第一篇：美國文學總結

第一部分 殖民主義時期

the colonial period 1.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.代表人物: cotton mather 科頓.馬瑟

Jonathan Edwards 喬納森.愛德華茲

Anne brandstreet 安妮.布雷斯特里特

殖民時期第一位詩人，《最近在北美出現的第十位繆斯》 第二部分 理性和革命時期文學reasoning and revolution

1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗蘭克林

代表作： Poor Richard’s Almanac窮人理查德的年鑒 annual collection of proverbs 流行諺語集 Autobiography 自傳 18世紀美國唯一流傳至今的自傳

2、Thomas Paine 托馬斯.潘恩 Rights of man 人的權利 The age of reason 理性時代

American Crisis《美國危機》, signed “Common Sense”.署名為“常識”

3、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞諾

the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period（18 century）.是革命戰爭后期（18世紀）最杰出的作家。

the “Father of American Poetry” 美國詩歌之父

poet of American revolution

4、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯.杰弗遜

drafted the Declaration of Independence.起草了獨立宣言

第三部分 浪漫主義文學/Romanticism transcendentalism超驗主義：

1、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生

be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超驗主義引入新英格蘭的先驅。

Nature論自然——新英格蘭超驗主義者的宣言書

The American Scholar美國學者— our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我們知識分子的獨立宣言。

The Oversoul論超靈;THE Divinity school Address Self-reliance論自立;The Transcendentalist超驗主義者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英國人的特征;School Address神學院演說

2、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴維.梭羅

Walden 《沃爾登》成名作

Civil Disobedience《平民反抗》（essay 隨筆。）

3、Herman Melville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾

Moby Dick白鯨；

thMoby Dick”《白鯨》，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要講述了一個為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。②The book is steeped in symbolism.本書達到了象征主義手法的創作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣經。④在書中說：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme.寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個宏大的主題。Pierre皮爾埃;Piazza廣場故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德

4、Washington Irving 華盛頓.歐文 美國文學之父

Sketch Book 《見聞札記》 奠定了他在文學史上的地位

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的傳說 Rip van winkle 瑞普.凡.溫可爾

Legends of the Conquest of Spain《西班牙征服記》

A History of New York紐約的歷史——美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學杰作

5、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫珀

The spy 間諜 the pilot 領航者

Leatherstocking Tales《皮襪子故事集》，the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo.小說的中心人物納蒂.班波

包括“The Deerslayer”《殺鹿者》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、Hawkeye 鷹眼人

“The Prairie”《大草原》 “The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫希干人

6、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.愛倫.坡

首開近代偵探小說先河，the father of American detective story又是法國象征主義運動的源頭 Annabel Lee安娜貝爾·李 to Helen 致海倫 The Raven烏鴉

他的詩中大多是古怪、奇特、病態的形象，著重描寫猶豫的情緒，他認為詩歌就是“美得節奏之創造”

7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 納撒尼爾.霍桑

清教傳統對他影響頗深，反對超驗主義，常用象征和隱喻的手法，擅長揭示人物的內心沖突和心理描寫，作品宗教氣氛濃厚

The Scarlet Letter紅字 the minister’s black veil 牧師的黑面紗 Twice-told Tales盡人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔: Young Goodman Brown年輕的古德曼·布朗;The House of the Seven Gables有七個尖角閣的房子;The Blithedale Romance福谷傳奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像

8、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費羅

he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.朗費羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩人之角，他也是美國惟一獲此殊榮的詩人。The Song of Hiawatha海華沙之歌——美國人寫的第一部印第安人史詩;Voices of the Night夜吟/夜之聲;Ballads and Other Poens民謠及其他詩;Tales of a Wayside Inn路邊客棧的故事——詩集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生禮 Excelsior 向上 THE QUADROON GIRL

9、Walt Whitman沃爾特·惠特曼

擅長free verse(自由詩體)：Leaves of Grass草葉集:象征著一切平凡的事物和普通的民眾，發展中的美國，是19世紀美國的史詩。

Song of the Broad-Axe闊斧之歌;Song of Myself自我之歌 I hear America Singing我聽見美國在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom'd小院丁香花開時;和O captain ,my captain!林肯死后的贊美和哀思

Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪漢和罷工問題;

10、Emily Dickinson 愛米麗.狄金森

19世紀最偉大，最富影響力的女詩人，是個虔誠的教徒，被稱為“阿莫斯特的修女”贊成宗教、超驗主義

I died for Beauty 我為美而死 Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神

Theme：死亡是實現永恒Immortality的途徑

11、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特

To a Waterfowl 《致水鳥》 用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩

第四部分 現實主義文學/Realism The age of realism is also what Mark Twain referred as 鍍金時代：The Gilded Age In the late 19 century, although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended.By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned.新英格蘭的文藝復興已開始接近尾聲。Realism：（現實主義）

1、Mark Twain馬克·吐溫（美國文學中的林肯）

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克貝利·費恩歷險記;The Innocent's Abroad傻瓜出國記;The Gilded Age鍍金時代;The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉維拉縣有名的跳蛙;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer湯姆·索耶歷險記;用詞簡單、幽默、使用當地語言編寫 The Prince and the Pauper王子與貧兒;Life on the Mississippi A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court亞瑟王宮中的美國佬;The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson傻瓜威爾遜;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·達克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg敗壞哈德萊堡的人 How to Tell a Story怎樣講故事——對美國早期幽默文學的總結 自然主義：naturalism: 產生于the end of the century 十九世紀末 代表作家：

1、Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克萊恩

the pioneer wrote in the naturalistic tradition Maggie: A Girl of the Streets街頭女郎梅姬（美國文學史上首次站在同情立場上描寫受辱婦女的悲慘命運）； the black riders war is kind The Red Badge of Courage紅色英勇勛章； The Open Boat小劃子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘來到黃天鎮

2、Frank Norris 弗朗克.諾里斯, Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人號上的莫蘭（romantic）;Mc-Teague麥克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat（realistic）小麥詩史

2、Jack London 杰克.倫敦

The People of the Abyss深淵中的人們 thMartin Eden(autobiographical novel自傳體小說)The Son of the Wolf狼之子, The Call of the Wild野性的呼喚;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙 Love of Life熱愛生命;Revolution革命;What Life Means to Me生命對我意味著什么;

3、Theodore Dreiser 西奧多.德萊塞.Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G.W.Hurstwood.揭露美國社會貧富分化以及道德淪喪 Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗 Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy美國的悲劇（被稱為美國最偉大的小說）;Darwinism: 達爾文主義

1、O.Henry 歐.亨利 short story 短篇小說 世界三大短篇小說大師之一“曼哈頓的桂冠詩人”，“美國生活的幽默百科全書”

②代表作：“The Four Million”《四百萬》 小說集、The Gift of the Magi《麥琪的禮物》 單部小說

Sixes and Sevens七上八下 the Man Higher Up黃雀在后 The cop and the anthem 警察與贊美詩

2、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯

Daisy Miller苔瑟·米樂； The Portrait of a Lady貴婦人畫像； The Bostonians波士頓人 The Ambassadors大使； The Real Thing and Other Tales真貨色及其他故事； The Wings of the Dove鴿翼； The Golden Bowl金碗

3、Kate Chopin 凱特.肖邦 鄉土文學作家

一生未嫁

Wise than a god 智勝神明 at fault 過錯 阿卡迪亞 a night in acadie 第五部分 現代主義時期 the period of modernism Imagism 意象派

Lost Generation：迷惘的一代

1、Modernism現代主義

現代主義的標志：T.S.Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.2、典型的迷惘一代：

F.Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的蓋茨比》 novel Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太陽照樣升起》

“A Farwell to Arms” 《告別了，武器》 William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧囂與騷動》

3、Playwrights戲劇、劇作家：

Eugene O’Neill : “The Emperor Jones”《瓊斯國王》、Anna Christie《安娜.克里斯蒂》 The Hairy Ape《毛猿》

4、The Jazz Age(享樂時代)代表作家：

1、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德（迷惘的一代）The Great Gatsby了不起的蓋茨比 The Side of Paradise人間天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美麗的和倒霉;Tender in the Night夜色溫柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨頭

2、Ernest Hemingway歐內斯特.海明威 novelist 小說家 迷惘的一代

①寫作特點：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推動了報告文學的發展，認為報告文學句子結構要簡單，用語要節制，想象要簡練，要采用不受感情影響的、戲劇化的語調。“創造了冰山原則—簡潔的文字、鮮明的形象、豐富的情感、深刻的思想

②代表作：“The Sun Also Rises”太陽照樣升起 Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation”

“A Farewell to Arms”永別了，武器

“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、喪鐘為誰而鳴 “The Old Man and the Sea” 老人與海

In Our Time在我們的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;短篇小說： Men Without Women沒有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing勝者無所獲;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五縱隊與首次發表的四十九個短篇 政論： To Have and Have Not貧與富 回憶錄： A Moveable Feast到處逍遙

3、William Faulkner 威廉.福克納 美國南方文學的代表作家，創造了“約克納帕塔法縣“

①作品的主題：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人類心靈與自己沖突是宇宙永恒的主題。

②作品：短篇小說：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧囂與騷動》成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、押沙龍，押沙龍 “Go Down, Moses” 去吧，摩西 揭露奴隸制、種族主義和清教的罪惡

Dry September干燥的九月

Marble Faun云石林神（詩集）;Soldiers' Pay兵餉（小說）③narrative method敘述方法:

1、stream of consciousness 意識流

2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多個敘述者

4、Ezra Pound 埃茲拉.龐德 詩人

①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。

②major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”

The Spirit of Romance羅曼史精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派詩選;Cathay華夏（英譯中國詩）;Literary Essays文學論;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don'ts by Imagiste意像派戒條;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound龐德詩章（109首及8首未完成稿）

5、Robert Frest羅伯特·弗羅斯特 自然主義詩人 poet Boy's Wish少年心愿；

North of Boston波士頓之北（Mending Wall修墻,After Apple-picking摘蘋果之后Mountain Interval山間（成熟階段）（The Road Not taken沒有選擇的道路）;②he become a national bard美國民族詩人的翹首, win four Pulitzer Prizes獲得了四次普利茲獎.③“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社會；死亡、迷惑

6、Wallace Stevens 華萊士.斯蒂文斯 詩人

②代表作：“The Man with the Blue Guitar”《帶藍吉他的人》；

“Necessary Angel”《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry詩歌的評論.“Anecdote of the Jar”《壇子的軼事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 藝術到自然的秩序，integrated 統一體 ③特點：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.嘗試過多種實驗性的寫作風格。

(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time.The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和現實中所交叉的矛盾。

(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象與現實)

7、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托馬斯.斯特恩斯.愛略特 現代主義代言人

②代表作：

“The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,隨筆《傳統和個人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次闡釋了自己的審美觀點.provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成為現代評論極為有效的評判標準。

“The Waste Land”《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature.Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in successive movement.新的文學形式即相關的主題在連續運動中構成交響效果。

名詩： Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四個四重奏

“Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 詩歌悲詩, a drama(戲劇)of impressive spiritual power.極富感染力的戲劇

詩劇：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂謀殺案;Family Reunion大團圓;Cocktail Party雞尾酒會

8、John Steinbeck 約翰.斯坦貝克

①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美國大蕭條時期最杰出的小說家。

②代表作： “Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之間》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers “The Grapes of Wrath”《憤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 視為杰作。Cup of Gold金杯;Tortilla Flat煎餅房;In Dubious Battle勝負未定;The Moon is Down月亮下去了;Cannery Row罐頭廠街;The Pearl珍珠

9、Edwin Arlington Robinson埃德溫.阿林頓.羅賓遜

Captain Craig克雷格上尉——詩體小說； The Town Down the River河上的城鎮;The Man Against the Sky天邊人影

Avon's Harvest沃馮的收成;Collected Poems詩集

10、Eugene Oneil尤金?奧尼爾

Beyond the Horizon天邊外（其成名作）

The Hairy Ape毛猿;All the God's Children Got Wings上帝的兒女都有翅膀

11、Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒

Death of the saleaman Situation Normal情況正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My Sons都是我的兒子;The Death of a Salesman推銷員;The Crucible嚴峻的考驗/薩姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge橋頭眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays兩個星期一的回憶;After the Fall墮落之后;Incident at Vichy維希事件;The Price代價;The Creation of the World and Other Business創世及其他;The Archbishop's Ceiling大主教的天花板;The American Clock美國時鐘

12、Archibald Mac Leish阿基博爾德·麥克利什

Towers of Ivory象牙塔;The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻;Streets in the Moon月色中的街;New Found Land新發現的大陸;Conquistador新西班牙的征服者;Poems1912-1952 廣播?。篢he Fall of the City城市的陷落;Airraid空襲

13、Sinclair Lewis辛克萊?劉易斯 美國第一個獲諾貝爾獎

Dur Mr Wrenn我們的雷恩先生;The Job求職 The Main Street大先進;Babbitt巴比特;

第二篇：美國文學總結

美國文學

一、殖民地時期的美國文學

1、約翰 史密斯：美國文學的第一個作家，《關于弗吉尼亞的真實敘述》；

2、納撒尼爾 沃德：《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》，北美諷刺文學第一筆；

3、威廉 布拉德福德：美國歷史之父，《普利茅斯種植園史》

4、安妮、布拉德斯特利特 《第十個繆斯》

5、邁克爾 威格爾斯沃斯

6、愛德華 泰勒 長詩《上帝對其選民有影響的決定》

7、喬納森 愛德華茲：大覺醒運動中主要的思想家；

二、南北戰爭時期的美國文學（）

1、富蘭克林

2、托馬斯、潘恩：《長詩》

3、托馬斯、杰弗遜：《獨立宣言》

4、約翰、伍爾曼：《日記》

5、飛利浦、弗瑞諾：美國獨立革命的詩人

6、飛利浦、惠特利：美國文學史上第一位出版詩集的黑人女詩人，了不起的詩才之稱，《胡塞先生和棺木》；

7、威廉、鄧拉普：美國戲劇之父

8、華盛頓、歐文：美國文學之父，《見聞札記》《睡古傳說》《溫克爾》

9、詹姆斯 菲尼莫爾 庫珀：《開拓者》《最后一個莫干希人》《探路人》

10、威廉、布萊恩特：美國的華茲華斯，《詩選》《黃色的紫羅蘭》《致水鳥》

11、愛倫、坡：偵探小說的鼻祖，《厄舍古廈的倒塌》《烏鴉》

12、艾默生：超驗主義，13、大衛梭羅

14、亨利、費朗羅：《伊凡吉林》歌頌愛情；《海華沙之歌》第一部描寫印第安人的史詩；

15、納撒尼爾、霍桑：《范肖》《帶七個尖角閣的房子》《福谷傳奇》以第一人稱敘述；

16、麥爾維爾

17、斯托夫人的代表作《湯姆叔叔的小屋》

18、惠特曼：free verse；草葉集；

三、第一次世界大戰時期的美國文學

1、豪威爾斯是美國現實主義文學的奠基人，其代表作詩《塞拉斯 拉帕姆的發跡》；

2、亨利、詹姆斯：《黛西 米勒》；《貴婦人的畫像》《美國人》

3、馬克 吐溫

4、赫姆林加蘭：加蘭是“鄉土文學作家”的重要代表，《大路》，80年代美國的真實寫照；

5、弗蘭克 諾里斯：開創自然主義的先河，代表作《章魚》；

6、歐亨利：美國現代短篇小說的創始人；

7、杰克倫敦：自然主義，《馬丁伊登》自傳體小說

8、西奧多、德萊賽：美國現代小說的先驅，20世紀美國文學中第一位杰出的作家；《嘉莉妹妹》，《欲望三部曲》：《金融家》《巨人》《斯多葛》；

9、艾米麗 迪金森：現代英美詩歌的先驅；

四、一戰到二戰時期的美國文學

1、羅伯特 弗羅斯特：四次獲得普利策獎

2、龐德：印象派詩歌運動的主要力量；

3、愛德華、肯明斯：視覺詩歌的創始人；

4、尤金、奧尼爾：《天邊外》早起作品；《送冰人來了》；《長夜漫漫路迢迢》，1936年獲得諾貝爾文學獎；

5、辛克萊、劉易斯：1930年獲得諾貝爾文學獎；第一個獲得該獎項的美國作家，《大街》《巴比特》

6、海明威：

7、菲茨杰拉德：《人間天堂》《了不起的蓋茨比》《夜色溫柔》

8、賽珍珠：《大地》1938年美國歷史上第一個獲得諾貝爾文學獎的女性作家；

9、約翰、斯坦貝克：20世紀美國文壇最重要的作家之一，1962年獲得諾貝爾文學獎；《天堂的牧場》《煎餅坪》《憤怒的葡萄》《月落》《煩躁的冬天》

10、福克納：《喧嘩與騷動》 《寓言》獲得普利策獎；

最重要的作品三部曲：《村子》《小鎮》《大宅》

11、蘭斯頓 休斯：哈萊姆的桂冠詩人五、二戰以后的美國文學

1、杰克、開魯亞克：垮掉的一代，《在路上》

2、塞林格：垮掉的一代的重要作家，《麥田的守望者》

3、納博科夫：《洛麗塔》

4、約瑟夫、海勒：《第22條軍規》

5、庫特、馮尼格：黑色幽默手法；

6、威廉、斯泰輪：《蘇菲的選擇》

7、辛格：美國猶太作家，1978年諾貝爾文學獎 《路柏林的魔術師》

8、索爾、貝婁：1976年諾貝爾文學獎；《晃來晃去的人》

9、菲利普、羅斯：《美國牧歌》，獲普利策獎；

10、托尼、莫里森：1993年獲得諾貝爾，第一位美國黑人作家；

《最藍的眼睛》《所羅門之歌》

11、田納西、威廉斯：《欲望號街車》《熱鐵皮屋頂上的貓》

12、阿瑟、米勒：《推銷員之死》

第三篇：美國文學考研總結

美國文學

Chapter 1 The Romantic period(浪漫時期)本章概述

一.十九世紀初期至中葉美國文學產生的歷史、文化背景；

二、該時期文學創作的基本特征、基本主張；

三、對同時代與后期美國文學的影響；

四、主要作家作品。

文學史分析

一、The time period : 1.The Romantic Period stretchs from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.2.It started with the the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.3.It is also called “ the American Renaissance.”

二.The romantic thoughts : 1.The native feature : They revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.A.The American national experience of “pioneering into the west ” proved to be a rich source of material.B.The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral law.C.Literature began to celebrate American farmers ,the poor , the unlettered ,children ,and especially the noble savages.2.The Puritanism : A.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.B.American romantic writers tended more to moralized than their English and European counterparts.3.The Transcendentalism : A.The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.B.It was stared in New England in the 1830s.C.This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far ,Emerson and Thoreau.D.Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man the capacity of knowing truth intuitively ,or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the sense.” 三.The representatives : 1.The poetry : There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period ,among the better-known is Walt Whitman , Whose Leaves of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century.2.The fiction : The fiction of the American Romantic Period is an original and diverse body of work.3.The human nature : American Romanticists also differed in their their understanding of human nature.To Emerson and Thoreau , man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible;to Hawthorne and Melville , everybody is potentially a sinner , and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.主要作家作品 A.華盛頓.歐文 B.拉爾夫.華爾多.愛默生 C.納撒尼爾.霍桑 D.華爾特.惠特曼 E.赫爾曼.麥爾維爾

A.華盛頓.歐文

一.The literary creation 1.The works : A.A History of New York ,which , written under the name of Diedrich knickerbocker , was a great success and won him wide popularity.The book is a parody of the Dutch colony.B.With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffery Crayon , Gent ,Irving won a measure of international fame on both side of the Atlantic.The book contains familiar essays like “Rip Van Winkle ” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.” C.Following The sketch Book , Irving published Bracebridge Hall ,and Tales of a Traveler.2.The literary source and contributions : A.Irving 's relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ingored considering his sucess both abroad and at home.A History of New York is a patchwork of references.He parodies or imitates Homer , Fielding ,Swift and many other favorites of his.B.Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its people desired most in a man of letters---“Rip Van Winkle ” or “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ” are among the treasures of the American language and culture.It is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring.二.The artistic features : 1.Irving 's taste was essentially conservative.2.Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who “ perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produce.” 3.Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character.B.拉爾夫.華爾多.愛默生

一.The literary creation : 1.The chief spokesman of this spiritual movement , New England transcendentalism is Emerson.2.Nature ,Emerson's first little book ,established him ever since as the most eloquent sopkesman of New England Transcendentalism.3.His lasting reputation began only with the publication of Essays.Many of his famous essays are included in Essays ,such as the American Scholar , Self-Reliance , The Over-Soul.二.The thought 1.The transcendentalism : A.The nature : Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school with absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism.B.The contents : Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul , the importance of the Individual , and Nature.Transcendentalists believed that there should be an emotional communication between an individual soul and universal “over-soul ” 2.The influence : A.By employing nature as a big symbol of the spirit ,or God , or the over-soul , Emerson has brought the puritan legacy of symbolism to its perfection.B.Emerson is the most represntative of the philosophical an literary school , and it inspired in his lifetime a whole generation of famous authors like Thoreau , Whitman , and Dickinson.三.The artistic features : 1.The casual style : Emerson's essays often have a casual style.They are usually characterized by a series of short ,sentencesw.2.To use comparison and metaphors : Emerson's philosophical discussion is sometimes difficult to understande but he uses comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expressed.3.To employ the literary sources : Emerson often employed these literary sources to make and enrich his own points but never let them take the full reins of his discussion.C.納撒尼爾.霍桑 一.The thoughts : 1.The view of sin: A.According to Hawthorne , “There is evil in every human heart.” A piece of literary work should “ show how we are all wronged and wronger , and avenge one another.” So in almost every book he wrote , Hawthorne discusses sin and evil.B.One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect.The tension between intellect “ would be fully revealed.2.The Puritanism : A.Hawthorne 's view of man and human history originates , to a great extent , in Puritanism.He believed that ”the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones.“ B.In many of Hawthorne 's stories and novels , the Puritan concept of life is condemned , or the Puritan past is shown in an almost totally negative light , especially in his The House of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter.二.The masterpiece---The Scarlet letter : 1.The theme: In this particular novel , Hawthorne does not intend to tell a love stroy nor a story of sin , but focuses his attention on the moral , emotional , and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular , so as to show us the tension between society and individuals.2.The imagery : ”The custom-House “ to The Scarlet Letter proves fruitful to Hawthrone 's imagination , By relating a piece of red cloth shaped like ”A“ , Hawthorne succeeds in giving his tale a sense of historical reality and an air of authenticity.三.The artistic features : 1.The structure: The structure and the form of his writings are always carefully worked out to cater for the thematic concern.2.The allegory : Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically , as is the case in ” Young Goodman Brown.“ 3.The symbolism : Hawthorne is a master of symbolism.The symbol can be found everywhere in his writing.By using pearl as thematic symbol ,Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community.4.The ambiguity : And the ambiguity is one of the salient characteristics of Hawthorne's art.D.華爾特.惠特曼

一.The works---Leaves of Grass : 1.Leaves of Grass has alwasys been considered a monumental work which commands great attention.2.The work has nine editions and the first edition was published in 1855.二.the thoughts : 1.The nationalism : As Whitman saw it , poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.The abundance of themes in his poetry voices freshness.He shows concern for the whole hardworking people and the burgeoning life of cities.2.The individual value : The realization of the individual value also found a tough position in Whitman's poems in a particular way.pursuit of love and happiness is approved of repeatedly and affectionately in his lines.3.The political thoughts : Some of Whitman's poems are politically committed , Such as a collection under the title of drum Taps , ” Cavalry Crossing a Ford.“ And ” When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom 'd.“ 三.The artistic features : 1.The brand-new means : Whitman employed brand-new means in his poetry.A.Whitman's poetic style is marked , first of all , by the use of the poetic ”I“.B.Usually , the relationship Whitman is dramatizing is a triangular one :”I“ the poet, the subject in the poem , and ” you “ the reader.C.What he prefers for his new subject and new poetic feeling is ” free verse ,“that is , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.However , there is still a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical.2.The imagery : A.unifying images of the body , the crowd , teh sexuality are pervasive in his poems.B.One of the most often-used methods in Whitman's poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind's eye of the reader.3.The Language: A.Another characteristic in Whitman's language is his strong tendency to use oral English.B.Whitman's vocabulary is amazing.He would use powerful , colorful , as well as rarely-used words , words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words.E.赫爾曼.麥爾維爾

一.The literary creation : Melville's writings can be well divided into two groups.1.The early period : His early works were writen after he was back from the sea.A.Among them are Typee , Omoo , and Mardi, which drew from his adventures.B.Redburn is semi-autobiographical novel.C.In White Jacket Melville relates his life on a United states man-of-war.D.Moby-Dick proves to be the best.2.The later period : With the publication of Pierre ,Melville's public fame was on the decline.A.Among them are ”Bartleby , the Scrivener , “ ”Benito Cereno, “ The Confidence-Man.B.Bill Budd again deals with the sea and sailors and the theme of a conflict between innocence and corruption.3.The themes respectively : A.In the early ones , Melville is more enthusiastic about setting out on a quest for the meaning of the universe , hence they are more metaphysical and the main characters are ardent and self-dramatizing ”I“, defyign God , as best reflected in Moby-Dick.B.In the late works , Melville becomes more reconciled with the world of man.二.The Masterpiece---Moby-Dick : 1.The literary status : Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.2.The features : It is difficult to read because much of the talk in the talk in the novel is sailor's talk and much of the language is purposely old-fashioned and Elizabethan.3.The outline : The story is not complicated , dealing with Ahab , a man with an overwhelming obsession to kill the whale which has crippled him , on board his ship Pequod in the chase of the whale.4.The symbolism : It turns out to be a symbolic yoyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe , a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology.三.The artistic features: 1.The style of symbol and imagery A.Different people on board the ship are representations of defferent ideas and different social and ethnic groups.B.Facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings.C.Pequod is the microcosm of human society , and the voyage becomes a search for truth.D.For author ,Moby-Dick is still a mystery , an ultimate mystery of the universe.2.The other stills : Melville's great gifts of language , invention , psychological analysis , speculative agility , and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic.美國部分 The Realistic period(現實主義文學時期)本章概述

一.十九世紀中期現實主義文學產生的歷史、文化背景；

二、美國現實主義文學創作的基本特征、基本主張；

三、對同時代與后期美國文學的影響；

四、主要作家作品。

文學史分析

一、The time period : The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States.二.The theoretical base : 1.The thoughts of Howells : A.The literary principle : The fidelistic reflection of human reality is most clearly expressed by William Dean Howells.B.The influence : Guided by this principle of adhering to the truthful treatment of life , the realists touched upon various comtemporary social and political issues.2.The subject matters : A.The characters : They introduced industrial workers and farmers , ambitious businessmen and vagrants , prostitutes and unheroic soldiers as major characters in fiction.B.The modes : They approached the harsh realities and pressures in the post Civil War society either by a comprehensive picture of modern life , or by a psychological exploration of man's subconsciousness.3.The three towering figures : The three dorminant figures of the period are William Dean Howells , Mark Twain and Henry James.A.The common features : a.They brought to fulfillment native trends in the realistic portrayal brought to perfection teh vernacular style.b.They established the literary indentity of distinctively American protagonists , specifically the vernacular hero and the ”American Girl.“ C.In short , they set teh example and charted the future course for teh subjects , themes ,techniques and styles of fiction.B.The distinctions : a.They differed in their understanding of the ” truth “.While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the ”life“ of teh Americans ,Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the ”inner world “ of man.b.Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society , they had each of them different emphasis.Howells focused his discussion the rising middle class and the way they lived , While Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.三.The naturalism in literature : 1.The sources : The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American naturalism.2.The subject matter : They chose their subjets from the lower ranks of society , and portrayed misery and poverty of the ”underdogs “ who were demonstrably victims of society and nature.3.The themes : One of the most familiar themes in American naturalism is the theme of human ”bestiality “especially as an explanation of sexaul desire.4.The features: Artistically ,naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language , lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure.Philosophically , the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of teh individual , or beyond this control.In a word , naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.主要作家作品

A.馬克.吐溫 B.亨利.詹姆斯 C.艾米莉.狄金森 D.西奧多.德萊塞

A.馬克.吐溫

一.The works : 1.The early period : A.With works like Adventures of Huckleberry Finn an Life on the Mississippi Twain shaped the world's view of America.B.The first among these books is Roughing it.C.Two of the best books during this period are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.2.The late period : A.the Gilded Age is Written in collaboration with Warner , the novel explored the scrupulous individualism.B.In A Connecticut Yankee in king Arthu's Court , Twain follows the journey of a representative of modern technology and ideas into a historically backward , feudal society.C.The others include: The Tragedy of Pudd's nhead Wilson The man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and The Mysterious Strager.二.The masterpieces : 1.The literary status : The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves to be the milestone in American literature , and thus firmly established Twain's position in the literary world.2.The features: The books are noted for their unpretentious ,colloquial yet poetic style ,their wide-ranging humor , and their unviversally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom.3.The language : the novel is written in a language which is not grand , pompous , but simple , direct , lucid , and faithful to the colloquial speech.4.The character portrayal : The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature.三.The artistic features: 1.The local color : Twain is also known as a local colorist , who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions , Unlike James and Howells , Mark Twain wrote about the lower-class people.2.The language : Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language , his use of vernacular.His words are colloquial , concrete and direct in effect , and his sentence structures are simple , 3.The sense of humor : Mark Twain's humor is remarkable , too.Mark Twain shared the popular image of the American funny man.However , his humor is not only of witty remarks , but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social inujustic and satirize the decayed romanticism

B.亨利.詹姆斯

一.The literary creation : The literary of Henry James is generally divided into three periods.1.The early period : A.The theme: James took great interest in international themes he treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of American in Europe , or Europeans in America.B.The Works : the American , Daisy Miller , The Europeans , The Portrait of A Lady is generally considered to be hsi masterpiece.2.The middle period : A.the Theme: James experimented with different themes and forms in his middle period.B.The works : The Bostonians , The Princess Casamassima , The Death of a Lion , The turn of the Screw , and The Beast in the Jungle.3.The late period : A.The theme : In his last and major period , James returned to his ” international theme.“ B.The works : What Maisie Knows , The Wings of the Dove , The Ambassadors and The Golden Bowl.These demanding novels are widely considered to be James' most influential contribution to literature.二.The contributions to literature : 1.The international theme A.James' fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with the international theme.These novels are always set against a larger international background , usually between European and America.The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures would be that of a young American man or American girl.B.Marriage and love are used by James as the focal point of the confrontation between the twol value systems.2.The literary criticism : A.Henry James's literary criticism is an indispensable part of his contribution to literature.The theme of his essay ” The Art of Fiction “ clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life.B.He also advoctes the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him , even the disgreeable , the ugly and commonplace.三.the artistic features : 1.The psychoanalysis: A.James's realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter.His fictional world is concerned more with inner life of human beings than with overt human actions.B.This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness proves to be a big breakthrough in novel writing James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-century ”stream-of-consciousness “ novels and the founder of psychological realism.2.The narrative point of view : A.James avoids the authorial omniscience and makes his characters reveal themselves.B.In his novels we usually learn the main story by reading through one or several minds and share their perspetives.3.The language : As to his language , James is not so easy to understand.With a large vocabulary , he is always accurate in word selection , trying to find the best expression_r for his literary imagination.C.艾米莉.狄金森 一.The literary themes : 1.About eternity : A.Dickinso's poems are usually based on her own experiences , her sorrows and joys.But within her little lyrics Dickinso addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings.B.Closely related to Dickinson's religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality.2.About love : A.Love is another subject Dickinson dwelt on.One group of her love poems treats the suffering and frustration love can cause.B.The other group of love poems focuses on the physicalaspect of desire.However , it is those poems dealing wiht marriage that have aroused critical attention first.二.The artistic features : 1.The unique style : Her poems have no titles.In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern.2.The unconventional style : The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymns is community churches ,familiar ,communal ,and sometimes , irregular.3.The other styles : Her poetic idioms is noted for its laconic brevity , directness and plainness.Her poems are usually short , and many of them are centered on a single image or symbol and focused on one subject matter.D.西奧多.德萊塞 一.The works 1.The literary status : Theodore Dreiser is generally acknowledged as one of America's literary naturalists.2.The representatives : A.Sister Carrie is the best-known works.B.His best short fictions were Nigger Jeff, Old Rogaum and His Theresa.C.His ” Trilogy of Desire, “ The Financier , The Titan and The Stoic.D.Dreiser's greatest wrok is An American Tragedy.二.The thoughts of literary creation: 1.The naturalism : A.With the publication of Sister Carrie ,Dreiser was launching himself upon a long career later known as literary naturalism , which emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters.B.In his words , man is a ”victim of forces over which he has no control.“ To him ,life is ” so sad , so strannge , so mysterious and so inexplicable.“ 2.The Darwinism : A.The effect of Darwinist idea of ” survival of the fittest “ was shattering.B.In Sister Carrie Dreiser expressed His naturalistic pursuit.In his ” Trilogy of Desire ,“ Dreiser's focus shifted from the American Tragedy proves to be his greatest work Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure.3.The American Values : A.From the first novel Sister Carrie on , Dreiser set himself to project the American values the human individual is obsessed with a never-ending , yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desires.One of the desires is for money.Sex is another human desire.B.Dreiser never forgot to imply that these human desires in life could hardly be defined.三.The artistic features: 1.For lack of concision , his writings appear more inclusive and less selective.He has been always accused of being awkward in setence structure , inept and occasionally flatly wrong in word selection and meaning , and mixed and disorganized in voice and tone.2.He broke away from the genteel tradition of literature and dramatized the life in a very realistic way.The Modern Period(現代文學時期)本章概述

一.20 世紀初期到中葉美國現代文學產生的歷史、文化背景；

二、美國現代文學創作的基本特征、基本主張；

三、對當代美國文學發展的影響。

文學史分析

一、The cultural background 1.Darwinism and Maxism : A.Darwinism was still a big influence over the writers of this period.B.Marx believed that the root cause of all behavior was economic , and that the leading feature of the economic life was the division of society into antagonistic classes based on a relation to the means of production.2.Freudian theories : A.Freud propounded an idea of human beings themselves as grounded in the ”unconsious “,and made the practice of the psychoanalysis.B.William James ,famous for his theory of ”stream of conciousness.“and Carl Jung, noted for his ” collective unconscious “and ”archetypal symbol “ plus Freud's interpretation of dreams , have infused modern American literature.3.The modern European arts : A.In painting ,both the French Impressionist and the German expression_r_rist artists depicted the human reality in a rather subjective point of view.B.Cubism is the name for another School of modern painting.Its emphasis on the formal structure of a work of art , especially its emphasis on the multiple-perspective viewpoints ,had provided the writers with more than one way to explain the reality.C.Composers like lgor produced music in a ” modern “mode ,featuring dissonance and discontinuity.二.The literature between WWI and WW II : 1.The expatriate movement : A.The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature , the second American Renaissance , is the expatriate movement.B.When the First World War broke out , many young men volunteered to take part in ” the war to end wars “ only to find that modern warfare was not as glorious or heroic as they thought it to be.They began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.C.They were basically expatriates who left America and formed a community of writers and artists in paris.These writers were later named by an American writer , Gertrude Stein, ”The Lost Generation.“ 2.Imagist movement: A.Modern American literature are famous poets such as EZra Pound , Williams, Frost , Pound's role as a leading spokesman of the famous imagist movement in the history of American literature can never be ignored.B.Williams rooted his poetic imagination in American native tradition.Frost is always liked by the Americans because the subject and the landscape of his poems are forever New England and his simplicity never fails to reveal some profound truth.C.Cummings , Stevens are also remembered for.The former always used ”i“ instead ”I“ to refer to himself as a protest against self-importance , while the later.Whose style is more cultivated and refined.3.The great novelists : A.Fitzgerald , Hemingway , Faukner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction.The Jazz Age of the 1920s is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald.Hemingway dramatizes in his novels the sense of loss and despair Faulkner creates his own mythical kingdom.B.Besides , writers like Anderson Lewis , Steinbeck contributed a great deal to modern American literature.Anderson explores the motivations and frustrations of his fictional characters.Lewis is a sociological writer and his Babbit presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited middle-class mind , Steinbeck is a representative of the 1930s.His The Grapes of Wrath proves to be a symbolic journey of man an the way to finding some truth about life and himself.4.The plays : A.The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature is Eugene O' Nell.For his tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root , the truth of human desires and human frustration.B.Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams were yet to acclaim the literary recognition and to hold the central position in American drama until the present times.三.The literature after WWII: 1.The poetry: A.The postwar poets , with Robert Lowell in the lead , would typically write about an object or a situation showing a growing sense of resistance to the express culture and at the same time an assertion of the self.B.The outstanding ones are Gary Snyder , who tends to liberate poetry from the academy and Allen Ginsberg , whose ” Howl “ became the manifesto of the Beat Movement.2.The features : A.First of all , a group of new writers who survived the war wrote about their traumatic experience among whom we have Norman Mailer and Herman Wouk.Warren and O' Conner are representatives of the talented Southern writers.B.By the 1950s a significant group of Jewish-American writers had appeared and one of them was Saul Bellow.Their work , Examined subtly the dismantiling of the self by an intolerable modern history.C.Black fiction began to attract critical attention during this period too.The two major figures are Wright and Ralph Ellison.D.Other important writers who were writing at the time include J.D.Salinger and John Updike.Salinger is considered The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students' classic Updike's Rabbit novels examine the middle-class values.E.American fiction in the 1960s and 1970s is always referred to as ” new fiction,“ with Kurt Vonnegut , Joseph Heller , John Bath , and Thomas Pynchon at its forefront.These writers shared almost the same belief that human beings are trapped in a meaningless world.四.The features : 1.In creation : A.Modern American writings are notable for what they omit-the explanations , interpretations ,connections and summaries.B.There are shifts in perspective , voice , and tone , but the biggest shift is from the external to psychic , from the public to the private , from the chronological to the psychic , the objective description to the subjective projection.C.Moern American writers in general emphasize the concrete sensory images or details.They rely on the reference or allusions to literary , historical ,philosophical , or religious details of the past.2.In techniques: A.Writers strove for directness , compression , and vividness and were sparing of words.B.The average novel became quite a bit shorter than it had been in the 19th century.C.New significance was given to the short story.If realistic fiction achieved its effects by accumulation and saturation , modern fiction preferred suggestiveness.D.Modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the reader to the ” Central consciousness “ or one character point of view.E.The modernistic vision is truth does not exist objectively but is product of a personal interaction with reality.主要作家作品

A.埃茲拉.龐德 B.羅伯特.弗洛斯特 C.尤金.奧尼爾 D.斯各特.菲茲杰拉德 E.歐內斯特.海明威 F.威廉.?？思{

A.埃茲拉.龐德

一.The literary creation : 1.The poetry : A.The works : Pound's poetic works include twelve volumes of verse in Collected in Collecte Early Poems of Ezra pound ,and some longer pieces such as Hugh Selwyn Mauberley and his life's work , Cantos.B.The theme: Pound's earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects : songs in praise of a lady ,song concerning the poet's craft , love and friendship ,death ,the transience of beauty and the permanence of art ,and some other subjects.Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture: the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well 2.The critical essays : A.The works : Pound produced quite a number of critical essays , which can be found in Make it New Literary Essays , The ABC of Reading and Polite Essays, B.The theme : Essays best reflect Pound's appraisals of literary traditions and of modern writing.3.The translations : A.The works : He also published several volumes of translation , most notably , The Translation of Ezra Pound , Confucius ,and Shih-Ching B The significance : They have not only cast light on Pound's affinity to the Chinese and his strenuous effort in the study of Oriental literature , but also offered us a clue to the understanding of his poetry and literary theory.二.The achievements to American Literature : 1.The Imagist movement : A.Imagist Movement flourished from 1909 to 1917.B.This is a movement that advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism C.Three main principles direct treatment of poetic subjects , elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words , rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.D.The primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing , to stick closely to the object or experience being described , and to move from explicit generalization Pound's famous one-image poem is ”In a Station of the Metro “.2.The artistic features: A.Pound's poetic work include his use of myth and personae.Pound could sustain a dialogue between past and present successfully.B.As to his language , his lines are usually oblique yet marvelously compressed His poetry is dense with personal , literary , and historical allusions ,but at the expense of syntax and summary statements.B.羅伯特.弗洛斯特

一.the poetic creation : 1.The subject-matter : The subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England.2.The theme: The basic themes of man's life in his long poetic career are the individual 's relationships to himself , to his fellow-man , to his world ,and to his God.3 The works : A.His first collection A Boy's Will , is marked by an intense but restrained emotion and the characteristic flavor of New England life B.North of Boston is described by the author as ”a book of people “.C.The same expressive idiom and brilliant observation appear in Mountain Interval.D.New Hampshire won Frost the first of four Pulitzer Prizes.E.The collection West-Running brook poses disturbing uncertainties about man's prowess and importance.F.A Witness Tree includes ” The Gift Outright ,“ the poem he later recited at President Kennedy 's inauguration G.At the age of seventy Frost took up , a religious question he had explored before , most notably in ” After Apple-Picking.“

二.The artistic features : 1.The conventions of nature poetry and classical pastoral poetry : A.Unlike his contemporaries in the early 20th century , he did not break up with the poetic tradition nor made any experiment on form.Instead , he learned from the tradition.B.He made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression_r_r_r.C.Many of his poems are fragrant with natural quality.Images and metaphors in his poems are drawn from the simple country life and the pastoral landscape.2.The theme concerned : A.These thematic concerns include the terror and tragedy in nature , as well as its beauty , and the loneliness and poverty of the isolated human being.B.First and foremost Frost is concerned with his love of life and his belief in a serenity.三.The styles : 1.the grace is style : By using simple spoken language and conversational rhythms , Frost achieved an effortless grace in his style.2.The verse forms : He combined traditional verse forms-with a clear American local speech rhythm , the speech of New England farmers.C.尤金.奧尼爾

一.The literary creation : Eugene O'Neill is unquestionably America's greatest playwright.He won the Pulitzer four times and was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize.He is widely acclaimed ” founder of the American drama.“

1.The early period :-one-act melodramatic plays A.He gained some experience by writing some one-act melodramatic plays at first , including Bound East for Cardiff.B.O'Neill's first full-length play , Beyond the Horizon , Made a great hit and won him the first Pulizer Prize , which theme is the choice between life and death , the interaction of subjective and objective factors.2.The middle period :-Symbolic expression_r_r_rism A.Between 1920 and 1924 came his prominent achievements in symbolic expression_r_r_rism : The Emperor Jones , The Hairy Ape , All God's Chillun Got Wings ,and Desire Under the Elms.The expression_r_r_ristic techniques are used in these plays to highlight the theatrical effect of the rupture.B.He concerned himself with some non-realistic forms to contain his tragic vision in a number of his plays , such as The Great God Brown , and Lazarus Laughed , Strange Interlude , paved the way to the honor of the Nobel Prize in 1936.3.The late period :-Autobiographical plays : A.The best and greatest plays of the modern American theater late in his life are The Iceman Cometh ,and Long Day's Journey Into Night.B.Long Day's Journey Into Night has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of O' Neill's literary career and the coming of age of American drama.二.The artistic features : 1.The pessimism features : A.Of all the plays O' Neill wrote , most of them are tragedies , dealing with the basic issues of human existence and predicament.B.His characters in the plays are described as seeking meaning , but all meet disappointment and despair.C.His final dramas became ”transcendental , “ in the way that the dramatization of man's effort in finding the secret of life results in a reconciliation with the tragic impossiblity.2.The stylistic features : A.He was constantly experimenting with new styles and for his plays.He used just a single actor , alone on the stage , in his one-act play.B.In those expression_r_r_ristic plays , abstract and symbolic stage sets are used and lighting and music are employed.C.As to his language , O' Neil frequently wrote the lines in dialect , or spelled words in ways which indicate a particular accent or manner of speech.3.The Variety of creation : In verse form he was assorted;he wrote in both the metrical forms and the free verse , in a form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional.D.斯各特.菲茲杰拉德 一.The literary creation : Francis Scott Fitzgerald was a most representative figure of the 1920s , he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.1.The creation in novel : A.His first novel This Side of Paradise was so successful that it won for him not only wealth and fame , but also the expensive prize of Zelda Sayre.He has been regarded as the prototype of a series of rich , beautiful women.B.His second novel , The Beautiful and Damned , increased his popularity.C.His masterpiece The Great Gatsby made him one of the greatest American novelists.D.Fitzgerald wrote one more important novel Tender is the Night , leaving his last novel The Last Tycoon unfinished.2.The creation in novellas : A.His short-story collections won him great popularity , such as Flappers and Philosopher , Tales of the Jazz Age , All the Sad Young Men.B.One of his best short stories is ” Babylon Revisited.“

二.The achievements in literature : 1.The a panorama of the Jazz Age A.Most critics have agreed that Fitzgerald is both that Fitzgerald is both an insider and an outsider of the Jazz Age with a double vision.This doubleness or irony is one of the distinguishing marks as a writer and helps Fitzgerald to present a panorama of the Jazz Age with a deep insight.B.Fitzgerald 's fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age , in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society , especially the upper-class young people.2.The theme of American Dream : A.Fitzgerald never spared an intimate touch in his fiction to deal with the bankruptcy of the American Dream , which is highlighted by the disillusionment of the protagonists' personal dreams.B.Money is only a convenient and inadequate symbol for what he dreams of earning , and love merely a vehicle that can transport him to a magic world of eternal happiness.C.Although the protagonist's pursuit of his dream only proves to be futile to be futile , Fitzgerld does not negate the the affirmative role the ” magic moments “ play , which attend the hope and expectations of eternal happiness.3.The artistic features : A.Fitzgerald is a great stylist in American literature.His style , closely related to his themes , is explicit and chilly.B.He follows the Jamesian tradition in using the scenic method in his chapters , leaving the tedious process of transition to the readers' imagination.c.He also skillfully employs the device of having events observed by a ”central consciousness“ to his great advantage.E.歐內斯特.海明威

一.the literary creation : 1.The collection of short stories : A.The features : Greatly and permanently affected by the war experiences , Hemingway formed his writing style , together with his theme and hero.B.The masterpiece : In Our Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero-Nick Adams.Nick becomes the prototype of the wounded hero.C.The significance : In this book , Hemingway sought to endow prose with the density of poetry , making each image each scene , and each rendered act several purposes.2.The novels : A.The Sun Also Rises;a.The contents : The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway 's first true novel.It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of ” The Lost Generation.“ b.The significance : The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering , amusing , but aimless people.In this period the Hemingway Code hero is exemplified in different versions.B.A Farewell to Arms : a.The contents : A Farewell to Arms wrote the epitaph telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse.b.The significance : In this novel , Hemingway not to only emphasizes his belief that man is refute the idea of nature as an expression_r_r_r of either God's design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.C.For whom the Bell Tolls : a.The contents : For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway 's career as writer , which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War.b.The significance : In the end , the manner of his dying convinces people that life is worth living and there are causes worth dying for.D.The old man and the sea : a.The contents : Capping his career and leading to his receipt of the Nobel Prize , this short novel is about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his losing battle with a giant marlin.b.the significance ” It is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces 3.Other works : Men without Womenn , Death in the Afternoon, The Green Hills of Africa ,The Snows of Kilimanjaro , To Have and Have Not.二.The artistic features : 1.The Hemingway code here: A.Hemingway's world is limited.He deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstances and measures them against an unvarying code , known as “grace under pressure ”.Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty , the discipline , and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.B.In the general situation of his novels , life is full of tension and battles;the world is in chaos;man is always fighting desperately a losing battle.C.Hemingway 's limited fictional world implies a much broader thematic pattern and serious philosophical concern.2.The theory of iceberg: A.Hemingway himself once said , “the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.” B.According to Hemingway , good literary writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorial comments ,without conventionally emotive language , and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs.3.The stylistic features : A.seemingly simple and natural , Hemingway 's style is actually polished and tightly controlled ,but highly suggestive and connotative.B.Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism intiated by Mark Twain.C.He uses short , simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness , terseness and great care.D.No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for“ his powerful style-forming mastery of the art ” of creating modern fiction

F.威廉.?？思{ 一.the works :

1.After training in Canada : A.Faulkner published a volume of poetry The Marble Faun.B.His first novel is Soldier's Pay.2.After the trip to Europe : A.Sartoris B.The sound and the Fury C.Major works : As I Lay Dying Light in August , Absalom , Absalom!Wild Palms , The Hamelet , The Unvanquished and Go Down , Moses.3.After 1946: A.The Portable Faulkner.B.The Nobel Prize for the anti-racist Intruder in the Dust.C.Remarkable novels such as Requiem for a Nun , The Fable, The Town , and The Mansion.二.the Yoknapatawpha Kingdom : 1.the background: A.The source : Most of Faulkner's works are set in the American South , with his emphasis on the Southern subjects and consciousness.His stories are about people from a small region in Northern Mississippi , Yoknapatawpha County , which is actally an imaginary place.B.The time period : The Yoknapatawpha stories deal, generally , with the historical period from the Civil War up to the 1920s.C.The significance: Yoknapatawpha county has become an allegory or a parable of the Old South , with which Faulkner has managed Successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.2.The theme: A.The overran pattern : The Yoknapatawpha County series have an overall patter in which the fate of ruined homeland always focuses on the collision of Faukner's intelligent , sensitive , and idealistic protagonist with the society of the twentieth century.B.The theme : Most of the major themes are directly related to this confrontation.C.The stylistic methods : The past and the present , nature and society are always juxtaposed in his novels and stories.All his heroes turn out to be tragic.Faulkner suggests that society , eliminates man's chance of responding naturally to the experiences of his existence.According to Faulkner , the life-death cycle, the spring and winter of the earth , the birth and death of the animals is reality.Man, becomes weak and cowardly , confused and ineffectual.三.The masterpiece: Of Faulkner's literary works , four novels are masterpieces by any standards :The sound and the Fury , light in August , Absalom ,Absalom!And Go Down , Moses.1.The Sound and the Fury : The Sound and The Fury is a story of “Lost innocence ”which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.2.Light in August is primarily about the South as a state of mind.3.Absalom , Absalom!is a novel entirely of interpretation , the attempts of several characters-to explain the past , characterized by involutions of narrative structrue which express corresponding complexities of meaning.4.Go Down , Moses is a sense a companion piece to Absalom , Absalom!In this book , Faulkner illumintes the problem of black and white in Southern society as a close-knit destiny of blood brotherhood.The best story to highlight Faulkner's concern is “ The Bear”.In this story ,Faulkner skillfully employs an old crafty bear as a symbol of the timeless freedom of the wilderness.四.The literary achievements : 1.The literary theory : A.Faulkner has always been regarded as a man with great might of invention and experimentation.He added to the theory of the novel as an art form and evolved his own literary strategies.B.To him , the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.2.The narrative skills : A.the objective narration : He would never step between the characters and the reader to explain , but let the characters explain themselves and hinder as little as possible the reader's direct experience of the work of art.B.The inversion of chronological time: He deliberately broke up the chronology of his narrative by juxtaposing the past with the present , in the way the montage does in a movie.C.The stream-of-consciousness technique: Modern stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully expoited by Faulkner to emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.D.The description of multiple points of view : Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view , which gave the story a circular form.Thus a high degree of truth could be reached.E.Others : The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.3.The stylistic features : A.In style : His prose , marked by long and embedded sentences , complex syntax , and vague reference pronouns on the one hand and a variety of “ registers ” of the English language on the other , is very difficult to read.B.The formal pattern : In Faulkner's writings there are syntactical structures and verbals paralleled , negatives balanced against positives , compounded adjectives swelling his sentences , complex modifying elements placed after the nouns.C.The informal pattern : He captured the dialects of the Mississippi characters ,including Negroes and the redneck ,as well as more refined and educated narrators like Quention.D.The imageries : They symbols and imageries , they are most of them drawn from nature.

第四篇：美國文學流派總結

美國文學流派總結

重農派(Agrarians)迷惘的一代(The Lost Generation)黑山派詩歌(BIack Mountain Poems)垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation)黑色幽默(Black humor)

重農派(Agrarians)

美國現代南方作家組成的一個松散的文化團體，又稱“逃亡者派”。1915年，一些與田納西州納什維爾鎮范德比爾特大學有關的文化人常常聚會討論文學及哲學問題。第一次世界大戰期間集會曾一度中斷，1919年重又恢復。范德比爾特大學教師、詩人約翰·克羅·蘭塞姆成為這一活動的實際領導者，他的周圍聚集了一批有才華的年輕人，如詩人羅伯特·潘·華倫、阿倫·泰特、唐納德·戴維森以及小說家安德魯·納爾遜·萊特爾、詩人莫里爾·莫爾等。1922至1925年，他們出版了有影響的小型文藝雜志《逃亡者》，它所發表的重要的文章后來收組成為《逃亡者文選》(1928)?！疤油稣吲伞币辉~即由此而來。

“逃亡者”們提倡維護南方傳統的文學地方主義，成為“南方文藝復興”的一文中堅力量。1930年，以“逃亡者派”為主體的12個南方作家，其中有蘭塞姆、華倫、泰特以及詩人約翰·弗萊徹、劇作家斯塔克·揚格等人，撰寫的專題論文集《我要表明我的態度》出版。這部被看作“重農派”宣言的著作在社會上引起了不小反響。這些文章的主旨都是以南方農業社會為尺度來評價、批判現代美國資本主義社會。此后，阿倫·泰特等人編輯出版了“重農派”的第二部論文集《誰占有美國?》(1936)。

30年代經濟大蕭條時期，重農思想對南方知識分子影響極大。這種思想不僅貫穿在蘭塞姆、戴維森、泰特、華倫等人的作品中，在威廉·福克納、卡羅琳·戈登、萊特爾以至尤多拉·韋爾蒂等人的小說中也有鮮明的體現，一時形成了一股很有聲勢的文化潮流，以致有“重農運動”之稱。1935年，華倫與克林斯·布魯克斯共同創辦了《南方評論》，1939年蘭塞姆創辦了《肯庸評論》，這些雜志便成為“重農派”作家重要的活動陣地。美國現代重要的文藝批評流派“新批評派”就是圍繞著這些刊物形成的?！靶屡u派”中的不少成員也都是“重農派”的核心人物。

迷惘的一代(The Lost Generation)

第一次世界大戰后出現在美國的一個文學流派。它不是一個有組織、有共同綱領的團體。這個名詞源出僑居巴黎的美國女作家格特魯德·斯泰因。她有一次指著海明威等人說：“你們都是迷惘的一代。”海明威把這句話作為他的長篇小說《太陽照樣升起》的一句題辭，于是“迷憫的一代”成了一個文學流派的名稱?！懊糟囊淮弊骷业墓餐c是厭惡帝國主義戰爭，卻又找不到出路。第一次世界大戰爆發時，他們大多是20歲左右的年輕人。他們在美國政府“拯救世界民主”口號的蠱惑下，懷著民主的理想，奔赴歐洲戰場。他們目睹人類空前的大屠殺，發現戰爭遠不是他們原來設想的那種英雄的事業，所謂“民主”、“光榮”、“犧牲”都是騙人的東西。他們在戰爭中經歷了種種苦難，了解到普通兵士中間的反戰情緒。這在他們心靈中留下了無法醫治的創傷。他們的作品反映了這些思想感情。例如，約翰·多斯·帕索斯的《三個士兵》、愛·肯明斯的《巨大的房間》、威廉·?？思{的《士兵的報酬》和《薩托里斯》。厄內斯特。海明威是“迷惘的一代”的代表作家。他到歐洲打過仗，負過重傷。海明威當時對待戰爭的態度，象其他反戰作家一樣，只限于厭惡、逃避與詛咒。他對戰后的和平生活也不抱希望，所以在作品中迷惘、悲觀的情緒較為濃厚?！懊糟囊淮辈粌H指參加過歐洲大戰的作家，也包括沒有參加過戰爭、但對前途感到迷憫和遲疑的20年代作家，例如司各特·菲茨杰拉爾德、托·斯·艾略特和托·馬斯·沃爾夫等。“迷憫的一代”主要繁榮在20年代；30年代以后，他們的創作傾向，包括海明威在內，都有了變化。

黑山派詩歌(BIack Mountain Poems)

美國當代的一個詩歌流派。20世紀50年代初，在馬薩諸塞州黑山學院任教的查·奧爾遜、羅·鄧肯、羅·克里利等人創辦《黑山評論》雜志，提倡與40年代流行的傳統格律體相反的“放射體”詩歌，逐步形成一個流派。奧爾遜的《放射體詩歌》(1950)一文闡述了他們的主要觀點。奧爾遜認為詩是把詩人的“能”傳遞給讀者的東西，因此詩是“能的結構”和“能的放射”；要以順應呼吸的“音樂片語”代替傳統詩律中的節拍；形式只是內容的延伸；一個意念必須直接導向另一個意念，提倡快速寫作。黑山派詩人還倡導詩歌朗誦。他們強調詩歌的自發性和口語化，采用美國口語和埋語，反對艾略特等人精雕細刻、廣征博引的學院派詩風。50年代后期他們與垮掉派詩人合流，引起較大的反響。

垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation)

第二次世界大戰后在美國出現的一個文學流派。有人根據英文“Beats”和“Beatniks”(“垮掉青年”的俗稱)譯成“避世青年”或“疲塌派”，也有人取其詩歌的部分特征，稱為“節拍運動”或“敲打詩派”?！翱宓羟嗄辍睂鸷竺绹鐣F實不滿，又迫于麥卡錫主義的反動政治高壓，便以“脫俗”方式來表示抗議。他們奇裝異服，蔑視傳統觀念，厭棄學業和工作，長期浪跡于底層社會，形成了獨特的社會圈子和處世哲學。50年代初，他們的反叛情緒表現為一股“地下文學”潮流，向保守文化的統治發動沖擊。多數垮掉派文人來自東部。著名的有杰克·凱魯亞克、艾倫·金斯堡、威廉· 巴羅斯、格雷戈里?？聽査?、約翰·克萊倫·霍爾姆斯、塞繆爾·克雷姆和加里·斯奈德等。1950年，凱魯亞克與巴羅斯合寫偵探故事未成，卻各自完成了一部垮掉派小說《小鎮與城市》(1951)和《吸毒者》(1953)。霍爾姆斯從中受到啟發，在小說《走吧》(1952)中更明確地反映紐約“垮掉青年”的生活感受，又在《紐約時報》上鼓吹垮掉派文學，但這種嘗試受到東部學院派勢力的壓抑，他們就往西部尋求同道和發展基地。當時洛杉磯近郊的西威尼斯有個以勞倫斯·李普頓為首的垮掉派組織，他于1955年發表小說《神圣的野蠻人》。在舊金山，以勞倫斯·弗林蓋梯的“城市之光”書店為中心，聚合了一群立志從事“文藝復興”的反學院派詩人，他們的首領即是后來成為“垮掉的一代”理論家的肯尼斯·雷克思羅斯。1955年夏天，“垮掉文人”和反學院派詩人(包括舊金山詩人和黑山派詩人)在舊金山聯合舉辦詩歌朗誦會，自此之后垮掉派文學作品開始流行。金斯堡在會上朗讀了他那首被譽為“50年代《荒原》”的長詩《嚎叫》。這首詩以怨氣沖天的哀號表達“我這一代精英”的痛苦與自暴自棄，斥責“莫洛克”神統治下的軍事化、商業化的社會。1956年，他的詩集出版，轟動全國。1957年，凱魯亞克的長篇小說《在路上》出版，它描寫垮掉分子在各地流浪的生活，使大批精神苦悶的青年為之神往，奉為“生活教科書”。這兩部作品出版后，《常青評論》、《黑山評論》等雜志連續出版專號，加以推薦。諾曼·梅勒的被稱為美國存在主義宣言的《白種黑人》(1957)，以及1960年他在波士頓審訊中為巴羅斯小說所做的辯護，則從理論上論證了“垮掉文學”的意義。商業化宣傳使得美國青年紛紛接受“垮掉”生活方式，從爵士樂、搖擺舞、吸大麻、性放縱直至參撣念佛和“背包革命”(指漫游旅行)，一時成為風氣?！翱宓襞伞比松軐W的核心是個人在當代社會中的生存問題?；魻柲匪购兔防战栌脷W洲存在主義觀念，宣揚通過滿足感官**來把握自我。斯奈德和雷克思羅斯則吸收佛教禪宗的學說，以虛無主義對抗生存危機。在政治上，他們標榜自己是“沒有目標的反叛者，沒有口號的鼓動者，沒有綱領的革命者”。在藝術上，據雷克思羅斯在《離異：垮掉的一代的藝術》(1957)中宣稱，他們“以全盤否定高雅文化為特點”。凱魯亞克發明的“自發式散文”寫作法和查爾斯·奧爾遜的“放射詩”論，在“垮掉文人”中被廣泛奉行。

由上述藝術觀點支配的“垮掉文學”運動，雖然曇花一現，而且摻雜大量不健康的因素，仍在美國文學史上留下了一定影響。大量“垮掉詩”因具有大眾化和反象征主義傾向，長期在青年中流傳。在小說方面，凱魯亞克的一組用自發表現法寫成的“路上小說”，除了《在路上》之外，還有《地下人》(1958)、《達摩流浪漢》(1958)、《特莉斯苔薩》(1959)、《孤獨天使》(1959)等。它們的一個特點是繼承了馬克．吐溫的《哈克貝里·費思歷險記》所開創的美國文學中寫流浪生活的傳統，形成了一種為當代其他小說家所仿效的模式，主人公為逃脫污濁的環境而四出漫游，尋找自由和歸宿。它們的另一個特點是主人公毫不隱諱地大談自己的境遇和感受，作自我剖析，這種“個人新聞體”手法在印年代得到較大的發展。巴羅斯對暴行、墮落、吸毒和犯罪等的描寫在“垮掉”作家中首屈一指。他同時又在語言和小說的形式上進行大膽實驗，用“剪裁法”拼湊和改變小說的結構。他的代表作《裸露的午餐》(1959)，由于反映了“真正地獄般的”地下生活，引起了一場訴訟和諧爭。以后的作品如《諾瓦快車》(1964)、《柔軟機器》(1966)和《爆炸的火車票》(1967)，也采用了真實與夢屬相混合的手法，全面、冷酷地表現作者厭惡社會的冷酷的幽默感，后來有人因此把巴羅斯列入“黑色幽默”小說家行列。

黑色幽默(Black humor)

20世紀60年代美國重要的文學流派。1965年3月，弗里德曼編了一本短篇小說集，收入12個作家的作品，題名為《黑色幽默》，“黑色幽默”一詞即由此而來。它是60年代美國小說創作中最有代表性的流派之一。進入70年代后，“黑色幽默”的聲勢大減，但不時仍有新作出現，它在美國文學中至今仍有相當深遠的影響。它的主要作家有約瑟夫·海勒、克特·小伏尼格、托馬斯·平欽、約翰·巴斯、詹姆斯·珀迪、布魯斯·杰伊·弗里德曼、唐納德·巴賽爾姆等。

“黑色幽默”的小說家突出描寫人物周圍世界的荒謬和社會對個人的壓迫，以一種無可奈何的嘲諷態度表現環境和個人(即“自我”)之間的互不協調，并把這種互不協調的現象加以放大，扭曲，變成畸形，使它們顯得更加荒誕不經，滑稽可笑，同時又令人感到沉重和苦悶。因此，有一些評論家把“黑色幽默”稱為“絞架下的幽默”或“大難臨頭時的幽默”?！昂谏哪弊骷彝茉煲恍┕云У摹胺从⑿邸比宋?，借他們的可笑的言行影射社會現實，表達作家對社會問題的觀點。在描寫手法方面，“黑色幽默”作家也打破傳統，小說的情節缺乏邏輯聯系，常常把敘述現實生活與幻想和回憶混合起來，把嚴肅的哲理和插科打諢混成一團。例如海勒的《第二十二條軍規》、平欽的《萬有引力之虹》、小伏尼格的《第一流的早餐》。有些“黑色幽默”小說則嘲笑人類的精神危機，如巴斯的《煙草經紀人》和珀迪的《凱柏特·賴特開始了》。

“黑色幽默”作為一種美學形式，屬于喜劇范疇，但又是一種帶有悲劇色彩的變態的喜劇?！昂谏哪钡漠a生是與60年代美國的動蕩不安相聯系的。當代資本主義社會的荒謬可笑的事物和“喜劇性”的矛盾不是作家們憑主觀意志所能創造的，它們是那種社會生活的反映。這種反映雖然具有一定的社會意義和認識價值，作家雖然也抨擊了包括統治階級在內的一切權威，但是他們強調社會環境是難以改變的，因而作品中往往流露出悲觀絕望的情緒。

第五篇：美國文學 期末考試 總結一

1.The Minister’s Black Veil--Hawthorne, 人物：Hooper

總結：A universally beloved minister appears in church one Sunday wearing a small black

veil which hides his face from the forehead to the mouth.Everyone is made uneasy by this.After he has worn it for several Sundays a delegation from the congregation go to his home

to ask him to remove it, or at least explain why he is wearing it.But intimidated脅迫 by the veil,they are afraid to raise the subject.His bride-to-be then declares she will speak to him about it.When he will not discuss the

matter with her she says she is afraid to marry him unless he lifts the veil at least once, or tells her

why he must refuses.He will not but begs her to marry him anyway, instead of condemning them

each to a lonely life.He continues to wear the veil throughout a lonely life.Everyone avoids him

but his sermons布道 become even more impressive and many people are brought to a state of

grace by them.“black veil”symbolizes the cover used to keep one’s guilt as a secret.2.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn—Mark Twain 人物：Huck, Jim 1.Huck’s quest for freedom and Jim’s quest for anti-slavery

2.Society vs.individual

3.Huck’ birth and rebirth

4.Huck’s loneliness and isolation 人物性格分析：Huck is always practical and natural, exhibiting good common sense.Huck is

extremely adaptable.Huck is also very shrewd and possesses a good inventive ability.His

sympathy for other human beings, his shrewdness and ingenuity, his basic intelligence, his good

common sense and his basic practicality.3.An American Tragedy--Theodore Dreiser 人物：Clyde Griffths

總結：Clyde thinks money and success will bring him happiness.When a pregnant girlfriend

threatens to destroy this dream, he plans to kill her.At the last moment, he changes his mind, but

the girl dies accidentally anyway.Since Clyde has decided not to kill her, is he really responsible

for her death? This becomes the main question during the trial審判.The trial itself is not really

fair.The newspapers stir up public anger against him.In the end, Clyde is executed.Clearly,Dreiser believes that Clyde is not really guilty.Dreiser calls his novel a tragedy, and in certain

ways it is similar to classical Greek tragedy.It concentrates on a single individual, who gives it

unity;and his individual is eventually destroyed by forces which he cannot control.4.The Hairy Ape—Eugene O’Neill人物：Yank

全文總結：Yank, the ape-like seaman, attempts to rise to a higher level.Yank’s initial crisis is

seeing himself unfavorably in the mirror of the society girl when she calls him a filthy beast.After

this incident, and throughout the play, he struggles to find out exactly who and what he is.Ultimately he tries to find meaning and purpose in the animal world by freeing a caged gorilla, but

this final effort fails also.In the end, Yank dies, without ever finding his place of belonging.The

general feeling is one of despair: Man is rootless in an indifferent and impersonal universe.The next day Yank goes to the monkey house at the zoo.The gorilla’s brute

strength impresses him and he speaks to the animal as a friend.He describes the feelings he had in

the park, watching the sun rise on the sea.At last he understood Paddy’s nostalgia for the old life,but he knew he could never belong to it.This realization led him to seek out the gorilla.Yank says

the gorilla is lucky to belong to one world while he belongs to neither heaven nor earth.Identifying himself with the animal, Yank frees him to get even with the men who have put him in the cage.The gorilla picks him up, crushes him and throws him into the open cage.When the door has slammed shut on him and the gorilla has gone the dying Yank calls out mockingly to imaginary spectators to step right up and have a look at the one and only---Hairy Ape.He dies, having pronounced this final judgment on himself.In a stage note the playwright suggests that perhaps Yank at last belongs.5.A Farewell to Arms—Ernest Hemingway 人物：Henry, Catherine Barkley, Emilio

Dialogue

Interior monologue// stream of consciousness

Understatement The Grim Reality of War

The Relationship between Love and Pain

Feelings of lossThe novel tells about the war experience and the love story of an American lieutenant, Henry, during the World War I.Henry serves in the Italian ambulance crops, and fall in love with an English nurse, Catherine.Although in civilian clothes, he is suspected, and forced to flee with Cat to Switzerland.They go to Lausanne for the birth of their child, but the baby is stillborn and Cat dies in childbirth.Henry is left alone in a strange land;his dream of leading a decent life broke into smithereens.So the novel is both farewell to war, and a farewell to love.6.Autobiography--Benjamin FranklinIt is probably the first autobiography in American literature.It is an interesting record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity.It’s a record of self-examination and self-improvement.He wrote it at 65.