第一篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)文獻(xiàn)綜述

從《富蘭克林自傳》認(rèn)識(shí)本杰明富蘭克林

摘要：富蘭克林的《自傳》是自傳體文學(xué)的上乘之作。它簡(jiǎn)明而引人入勝地?cái)⑹隽嗣绹?guó)第一位自力更生、白手起家者由貧苦卑微而躍至富有、聞名、發(fā)達(dá)的故事，忠實(shí)地記錄了他光輝燦爛的一生。本文從《自傳》所傳達(dá)的富蘭克林成功的因素、民主與平等信念、美國(guó)夢(mèng)三個(gè)方面下手，帶領(lǐng)大家深入認(rèn)識(shí)本杰明富蘭克林。

關(guān)鍵詞：富蘭克林成功要訣，民主與平等信念，美國(guó)夢(mèng)

一、富蘭克林成功的因素

1、至善至美的個(gè)人品質(zhì)

勤奮、樂(lè)觀、永不放棄是富蘭克林得以成功的重要因素。“富蘭克林出生在波士頓一個(gè)清教徒的家庭，青少年時(shí)期就從家庭接受了請(qǐng)教信仰。清教強(qiáng)調(diào)‘天職’的觀念，即：人的職責(zé)就是把個(gè)人的才能發(fā)揮到極致，因?yàn)檫@些才能得愿于上帝，所以是應(yīng)該加以最大限度發(fā)揮的。人不應(yīng)該安守自得，滿足于呆板的生活。”《富蘭克林自傳》描述了富蘭克林所面臨的種種坎坷遭遇。如果沒(méi)有樂(lè)觀的心態(tài)，他不可能在那樣困苦的環(huán)境中堅(jiān)持下來(lái)。“富蘭克林早年離家出走的冒險(xiǎn)在《自傳》中被刻畫(huà)得淋漓盡致，無(wú)論是面對(duì)茫茫大海上的暴風(fēng)驟雨，還是漫漫人生中的凄風(fēng)苦雨，富蘭克林都經(jīng)受住了考驗(yàn)。”他曾經(jīng)因?yàn)樵诖弦驗(yàn)榘l(fā)燒而差點(diǎn)被死神奪走性命的經(jīng)歷對(duì)他的努力造成了巨大的干擾。但是，“就像希臘神話中的英雄必然經(jīng)歷諸多考驗(yàn)一樣，富蘭克林同樣面對(duì)一切可能的挑戰(zhàn)。”富蘭克林也非常努力，“學(xué)徒期間，他早晨上班前讀書(shū)，晚上下班后讀書(shū)，禮拜天全日制讀書(shū)，甚至飯間休息也擠出時(shí)間學(xué)算術(shù)。”

2、嚴(yán)于律己是富蘭克林自我完善的法寶。

“富蘭克林對(duì)新世界的道德操守提出了自己樸素的看法，他認(rèn)為道德是建立個(gè)人與社會(huì)幸福的關(guān)鍵。”所以，富蘭克林是一個(gè)道德高尚的人，有很高的道德操守。1931年，富蘭克林提出了他平生的第一個(gè)公益計(jì)劃，建立一個(gè)圖書(shū)館，用以改善美國(guó)人民日常生活的會(huì)話、交談，使得普通的工人，農(nóng)民變得如其他一些國(guó)家的大多數(shù)人一樣文明、聰明。

在書(shū)中他還列出了當(dāng)時(shí)他認(rèn)為值得和必須做到的十三種德行：節(jié)制（食不過(guò)飽，飲酒不醉）；少言（言必于人于己有益，避免無(wú)益的閑聊）；秩序（每樣?xùn)|西應(yīng)放在一定的地方，每件事物應(yīng)有一定的時(shí)限）；決心（當(dāng)做必做，決定之事，持之不懈）；節(jié)儉（于人于己有利之事方可花費(fèi)勿浪費(fèi)一切東西）；勤勉（勿浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，時(shí)刻做些有用的事杜絕一切不必要的行動(dòng)）；誠(chéng)實(shí)（不虛偽騙人，思想要公正純潔，講話亦如此）；公正（不做有損他人的事，不要忘記你應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)，做對(duì)人有益之事）；中庸（不走極端，容忍別人給的傷害，將此視作應(yīng)當(dāng)承受之事）；清潔（力求身體衣服和住所整潔）；鎮(zhèn)靜（勿因小事、平常或不可避免的事故而驚慌失措）；節(jié)欲（為了健康和生育后代起見(jiàn)，不常行房事，切忌過(guò)度傷體，以免損害自己或他人的安寧與名譽(yù)）；謙虛（效法耶穌和蘇格拉底）。

富蘭克林善于正確看待對(duì)手、合理利用朋友資源、善于化不利因素為有利因素、善于樹(shù)立良好的公共形象等。富蘭克林認(rèn)為，雖然對(duì)手對(duì)自己的事業(yè)造成壓力和阻力，但若能理性地看待對(duì)手，吸收其優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并借鑒其缺點(diǎn)，就能獲得更大的進(jìn)步。朋友就是人際關(guān)系網(wǎng)，合理利用人際關(guān)系網(wǎng)是富蘭克林成功的一個(gè)重要因素。富蘭克林具有超出常人的洞察力，能充分利用人際關(guān)系網(wǎng)。化不利因素為有利因素可謂是他處世哲學(xué)的最好說(shuō)明。在富蘭克林要連任議會(huì)秘書(shū)時(shí)，一名新議員發(fā)表了反對(duì)他連任的演說(shuō)，并且推薦了別人。這位新議員是“一位有錢(qián)的、受過(guò)教育的紳士”，在議會(huì)里比較有影響力，富蘭克林就想結(jié)交這位朋友，把不利因素化為有利因素。“但是富蘭克林并未簡(jiǎn)單地奉承討好，而是以向這位議員借書(shū)的方式，煞費(fèi)苦心地向這位議員主動(dòng)示好并爭(zhēng)取他的‘主動(dòng)幫助’，事后又表示出特別感動(dòng)。最后終于‘拉攏’這位‘權(quán)杖’朋友。”富蘭克林謙恭、中庸的處世技巧，隱藏了鋒芒，創(chuàng)造了“人和”的局面。他認(rèn)為：“把自己打扮成一項(xiàng)有益的計(jì)劃的倡導(dǎo)者是并不聰明的。當(dāng)人們抱著各種目的需要?jiǎng)e惹幫助時(shí)，一定要牢記：萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不能讓

人們認(rèn)為你想在公眾中出任頭地，沽名釣譽(yù)。因此，我盡最大努力不那樣做。”此外，富蘭克林還善于巧妙地打造個(gè)人形象，贏得公眾的好感。

二、民主與平等的信念

《富蘭克林自傳》表明富蘭克林堅(jiān)定的民主與平等信念，在美洲新世界這塊充滿機(jī)遇的大土地上，任何人都能夠通過(guò)艱苦奮斗和明智的運(yùn)籌而致富和成功，“一個(gè)有相當(dāng)才能的人可以造成巨大的變革，可以在人世間成就偉大的事業(yè)。”

福蘭克林是酷愛(ài)和平和自由的,他和杰斐誰(shuí)共同起草了美國(guó)獨(dú)立宣言,“所有的人生來(lái)都是平等的”這句名言至今仍然有其深畏的意義。福蘭克林在這宣言公布的第二天（1775年7月5日)就寫(xiě)信給他原來(lái)的英國(guó)朋友斯脫來(lái)亨說(shuō):“你是英國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)裁員,而你是站在要?dú)缥业膰?guó)家的一邊。你們已經(jīng)在我們的城市里放火,屠殺我們的人民。看看你的雙手吧,它是染滿了你的親屬的血啊！我和你從前是好朋友,現(xiàn)在你是我的仇敵!”這是多么嚴(yán)正的態(tài)度。富蘭克林在北美獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后去巴黎擔(dān)任美國(guó)勝法大使,當(dāng)時(shí)他已是71歲的高齡了,但他仍努力取得國(guó)際援助,和法國(guó)定了同盟條約。這一條約對(duì)美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利是起了極大的作用的。雖然在“富蘭克林自傳”中對(duì)他在1757年以后的活動(dòng)情況沒(méi)有能夠?qū)懴氯?但富南克林的偉大的政治家的風(fēng)度,愛(ài)好和平、自由的熱情以及他在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中建立的不朽功勛,始終是為廣大人民所稱頌的。

18世紀(jì)的北美洲各殖民地,雖然其形式有所不同,但在政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)上都受著英國(guó)嚴(yán)格控制,民族經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化發(fā)展緩慢。富蘭克林為了順應(yīng)殖民地民族經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化發(fā)展的需要,首先產(chǎn)生了統(tǒng)一各殖民地的思想。

縱觀美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的誕生過(guò)程,我們將會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在每一重大事件上,都留下了富蘭克林奔波的足跡,灑一下過(guò)他辛勤的汗水,“這個(gè)國(guó)家中沒(méi)有比他為促進(jìn)諸州的聯(lián)合所做的貢獻(xiàn)更多,他是邦聯(lián)最早的倡議者,并為之不斷地工作。”富蘭克林對(duì)美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的杰出貢獻(xiàn),使他成為“美國(guó)拱門(mén)上的冠石。”在美國(guó)獨(dú)立革命史上當(dāng)與華盛頓、杰佛遜齊名。

1754年北美7個(gè)殖民地的代表在奧爾巴尼召開(kāi)有關(guān)軍事問(wèn)題的會(huì)議。富蘭克林在這個(gè)會(huì)議上提出了第一個(gè)北美殖民地聯(lián)盟的方案—“奧爾巴尼聯(lián)盟計(jì)劃”。按照這個(gè)計(jì)劃,殖民地組成聯(lián)盟,建立一個(gè)聯(lián)邦式的政府。聯(lián)盟政府的行政長(zhǎng)官—總主席由英國(guó)指派,各殖民地選派代表組成聯(lián)盟的立法機(jī)關(guān)—大參事會(huì),總主席可以按照大參事會(huì)的意見(jiàn)來(lái)決定宣戰(zhàn)、締約、司法和財(cái)政等重大問(wèn)題。1但該計(jì)劃由于英王認(rèn)為它過(guò)于“民主”而被否定,各殖民地代表又認(rèn)為它“特權(quán)”過(guò)大未加支持,致使聯(lián)盟計(jì)劃流產(chǎn)。

富蘭克林提出的這個(gè)計(jì)劃并不是想使美洲殖民地從英帝國(guó)的統(tǒng)治之下獨(dú)立出來(lái),它是在政治上、軍事上聯(lián)合各殖民地的一個(gè)計(jì)劃。“它所包含的一些胚芽后來(lái)在美國(guó)憲法中得以確立,??它是一次溫和行為的試驗(yàn)。”o的確,這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃雖未獲成功,卻表現(xiàn)出富蘭克林有政治遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn),走在了時(shí)代的前頭,它喚起了美利堅(jiān)民族的覺(jué)醒,計(jì)劃的內(nèi)容開(kāi)始深入人心,在美洲殖民地這塊封凍著的土地上犁開(kāi)了一條裂縫,播進(jìn)了自治、獨(dú)立的種子。

在富蘭克林先進(jìn)思想的影響下,隨著殖民地民族經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的發(fā)展,殖民地人民和殖民地議會(huì)對(duì)于平等自由權(quán)利的要求日趨強(qiáng)烈,反對(duì)總督特權(quán)統(tǒng)治的斗爭(zhēng)與日俱增。富蘭克林的獨(dú)立革命思想是隨著殖民池民族經(jīng)濟(jì)毛,文化的發(fā)展以及反對(duì)英國(guó)殖民政策的深入而逐步產(chǎn)生、形成的。作為美利堅(jiān)民族的典范人物,富蘭克林在啟蒙并導(dǎo)引北美殖民地人民覺(jué)醒、獨(dú)立的進(jìn)程中,始終走在時(shí)代的前列。

三、富蘭克林的美國(guó)夢(mèng)

作為美國(guó)第一部現(xiàn)代自傳，《富蘭克林自傳》 在美國(guó)文學(xué)史上有著重要地位。它詳細(xì)記載了富蘭克林在北美商業(yè)和政治環(huán)境下的奮斗和進(jìn)步。更重要的是，它創(chuàng)造了個(gè)人事業(yè)成功的原型。”“富蘭克林在這部自傳中，回顧了他自我?jiàn)^斗的一段歷史，實(shí)際上也是用自己的經(jīng)歷說(shuō)明了美國(guó)夢(mèng)的內(nèi)涵。”他出身社會(huì)下層,是一個(gè)沒(méi)有受過(guò)正規(guī)教育的印刷廠學(xué)徒,但是他不甘貧賤,通過(guò)努力,他學(xué)到印刷技術(shù),后來(lái)自己辦了印刷廠,又創(chuàng)辦了報(bào)紙,掙得了財(cái)富。他有強(qiáng)烈的求知欲,堅(jiān)持自學(xué)數(shù)十年,成為一個(gè)知識(shí)非常淵博的人。他還以很大的興趣投入剛剛開(kāi)始的電學(xué)研究,并且在這一領(lǐng)域取得重大成就。他也熱心公益事業(yè),得到公眾的信任,當(dāng)選為費(fèi)城市議員。他努力提高自己的道德修養(yǎng),每天對(duì)照檢查自己的不足,道德水準(zhǔn)不斷提升,贏得了人們的尊重和愛(ài)戴。富蘭克林自傳里出現(xiàn)的就是這樣一位積極的、有理想的政治活動(dòng)家,一位通過(guò)奮斗獲得成功的實(shí)業(yè)家,一位走在時(shí)代前列、不斷進(jìn)步的大眾思想家。美國(guó)夢(mèng)是指通過(guò)完善自身、努力奮斗獲得財(cái)富和名望的精神。美國(guó)人相信，只要勇于付出，就可以過(guò)上自己想要的生活。這種看法就是我們所謂的狹義的“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”：“個(gè)人通過(guò)自我?jiàn)^斗而獲得成功的夢(mèng)想。”富蘭克林無(wú)疑為“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”做了最好的注釋：白手起家，最終成為最有影響的上層人，不僅富可敵國(guó)，而且德高望重。

富蘭克林 1706 年出生在一個(gè)貧窮的清教家庭。他一生恪守清教所提倡的勤勞、簡(jiǎn)樸和節(jié)制等信條，堅(jiān)信美國(guó)這個(gè)新世界充滿了機(jī)會(huì)，任何人只要通過(guò)努力工作，合理管理，善于經(jīng)營(yíng)，就能擺脫貧困，建立豐功偉業(yè)“，只要有一定能力，人們一定能改變現(xiàn)狀，鑄成大業(yè)”。富蘭克林被稱為18 世紀(jì)美國(guó)的實(shí)業(yè)家、科學(xué)家、社會(huì)活動(dòng)家、思想家和外交家，并且在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域都做出了極大的成就。他出身寒微，10 歲便輟學(xué)回家做工，12 歲起在印刷所當(dāng)學(xué)徒、幫工。自己創(chuàng)辦了印刷所，且其業(yè)務(wù)涉及到幾個(gè)州以及西印度群島，成為北美洲印刷出版行業(yè)中的佼佼者。他在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的成就更加斐然。他的研究領(lǐng)域涉及光學(xué)、熱學(xué)、聲學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)、海洋學(xué)、植物學(xué)等，有以避雷針為代表的一系列發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。他還積極的參加社會(huì)政治活動(dòng)并投身于美國(guó)的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)去，成為唯一一個(gè)在四份美國(guó)建國(guó)的重要文件上簽字的人，并被后人稱為“美國(guó)之父”。

富蘭克林通過(guò)自己的努力向世人證明盡管他出身貧寒，卻終能獲得成功，并獲得了相當(dāng)?shù)呢?cái)富、力量和名聲。富蘭克林的精神是美國(guó)清教主義傳統(tǒng)中務(wù)實(shí)以奉上帝的思想代表，是北美移民開(kāi)拓精神的繼續(xù)和“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”的集中體現(xiàn)，是同代人和后繼者不斷探索和追求的目標(biāo)象征。他的思想濃縮成美國(guó)夢(mèng)，成為美國(guó)人的信條和精神支柱。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，因?yàn)橛懈惶m克林的思想，美國(guó)夢(mèng)得到了最強(qiáng)大的思想支撐，那便是獲得物質(zhì)上的成功。

總結(jié)：從《富蘭克林自傳》可以知道，富蘭克林在美國(guó)乃至世界的地位極其重要。他的成功是美國(guó)夢(mèng)的代表，他積極樂(lè)觀，永不放棄，以他清教徒的思想改變著當(dāng)時(shí)的世界。追求民主自由和平，在政治經(jīng)濟(jì)文化科技等諸多領(lǐng)域做出了偉大的貢獻(xiàn)，是時(shí)代的楷模，精神領(lǐng)袖。

參考文獻(xiàn): 《富蘭克林自傳與美國(guó)精神序》楊正潤(rùn)

《讀富蘭克林自傳》林星

《富蘭克林和美國(guó)精神——富蘭克林自傳的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義》王羽青

《富蘭克林及其自傳》李瑞林

《富蘭克林在外交上對(duì)北美獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的貢獻(xiàn)》蔣維忠

《論富蘭克林在美國(guó)獨(dú)立史上的地位》牛宏偉

《淺析美國(guó)夢(mèng)的兩面性》趙靚靚

《民族之父的身份認(rèn)同<富蘭克林自傳>的敘事學(xué)解讀》金濤

《身份的寓言<富蘭克林自傳>的結(jié)構(gòu)分析》趙白生

《語(yǔ)境形式與神話<富蘭克林自傳>的敘事時(shí)間與身份構(gòu)建》劉江

《不懈的追尋——從<富蘭克林自傳>看美國(guó)夢(mèng)的變遷》李琳

第二篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)名詞解釋

1.AmericanTranscendentalism:①transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “ the recognition in man of the capability of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.②transcendentalists stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature.Other concepts that accompanied transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.New England transcendentalism is the product of a combination of Native American Puritanism and European romanticism.③some prominent representatives include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau.2.Free verse

free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conversational rules of meter.Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman?s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.3.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature.Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature.It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestination（預(yù)言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism.And, hard-working, piousness（虔誠(chéng),盡職），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.4.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough.It usually implies a successful and satisfying life.It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（資本主義）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知識(shí)界精華）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S.Bill of Rights.5.Imagism: the 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America.In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry.Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and

the use of colloquial language.Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry..The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism.Its prime mover was Ezra Pound.6.American romanticism

①it is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war.It started with the publication of Washington Irving?s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman?s Leaves of Grass.②being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance ”.③American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of nature literature.The strong tendency to eulogize the individual and common man was typical of this period.Most importantly, the writings of American Romanticism are typically American.Works concentrate on unique

characteristics of the American land.④New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism.⑤Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.

第三篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)名詞解釋

1.Naturalism:American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.Puritanism:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.3.Realism: Realism emphasizes on a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.4.Romanticism: romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Transcendentalism:They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and stressed the importance of the individual.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.6.Imagism意象主義: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.7.Local Colorism: fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features – including characters, dialects, customs, history, and landscape – of a particular region.8.Lost Generation: It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles.It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty.It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.9.Beat Generation: It was a group of American post-World War IIwho came to prominence in the 1950s.They rejected conventional social and moral values;expressed their alienation in their works from conventional “square” society by adopting a life style which featured sex, drugs, jazz and the freedom of the open road.10.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word.It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.11.Modernism：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary.Strictly, Modernism began in the late 19th century and regarded the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.12.A Jazz age(爵士時(shí)代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.

第四篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)講義

1896年———1900年間斷斷續(xù)續(xù)在練習(xí)本上寫(xiě)下了自傳體長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《讓·桑得伊》的草稿。1903～1905年普魯斯特父母先后去世，他閉門(mén)寫(xiě)作，除寫(xiě)了闡述美學(xué)觀點(diǎn)的論文《駁圣·勃夫》，并開(kāi)始了文學(xué)巨著《追憶似水年華》的創(chuàng)作。1912年，他將小說(shuō)前三部交給出版商，受到冷遇，1913年他自費(fèi)出版了第1部《斯萬(wàn)之家》，反應(yīng)冷淡。1919年，小說(shuō)第2部《在花枝招展的少女們身旁》由卡里瑪出版社出版，并獲龔古爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，作者因而成名。普魯斯特作為意識(shí)流小說(shuō)流派的開(kāi)山鼻祖而在世界文學(xué)史上留名。

故事情節(jié)： 敘述者回憶起童年時(shí)在貢布雷的生活。有一年夏天晚上，鄰居斯萬(wàn)先生，來(lái)看望敘述者的父母，敘述者心里非常難受。有一年冬天，他把瑪?shù)氯R娜小蛋糕浸泡在茶水中吃，這味道使他想起他童年時(shí)。在貢布雷家，有兩條步行小道，一條通往斯萬(wàn)家，稱為斯萬(wàn)家之路，另一條通往蓋爾芒特府邸，稱為蓋爾芒特家之路。斯萬(wàn)先生在劇院里逐漸愛(ài)上高級(jí)妓女奧特·德·克雷西。維爾迪蘭夫人覺(jué)得斯萬(wàn)令人厭煩，便不再邀請(qǐng)他。

又進(jìn)入回憶狀態(tài)。他在貢布雷見(jiàn)萬(wàn)見(jiàn)希爾特·斯萬(wàn)。舊日同學(xué)布洛克帶他去嫖妓。媽媽桑向他介紹一位名叫拉謝爾的妓女。兩年后，外婆帶著他去海濱城市男主人巴爾貝克，外婆向他介紹了維爾巴里西斯侯爵夫人，和羅爾·德·圣盧。成為好朋友。馬塞爾經(jīng)由畫(huà)家艾爾斯蒂爾認(rèn)識(shí)了阿爾貝蒂娜·西蒙納，馬塞爾漸漸愛(ài)上了她。

回到巴黎后，父母親蓋了新房子。這時(shí)發(fā)生了全法國(guó)沸騰的“德雷福斯事件”。男主人翁想去探望。由于圣盧的牽線，馬塞爾受到優(yōu)厚的款待。一日外婆的尿毒癥突然發(fā)作去世。馬塞爾的母親知道他暗戀蓋爾芒特公爵夫人。男主人翁參加維爾巴里西斯夫人的晚會(huì)，見(jiàn)到蓋爾芒特公爵夫人，還結(jié)識(shí)了夏爾呂斯男爵。

馬塞爾第二次來(lái)到巴爾貝克海濱，偶然遇到阿爾貝蒂娜，又恢復(fù)了親密交往，最后馬塞爾還是決定娶她為妻。

馬塞爾與阿爾貝蒂娜在巴黎同居，阿爾貝蒂娜跟安德萊的女子很要好，馬塞爾懷疑她們有同性戀關(guān)系，后來(lái)此事得到證實(shí)。于是他想離開(kāi)她，卻無(wú)法痛下決心。阿爾貝蒂娜離家出走，給他留下一封信，說(shuō)他們不能再這樣生活下去，還是趁早分手。

阿爾貝蒂娜騎馬摔在樹(shù)上撞死了。這使他想去尋找別的女人。馬塞爾到威尼斯旅行，仍然時(shí)常想起阿爾貝蒂娜，他收到吉爾貝特的信，說(shuō)她已跟圣—盧結(jié)婚，后來(lái)圣—盧竟愛(ài)上了男提琴手莫萊爾。

第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，圣—盧戰(zhàn)死，男主人翁一直待在療養(yǎng)院。見(jiàn)到親德份子夏呂斯，是一名同性戀，男伴男爵是性虐待狂，經(jīng)常鞭打他。大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，男主人翁來(lái)到蓋爾蘭特王府門(mén)前，又回想起威尼斯，交際場(chǎng)中更是景物已非，有人淪為乞丐，有人早己死去。他決定用文字將這些回憶記錄起來(lái)，找回了失去的時(shí)間。

第五篇：美國(guó)文學(xué)考試

美國(guó)文學(xué)考試題型

1、填空題（這部分的重點(diǎn)老師帶我們畫(huà)過(guò)，由于比較散，不方便整理，請(qǐng)同寢室或隔壁寢室相互告知）-----大家記得人名，作品名稱等一定不要寫(xiě)錯(cuò)了

2、名詞解釋（共兩題，每題5分）

這一題大體有三種類型：文本、作者、理論

大題要求（大家按點(diǎn)答題）

文本類：①寫(xiě)明作者②該文本體現(xiàn)的理論特征③該文本的主要內(nèi)容（2分）④該文本使用的主要文學(xué)技巧

理論類：①該理論出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間②該理論的主張（2分）③寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格④相關(guān)作家以及他的作品 作者類：①寫(xiě)明哪個(gè)時(shí)期的作者②該作者的文學(xué)主張③寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格④主要作品以及作品的主題

下面是本學(xué)期我們學(xué)過(guò)的作家、理論以及作品（結(jié)合筆記以及結(jié)合相關(guān)資料整理的，不是老師說(shuō)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案哦，大家參考即可）

理論---本學(xué)期三大主要理論

①Puritanism

Puritanism , appeared in the early part of the 17th century, is the practices and beliefs of Puritans.The American puritanism, like their English brothers , are idealists.They accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.But due to te grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical.It is so much part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets

Its influence on literature

American literature had the characteristics of simplicity, plainness of rhetoric and indication to the Holy Bile

代表作家Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Nathaniel Hawthorne(課本所選的代表作品)②transcendentalism

American transcendentalism is more than an attitude of Transcendentalist.To “transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits.The transcendentalists speak for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.The major features of the American Transcendentalism are:

A.They place emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe

B.They stress the importance of individuals

C.They offer a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God

該理論出現(xiàn)的大致時(shí)間1836-the civil war

代表作家--Ralph Waldo Emerson

代表作品the American Scholar

③naturalism

American naturalism accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolution theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits were conditioned by social and economic forces.It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will.That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death.It was no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.Time: the mid-19th century---the first half of the 20th century

Naturalism in literature:the product of despair.It had no attempt to make moral judgment.It offered detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society.代表任人物及作品

Stephen Cranethe Open Boat

作者（三個(gè)比較重要的）

① Nathaniel Hawthorne

浪漫主義時(shí)期（特別記住）作家

He is a master of symbolism

He has an unceasing interest in the “interior of the heart” of man’s being

His understanding of “evil being at the core of human life” is deeply reflected in his works Young Goodman Brown是他的代表作，該作品體現(xiàn)的主題

PURITANISM

A.man’s depravity

B.The original sin: a journey from innocence to evil

C.Predestination

D.A struggle between to forces

②Ralph Waldo Emerson

浪漫主義時(shí)期作家

He is a leading person of New England Transcendentalism which he regarded as an intuitive cognizance of moral and other truths that transcend the limits of human sense experience 代表作：The American Scholar

主題：Transcendentalism

大致內(nèi)容：we American should stop imitating other counties in literature and we ought to create a way of our own.③Stephen Crane

19世紀(jì)后半期---20世紀(jì)初，自然主義時(shí)期作家。

His works were characteristic of pessimism and determinism which he emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will.That lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of human was misery in life and oblivion in death.代表作the Open Boat

體現(xiàn)的主題（十分重要，一定要記住）

A.Man’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forces

B.Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universe

作品（作品的大致內(nèi)容，便于大家熟悉文本，答題時(shí)還需要大家自己按照上面寫(xiě)的答題要求總結(jié)哈）

①Young goodman brown

The story takes place in 17th century Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthorne's works, and addresses the Calvinist/Puritan belief that all of humanity exists in a state of depravity,except those who are born in a state of grace.Hawthorne frequently attempts to expose the hypocrisy of Puritan culture in his literature.In a symbolic fashion, the story follows Young Goodman Brown's journey into self-scrutiny, which results in his loss of virtue and faith.“Young Goodman Brown” is often characterized as an allegory about the recognition of evil and depravity as the nature of humanity.In order to convey the setting, he used literary techniques such as specific diction, or colloquial expressions.② the American Scholar

The American Scholar was a speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson.Emerson uses Transcendentalist and Romantic views to get his points across by explaining a true American scholar's relationship to nature.There are a few key points he makes that flesh out this vision:

We are all fragments, “as the hand is divided into fingers”, of a greater creature, which is mankind itself, “a doctrine ever new and sublime.” An individual may live in either of two states.In one, the busy, “divided” or “degenerate” state, he does not “possess himself” but identifies with his occupation or a monotonous action;in the other, “right” state, he is elevated to “Man”, at one with all mankind.To achieve this higher state of mind, the modern American scholar must reject old ideas and think for him or herself, to become “Man Thinking” rather than “a mere thinker, or still worse, the parrot of other man's thinking”, “the victim of society”, “the sluggard intellect of this continent”.“The American Scholar” has an obligation, as “Man Thinking”, within this “One Man” concept, to see the world clearly, not severely influenced by traditional/historical views, and to broaden his understanding of the world from fresh eyes, to “defer never to the popular cry.”

The scholar's education consists of three influences: I.Nature as the most important influence on the mind II.The Past manifest in books III.Action and its relation to experience The last, unnumbered part of the text is devoted to Emerson's view on the “Duties” of the American Scholar who has become the “Man Thinking.”

③ the Open Boat

It was a dramatic short story based on Crane's experience of surviving a shipwreck off the coast of Florida earlier that year while traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent.Crane was stranded at sea for thirty hours when his ship sank after hitting a sandbar.He and three other men were forced to navigate their way to shore in a small boat;one of the men, an oiler named Billie Higgins, drowned after the boat overturned.小說(shuō)中的四大人物

the correspondent------a condescending observer detached from the rest of the group

the captain------who is injured and morose at having lost his ship, yet capable of leadershipthe cook-----fat and comical, but optimistic that they will be rescued

the oiler-----Billie, who is physically the strongest, and the only one in the story referred to by name

體現(xiàn)的主題

A.The relationship between Man and Nature

①M(fèi)an’s helplessness in the face of overwhelming and inscrutable forces

②Man’s unimportance in an indifferent universe

B.The relationship among Men---isolation

①isolation among men in different situations

②isolation among men in the same boat

③man’s different reactions against others’ miseries when he was in different conditions3、問(wèn)答題(每題20分，共兩題)

課本后面的問(wèn)題（除了pg3 第一題、pg17第一題、pg30一二兩題、pg64第一二五六題不需要看，其余都要思考思考）

老師給了pg64 第三四兩題的答案，如下：

第三題：.the four men were in the same boat;they built a firm comradeship for the sake of safety;there lay feelings of warms in the boat ,but they are reluctant to express;there was isolation among modern men even in danger;the captain seemed to know his responsibility to guide the boat out of the disaster, but when he was really in need, he was asleep;when a shock appeared, the other three were asleep;the correspondent hesitated at awakening them, he had to face the danger by himself;at the time,when men was in plight, friendship was no meaning, isolation existed among men even they were in danger.第四題：the soldiers died in indifferent and apathetic circumstances;the correspondent had not express his care about the misery of the soldier,not to say the sympathy until he was personally in harsh condition.only in the common plight did the correspondent express his sympathy for the soldier.only the common miseries could arouse man's sympathy for others.the correspondent's remembrance of the verse displaced the isolation among human beings and man's apathy to others miseries, as well as man'shelplessness in plight and insignificance in harsh reality4、大題----文本分析（30分，一題）

所選材料是老師上課帶我們細(xì)讀過(guò)的Unit2三首詩(shī)歌以及young goodman brown

Unit3重點(diǎn)考查有哪些價(jià)值觀（ps.這一章我沒(méi)有上，所以不是很清楚）

Unit4the American scholarpara1--para20

Unit5細(xì)讀pg52 part III 第一段，pg56---pg57，pg59 part VI 上面的段落, pg60 para1---5段的內(nèi)容，尤其是中間的verse