第一篇：培訓(xùn)思路整理——即興演講，思維訓(xùn)練

培訓(xùn)思路整理——即興演講，思維訓(xùn)練

8月12日下午，即興演講思維訓(xùn)練。出題，2-4分鐘思考，然后開講，3分鐘！

話說當(dāng)時我真是一片空白。腦子不夠用，思維不夠快。老了。

所以，運用笨方法，將當(dāng)時的思路全整理出來，不加潤色，不做后期修改，只為仔細看看自己思維方面的缺點，以待提高。

人天生是軟弱的。唯其軟弱而猶能承擔(dān)起苦難，才能顯出生命的尊嚴(yán)。

這是第一命題，當(dāng)時腦子一片空白，四分鐘的思考，我寫下了以下的大綱，課后整理了出來。保留思維原貌，沒有潤色，只為記錄思維的火花！

我的思路：

帕斯卡說過：“人是一支有思想的蘆葦。”

是呀，“寄蜉蝣于天地，渺滄海之一粟”個人的生命與天地與歷史相比，是如此渺小和短暫。盡管我們可能有強健的肌肉，俊美的外形，但卻是這個星球最偉大的生靈。因為人有著其他生靈所沒有的——思想和尊嚴(yán)。

生命短暫，活著并能承擔(dān)起人生的苦難，有尊嚴(yán)活才擁有生命的意義。

那么，怎樣才能有尊嚴(yán)的活？

我認為：那便是勇于挑戰(zhàn)生命中所有的苦難。

人生苦短，我們可能會遭遇來自身體和外在的諸多磨難苦難甚至災(zāi)難。

對此，是逃避還是勇于面對？

帕斯卡終生多病多災(zāi)，卻用強大的內(nèi)心，深邃的思想讓其短暫的一生輝煌，在諸多領(lǐng)域做成了卓越的成就。

盲聾啞的海倫凱樂不愿如螻蟻般茍延殘喘毫無尊嚴(yán)的活著，便用強大的毅力讓自己的單調(diào)的生活豐富，既完美了自己，又感動了他人。

再看看其他人吧，如林肯，如霍金，如達人秀的劉偉，又如汶川地震中的千千萬萬的幸存者。

我們每一個普通人也都有可能遭遇疾病，不幸，失敗等苦難。

是的，生命是軟弱的，自然的一陣風(fēng)，一口水，一次抖動都可以輕而易舉毀滅我們。但是，如果我們擁有強大的意志力，去挑戰(zhàn)生命中的每一次苦難，去戰(zhàn)勝苦難，活出生命的意義，實現(xiàn)生命的價值，方能顯出人的尊嚴(yán)。

自我評價：太空，到時候可能忘詞！

擁有初學(xué)者的心態(tài)是了不起的我的思路：

我所理解的初學(xué)者的心態(tài)是熱愛之心、投入之心、不畏之心、不餒之心。

所謂熱愛之心是對所專注的事業(yè)投入百分百的熱情。因為愛所以愛，沒有任何的矯情與功利。

所謂投入之心是對所專注的事業(yè)投入百分百的精力，甚至到達廢寢忘食的地步。想我初當(dāng)教師之際，為了上好一節(jié)課，能用兩周的時間去查閱去解讀去專業(yè)。記得工作后在學(xué)校開的第一節(jié)課是《蘭亭集序》，為了上好這節(jié)課，每一張幻燈片都掐時間，每一次閱讀都掐音樂，拿父母做學(xué)生實驗過若干次，對著鏡子練習(xí)過若干次。我想這就是初學(xué)者之心，因為熱愛而投入。

初學(xué)者的心態(tài)還有不畏之心和不餒之心。那就是一種初生牛犢不怕虎的豪情與敢想敢做的沖勁。若此刻的我是剛剛工作的我，那么今天第一個沖上臺的必定是我。那個時候，天不怕地不怕，想到會立刻去做。從不害怕失敗。在經(jīng)歷過失敗后也能睡上一覺后像打了雞血。我想，那也是初學(xué)者之心。

而如今，社會的評價和職業(yè)的倦怠讓我喪失了初學(xué)者之心，我開始抱怨開始懶惰，直到碰到了我的高中同學(xué)，他也是一名教師，工作十年獲得若干教學(xué)、論文的獎項，更重要的是他一直有夢想有追求，永葆一顆初學(xué)者之心。

我問他，你是如何保持初學(xué)之心態(tài)的？

他告訴我：讀書讓人心靜，所以對待自己的職業(yè)就會永葆熱情、不懼怕失敗。寡欲讓人心清，不去計較物質(zhì)就可以讓自己對鐘愛的事業(yè)投入百分百熱情，于是就能去投入。

我想，擁有初學(xué)者的心態(tài)是了不起的。我也可以找回！

自我評價：熱愛之心和投入之心有重復(fù)之嫌疑。

沒有比人更高的山，沒有比腳更長的路。

我的思路：

初看到這個命題時，我暗自驚喜，這是我初中最喜歡一句詩。再看，微笑，這讓我想到了早晨陳玲玲老師的那一句：你能走多遠，關(guān)鍵在于你能看多遠。

是呀，心中有山，心便在山頂；腳下有路，路便達遠方。

其實，這山頂，這遠方不就是我們心中的夢想嗎？

那么，我們該如何到達遠方呢？

我想，主要還在于目標(biāo)、實踐和毅力。

杜甫說：“會當(dāng)臨絕頂，一覽眾山小。”廣告語說：“山高人為峰。”是呀，心中有了堅定的目標(biāo)，便可有個美好的夢想：登臨山頂，俯視人間，睥睨世界，欣賞最美的風(fēng)景。

當(dāng)然，登山之路是要一步一個腳印走出來。我們要用腳步去丈量每一個目標(biāo)，所以，實踐不能少。倘若只是心中有山，腳下沒路，有目標(biāo)無實踐，高處的山嵐和遠方的風(fēng)景便會淪為夢境。

心中有目標(biāo)，腳下有實踐方能一步步接近夢想，而行百里者半九十，唯有在我們疲憊和懈怠時輔之以毅力，那種不放棄的精神，方能真正問鼎蒼穹。

工作幾年來，我有夢想有收獲，我的心中有的的山，有我的路。我一直夢想有一天我能做高山之巔的風(fēng)景，我能看到遠方的風(fēng)景。于是，我對自己說：“帶著目標(biāo)、實踐、毅力上路吧。去登山，去遠方看風(fēng)景！”

自我評價：論題為虛指，我依舊空談，可能靠實一點更好！

在所有批評家中，最偉大、為正確、最天才是的時間

我的思路：

眾所周知，我們對事物的評價有主觀的，有客觀的。所謂公說公有理婆說婆有理，是為主觀評價，主觀評價無關(guān)對錯，只關(guān)個人喜好和感情親疏。而唯有客觀的評價才是超脫于個人喜好的真實的公正的評價。

記得龍應(yīng)臺有一篇文章叫做《不相信》，大概有一段是說，她不相信歷史，因為當(dāng)朝歷史總是后朝人所編寫，后朝人又總會否定前朝的歷史。再后朝的人又會否定之前的表述，于是，歷史便在一次次的改寫中失去了原貌。因為這里所做的批評依舊是人的評價。

她又說，她相信一些東西，比如時間，盡管歷史層層迷霧，但隨著時間的流逝，它終有清朗的一天。這便是說時間的偉大了，它不需要動口，亦不需要動手，只是靜靜流淌，便可對世間的一切做出最公正客觀的評價。

這不由不讓我想到，我們中國歷史上的那位聰明的女王，武則天。她的墓前巨大的無字碑似乎就是在讓時間去雕琢，去評價，功過自有后人評說。又想起梵高，在世時窮困潦倒，名不見經(jīng)傳，但一切評價交給時間，時間便給予了他最公正的評價。

所以，不由莞爾，哀吾生之須臾，羨長江之無窮。個人的生命在時間之手中掌控，在所有批評家中，最偉大、為正確、最天才是的時間。

自我評價：李潔后來點評說，可以舉一些經(jīng)典書籍的例子，茅塞頓開。

如果你曾歌頌過黎明，那么也請你擁抱黑暗。

我的思路

這個話題應(yīng)該是講人面對成功和失敗的態(tài)度。

黎明讓人期待，但必會經(jīng)過最黑暗的時段。正如每次成功都不是一蹴而就的，如在追求成功的路上受不了暫時所受的黑暗與寂寞，又能讓我們歌頌黎明？

我的例子：黎明——成功過（工作第二年……）。黑暗——失敗過（工作第六年……）。我的認識和反思：調(diào)整心態(tài)——不懼與淡定，鍛煉膽識——挑戰(zhàn)自己，堅守——等待黎明。

總結(jié)：唯有擁抱黑暗，方能進步，方能記住那方黎明的天空！

我的評價：有點遺憾，這個我不擅長，不知道該怎么說！

港口的船是安全的，然而這并不是它被建造的目的我的思路：

我想先和大家共享一篇文章，初三語文課本上有一篇蘇聯(lián)作家普里什文的一篇散文《林中小溪》，大家還記得那條小溪嗎？勇往直前，向前向前，只為匯入大洋。遇到困境時便搏擊。遇到坦途時更毫不留戀。最終匯入了大洋！因為，留戀坦途與沿途的風(fēng)景并不是它的人生目的。

同樣，船被建造就是為了去遠航，去搏擊風(fēng)浪。而港口雖安逸卻并不是它被建造的目的。

我們的人生也一樣，生命的意義在于去充實去挑戰(zhàn)。

作為一名教師，我坐在下面，是安全的。可是這是我此次培訓(xùn)的目的嗎？

不由又想起汪國真的那句詩：“既然選擇的遠方，就只能風(fēng)雨兼程。”所以，我上臺來了。這里或許不夠安全，但這里必將有充實我自己的精神財富，更有我戰(zhàn)勝怯弱的勇氣。我想，這才是我此次“出發(fā)”的目的！

我的評價：有點遺憾，我覺得我這個思路還行，可惜沒有點我名。點了季帥名，和他不約而同想到一塊去了，有一段。呵呵！

給每棵野草綻放的時間

我的思路：

看到這個題目，我一下子就想到了我們班的小x，兩年前，他就像一棵角落里的野草，卑微而渺小，沒有好成績，沒有好人緣。他的臉上很少有笑意，青春期的孩子個個如花般明艷，唯獨他如花園中最不起眼的小草，被人忽視被人唾棄……后來，他休學(xué)了。他的離去沒有激起一絲波瀾。

就在我們快忘記他的時候，前幾天，我接到了他的電話。邀請我去他家做客。再見他時，發(fā)現(xiàn)他的諸多變化：穿著時尚得體，目光炯炯，神采飛揚，原先的怯弱消失殆盡。他告訴我，他休學(xué)后留了一級，于是跟得上大家了，今年還得了好幾個獎呢。更重要的是，他變得自信開朗，自理能力很強，為我做了七八個菜，色香味俱全；單車騎南京，獨行香港北京，與外國網(wǎng)友聊英語……

那一刻，我終于看到了一棵野草開始開花了。那一刻，我也開始反思：那樣的一個孩子，我們憑什么認為他開不了花，僅僅就是因為他成績上“不如”嗎？其實，每個孩子都有自己的成長節(jié)奏，有些快有些慢罷了。為什么我們不能蹲下來，彎下腰，靜靜的等待那花開的時刻，傾聽花開的聲音？

于是，我對自己說：“能成棟梁的樹都是長得慢的樹，給每一棵草綻放的時間，假以時日，輔以呵護，他必將給你驚喜！”

我的評價：真人真事，所以比較有話說，但看到題目有些詫異，野草會開花？不合邏輯呀！當(dāng)時也沒多想，后來點評時，發(fā)現(xiàn)原來這是為了訓(xùn)練起承轉(zhuǎn)合留下的“提示”。我真笨！

一天便是永恒的瞬間

我的思路：

一天對于蜉蝣來講，那便是它的一生一世。

一天對于天地山巒而言，那只是它的一瞬。

一天對于我們?nèi)祟惗裕鞘敲恳粋€昨天、今天和明天。

如果能將每一個一天過得有意義，那這一天便是永恒的瞬間，定格人生的所有美好。

我想，作為一名教師，毫無思考的上課改作業(yè)不應(yīng)該成為永恒的瞬間。唯有制定目標(biāo)，腳踏實地，年年歲歲的堅守，仰望天空，追尋生活中的詩意，人生便可以將每一個今天延伸至永恒。（例子）

我的評價：幸好沒有喊道我，這個我能想到的真只有這么多！

第二篇：即興演講訓(xùn)練

即興演講

——湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)藥學(xué)院演講隊

一、即興演講的概述

（一）概念

即興演講是指在事先沒有充分準(zhǔn)備的情況下，對眼前的人物、事件、場景、氣氛有所感觸，產(chǎn)生強烈的興致或興趣而主動或被迫地當(dāng)場發(fā)表的演講。即興演講有兩種情況，一種是雖然沒有講稿，但卻有一定的思想準(zhǔn)備；二是毫無思想準(zhǔn)備，被迫講話。

（二）即興演講的特點及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

在口語交際中，一般聽眾處于被動地位，要使表達者與聽眾兩極合壁，就要消除聽眾的被動、消極情緒．聽眾對講話者的要求是：厭繁雜、喜精短，厭粗俗、喜新穎，厭空洞、喜形象，故演講者要做到：

即興而發(fā)，針對性強。形式自然，靈活多變。相互制約，聽說并行。

情感激發(fā)，誘導(dǎo)聯(lián)想。語言精煉，達意為上。思維敏捷，反映迅速。

立意明確，內(nèi)容集中。條理分明，邏輯嚴(yán)密。語勢連貫，跌宕起伏。

用語規(guī)范，貼切易懂。生動優(yōu)美，詼諧幽默。把握時機，靈活善變。

（三）即興演講禁忌

1．抱怨自己的命運，或夸耀個人的成就；

2．喜歡扮演心理分析家，對任何人的言行都要評頭論足； 3．自我膨脹，夸夸其談或過渡謙虛，恭維別人； 4．拒絕嘗試新事物，不肯聽取別人意見； 5．言談冷淡，缺乏真誠熱情； 6．毫無主見，人云亦云；

7．言談時態(tài)度曖昧，模棱兩可； 8．言詞逞強，喜歡咬文嚼字；

9．經(jīng)常打斷別人話題，影響他人說話興趣；

二、即興演講的技巧

（一）準(zhǔn)備技巧

1、知識素養(yǎng)準(zhǔn)備：

“巧婦難為無米之炊”，許多演講者感到演講的最大困難在于沒有演講材料。這就要求我們平時做有心人，廣泛地閱讀、收集、積累材料，同時加強自我的思想、道德、情感等各方面的修養(yǎng)。這是一個長期、瑣碎而復(fù)雜的工作。重點從以下幾方面入手：

①多收集歷史資料，對那些重要的歷史事件、人物的有關(guān)情況要熟記，并分門別類地進行整理；

②多收集現(xiàn)實資料，對當(dāng)今國內(nèi)外發(fā)生的重大的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、科技等各個領(lǐng)域的事件、人物的有關(guān)情況要了如指掌，進行思考；

③加強記憶，多記名人名言、俗語諺語、古典詩詞、經(jīng)典文學(xué)、寓言故事、時文政評等等。

2、心理素質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備：

既然是有感而發(fā)，就要有穩(wěn)定的情緒，有十足的信心，有必勝的信念，這樣才能保證思路通暢，言之有物，情緒飽滿，鎮(zhèn)定從容。

3、了解掌握聽眾

了解聽眾主要有以下幾個方面：文化、職業(yè)、年齡、性別等。

（二）快速思維的技巧

即興演講的過程是一個由內(nèi)部語言迅速轉(zhuǎn)換成外部語言的過程。生成內(nèi)部語言的過程就是一個思維過程。思維的工具是語言，思維的原料是語言信息。語言是思維的外殼，是思維活動的外化表現(xiàn)。

1、“興”的激發(fā)(1)感“時”起興

特定的時間是演講活動的一個構(gòu)思因素，倘若這一時間具有某種特殊意義，就可能成為一種現(xiàn)場觸媒，激起這一活動參與者的興致，從而引發(fā)即興演講。例如：

你們好！“教師節(jié)”是我們在座每一位師生自己的良辰吉日，可喜可賀！現(xiàn)在不正是如此嗎？師生匯聚一常，歡迎她，情意殷切，你我競相贊美；祝賀她，激情滿懷，此時此刻我感觸良多。

這是一位教師在教師節(jié)師生聯(lián)歡會上即興演講的開場白。顯然，演講者對“教師節(jié)”這特定的時問概念，有著真切的情感體驗和深刻的思想認識，正是這具有特殊意義的“此時此刻”。使他“感觸良多”，從而不町抑制地產(chǎn)生了即興演講的強烈興致。(2)感“地”起興

特定的地點、同構(gòu)成演講的環(huán)境因素密切相關(guān)。如果處在現(xiàn)場環(huán)境中的某人對這地點有著難以忘情的人生記憶，就可能由此激起內(nèi)心強烈的情感活動，從而產(chǎn)生一吐為快的表達欲望。這樣．一次熱情洋溢的即興演辨就開始了。例如：

今天，我“們這些老知青，為了重溫一個舊夢，頂著烈日，冒著酷暑、從四面八方匯集到闊別二十多年的第二故鄉(xiāng)——南江。在這片紅色的土地上，曾灑下革命先烈的斑斑血跡，也曾留下知識青年的深深足印。當(dāng)我又一次踏上這方熱土?xí)r，心中涌起了多少感慨，多少欣喜。這是位知青在第二故鄉(xiāng)聯(lián)誼會上即興致辭的一段話。作為在農(nóng)村插隊8年的老知青，他重返故地，青春時代那些難忘的生活情景一下子在頭腦中浮現(xiàn)出來。這個讓人刻骨銘心的地方，就成了演講者即興發(fā)言的情感動因。(3)感“人”起興

作為演講活動中的人，演講者和聽眾的關(guān)系是十分密切的。從實際情況來看．處在語言交際場臺中的某人，面對他人的時候，往往會受到這一特定對象的影響，從而激發(fā)興致，情不自禁地臨時發(fā)表演講。例如：

剛才，我聽會議主持人說，在座的都是來自農(nóng)村的小學(xué)校長。我也當(dāng)過農(nóng)村的小學(xué)校長，我深知在貧困落后的偏遠山區(qū)當(dāng)好這個校長是多么艱辛和勞苦。盡管如此，你們卻義無反顧地肩負起了培養(yǎng)跨世紀(jì)農(nóng)村建設(shè)人才的重擔(dān)。我本來不準(zhǔn)備講話，現(xiàn)在卻想借此機會，向你們表示崇高的敬意，并說幾句心里話。

這是市教委副主任在小學(xué)校長培訓(xùn)班結(jié)業(yè)典禮上即興講話的開場白，當(dāng)然，這位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)同志是臨時被邀到會的。當(dāng)他了解面對的特定對象以后，類似的經(jīng)歷．深切的體驗，就促使他產(chǎn)牛了說話的興致．并發(fā)表了真切動人的即興演講。(4)感“事”起興

在社會生活中,，人們的熱門話題固然可以成為即興演講的材料，其實，即使是所謂小事只要蘊含著重要的意義，對善于體察和感悟生恬的人來說，也同樣可以激發(fā)強烈的興趣，促成一次富有啟示性和感召力的即興演講。例如：

最近．我上街的時候，發(fā)現(xiàn)商店招牌和商品廣告上的錯別字大大減少了。也許有人覺得這是小事，可我認為這是一個令人高興的好現(xiàn)象。因為它說明社會用字的規(guī)范化問題已經(jīng)引起丁政府部門的重視并得到了人民群眾的理解和支持。同學(xué)們是未來的人民教師，更有義務(wù)承擔(dān)起規(guī)范用字的社會責(zé)任。

這是位中師語文教師的一段課前即興講話。他出于職業(yè)的敏感，由社會上商業(yè)用字的變化，體察出了一種語言文明的新趨向，并懷著喜悅的心情．感“事’起興，對學(xué)生講述了自己的見解和希望。(5)感“景”起興

處在公眾場合中的人，有時會受到眼前某種特定景象的觸發(fā)而引起講話的興趣，導(dǎo)致一段精美的即興演講。例如：

今天天氣真好，春風(fēng)特別和煦，春光格外明媚u藍天流云飄拂，青山飛鳥啼鳴。蒼松翠柏掀起陣陣林濤．紅花綠葉織出幅幅彩錦。在這充滿生機與活力的季節(jié)里，我們走進美麗的大自然，一顆顆年輕的心怎能不感奮、激動和欣喜!讓我們放開喉嚨，盡情歌唱這美好的春天!

這是一位中學(xué)班主任在春游中即興演講的一段話。當(dāng)他帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生登 上山頂，舉行聯(lián)歡恬動的時候，面對大自然多彩多姿的景色，他興致勃勃地講起話來。這情景交融的演講，產(chǎn)生了多么強烈的激發(fā)性和感染力啊。

(6)感“物”起興

在會議現(xiàn)場，有時會出現(xiàn)某種引人注目的物品。一個善于觀察和聯(lián)想的人，往往能夠感悟到此“物”的特殊性內(nèi)涵，從而即興發(fā)揮，以開場白的方式，發(fā)表一段精當(dāng)?shù)募磁d演講。例如：

我這個人作報告．很容易激動，激動起來就會手舞足蹈。這花瓶放在臺上：就有點礙手礙腳了，說不定碰翻摔破了，我這個供給制市長還賠不起呢!

這是一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部在5O年代為某文聯(lián)作形勢報告的一段即興開場白。他走上臺來，眼就看到講臺潔白的臺巾上放置著一個插著鮮花的花瓶．他小心地把花瓶移到臺下，然后講了選段話。，顯然，選感“物”起必的演講，不僅話躍了氣氛．而且委婉地批評了講排場的風(fēng)氣，給人“深刻的啟發(fā)和教育”(7)感言”起興

在有許多發(fā)言者的公眾場合．某人的言論，可能成為他們即興講話的觸媒。因為無論這種言論是激起與會者的同感還是反感，都可以促使別人臨時產(chǎn)生說話興致、以表選自己的現(xiàn)場感受。例如：

剛才這位家長先生的發(fā)言真是太好了。我十分贊同他提出的家長要給自己的孩子建立家庭檔案的意見。是的，把孩子在家庭中的表現(xiàn)情況記成文字材料，并裝入檔案，這不僅能夠反映孩子的思想變化，而且可以檢查他們的性格缺陷。這樣，就便于從家庭的角度配合學(xué)校．更有針對性地教育孩子，引導(dǎo)他們不斷成長和進步。

這是在家長座談會上一位與會者的即興發(fā)言。顯然，這位家長是聆聽了別人的言論之后，興之所至，才有感而發(fā)的。因為這“興”是被一種強烈的贊同感激發(fā)出來的，所以，他立即發(fā)言，表明了自己的看法和態(tài)度。

(8)感“行”起興

在現(xiàn)實生活中，人們的行為方式是由思想支配并受一定的道德來規(guī)范和評價的，倘若某種行為具有了普遍的社會意義，就可能激起關(guān)注者的強烈興趣，從而引發(fā)特定場合下的即興興演講。例如：

昨天是星期日，我們班上有幾位同學(xué)自發(fā)組織起來去慰問聾啞兒童，他們給孩子們唱歌跳舞，還送給孩子們一些學(xué)習(xí)用具。這個“學(xué)雷鋒”的實際行動．使我既高興．又感動。因為他們作為未來的人民教師懷著一種強烈的社會責(zé)任感，為殘疾兒童奉獻了一分愛心。

這是一位中師班主任在班會上的一段即興講話。作為教師，他為自己的學(xué)生的行為感到高興，正是這感“行”起興．才激發(fā)他對全班同學(xué)發(fā)表了真摯感人的即興演講。

2、主題

主題是即興講話最重要、最關(guān)鍵的內(nèi)容，是整個表達的根本依據(jù)。主題是即興演講最主要、最關(guān)鍵的內(nèi)容，是整個表達的根本依據(jù)。下面介紹幾種常用的提煉主題的方式。臨場觸發(fā)式：

所謂臨場觸發(fā)式就是著眼于臨場中的某一客觀實物的特點與本質(zhì)，并由此進行主觀任意的聯(lián)想，立即閃現(xiàn)出一種不平常的情緒，然后把它表之于外。如有一位演講者總這樣開始他的演講：“看到剛才這個演講者做了一個雙手合十的動作，不禁使我想起了我們的佛教，想起了佛教歷史的源遠流長 ” 胚芽孕育式：

當(dāng)我們置身于一些演講會、座談會、迎送會等場合時，常常受到當(dāng)時氣氛的影響，看到別人滔滔不絕、侃侃而談，自己也想說幾句。而怎么說呢?主要得力于別人的表達，從別人的表達過程中找到話題，孕育主題。這就是胚芽孕育式邀種方式要新穎獨特，發(fā)人之未發(fā)，言人之未言。在別人的表達中萌發(fā)一個新的觀點，才能收到良好的效果。問題凝練式：

問題是主題形成的搖籃。在許多情況下，沒有問題，就不能提煉主題。在一些公共場合，別人都說了幾句，而自己正襟危坐．怎么辦?此時金口不開不行。于是向自己提出一連串的問題：怎么辦?說什么?怎么說? –有價值的主題往往就產(chǎn)生于有價值的問題之中。角度更新式：

對同一個問題，從不同的方面去表達，使之角度翻新，表達出眾。比如同時以“小草”為題進行即興演講，平常者可能立足于“小草默默無聞，造福人類”這一角度進行表述；面靈變者則想到“小草逆來順受，軟弱無能，不思反抗等特征”．即興演講，別有一番風(fēng)采。

3、構(gòu)思

構(gòu)思包括如何提煉和表達主題。即興演講的構(gòu)思，要注意兩點基本要求。首先要盡量地把思路打通。因為即興演講時．往往好像沒話說，又好像有許多話～齊涌上心頭，不知從何說起。這時要沉著冷靜，設(shè)立好邏輯線索，或分或總、或平行、或遞進。其次要從大處著眼。即興表達前的構(gòu)思不可能太小太細，這樣難免走入誤區(qū)，思維糾纏于其中出不來。要把握全局性的東西，主要考慮應(yīng)說什么，誰先說，誰后說，用什么方式說。至于用什么詞句，用什么事例，那只能是“現(xiàn)想現(xiàn)說”丁。即興構(gòu)思的方法很多，下面簡單介紹四種。分類法：

按照事物的特點把比較復(fù)雜的集合性的事物劃分為若干類別的方法叫分類法。它可以把包含若干個別事物歸納為幾種類型，也可以把一種事物劃分為幾種情況。它能使復(fù)雜的表達系統(tǒng)化，易于把握說話的條理性。解剖法： 分類法重在“分”，而解剖法重在“析”。就是把屬于一整體的事物切割為若干簡單要素，然后對每一要素進行分別考察的方法。如把狗分為獵犬、叭兒狗等，它們?nèi)跃哂泄返囊话阈再|(zhì)，這是分類，而把狗分為狗頭、狗身、狗腿等，每一部分就不再具有狗的性質(zhì)了．這是解剖法。詮釋法：

這是一種全面準(zhǔn)確地理解并闡述與事物及其聯(lián)系有關(guān)概念涵義的方法。通過對概念的解釋，然后以此為中心點，全面鋪敘。有利于表達的展開。聯(lián)想法：

是由此事物考慮到另一事物的思維方法，是從已知的經(jīng)驗、知識出發(fā)，超越時空界限，由此及彼，把彼此相似，相類、相反、相矛盾或相關(guān)聯(lián)事物連結(jié)起來。它是即興演講技巧之構(gòu)思中不可少的方法。

4、謀篇布局

謀篇布局可采取以下方式：(1)縱式：

表達的開頭、中間和結(jié)尾這三個層次的內(nèi)容，如果是有時間先后緊密銜接的關(guān)系，可以運用縱式結(jié)構(gòu)。這是一種便于表達的結(jié)構(gòu)方式，即興述說一則故事、經(jīng)歷等可采用。(2)橫式：

把若干地位大致相等的事物或問題，或同一事物或同題中并列的類別或側(cè)面排列在一起而形成的一種結(jié)構(gòu)方式。(3)總分式：

表達的開頭和結(jié)尾有一處與中間層次具有總體與局部、整體與個別或一般與特殊的關(guān)系，這種即興表達結(jié)構(gòu)屬于總分式。運用總分式可以先總后分，先分后總，總分總。(4)遞進式：

遞進式是指將表達中兩個以上的層次排列成從淺到深、從低到高、從小到大、從輕到重層層遞進的方式，它被廣泛運用于即興演講中，如革命導(dǎo)師恩格斯的著名演講《在馬克思墓前的講話》就是運用此法一步步地鏈索式地推出主題，表達情感的。

5、具體結(jié)構(gòu)

（1）開頭的技巧

即興講話是一種隨行就市，臨場發(fā)揮的行為．所以把開頭不要看得過分重要，也不要規(guī)定得過于死板，這樣會限制講話的臨場發(fā)揮。但“萬事開頭難”，“良好的開頭是成功的一半”。下面引用幾個講話開頭的例子，請大家欣賞。

例一：直入式。著名詩人學(xué)者、民主同盟黨中央委員聞一多的《最后一次演講》中說道，“這幾天，大家曉得，在昆明出現(xiàn)了歷史上最無恥的事情！李先生究競犯了什么罪，競遭如此毒手？他只不過是用筆寫寫文章，用嘴說說話．而他所寫的、所說的，都無非是一個沒有失掉良心的中國人的話！大家都有一支筆，有一張嘴，有什么理由拿出來講啊！為什么要打要殺，而且不敢光明正大的來打來殺，而是偷偷摸摸的來暗殺，這成什么話？”《最后一次演講》的開頭語，聞一多幾呼沒有做任何鋪墊，一開始就一連串激昂的感嘆句把演講直接引入正題，給聽眾一種暢快淋漓的印象。

例二：引用式。呂元禮的《祖國—母親》中說道，“人們常說，第一次把美人比作花的是天才；第二次把美人比作花的是庸才；第三把美人比作花的是蠢才．不錯，如果人云亦云，鸚鵡學(xué)舌，那么，就是再美妙的比喻也就會失去光彩．但是在生活中卻有這樣一個比喻，即使你用它一百次、一千次、一萬次，也同樣具有強大的感染力．同志們或許會問，這是個什么樣的比喻呢？那就是，當(dāng)你懷著赤子之心，想到我們祖國的時候，你一定會把祖國比作母親．”呂元禮的演講引用了一個諷刺的諺語，說明了對重復(fù)比喻的厭煩，然后話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，強調(diào)另一種比喻可以不厭其煩的運用，引出了演講的主題《祖國—母親》．這樣的開頭方式，既由于諺語鋪墊顯得水到渠成，又由于諺語的使用而顯得貼近生活．

例三：提問式。蔡暢的《一個女人能干什么》中說道，“今天，我講一個問題，一個女人能干什么？一個女人能干什么呢？我的回答是：能干，什么也能干；不干，什么也不能干．能干又不能干，不能干又能干．為什么這樣說呢？要確定女人能干不能干，有兩個條件．一個是要看環(huán)境，另一個是要看個人的努力．如果環(huán)境好，自己不去努力，只靠人家那就什么也不能干．如果自己努力干下去，就可以得到好的結(jié)果．如果努力干，就是從那些小的具體工作到管理國家大事都能夠干，如果不干，就會變成社會的寄生蟲．” 蔡暢通過提問來引發(fā)聽眾的興趣，再經(jīng)自問自答的形式來闡發(fā)自己的觀點．這樣會給聽眾留下清晰的印象．

開頭的方式很多，還有故事式、懸念式、自我介紹式等，希望大家以后在實踐中慢慢體會．

（2）講話中的技巧

講話中，如同文章的正文、主體．下面同樣用幾個例子請大家欣賞．

例一：如何表現(xiàn)自信心。繼拿破侖之后法國歷史上傳奇總統(tǒng)戴高樂的《誰說敗局已定》中說道，“那些身居軍界要職的將領(lǐng)們已經(jīng)組成了一個政府．這個政府以我們的軍隊吃了敗仗為由．毫無疑問，我們確是吃了敗仗，我們陷于包圍之中．我們之所以受挫，不僅是因為德軍人數(shù)眾多，更重要的是他們的飛機、坦克和戰(zhàn)略．正是這些，使我們的軍隊不知所措．但是難道已經(jīng)一錘定音，勝利無望，敗局已定嗎？不，絕不如此！請相信我，因為我對自己說話胸有成竹．我告訴你們，法蘭西并沒有失敗．我們完全可以以其人之道，還治其人之身，并有朝一日扭轉(zhuǎn)乾坤，取得勝利．” 戴高樂在分析了敵我雙方的形勢后，他以一位領(lǐng)袖所具有的宏大氣魄，斷然否定了暫時的失敗，表現(xiàn)出了對困難的極大蔑視和對勝利的堅定信心．

例二：如何增強號召力。英國電影藝術(shù)家卓別林《要為自由而戰(zhàn)斗》中說道，“戰(zhàn)士們，你們別去為那些野獸們買命啊！他們鄙視你們，限定你們的伙食，拿你們當(dāng)炮灰．你們別去受這些喪失理性的擺布，他們都是機器人，長的機器腦袋，機器心肝！可你們不是機器人，你們是人，你們有著人愛．”卓別林的演講，對于盲目狀態(tài)下被人利用的士兵具有強大的號召力，他以戰(zhàn)士的立場，分析了大獨裁者帶給他們多方面的傷害，號召不要去買命當(dāng)炮灰．

例三：如何吸引聽眾。有一位不知姓名的演說家有一演講，“關(guān)于抽煙，我想了很久，為什么吸煙的害處那么多，而人們還是要吸呢？我又仔細想了想，可能抽煙有三個好處：一是不會被狗咬；二是家里永遠安全；三是永遠年輕．大家要問，那為什么呢？因為：一是抽煙人多為駝背，狗一看見他彎腰駝背的樣子，以為要撿石頭打它呢；二是抽煙的愛咳嗽，小偷以為人還沒有睡覺，不敢行竊；三是抽煙有害健康，減少壽命，所以永遠年輕．這段笑話一開始講了所謂的“三個好處”，一下子就吸引住了聽眾，把人帶入好奇．后來將吸煙的三個好處一一說明，使聽眾很快恍然大悟．

例四：如何拉近聽眾距離。原國家主席劉少奇《對華北記者團的講話》中說道，“很久以前，就想和你們做新聞工作的同志們談一談，我過去只和新華社的同志談過，和多數(shù)同志沒有談．談到辦報，我是個外行，沒有辦過報，也沒有寫過通訊，只是看過報．因此，你們工作中的甘苦我了解的不多．但是作為一個讀者，我可以向你們提點要求．你們寫東西是為了給人家看，你們是為讀者服務(wù)的，看報的人說好，你們的工作就做好了．看報的人從你那得到材料、得到經(jīng)驗、得到教訓(xùn)、得到指導(dǎo)，你們的工作就做好了．”劉少奇作為國家主席，在講話中沒有擺官架子，也沒有打官槍，說自己是門外漢，是一個普通讀者，以這種身份提出意見，一下子拉近了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與群眾的距離，聽眾自然會認真的聽他講話．

例五：如何消除對抗心理。敬愛的周恩來總理出訪印度時，一天晚上召開演講會，有一幫印度記者揚言要發(fā)難總理，當(dāng)工作人員得知后，將這個情況報告了總理，總理說，“你們放心吧，新德里的子彈打不倒我”．于是總理毫不顧及地走進了會場．總理一上講臺，有位記者喊“中國佬，滾出去！”這時總理雙目掃視了一下會場，然后語音沉穩(wěn)，卻極富魅力的開始演講．臺下記者“唰唰”地記錄著．總理重審了中國的立場后說“中國，印度，都有著5000年的古老文明，印度的佛教經(jīng)典，曾給中華民族的成長注入過豐厚的營養(yǎng)，中國的四大發(fā)明，也為印度的經(jīng)濟、文化繁榮做過貢獻．幾千年來，我們一直和平相處，在歷史的長河中，中印之間從未發(fā)生過真正的戰(zhàn)爭．我希望，兩國即使遇到再大的問題，也應(yīng)坐下來通過協(xié)商解決．切不可對上辜負列祖列宗，對下害了后代子孫．”講話結(jié)束后，會場爆起了掌聲．總理利用贊美的方法消除了聽眾的對抗心理，使聽眾產(chǎn)生了民族自豪感和心理認同感．

例六：如何激發(fā)聽眾同情心。青年演講家謝倫浩《愿天下的父母都幸福》中說道，“王軍山老人有三個兒子、一個女兒，后來又揀到一個棄嬰．王奶奶含辛茹苦把他們五個撫養(yǎng)成人，一個個都成了家．王奶奶健壯時爭來搶去，成了“廉價保姆”、“全自動洗衣機”．老人年紀(jì)大了，身體一年不如一年，兒女們?yōu)橘狆B(yǎng)問題犯愁，當(dāng)皮球一樣踢來踢去．當(dāng)王奶奶喪失了自理能力時，更加惹兒女們厭惡．有一天，兒女們湊到一起，商量要送王奶奶去醫(yī)院看病，并再三叮嚀老人，到醫(yī)院后什么也不要說．結(jié)果去的不是醫(yī)院，而是火葬場．可憐的王奶奶躺在送尸車上，靜靜的等著醫(yī)生為她看病，心里還暗暗想著回家如何報答兒女們，結(jié)果被送進了火化爐．同志們啊！這不是傳說，是實實在在真人真事啊！”演講者通過這個令人發(fā)指的事件，使聽眾產(chǎn)生共鳴，從而達到演講的效果．

例七：如何增強說服力。有一篇不知姓名的演講者，他說“‘嘴上無毛’就一定‘辦事不牢’嗎？古今中外有許多軍事家，恰恰都是風(fēng)華正茂的時候，建立了不朽的功勛．民族英雄岳飛，20多歲帶兵抗金，任節(jié)度大使時才31歲．其兒子12歲從軍，14歲打隨州率先登城，20歲就當(dāng)上了將軍；率大軍席卷歐洲的拿破侖，24歲就是上將；周恩來26歲就任黃埔軍校政治部主任；葉挺17歲當(dāng)了軍長；劉志丹24歲任紅十五軍團政委．由此可見，‘嘴上無毛’與‘辦事不牢’并無關(guān)系．關(guān)鍵是有才無才，俗話說，有才不在年高，無才空活百歲．”這位演講者用充分的事實，論證了“嘴上無毛”未必“辦事不牢”這樣一個觀點，說明了年齡與才能之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系，以增強對聽眾的說服力．

例八：如何巧用數(shù)字。有位演講者是這么用數(shù)字的，“是啊！誰也不可否認，大國不等于強國，我們的綜合國力不強，我們的裝備還很落后，我們的技術(shù)還不先進，尤其可怕的是‘人均’二字，長期約束著我國的國民經(jīng)濟．據(jù)有關(guān)專家預(yù)測，我國土地資源最多能載9.5億人，如今已有12億，這12億張嘴并在一起就有3平方多公里；一年喝掉的酒能裝滿一個半杭州西湖；一天抽的煙排列起來相當(dāng)于我國東西長3個來回；一天吃的糧食能裝7萬輛大卡車．”這位演講者為了說明12億人口的消耗，用了4組數(shù)字給聽眾留下了難忘的影響，深感我國人口的壓力．

（3）結(jié)尾的技巧

結(jié)尾的方式有：總結(jié)式、升華式、啟發(fā)式、號召式等。下面引用三個口才的典故作為結(jié)束語：

典故一：一位作家給出版社投了一篇小說，過了一段時間稿子退回來了．這位作家非常氣憤，去信執(zhí)問編輯，“你沒有看我的小說為什么就否定了，我寄稿時將 18、19頁粘在一起的，退回的稿子仍然粘在一起，這不是應(yīng)付差事嗎？”幾天后，這位作家收到編輯的回信，“尊敬的作家，我吃雞蛋時，咬第一口發(fā)現(xiàn)是個壞蛋，難道我非要吃完才說是壞蛋嗎！”

典故二：一次智力競賽，主持人問“三綱”是什么？一位參賽者搶答道：“臣為君綱、子為父綱、妻為夫綱．”因他完全答反了，所以惹得大家哄堂大笑．這位參賽者卻巧辨道：“笑什么，我說的是新‘三綱’，現(xiàn)在是人民當(dāng)家作主，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是公仆，豈不是臣為君綱嗎？一對夫婦只生一個孩子，成了小皇帝，豈不是子為父綱嗎？如今許多家庭妻子掌權(quán)，豈不是妻為夫綱嗎？大家聽后掌聲四起。

典故三：有人問：“你有什么好辦法對付那些討厭的人來房子嗎？”回答者說：“當(dāng)然有，當(dāng)門鈴一響，我迅速穿衣戴帽去開門，如果遇上不喜歡的人，就說實再對不起，我有急事要出去．如果是喜歡的人，就說你太巧了，我剛下班回家．這不就進退自如了。

（三）表達技巧

四種表達技能：

1、散點連綴：在即興演講前緊張的選材構(gòu)思時，人的頭腦中會出現(xiàn)很多散亂的思維點，演講時要捕捉住這些思維點，從這些點的關(guān)系中確定一個中心，并用它連綴這些點，與主題無關(guān)的全部舍去，當(dāng)表達網(wǎng)絡(luò)形成后，就可以開始講話了。

2、模式構(gòu)思：用我們前面所講的兩種模式作框架，使自己的表達有條理。

3、擴句成篇：即開門見山的構(gòu)思方法。但也要將思維的路線理清，注意邏輯明晰。

例如：句子“當(dāng)前的形勢需要徐洪剛那樣的英雄人物”擴展后可以是這樣的：

當(dāng)前的形勢需要徐洪剛那樣的英雄人物，需要大力提倡革命英雄主義。改革開放是前無古人的事業(yè)，有困難，有曲折，也有風(fēng)險，沒有超人的勇氣是進行不下去的。同大自然的斗爭也不會一帆風(fēng)順，在自然中有許多我們未知的東西，兇惡難料，有險阻、有困難，因而也就有流血、有犧牲。例如，外空探險，可能有去無回；海底探秘，可能葬身魚腹；開山放炮、地下采煤、高空作業(yè)、科學(xué)實驗、機械操作等，無不帶有一定的危險，沒有 有革命英雄主義，沒有勇于獻身的精神，是根本做不好的。更何況改革開放，難免會泥沙俱下，造成某些腐朽的東西有所抬頭，國內(nèi)外邪惡勢力和敵對勢力正在虎視眈眈伺機而動，這樣就更需要我們像徐洪剛那樣敢于在關(guān)鍵時刻挺身而出，隨時準(zhǔn)備為保衛(wèi)改革開放的成果而英勇獻身。所以在改革開放形勢下，在向四化進軍的征程中，不是不需要革命英雄主義，不是不需要徐洪剛那樣的英雄人物，而是更加急需；不是沒有表現(xiàn)的機會，而是提供了更廣闊的天地。

三、現(xiàn)場練習(xí)

（找一些話題）

第三篇：即興演講訓(xùn)練

即興演講訓(xùn)練

教學(xué)目的：

1、了解即興演講的特點

2、進行綜合訓(xùn)練

教學(xué)重點：讓學(xué)生能熟練掌握演講的技巧

教學(xué)難點：臨場發(fā)揮能力的訓(xùn)練

教學(xué)方法：講練結(jié)合教學(xué)設(shè)備：錄音機、VCD

教學(xué)時數(shù)：1課時

教學(xué)步驟：

一、導(dǎo)入：聽即興演講錄音

二、學(xué)生分組討論：

三、教師總結(jié)：

即興演講是演講者被眼前的景、情、物、事的觸動和誘發(fā)下，自發(fā)或別人要求的立即進 行的演講，是一種不憑借文字材料進行表情達意的口語交際活動。

（一）即興演講的特點

即興演講與命題演講相比，無法事先擬就講稿，也不允許反復(fù)修改、反復(fù)試講、反復(fù)排練。即興演講有如下特點：

1、即興發(fā)揮。即興演講大多只有兩三分鐘的時間打腹稿，是靠“臨陣磨槍”即興發(fā)揮，故而得名。至于即興演講比賽，更是當(dāng)場抽簽得題，臨時時作演講準(zhǔn)備，馬上進行比賽的。

2、篇幅短小。由于臨時準(zhǔn)備、即興發(fā)表的講話很難構(gòu)思出長篇大論來，所以即興演 講一般是主題單

一、篇幅短小、時間短暫的演講。有的兩三分鐘，有的甚至寥寥幾句

3、語言生動形象。強調(diào)口語化，少用或不用書面語。句式短小、靈活，不用難以理解的長句子。

3、使用面廣。即興演講在日常生活中使用面很廣，如小范圍社交聚會中的歡迎、歡送、哀悼、競選、就職、答謝、婚禮、壽慶等場合下的發(fā)言或講話。對于教師而言，在主題班會、迎新儀式、畢業(yè)典禮、節(jié)日聯(lián)歡等場合下，即興演講也有廣泛的運用。由于在這些場合，演講者只要言簡意明，當(dāng)場表示某種心意即可，不宜作過于冗長的演講。改革開放以來，隨著社會生活節(jié)奏的加快，即興演講越來越受到各方面的歡迎。

（二）即興演講綜合訓(xùn)練

即興演講綜合訓(xùn)練包括選題、立意、切入、事例、語言、態(tài)勢、心態(tài)的調(diào)適、時間的放與收等諸多方面，有些技能在命題演講中已進行訓(xùn)練。即興演講成敗的關(guān)鍵因素是快速構(gòu)思的方法。

1、模式構(gòu)思法：以一個基本模式框架作為快速構(gòu)思的依據(jù)，使即興演講既符合人們的思維習(xí)慣，又能把信息傳達清楚，話題集中。

⑴“三么”框架構(gòu)思模式：在即興演講前短暫的準(zhǔn)備時間里，快速思考三個最基本的問題，即“是什么”、“為什么”、“怎么辦”。“三么”框架構(gòu)思法在實際運用中要注意兩點：一要注意分辨即興演講競賽題的類別，是屬于“論點式”還是“論題式”。論點式題目（如《珍惜青春》、《人生的價值在于奉獻》）規(guī)定了演講的主題，演講者要調(diào)動自己的知識積累和生活經(jīng)驗，從“三么”的角度來構(gòu)思；論題式題目（如《青春使命》、《人生的價值在哪里？》）只規(guī)定了演講的論述范圍，演講主題的“三么”框架只是演講前和演講中的思維模式，而不是口語表達模式，表達時要選準(zhǔn)“切入口”，不露“三么”的痕跡。

例如：有關(guān)注意交通安全的即興演講

“是什么“：今天，我要講的問題是交通安全問題。我們要保障交通安全，減少交通事

故。

“為什么？”：交通安全很重要，它關(guān)系到人民生命財產(chǎn)的安全。這不是一個可講可不講的問題??

造成交通事故的原因有以下幾點：從各個角度舉幾個典型事例??

“怎么辦”：我們要這樣??

例如：湖南師范大學(xué)黨委副書記戴海同志在一次大學(xué)生晚會上即興演講了《矮子的風(fēng)采》。

??這話題之二嘛，是“矮子問題”。（哄笑）由我當(dāng)眾提出這個問題，豈不惹火燒身？（鼓掌）這也要點勇氣呢！老實說，在我年輕的時候我并不覺得“矮”有什么問題，直到80年代，在輿論壓力之下，才感覺成了問題。（哄笑）其實，白鶴腿短，鴨子腿短，都是生來如此，何必自尋煩惱！現(xiàn)在要問，矮子能有風(fēng)采嗎？答曰：“高個兒不見得都有風(fēng)采，矮個兒不見得都不風(fēng)采。”（鼓掌）那么，矮個兒怎樣才能也具有風(fēng)采呢？我有幾點心得可供參考：

第一，是要有自信。論個子，我比他低一頭，而論覺悟、學(xué)識、才能，可能比他更勝一籌！這也叫“以長補短”吧？（鼓掌）

第二，不要犯忌諱，大凡麻子怕說麻子，禿子甚至怕說電燈泡，其實越犯忌諱越尷尬，不如自己說白了反而沒事。我常有機會跟北方漢子們在一起開會或聊天，我跟他們開玩笑：我不如你高，你可別怪我，怨只怨我們那山上的猴子就個子小些！（鼓掌、哄笑）

第三，把胸脯挺起來，但也用不著踮腳尖，衣著講究適當(dāng)，比方不穿橫條、方格的衣服，但也用不著老穿高跟鞋，我主張矮要矮得有骨氣，還是腳踏實地好！

第四，最重要的還是本人的德學(xué)才識，有修養(yǎng)，有風(fēng)度，對社會有貢獻，自然受人愛戴。趁著晚會的高興勁兒，解開這個“矮子問題”，不知臺下的某些同學(xué)心里是否踏實些？（長時間熱烈鼓掌）

（2）“三點歸納式”構(gòu)思模式：這種方法的特點是參加各類活動時養(yǎng)成邊聽邊想的習(xí)慣，隨時注意用“三點（要點、特點、閃光點）歸納”的方式進行思考，隨時作好即興演講的準(zhǔn)備——如果現(xiàn)在讓你講話，你講什么、怎么講。

第一點，歸納前面所有講話人的要點；

第二點，提取前面某個或某些講話人的特點；

第三點，捕捉前面某個或某些講話人的閃光點。

運用時，一般總結(jié)性即興演講可綜合運用“三點”；中場性即興演講，可選用其中某一 點（如特點、閃光點）。

例如：教師節(jié)即興演講比賽（節(jié)選）

說到師德，許多選手都引用了一個傳統(tǒng)的比喻：教師像蠟燭一樣，照亮了別人，燃燒了自己。這種崇尚奉獻的“蠟燭精神”固然可貴，但如果我們當(dāng)老師的都把自己燒盡了，毀滅了，何以繼續(xù)照亮別人呢？新世紀(jì)的教育不僅需要“蠟燭精神”，更是呼喚“路燈精神”：像路燈一樣不斷“充電”，給每一個黑夜帶來光明；像路燈一樣忠于職守，見多識廣；像路燈一樣不圖名利！??

2、鏈條形構(gòu)思法：又稱演講的“線形結(jié)構(gòu)”，它是延展性思維的體現(xiàn)。特點是先確定演講的主旨，以此為“意核”，作為導(dǎo)向定勢，通常為“開篇首句”；然后，句句緊扣意核（首句），單線縱向發(fā)展，形成一要環(huán)環(huán)相扣的鏈條。

例如：

即興演講《當(dāng)你遇到挫折的時候》結(jié)構(gòu)主線：挫折是一種寶貴的經(jīng)歷——小時候極想將來成為一名巴金式的大作家——中考失誤，錄取到一所職業(yè)學(xué)校，為此而哭過，感到失望、痛苦——去年暑假到山區(qū)考察，那里環(huán)境可愛，人可愛，但落后現(xiàn)狀令人痛心——在現(xiàn)實生

活啟迪下覺悟，擺脫了理想受挫的痛苦。

（三）學(xué)生小組為單位訓(xùn)練

（四）作業(yè)：課下以小組為單位練習(xí)即興講話（10個題目）

第四篇：即興演講準(zhǔn)備思路、題目及

即興演講準(zhǔn)備思路及模板

一、準(zhǔn)備思路

（一）準(zhǔn)備紙和筆

放松心情，快速寫下提綱，包括提綱中重要的點，并且記住提綱內(nèi)容和觀點出現(xiàn)的先后順序。提綱是成功演講的要素。通過撰寫提綱，演講中的相關(guān)要點得以布局合理，承接順暢，結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。在講稿提綱中，你應(yīng)該寫明演講的具體目標(biāo)和中心思想；標(biāo)明開頭、主體部分和結(jié)尾；用完整的句子表述要點和分論點；標(biāo)明過渡語、內(nèi)部總結(jié)和內(nèi)部提示；并且要在整個講稿提綱中使用統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)記符號體系和首行縮進格式。

（二）寫出開頭和結(jié)尾，因為這是相當(dāng)重要的部分，要熟記，然后圍繞提綱在大腦里面進行詳細闡述。

（三）最好能通過故事或者笑話讓演講變得幽默、風(fēng)趣。

（四）注意語言語調(diào)，盡最大努力調(diào)動現(xiàn)場氣氛，控制場面。

（五）結(jié)尾的首要目的是讓聽眾知道演講將要結(jié)束，可以通過語句或表達方式來告知聽眾。其次是進一步強調(diào)中心思想，可使用總結(jié)全文、以引言結(jié)尾、語出驚人以及首尾呼應(yīng)等四種方法。結(jié)尾要富有創(chuàng)意，生動而有感染力。結(jié)尾說完了，可以說Thank you for your time!

一、歷年題目

1.Is the government entitled to sell the rights to Place Names? 2.Is the ban on Internet Cafes an example of Lazy Governance? 3.Is the dragon a suitable symbol for China 4.Should media be fined for reporting on disasters without government approval? 5.Will banning free plastic bags reduce pollution? 6.Should the car-free day be compulsory? 7.Should new graduates low their job expectations? 8.A lot of countries have schools that focus only on the males or females.What are the advantages and disadvantages of unisex schools? 9.A great number of people think that those with a university education should get a higher salary than those without, for they believe that the former have sweated and sacrificed more.To what extent do you agree with this point of view? 10.Some people think that high school students should be given the right to evaluate and even criticize their teachers while others claim that this practice will disrupt the order in classroom and lead to disrespect for teachers.What’s your opinion? 11.You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by two students.Would you rather choose your own roommate or would you rather have the university assign a student to share the room with you? 12.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? university should give the same amount of money to their students’ sports activities as they give to their university libraries.13.In many developing nations, young children start to study a foreign language at an increasingly early age and bilingual education exists in many primary and secondary schools as a way of attracting students.Therefore, some people claim that foreign language instruction should begin in the kindergartens.What is your opinion? 14.“When people succeed, it is because of hard work.Luck has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree with the quotation above? 15.With computers, now people can shop, bank, work and communicate at home.The danger is that people could become isolated from each other and lose social skills.What do you think of it? 16.Statistics show that cities are becoming bigger and bigger.What do you think are the causes and possible consequences? 17.Some movies are serious, designed to make the audience think, other movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain, which type of movie do you prefer? 18.What do you want most in a friend----someone who is intelligent, or someone who has a sense of humor, or someone who is reliable? Which one of these characters is most important to you? 19.As a college student, what can you do to protect our environment? 20.Do you think music and arts should be compulsory courses in college? 21.As you know, modern people are becoming busier than before and many of them have health problems just because they don’t have time to do physical exercise.What do you think will be a best solution?

三、模板

總的原則：如果題目里面的話可以借用，就先借用題目，以增加說話的時間。

（一）問句型（1-7）

可參照

（四）表達自己觀點型

（二）利弊分析（8）

It is undeniable that the specific issue of sth./ 或接whether 從句 has become controversial.However, in spite of those who believe that sth.have more negative/positive effects, I hold opposite attitude.The drawbacks of sth are obvious.Some people are really concerned about … They hold that …(請解釋)。Other feel upset at …(另外一個弊端), which will damage …/endager ….It is often the case that …(此處總結(jié)上段提出的兩個弊端)。But when it comes to …, …, and …,(此處先總結(jié)寫你認同的幾個好處)，an increasing number of people including me are convinced that …...For one thing, …。The evidence recently presented in research journals available to the public confirms that … 寫調(diào)查結(jié)果，通過數(shù)字來證明自己所列舉的好處1.Besides。。(另外一個好處).In other words, …(換種說法解釋)。This is another aspect of how sth benefits us.All in all, sth has played a significant role in … It has both upsides and downsides.But it is my firm belief that its disadvantages/advantages of … outweigh the advantages/disadvantages.（三）同意與否型（9、12、14）

There is no denying that the specific issue of sth./ 或接whether 從句 has become controversial.However, in spite of those who are against/ for …, I approve wholeheartedly of/ 或 I strongly object to the idea that …

Those who hold negative/ positive attitude towards … believe that … may exert adverse/ significant effect on us.… is always top of the list of their argument.For example,…(請用舉例子的方法解釋).Besides, those critics/ advocates also claim that …(此處寫第二個原因)for the reason that ….It is often the case that …(此處總結(jié)上段反方提出的幾個觀點)。But when it comes to …, …, and …,(此處先總結(jié)寫你所支持的幾個理由)，an increasing number of people including me are convinced that...For one thing, …。The evidence recently presented in research journals available to the public confirms that …此處寫調(diào)查結(jié)果，通過數(shù)字來證明自己所列舉的理由1。Similarly,… should also deserve our special attention.In other words, …(換種說法解釋)。If…not,..(反過來在說一遍)。Last but not least, …

Obviously, it is hard for both sides to come to an agreement on this complicated issue, but I still commit to the notion that …(再重申你的立場)。

（四）表達自己觀點型（10、13、15、20）

The answer of this statement depends on your own experience and life style.In my point view, buying computers is as important as, if not more important than, buying books.So it is sagacious to ____________.Among countless factors which influence the choice, these are three conspicuous aspects as follows.The main reason for my propensity for__________is that____________.Another reason can be seen by every person is that________________.Futhermore,______________.In short,_________________復(fù)述前文中的理由______________.（五）選擇型（11、17、18）

Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, wefind that some people hold the idea of A meanwhile others prefer to B, from mypoint of view, it is more advisable to chose A rather than B.My arguments for thispoint are listed as follows.The main reason for my propensity for A is that___________________________.就理由進行解釋_____________________.For instance,____________________

Another reason can be seen by every one is that____________________________.就理由進

行解釋___________________For example,____________________ The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because_____________________________

Although I agree that there may be a couple of advantages of B, I feel that the disadvantages are more obvious.Such as________________.In a word, ________________________________________________.So, it is sagacious tosupport the statement that it is better to A.（六）分析原因、結(jié)果型（16）

There is no doubt that the specific issue of sth./ 或接whether 從句 has become a pressing one, not only to the government, but also to individuals.From my point of view, this may attribute to the following contributing factors./ this surely has produced some serious problems below.One possible reason is concerned with … It is well-known that …(對該原因進行解釋)。

Besides, … also attributes partly to sth.Another thing that deserves our special attention is …

(Apparently, if no action is taken, some serious problems would be aroused.)For example, …

Moreover, another problem I should point out lies in the fact that … Last but not least, …

As far as the thorny issue is concerned, several effective measures should be put into practice as soon as possible.In the first place......this sensible way has achieved some effectiveness in some areas.Moreover, …

To sum up, the reasons/ problems of … provided above are a few of the many but are worth our special attention.It is certain that only the government and the authorities concerned join hands in solving this pressing matter can the situation be improved greatly in the near future

（七）采取措施、解決問題型（19、21）

With the development of the society, with the advent of _____________(相關(guān)事物或現(xiàn)象), we have to face a problem that ______________________(主題問題).What are the reasons for it? In the following paragraphs, I’ll venture to explore the reasons.To start with, _____________________(闡述原因

1).Moreover, __________________(闡述原因2).In addition, _______________________(闡述原因3).In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken.For one thing, it is high time that people all over China realized the importance of __________________(解決主題問題).For another, the government should issue strict laws and regulations in order to put the situation under control.It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___諺語_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____諺語的含義_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..

第五篇：英語三分鐘即興演講題目和參考思路

1.Should parents set limits in internet access for their teenage children? Why? Internet is dangerous if a child has unlimited freedom to use it.Because teenagers are too weak to resist the great tempt.Various online games will cost their almost all-day time.And many kinds of online movies may teach them unhealthy content such as violence.Also, long-time exposure to computer will do great harm to teenager’s eyesight.A child addicted to Internet will neglect his study completely.However, the word limit does not mean forbidding.It can’t be denied that internet is a very useful tool for learning.In this information age, computer and internet is essential.Adequate access to internet will contribute to teenagers keeping pace with this world.Also, internet is a fine entertainment for students who have study longtime and get tired.So, I think parents should set limits on but not forbid access for their teenager children.2.Should smoking be prohibited completely in all countries? Why? Well, it’s a quite complex question.Overall, in my opinion, I think smoking shouldn’t be completely prohibited in all countries.Let me explain my views.We all know clearly that smoking is very harmful to the smoker’s health.Longtime smoking can lead to lung cancer and other serious health problem.Also, smoking in public situation is awful.People around the smoker, especially the children, also suffer from the damage to their health.In spite of all these bad effects mentioned above, however, I still think smoking is indeed needed in our society.For example, when people get tired or anxious, a cigarette can help to release their body as well as spirit.Also, in some social intercourse, cigarette is a essential.In my eyes, I can’t imagine what people’s life will become if smoking is completely prohibited.There may be many benefits for individuals, but the social will suffer a lot.So, I think smoking should not be prohibited.It is individual’s effort to make smoking a useful thing.3.Agree or disagree: There is nothing that young people could teach old people.In ancient times, young people should never teach old people.Old people know much more than young because they have undergone many things in their life.They lead us to the right way.Sometimes, it’s regarded impolite for young to teach old.But that does not mean young people really have nothing to teach old people, especially in this high-developed times.Young people usually learn things fast and learn more.They always have a smart head for new things.Therefore, young people can teach the olds how to use computer and cellphone, how to dance and so on.Also, I think old people can learn younger’s passion and energetic for life.That will be a good thing.4.Should pets be allowed in university dormitories? In my opinion, by no means should pets be allowed in dormitories.To be honest, I’ve been thinking in my mind to have a pet in my dorm.Lovely pets will bring much joy to our daily life.But I eventually didn’t do that.Why? Because it is something selfish and irresponsible.Dormitory is a place where several people live together.To a certain degree, it is a public place.We can’t just comply with our own desire while ignore other roommates’ feeling.Having a pet in dorm can be troublesome or even annoying.It may make the room dirty and even in a mess.What’s worse, some people are allergic to certain animals.Also, people’s rest can’t be guaranteed.Some people may say that we could choose a mild and little pet such as fishes.In this case, if your roommates don’t reject, I think it is acceptable.5.Agree or disagree: Museums should be made free.In my eyes, museums of course should be made free.We know that, as a part of culture, museums restore many culture relics.These are typical symbols for a certain times.As a citizen of our country, it is necessary and natural to learn our past history.Recent years, more and more museums are open free to the public.I couldn’t agree more with it.Free museum will greatly motivate all kinds of people to approach.What’s more, in this fast developing age, museums have many new and advanced invents inside.It will be a wonderful place for people who want to learn more.Parents can often take their children to museums to learn about history and some technical knowledge.In a word, I think government should try to make more museums free for citizens.6.Agree or disagree: Zoos should be banned.Nowadays, lots of people start to realize that zoos are not a good place for animals.People need zoos because it is an easy way to close the animals and also because it’s convenient for people to observe them.However, zoos are in fact a cruel place for animals.Animals should live in their natural habitat.An animal’s natural instinct is to run and to hunt.But that’s not for animals kept in zoos.Everyday, people feed them.They’ve never been taught how to hunt for food and will gradually lose their natures.That will be quite cruel for a animal, especially for wild animals such as tigers and lions.You can often find in zoos that a tiger kept in cage has a loose expression in its face.We set animals in zoos and therefore feel that they won’t meet danger and may be able to protect them from dying out.This may be just a excuse we find for ourselves to make animals in cages just as entertainment.We always say animals are our friends, then why we put our friends in cages?

7.Agree or disagree: Advertising aiming at children should be restricted.I disagree.It’s fair to advertize to children even children are always said to be unable to distinguish between reality and fiction, between entertainment and advertising.A supposed consequence of advertising is that children are being persuaded to demand things that they don’t need and to adopt consumerist values and attitudes in their formative years.However, it’s up to the parents to determine what should and shouldn’t be bought for their children.Children need to know how to see these ads and realize how a certain product would affect them and thus balance out the pros and cons and see if it’s in their best interest.In my opinion, the parents as well as the world need to stop babying children and let them learn lessons for life, because certain things can’t be restricted well.Temptation is always at children’s side.They have to learn to resist and make responsible decisions.8.Agree or disagree: Junk food should be taxed.I agree that junk food should be taxed.In modern society, many people are attracted to eat in KFC or MacDonald’s.Everyday, many hamburgers, fried chips and so on are sold out.Despite the good sale, it can’t be denied that all these are junk food.Just as the word junk, they bring great harm to our healthy.So, there comes a appeal that junk food should be taxed.In think it is enforceable because it will control the sale of junk food to a certain degree.Firstly, the tax can force the manufacturer to decrease production and then there will be less junk food on market.Also, we all know that junk food has very high profits.Some trader many take extreme trick to cut down their cost and gain more profit.So, it’s reasonable to tax them.9.Agree or disagree: Universities should abolish the practice of cutting off the electricity at dormitory at night.I agree with it.As a student, I should say, university shouldn’t cut off electricity at dormitory at night.The original intention for university to cut off electricity is to ensure our rest for some students will stay up very late if there is nothing to limit them.However, these students are minority.Most students have regular timetable.What’s more, we are now already in university, I think we shouldn’t be treated like high school students any longer.Especially in summer hot days, no electricity at night would be a nightmare to all students.We can’t fall asleep without electric fans.I can’t just imagine that.Universities should think more for their students and trust their self-control.10.Some say music training in college is unnecessary, while others do not believe so.What is your opinion on this issue?

I should say, music training in college is necessary, especially for non-art students.To be honest, nowadays’ college students are also under much pressure.We have to attend many complex courses everyday.Many students get tired and gloomy.Then, if there is a music course, it will greatly release our bad mood.And we will have a nice mood and more energy to continue our study.Besides, it’s commonly believed that music training can cultivate people’s character.It will make people more calm and wise as well as elegant.In fact, nowadays, many parents send their children to attend music course at a very young age.These parents hope their children will have a elegant and smart mind.Many of today’s students in university didn’t have adequate music training at their former school.If university can open related music course, it will be of great use for students’ cultivation.11.Some people like to do only what they already do well.Other people prefer to try new things and take risks.Which do you prefer? I prefer to try new things and take risks.For me, risk is a kind of uncertainty.Maybe it will lead to a negative consequence, but just as Helen Keller ever said, character cannot be developed in ease and quiet.Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, ambition inspired, and success achieved.So, if we only do what we already d well, we can rarely touch new things, gain new knowledge, and we never change.However, if we try new thing, we will find something different and may come to something we’ve never face before.Then, we will try our best to solve it, to achieve it.During the course, our ability is improved even though we fail at last.After repeatedly trying new things, we will eventually find that we’ve learnt many and become more mature.We will find it easier to measure situation and make right decision.Also, our simple life is becoming meaningful and interesting.12.Some say military training at college is necessary while other disagree.What’s your point of view on this subject? Why?

I think military training at college is necessary.Nowadays, many undergraduates are lacking in self-control and discipline.The military training is quite useful in this case.We know that military training is very strict.During the training, we learn to obey the disciplines and keep high concentration.Also, we can have our body strengthened and change our lazy image.Although the training can be very hard, we will gradually find that our steps become vigorous, and our spirits become energetic.What’s more, military training can also cultivate our Patriotism.The experience of hard training will remind us of Chinese army’s hardship.We are aware of their historic mission, fighting spirit and responsibility.So, military training is an effective way to make people know more about our motherland and love her.13.What qualities do you think a friend should have to continue the friendship? Use specific reasons to support your idea.In my heart, I think the most important quality to continue the friendship is sincerity.A true friendship must be built on sincerity.However, to continue a friendship is not a easy thing.Both of each other have to pay a lot.The word sincerity contains too much.Firstly, we need to be frank and honest to each other.Only if when we did so can the other side treat us like the same and thus build belief between friends.A friendship full of lies and deceit shouldn’t be called friendship.Secondly, we need to be considerable and do not be self-centered.We should think more for our friends and encourage them on certain occasion.A self-centered friend can be very troublesome and annoying.No one would tolerate him for a long time.Finally, I think we should learn to compromise sometimes.We can’t live in harmony forever with our friends.When there expose a disagreement, we should compromise to each other.Only by this way can a friendship last long.14.Some people say college degree begins to lose shining while others do not think so.What’s your point of view on this subject? Why? It’s not an easy question.On the whole, I think, college degree do begin to lose shining but we should never think it unimportant.Today, there are more and more universities or college degrees.We can say that graduates in society are overflowing.It can’t be ignored that more and more graduates with high degree are in fact idiots.So, the companies increasingly focus more on the personal ability rather than college degree when they recruit employees.However, that does not mean college certification becomes a wastepaper.It’s still a essential for you looking a good job.Support that a person without any qualification, will a recruiting company give him a chance? That will rarely happen, at least in our country.Then, if you never have a chance, how can you display and prove your ability, if you indeed have? So, do not think the college degree is useless.After all, chances are not for every common people.Only if we own it can we get the chance to enter a good company and thus make a difference.15.Some say growing up in rich family promotes children’s personality and character.Some think otherwise.What’s your opinion? Why? Well, it’s quite a question argued by people all the time.I think a person’s personality has little relation to his family economic level.It’s commonly said that a child in rich family will has more chances and better choice for his study.However, if the kid himself isn’t aware of this, that is all in vain.It’s not unusual that many children from rich family are quite rude and conceited although they are always receive the best education.Then, how about the poor family’s children? There is another saying that adversity cultivates heroes.To be honest, I disagree with it too.Poor children should learn harder and catch every chance to strengthen themselves.However, the reality is often not like that.Subjectively speaking, poor children are easy to feel inferior and thus can’t study well.Even if they study well, they hardly do well in practicing ability.Objectively speaking, poor children can hardly receive good and plentiful education because of the economic limit.That will cause deficiency in some literal or artistic talent such as music or dance.Therefore, I think children’s personality have little relation to their family situation.16.In universities, students should take history courses no matter what field they study.Do you agree?

I disagree with it even though I do know history is important.I’m a student major in electricity.To be honest, I think there is little sense for students in university taking history courses no matter what field they study.Maybe many people would say, history is something left by our ancestors, so we shouldn’t forget it.Yes, I agree with that.History need to be remembered.But in fact, we have been learning history from primary school.I really it’s enough for people like me whose major has little relation to history.I just take history exam last year.For me, it was really a nightmare.I spent so much time on it and still can’t remember all.Now that we’ve chosen engineering, I can’t understand why we need and have to learn history again.The time spent on history learning should be used for our major courses.17.Agree or not agree: the next twenty years from now on, students will not use printed books any more.I don’t think so.printed books won’t be abandoned in such a short time.I admit that new technology is developing fast.Many advanced electronic products are gradually take the place of traditional tools.Just like in university, teachers like to use multimedia in class for it is quite convenient and efficient.However, for our student, it is not realistic to study completely by electronic products.There are many things need to recorded on books.Books are something meaningful and practical.I should say, in our country, printed books wouldn’t be abandoned within 20 years at least for two reasons.Firstly, books are classical container of knowledge.They accompany human to advance.A student without books could be someway ridiculous.Secondly, our country haven’t developed so strong to make every student study by computer or other forms of electronic tools.And even after 20 years, the possibility is also very small.I also think it is unnecessary because books are cheap but useful and still meaningful.18.Agree or not agree: working together is better than working alone.I think work together is better than work alone.There are many benefits of working together.Firstly and obviously, working together can collect many useful and excellent ideas especially when we are thinking some complicated problems.After all, each person has his own way of thinking.After getting all ideas together, you will often find that things become much easier.Secondly, working together can avoid mistakes to a great extent.People may make wrong judge when their mood is not stable.In this case, teamwork will do great favor.Your partner could remind you of your mistake and turn the result to a good one.Thirdly, when we work together, we need be patient and not self-centered.You need to listen to others’ opinion and learn to get well along with people around you.19.Do you think nowadays the young generation’s life is in fact easier and more comfortable than their elder generation’s? I don’t think so.Life contains two aspects.One is material life, and the other is spiritual life.However, we usually emphasize on the later one.We have to admit that the young generation nowadays lives in an abundant material world.We no longer need to fight with hard environment and worry about food all day long like the elder generation.Many of us eat well, wear well and live well.However, there are something important lost.People in nowadays society are all under great pressure, even if you are a child.We are told to study hard and hard, to work hard and hard.If we don’t, we will be eliminated by the world.Then we have to worry about life too.Owing to the fast develop of world, we have to run all the time.The young generation spends almost all their time on earning money, on achieving goals.They have no time to accompany parents, to care for children, and let alone to pursue happiness.Their nerve is in tension all day long.I should say, the young generation has last too much.From this point, I don’t think the young generation’s life is easier than their elder generation’s.20.Do you think package tour is a good way of traveling? In my opinion, package tour is good in some case, while that is not absolute.Let me explain my views.If you travel not very often, I think the package tour is a better choice because the tour guide can give you many useful helps.Firstly, the guide is quite familiar with the tour city.And if you travel abroad, the guide can be your interpreter.So, you won’t be lost or even be cheated.Also, the tour guide knows much about the sight spot.Her introduction is very useful and will always lead to the most beautiful or meaningful places.Besides, if you don’t have a car, the package tour is quite convenient.You don’t have to worry about that you can’t go back in time on festival, when there are too many visitors.However, if you often go for a travel, the package tour can be quite boring for you because you have to follow the fixed timetable and route.In this case, I think you should choose traveling by yourself.You can travel however you like and stay there as long as you wish.What’s more, you can save the extra expense paid to travel agency.21.How to be popular? There is no exact answer for this question.In my mind, in order to be popular, we need to have these characters which will be mentioned next.Firstly, we need to be a person of unique character.That’s a very important factor to be popular.A person of pleasant temper is always attractive.Other people are willing to approach or make contact with him.Then, we need to be optimistic.Staying with optimistic people, we are easier to forget various trifles.Imagine that you have to face a friend who are all-day in low spirit, how could you be cheered? Most people wouldn’t like to stay with ones with bad mood.Last but not least, we should think more for others.Selfish people are always lonely.If we think only for ourselves, the people around us, even our relatives or close friends, will eventually leave us.Let alone to love us.With these characters, whether you are active or quite, extroverted or introverted, you’re sure to become a popular person.22.Learn how to say no.We’ve been taught from a young age that we should help people.It’s the right thing to do and will make us popular.It may even win us favors in return.However, we must be realistic.We can’t say yes to every request.If we did, we could feel tired or go crazy for sure.Sometimes we simply don’t have time to help others.In this case, we must know how to say no politely.When we need to say no, there is one method we can try.Firstly, we should tell the truth if we really can’t do something.We should say no directly.Then we should refuse the request politely.Finally, we don’t have to feel guilty about saying no.sometimes refusing others is the right thing.It can help us to get rid of troubles.After all, we can’t please every one all the time and saying no is a part of life.23.Nowadays western festivals are increasingly welcome in china.Do you think it is good or not? Nowadays, people in china are increasingly interested in celebrating western festivals.Some critics are arguing that people are losing their traditional values and respect historical heritage.I do not completely agree with it.In my eyes, the celebrating of western festivals has more advantages than disadvantages.Festivals are appreciated by almost everyone.I don’t it is a bad thing that our life has more festivals.Also, celebrating foreign festivals can benefit to increase the communication between different countries.People can feel other culture atmosphere and enjoy a lot in these festivals.What’s more, I don’t think we Chinese will lose respect to our own festivals.We regard our traditional festivals such as Spring Festival and the National Day just as important as usual.In my opinion, the prevalence of western festivals is just a way to make our life more colorful and joyful.24.Could you talk about the reasons why there are so many “DINK”(Double Income No Kids)families continually appearing in our society? Nowadays, there are more and more DINK families continually appearing in our society.The reason is complicated.Overall, it has something to do with society and individual’s concept.Owing to the fast develop of economy, commodity price is rising all the time.While all people want to lead a comfortable life, so they have to work hard for money.However, young couples can not have a child rashly.After all, raising a child is big project.They have to consider whether they have the economic ability as well as enough time to raise a child.Even if they do have the ability, some couples still wouldn’t like to have a child.They think having a child will cause a lot of inconvenience for them.One of them have to stay at home to take care of the newborn bay and this may make them lose a job.Some women don’t want to have a baby simply because they are afraid that their figure will go bad.In a word, they don’t want to lose their leisure life.