today are relevant to present-day society? Why ？

14.What do you do for a living? 15.What are your job prospects?

16.If you had the opportunity to change your subject, what would you do with it?

17.What are your spare time interests? 18.Where have you been traveling to? Which place interested you most?

19.What kind of differences in the system of higher education between China and other countries?

20.Do you think you will be able to cope with English-demands of your intended study program?

21.What difficulties do you think you'll encounter in your studies? 22.Why did you choose our university?

23.If there were an opportunity of studying abroad, what would you do? 24.Should you study more theory or do more practice? Give your reasons, please.25.What do you intend to do after you finish studying? 26.How serious is unemployment among young people and what will you do if you cannot find a job after graduation?

27.In your opinion, what are the most serious problems associated with modern life? 28.What do you think have been the most important changes in your study field over the past 5 years?

29.How do you afford your tuition? 30.Does your family support your decision on studying? What help do they offer?

4)在使用連詞時，不要千篇一律的用and和but，可以嘗試用besides, in addition, moreover, although, yet, nevertheless, otherwise, instead, thus, in this way, even so, after all等等。

3)應對。對于一些突發狀況，要保持鎮定；如果錯在己方，要向考官道歉，并立即改正。思考的時間不要過長，避免長時間的沉默；可以使用一些語氣詞well, hmm, err等進行過渡，給自己一些整理思路的時間。

4)態度。態度決定一切。在面試過程中，一定要表現出適度的自信，不要過于謙遜或鋒芒太過。同時要表現出對待生活積極、熱情、陽光的態度，不可妄自菲薄，也切忌自怨自艾。

第三篇：專業英語翻譯

Freeways,especially those built to Interstate standardsare the safest of the various classes of highways.高速公路,尤其是那些按照州際公路標準建造的是各種公路里面最安全的.While control of access, which limits vehicle conflicts(車輛沖突), isa primary factor in relatively low accident, injury,and fatality rates(事故,死亡率), other design features, such as wide medians and shoulders roadsides clear of obstructions, and the extensive use of protective barriers(護欄), are key factors as well.出入口控制減少車輛沖突，是獲得較低的交通事故率和傷亡率的一個主 要因素。另外，其他的設計特性，如較寬的中央分隔帶和較寬的路肩、路邊無障礙物、大量采用防護欄等也是關鍵要素。

The higher design speeds(設計速度)used for freeways result in long sight distances(視距)due to long radiushorizontal curves and long vertical curves, and otherdesirable design features that create a safe drivingenvironment.高速公路采用較高的設計速度導致的長視距是由于大半徑水平曲線和長的豎曲線，以及其他創造安全的駕駛環境的適宜的設計特性.Although most of the nation’s freeways enjoy this

relatively high level of design and safety, there are many opportunities for further enhancements.盡管全國絕大部分高速公路最喜歡這樣的設計和安全性比較高的水平，但還是有很多地方需要進一步增強。

Safety improvements on freeways can also result in substantial savings in life and property(生命和財產)because freeways carry 25 percent of the nation’s total traffic.高速公路安全方面的改善，還會節約大量的生命財產資源，因為高速公路流量占了全國的總流量的25﹪。

Selecting the design speed for a freeway is an important safety element because most geometric criteria(準則，標準)related to or depend on it.選擇高速公路的設計速度是一件重要的安全因素因為大部分的幾何設計標準都是與它相關或者取決于它

In general, 110 kilometers per hour(km/h)should be the design speed for the mainline of a freeway , but it may need to be lower in areas of severe terrain or heavy development.一般來說，110千米每小時應該作為高速公路主干道的設計速度，但是在崎嶇的地區或者施工難度大的地區可能需要降低。

For reconstruction, rehabilitation, and resurfacing(3R)

projects, the design speed should not be less than the original design speed or the current legal speed limit of that highway section.對于重建，恢復鋪新路面工程，設計速度不應該低于平時設計速度或者那塊交通干線區域的目前規定的速度限制。Design speeds for interchange ramps（立交匝道）depend on the type of ramp selected, for example , loop，diamond, or direct, and the low-volume（低交通量）, running speed（行駛速度）of the intersecting highway.立交匝道的設計速度取決于砸到的選擇類型，例如，環形、菱形、直線型以及低交通量，相交交通干線的運行速度。Usually, the design speed is established by the most restrictive element of the ramp, typically, the sharpest curve（小半徑曲線）.通常，這個設計速度被匝道的最限制的范圍，典型的是小半徑曲線。

Whatever design speed is selected, adequate transitions（轉變、過渡）from the freeway proper and at the ramp terminal（末端、末尾）or merge point（合流點）should be developed.無論選擇多大的設計速度，都應該發展來自高速公路本身的和在匝道末尾或者合流點的合適的過渡。

Safe and efficient traffic operations depend on adequate lane

and shoulder widths as outlined in A Police on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.安全及高效的交通運作取決于按照《道路的幾何尺寸的規定》設計的適當的行車線和路肩寬度。

The need to accommodate more traffic within existing or limited additional right-of-way on high-volume urban freeway has led some agencies to increase capacity by exchange full-lane or shoulder widths for additional travel lanes with reduced widths.在高交通量的城市高速公路上，在已有的或者額外有限的公路用地條件下，容納更多的交通的需求，導致許多機構通過減小車道寬度或者路肩寬度來騰出額外的車道來提高通行能力。

Any proposed use of less-than-full-standard cross-section must be analyzed carefully on a site-by-site basis.Experience indicates that 3.3-m lane can operate safely if there are no other less-than-standard features;however, combined with shoulder-width reductions, substandard sight distance, and other features, 3.3-m lanes may not provide the same safe operation.任何少于全標準道路橫截面的提議都必須建立在充分論證的基礎上。經驗表明，不考慮其他低于標準的因素，3.3

米得行車道寬足夠保證安全。但是結合路肩寬度的減少，視距不足及其他因素，3.3米得行車道寬不能提供足夠的安全度。Converting shoulder to travel lanes for additional capacity through a short bottleneck section has been shown to significantly reduce congestion-related accidents on some projects.Removing shoulders for several kilometers, however, has not had the same result.在某些項目中，在短程的瓶頸路段為了額外的通行能力，將路肩轉變成行車道能顯著減少由道路擁擠導致的交通事故。然而減少幾公里長的路肩寬度，得不到同樣的的結果。

Pavement marking, such as lane lines, edge lines, channelizing lines at interchanges and ramps, and word symbol markings, provide important information to the drivers.路面標記，像在立體交道和斜坡處的車道線，邊緣線，通道線以及文字和符號標記，為駕駛員提供重要信息

Pavement markings define separate lanes of traffic traveling in the same direction, inform drivers of lane restrictions, and convey certain regulation and warnings that would not otherwise be clearly understand.路面標記定義了單獨的車道交通朝同一方向行駛，告訴駕駛員該車道限速，以及傳達某些規則和警告，否則，它們不會被駕駛員清楚的明白。

Pavement markings are particularly important at night and during inclement weather, and,therefore, must be retroreflective.While well-maintained painted pavement markings are acceptable, thicker, long-life markings ,such as thermoplastic or performed tapes ,may perform better in wet weather and heavy traffic.同時保養好的涂有油漆的路面標志是可以采用的，厚的，長壽命的標記，像熱塑性塑料或預成行的條帶，可以在潮濕的空氣和交通繁忙時表現得更出色。

Some studies have been made regarding the benefits of wider edge line markings(150 to 200 mm versus the standard 100 mm width).The wider markings may particularly benefit older drivers.一些研究已經取得了有關更寬邊緣線方面的好處（150到200毫米相對于100毫米的標準寬度）。更寬的標記對老司機尤為有利。

第四篇：專業英語翻譯

樁筏基礎的簡化設計方法

摘要：在筏板基礎本身并不能滿足設計要求情況下，可通過在筏板下增加樁來提高其承載力。合理的布置一定量的樁，可以提高樁筏基礎的承載力和減少總沉降和差異沉降。本文分析了簡化計算方法的過程，對樁筏基礎的初步設計提供了有用的依據。它包括兩個階段：

1.樁筏基礎整體性能的評價；

2.單柱荷載作用下的性能評價。

第五篇：專業英語翻譯

8.Structural Steel Behaviour

土木0704喬薈07231104

靜載下的力學性能 最重要的機械結構鋼性能的靜負荷是表示在理想化的拉伸應力應變Fig.8.1所示圖。最初的剛才有一個線性的應力應變曲線的斜率是楊氏彈性模量。鋼的彈性，同時保持在這個線性范圍，完全恢復。該線彈性特性的限制，通常近似屈服應力約200000MPA，以及相應的范圍內。超過這個限制塑性鋼的流動沒有任何壓力，直到應變硬化應變的增加就達到了。這通常是塑料的范圍相當大，以及對鋼鐵延性非常重視。

屈服應力或許是結構鋼的最重要的強度特性，它隨著鋼材化學 不同發生顯著的變化，最重要的成分是碳和錳，兩者都會引起屈服應力的提高。屈服應力隨著熱處理方法和壓制過程的工作量而變化，在同樣的條件下壓制次數多的薄板的屈服應力高于較厚的鋼板。硬化也可以提高屈服應力，拉伸的速率影響屈服應力，高拉伸速率會提高前期屈服應力，也可以提高下屈服應力Fy.在試驗中用到的用來確定特殊鋼種屈服應力的拉伸速率比實際結構中經常遇到的幾乎不變的速率要明顯提高很多。根據設計目的，各個不同的鋼級別要確定一個最小屈服應力，在澳大利亞和英格蘭，是根據化學組成和熱處理方法來分級的，而且各個級別的屈服應力隨壓制面最大厚度的增加而減小，另一方面，美國的慣例是在個級別內區分化學組成和熱處理方法。所應用的屈服應力不隨厚度而變化。每種鋼材的最小屈服應力是根據一系列的標準拉伸試驗的結果確定的。由于成分組成，熱處理方法，壓制次數，板厚和試驗速率的小的變化，在這些試驗結果中有種顯著的分布，這種分布近似服從正態分布曲線。因此，某種鋼材用在設計中的最小屈服應力通常是一個特征值，其在任何標準拉伸試驗中會超過某個概率，因而一個獨立的試驗結果很可能明顯高于我們引用的屈服應力。當然，這種區別會更明顯的如果試驗不再橫截面最后的位置進行的話。通常認為，單向拉伸所確定的屈服應力對單向壓縮也正確。

重復荷載下的疲勞破壞

結構鋼經過多次的循環交變荷載后可能在低水平拉應力條件下發生破

壞。由重復荷載導致的局部損傷會引起這種高周疲勞破壞，它導致了微小裂縫的形成，疲勞裂縫的程度隨著后來的重復荷載而逐漸增大，直到最終有效橫截面積小以至發生突然破壞，高周疲勞只是當在結構物設計基準期可能出現大量的荷載循環時的一種設計的考慮。這通常是橋梁，起重機，和支撐機械的結構物的問題，而且風和波浪荷載也可能引起疲勞問題。顯著影響疲勞強度的因素有荷載循環次數，荷載循環中的應力幅以及局部應力集中的大小。

通常，節點應當布置得使應力集中減少到最小，以使通過節點的‘應力流，盡可能平滑。

焊接細節也應考慮到這一決定，和不必要的'壓力聚集者，應避免。它也將有利于限制，如可行，接頭的地點，如在接近中性軸點，低應力區。

沖擊荷載下的脆性破壞 結構鋼不總表現出可塑的特性，在一些情況下可能發生突然破壞，即使名義拉應力很低。脆性破壞由局部高應力區域的微小裂縫的存在或形成而引發。一旦開始，裂紋就會穩定增長因為外力會提供撕裂鋼材所需的能量。更嚴重的是快速不穩定傳播的裂縫，因為儲存在鋼材中的固有的彈性應變能被釋放并用來使鋼材破壞。只要有足夠的應變內能，這種裂縫是自擴展的并且將延伸至被擴展路徑中的延性元件破裂。這種延性元件具有足夠的變形能力吸收釋放的內能。由于鋼材的延性，在三向約束條件下，結構對脆性破壞的抵抗由局部應力集中的大小確定。高集中應力促進裂縫開展，所以由不良的幾何形狀和荷載布置引起的應力集中都很危險，而且材料的裂紋和缺陷也非常重要。不僅會增加局部應力而且有可能成為裂紋擴展區。結構鋼的延性取決于鋼材的組成，熱處理方法和鋼材的厚度，并且隨溫度和應變率的變化而變化。像發生在更厚或者更大顆粒元素的鋼材中南，三向的幾何約束也會促進脆性，這是因為有更高的局部應力，因為在開裂過程中的更大的能量釋放和裂縫傳播的減緩。

脆性破壞的危險可以由選擇適合溫度下延性的鋼材類型來降低，或者通

過由減小應力集中和幾何約束的觀點來設計節點。裝配技術應該盡量避免引進潛在的危險裂縫或缺陷。重要結構物的設計細節需要受目的在于探測嚴重缺陷的檢查程序的影響。當然，設計者還必須適當考慮特種鋼，制造技術，檢測和修正程序的額外費用。

9.Earth Pressures

重力式傳播的穩定條件

設計必須考慮的不是最終或使用極限狀態，計算表明，必須有足夠的經費是對發生不良極限狀態有關一個特定類型的墻體了。?在擋土墻的失效模式的數目可能對于檢查外部穩定，重力墻被視為剛體（即沒有內部收益或扭曲）。在某些類型的結構檢驗中，還需要有內部的穩定，例如鋼筋混凝土墻，加固土墻。

上述給出的安全系數的運用是設計的傳統方法，在1994年推薦的極限狀態方法要求對強度代表值運用一個調節系數來獲得設計值，例如，如果墻體位移量要求不超過0.5%的墻高，不排水強度下應用的M之應該小于1.5，承載能力計算時M應該在2到3之間，有效應力參數M應該小于1.2。結構內力和彎矩應該由設計土壓力和水壓力確定。為方便起見，重力墻壁取決于他們對外部的穩定和極限狀態下自身的重量基本上應審查：力量作用在擋土墻中的垂直和水平分量計算。為了方便垂直力量包括墻壁的垂直載荷的重量和任何它可能攜帶，隨土壤以上的L形和T形墻踵重量在一起。也可能是地球的壓力造成的垂直分量的支持時，面對的不垂直，地面是傾斜的或在墻上摩擦是包括在內。?

擋土墻的土壓力

主動土壓力對能夠阻止土體塌落、滑移和蠕變為自然平衡狀態的任何擋土結構施加水平向和豎直向荷載分量，這些結構在土壓力的作用下會發生稍微的屈服。當擋土結構擠壓墻后土體時，產生被動土壓力。靜止土壓力是土

體施加給不屈服豎直擋土表面的水平壓力。靜止土壓力表示介于主動和被動兩種極限狀態之間的情況。

每一種土壓力都取決于土壤的物理特性以及土壤和結構的相對剛性。土最重要的性質看來是密度、砂土的內摩擦角、黏性土的黏聚力和超固結比。就任意土體材料來說，作用在常見擋土墻上的主動土壓力水平分量可由針對墻背豎直、墻后填土面基本水平的一般土壓力楔體理論很好地給出。

假定該墻體采用通常的施工方法進行回填，并且能夠產生一小的轉動（轉動大小為0.001倍的墻體高度）引發回填土的內摩擦。該轉角等價于土壓力作用下20英尺墻體的上表面向外移動1/4英寸。

一般土壓力楔體理論的公式（考慮了沿擋土墻墻面的摩擦）也可以用來計算墻體和填土面傾斜等其它所有情況下的水平分力。然而，和試驗結果相比則表明計算結果對負超載情況有點偏小，對正超載情況有點偏大，但是相差不超過10%。如果考慮進關于實際坡度的條件的不確定性，將擋土墻簡化為墻背垂直填土面水平的情況進行計算，也是足夠精確的。

在所有情況下，側向壓力的豎直分量會使土壓力合力與墻背的法線形成一個等于墻面摩擦角的角度。然而，該角度在任何情況下都不能超過墻后填土的內摩擦角。

有些土由于缺少排水及他們自身的性質，在任何情況下都可能變為流體（不管形成的流體材料是大面積的還是僅僅靠墻的一條窄層）；這些土的壓力和與其具有同樣密度的流體的靜水壓力相等。

浸沒土的壓力可由式(9.1)給出，只不過式中采用的材料容重會由于水的浮力和浸沒條件下的內摩擦系數而降低；除此之外，也必須包括完全的靜水壓力。對于粒狀材料來說，水下的浸沒對內摩擦系數和墻面摩擦系數的影響非常小。