第一篇：怎樣緊緊把握即興演講的思路

進(jìn)行即興演講需要多方面的知識素養(yǎng)，又需要敏捷的思維能力，快速的語言表達(dá)能力和應(yīng)變能力。

一、恰當(dāng)?shù)臏?zhǔn)備技巧

1、知識素養(yǎng)準(zhǔn)備：

演講者的知識積累、興趣愛好、閱歷修養(yǎng)與演講的成功有著緊密的關(guān)系?！扒蓩D難為無米之炊”，許多演講者感到演講的最大困難在于沒有演講材料。這就要求我們平時做有心人，“家事、國事、天下事、事事關(guān)心”，廣泛地閱讀、收集、積累材料，上下、古今、中外的人文科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)都要學(xué)習(xí)，同時加強自我的思想、道德、情感等各方面的修養(yǎng)。這是一個長期、瑣碎而復(fù)雜的工作。重點從以下幾方面入手：

①多收集歷史資料，對那些重要的歷史事件、人物的有關(guān)情況要熟記，并分門別類地進(jìn)行整理；

②多收集現(xiàn)實資料，對當(dāng)今國內(nèi)外發(fā)生的重大的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科技等各個領(lǐng)域的事件、人物的有關(guān)情況要了如指掌，進(jìn)行思考；

③加強記憶，多記名人名言、俗語諺語、古典詩詞、經(jīng)典文學(xué)、寓言故事、時文政評等等。

練習(xí)：請分別以“珍惜時間”、“奉獻(xiàn)青春”、“珍愛生命”、“和平萬歲”為主題，收集名人名言、故事、古今中外的人物、典型事例。

請收集有關(guān)親情、愛情、友情的古今詩詞各5首并背誦。

2、臨場觀察準(zhǔn)備：

演講者要盡快觀察、熟悉演講現(xiàn)場，及時收集捕捉現(xiàn)場的所見所聞，包括現(xiàn)場環(huán)境（時間、地點、場景布置）、聽眾、其他演講者的演講等，以確定自己的話題，增加演講的即興因素。

3、心理素質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備：

既然是有感而發(fā)，就要有穩(wěn)定的情緒，有十足的信心，有必勝的信念，這樣才能保證思路通暢，言之有物，情緒飽滿，鎮(zhèn)定從容。

二、快速思維的技巧

臨場性決定了即興演講者必須具有較強的快速思維能力?？焖偎季S即快速組織內(nèi)部語言，實際上就是一個快速創(chuàng)作、打腹稿的過程。其技巧主要表現(xiàn)為：三定、四思、五借。

三“定”：定話題、定觀點、定框架

定話題——應(yīng)選擇你想說的、觀眾想聽的、你能講的、社會生活需要的話題；

定觀點——應(yīng)確立明確精練、正確深刻、為大家所能接受的、言之有理的觀點；

定框架——兩種模式：

開門見山式：也叫金字塔式。方法為：先亮出主題，然后對主題作較詳細(xì)地論證和分析說明。

曲徑通幽式：也稱為卡耐基的“魔術(shù)公式”。方法為：先舉例，再敘主旨要點，三說理由，進(jìn)行論證分析。

四“思”：逆向思維、縱深思維、發(fā)散思維、綜合思維

逆向思維：是指從相反方向思考問題，即一反傳統(tǒng)看法，提出與之相對或相反的觀點。這是一種反彈琵琶式的思維模式，它鮮明地表現(xiàn)為對傳統(tǒng)的批判精神，但要注意觀點必須持之有據(jù)，能夠自圓其說。

縱深思維：從一般人認(rèn)為不值一談的小事，或無須作進(jìn)一步探討的定論中，發(fā)現(xiàn)更深一層的被現(xiàn)象掩蓋著的事物本質(zhì)。即“透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)”。

發(fā)散思維：是從同一問題中產(chǎn)生各種各樣的為數(shù)眾多的答案，在處理問題中尋找多種多樣的正確途徑。多端、靈活、精細(xì)、新穎是它的特點。

綜合思維訓(xùn)練：是前面三種思維的綜合運用，事實上我們在思考問題時，一般情況都是將各種思維綜合在一起使用的。

五借：借題發(fā)揮、借人發(fā)揮、借物發(fā)揮、借事發(fā)揮、借景發(fā)揮?！敖琛钡臇|西很多，“五借”是泛指。它要求演講者要善于觀察現(xiàn)場，獲取信息。

快速思維的線路圖：觀察——抓話題——定語點——擴展語點（組織語言）——語序的排列——表達(dá)。

練習(xí):給出一些圖片,仔細(xì)觀察后做即興演講,認(rèn)真體會快速思維的過程.三、表達(dá)技巧（四種技能、五個注重）

四種表達(dá)技能：

1、散點連綴：在即興演講前緊張的選材構(gòu)思時，人的頭腦中會出現(xiàn)很多散亂的思維點，演講時要捕捉住這些思維點，從這些點的關(guān)系中確定一個中心，并用它連綴這些點，與主題無關(guān)的全部舍去，當(dāng)表達(dá)網(wǎng)絡(luò)形成后，就可以開始講話了。

2、模式構(gòu)思：用我們前面所講的兩種模式作框架，使自己的表達(dá)有條理。

3、擴句成篇：即開門見山的構(gòu)思方法。但也要將思維的路線理清，注意邏輯明晰。

例如：句子“當(dāng)前的形勢需要徐洪剛那樣的英雄人物”擴展后可以是這樣的：

當(dāng)前的形勢需要徐洪剛那樣的英雄人物，需要大力提倡革命英雄主義。改革開放是前無古人的事業(yè)，有困難，有曲折，也有風(fēng)險，沒有超人的勇氣是進(jìn)行不下去的。同大自然的斗爭也不會一帆風(fēng)順，在自然中有許多我們未知的東西，兇惡難料，有險阻、有困難，因而也就有流血、有犧牲。例如，外空探險，可能有去無回；海底探秘，可能葬身魚腹；開山放炮、地下采煤、高空作業(yè)、科學(xué)實驗、機械操作等，無不帶有一定的危險，沒有革命英雄主義，沒有勇于獻(xiàn)身的精神，是根本做不好的。更何況改革開放，難免會泥沙俱下，造成某些腐朽的東西有所抬頭，國內(nèi)外邪惡勢力和敵對勢力正在虎視眈眈伺機而動，這樣就更需要我們像徐洪剛那樣敢于在關(guān)鍵時刻挺身而出，隨時準(zhǔn)備為保衛(wèi)改革開放的成果而英勇獻(xiàn)身。所以在改革開放形勢下，在向四化進(jìn)軍的征程中，不是不需要革命英雄主義，不是不需要徐洪剛那樣的英雄人物，而是更加急需；不是沒有表現(xiàn)的機會，而是提供了更廣闊的天地。

練習(xí)：請以“人生處處是考場”為題擴句進(jìn)行演講。

4、借ⅹ發(fā)揮。即前面講的“五借”。“借”了之后要擴充成句成篇。

五注重：

1、注重開頭，引人入勝；注重結(jié)尾，耐人尋味；

2、注重內(nèi)容，言之有物，機敏幽默，蘊含深刻；

3、注重語言形式，以口語短句為主，巧用比喻、排比、設(shè)問、反問、引用、反復(fù)等修辭手法；注意過渡詞、句、段的使用，加強銜接；防止語言陋習(xí)，不用粗話、碎屑語和方言。

4、注重語調(diào)有激情，把握好語調(diào)的抑揚起伏；

5、注重演講者的形象，防止不良陋習(xí)。

第二篇：怎樣緊緊把握即興演講的思路

怎樣緊緊把握即興演講的思路

進(jìn)行即興演講需要多方面的知識素養(yǎng)，又需要敏捷的思維能力，快速的語言表達(dá)能力和應(yīng)變能力。

一、恰當(dāng)?shù)臏?zhǔn)備技巧

1、知識素養(yǎng)準(zhǔn)備：

演講者的知識積累、興趣愛好、閱歷修養(yǎng)與演講的成功有著緊密的關(guān)系?！扒蓩D難為無米之炊”，許多演講者感到演講的最大困難在于沒有演講材料。這就要求我們平時做有心人，“家事、國事、天下事、事事關(guān)心”，廣泛地閱讀、收集、積累材料，上下、古今、中外的人文科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)都要學(xué)習(xí)，同時加強自我的思想、道德、情感等各方面的修養(yǎng)。這是一個長期、瑣碎而復(fù)雜的工作。重點從以下幾方面入手：

①多收集歷史資料，對那些重要的歷史事件、人物的有關(guān)情況要熟記，并分門別類地進(jìn)行整理；

②多收集現(xiàn)實資料，對當(dāng)今國內(nèi)外發(fā)生的重大的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科技等各個領(lǐng)域的事件、人物的有關(guān)情況要了如指掌，進(jìn)行思考；

③加強記憶，多記名人名言、俗語諺語、古典詩詞、經(jīng)典文學(xué)、寓言故事、時文政評等等。

練習(xí)：請分別以“珍惜時間”、“奉獻(xiàn)青春”、“珍愛生命”、“和平萬歲”為主海量資料分享

題，收集名人名言、故事、古今中外的人物、典型事例。

請收集有關(guān)親情、愛情、友情的古今詩詞各5首并背誦。

2、臨場觀察準(zhǔn)備：

演講者要盡快觀察、熟悉演講現(xiàn)場，及時收集捕捉現(xiàn)場的所見所聞，包括現(xiàn)場環(huán)境（時間、地點、場景布置）、聽眾、其他演講者的演講等，以確定自己的話題，增加演講的即興因素。

3、心理素質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備：

既然是有感而發(fā)，就要有穩(wěn)定的情緒，有十足的信心，有必勝的信念，這樣才能保證思路通暢，言之有物，情緒飽滿，鎮(zhèn)定從容。

二、快速思維的技巧

臨場性決定了即興演講者必須具有較強的快速思維能力?？焖偎季S即快速組織內(nèi)部語言，實際上就是一個快速創(chuàng)作、打腹稿的過程。其技巧主要表現(xiàn)為：三定、四思、五借。

三“定”：定話題、定觀點、定框架

定話題——應(yīng)選擇你想說的、觀眾想聽的、你能講的、社會生活需要的話題；

定觀點——應(yīng)確立明確精練、正確深刻、為大家所能接受的、言之有理的觀點；

海量資料分享

定框架——兩種模式：

開門見山式：也叫金字塔式。方法為：先亮出主題，然后對主題作較詳細(xì)地論證和分析說明。

曲徑通幽式：也稱為卡耐基的“魔術(shù)公式”。方法為：先舉例，再敘主旨要點，三說理由，進(jìn)行論證分析。

四“思”：逆向思維、縱深思維、發(fā)散思維、綜合思維

逆向思維：是指從相反方向思考問題，即一反傳統(tǒng)看法，提出與之相對或相反的觀點。這是一種反彈琵琶式的思維模式，它鮮明地表現(xiàn)為對傳統(tǒng)的批判精神，但要注意觀點必須持之有據(jù)，能夠自圓其說。

縱深思維：從一般人認(rèn)為不值一談的小事，或無須作進(jìn)一步探討的定論中，發(fā)現(xiàn)更深一層的被現(xiàn)象掩蓋著的事物本質(zhì)。即“透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)”。

發(fā)散思維：是從同一問題中產(chǎn)生各種各樣的為數(shù)眾多的答案，在處理問題中尋找多種多樣的正確途徑。多端、靈活、精細(xì)、新穎是它的特點。

綜合思維訓(xùn)練：是前面三種思維的綜合運用，事實上我們在思考問題時，一般情況都是將各種思維綜合在一起使用的。

海量資料分享

第三篇：即興演講準(zhǔn)備思路、題目及

即興演講準(zhǔn)備思路及模板

一、準(zhǔn)備思路

（一）準(zhǔn)備紙和筆

放松心情，快速寫下提綱，包括提綱中重要的點，并且記住提綱內(nèi)容和觀點出現(xiàn)的先后順序。提綱是成功演講的要素。通過撰寫提綱，演講中的相關(guān)要點得以布局合理，承接順暢，結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。在講稿提綱中，你應(yīng)該寫明演講的具體目標(biāo)和中心思想；標(biāo)明開頭、主體部分和結(jié)尾；用完整的句子表述要點和分論點；標(biāo)明過渡語、內(nèi)部總結(jié)和內(nèi)部提示；并且要在整個講稿提綱中使用統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)記符號體系和首行縮進(jìn)格式。

（二）寫出開頭和結(jié)尾，因為這是相當(dāng)重要的部分，要熟記，然后圍繞提綱在大腦里面進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡述。

（三）最好能通過故事或者笑話讓演講變得幽默、風(fēng)趣。

（四）注意語言語調(diào)，盡最大努力調(diào)動現(xiàn)場氣氛，控制場面。

（五）結(jié)尾的首要目的是讓聽眾知道演講將要結(jié)束，可以通過語句或表達(dá)方式來告知聽眾。其次是進(jìn)一步強調(diào)中心思想，可使用總結(jié)全文、以引言結(jié)尾、語出驚人以及首尾呼應(yīng)等四種方法。結(jié)尾要富有創(chuàng)意，生動而有感染力。結(jié)尾說完了，可以說Thank you for your time!

一、歷年題目

1.Is the government entitled to sell the rights to Place Names? 2.Is the ban on Internet Cafes an example of Lazy Governance? 3.Is the dragon a suitable symbol for China 4.Should media be fined for reporting on disasters without government approval? 5.Will banning free plastic bags reduce pollution? 6.Should the car-free day be compulsory? 7.Should new graduates low their job expectations? 8.A lot of countries have schools that focus only on the males or females.What are the advantages and disadvantages of unisex schools? 9.A great number of people think that those with a university education should get a higher salary than those without, for they believe that the former have sweated and sacrificed more.To what extent do you agree with this point of view? 10.Some people think that high school students should be given the right to evaluate and even criticize their teachers while others claim that this practice will disrupt the order in classroom and lead to disrespect for teachers.What’s your opinion? 11.You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by two students.Would you rather choose your own roommate or would you rather have the university assign a student to share the room with you? 12.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? university should give the same amount of money to their students’ sports activities as they give to their university libraries.13.In many developing nations, young children start to study a foreign language at an increasingly early age and bilingual education exists in many primary and secondary schools as a way of attracting students.Therefore, some people claim that foreign language instruction should begin in the kindergartens.What is your opinion? 14.“When people succeed, it is because of hard work.Luck has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree with the quotation above? 15.With computers, now people can shop, bank, work and communicate at home.The danger is that people could become isolated from each other and lose social skills.What do you think of it? 16.Statistics show that cities are becoming bigger and bigger.What do you think are the causes and possible consequences? 17.Some movies are serious, designed to make the audience think, other movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain, which type of movie do you prefer? 18.What do you want most in a friend----someone who is intelligent, or someone who has a sense of humor, or someone who is reliable? Which one of these characters is most important to you? 19.As a college student, what can you do to protect our environment? 20.Do you think music and arts should be compulsory courses in college? 21.As you know, modern people are becoming busier than before and many of them have health problems just because they don’t have time to do physical exercise.What do you think will be a best solution?

三、模板

總的原則：如果題目里面的話可以借用，就先借用題目，以增加說話的時間。

（一）問句型（1-7）

可參照

（四）表達(dá)自己觀點型

（二）利弊分析（8）

It is undeniable that the specific issue of sth./ 或接whether 從句 has become controversial.However, in spite of those who believe that sth.have more negative/positive effects, I hold opposite attitude.The drawbacks of sth are obvious.Some people are really concerned about … They hold that …(請解釋)。Other feel upset at …(另外一個弊端), which will damage …/endager ….It is often the case that …(此處總結(jié)上段提出的兩個弊端)。But when it comes to …, …, and …,(此處先總結(jié)寫你認(rèn)同的幾個好處)，an increasing number of people including me are convinced that …...For one thing, …。The evidence recently presented in research journals available to the public confirms that … 寫調(diào)查結(jié)果，通過數(shù)字來證明自己所列舉的好處1.Besides。。(另外一個好處).In other words, …(換種說法解釋)。This is another aspect of how sth benefits us.All in all, sth has played a significant role in … It has both upsides and downsides.But it is my firm belief that its disadvantages/advantages of … outweigh the advantages/disadvantages.（三）同意與否型（9、12、14）

There is no denying that the specific issue of sth./ 或接whether 從句 has become controversial.However, in spite of those who are against/ for …, I approve wholeheartedly of/ 或 I strongly object to the idea that …

Those who hold negative/ positive attitude towards … believe that … may exert adverse/ significant effect on us.… is always top of the list of their argument.For example,…(請用舉例子的方法解釋).Besides, those critics/ advocates also claim that …(此處寫第二個原因)for the reason that ….It is often the case that …(此處總結(jié)上段反方提出的幾個觀點)。But when it comes to …, …, and …,(此處先總結(jié)寫你所支持的幾個理由)，an increasing number of people including me are convinced that...For one thing, …。The evidence recently presented in research journals available to the public confirms that …此處寫調(diào)查結(jié)果，通過數(shù)字來證明自己所列舉的理由1。Similarly,… should also deserve our special attention.In other words, …(換種說法解釋)。If…not,..(反過來在說一遍)。Last but not least, …

Obviously, it is hard for both sides to come to an agreement on this complicated issue, but I still commit to the notion that …(再重申你的立場)。

（四）表達(dá)自己觀點型（10、13、15、20）

The answer of this statement depends on your own experience and life style.In my point view, buying computers is as important as, if not more important than, buying books.So it is sagacious to ____________.Among countless factors which influence the choice, these are three conspicuous aspects as follows.The main reason for my propensity for__________is that____________.Another reason can be seen by every person is that________________.Futhermore,______________.In short,_________________復(fù)述前文中的理由______________.（五）選擇型（11、17、18）

Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, wefind that some people hold the idea of A meanwhile others prefer to B, from mypoint of view, it is more advisable to chose A rather than B.My arguments for thispoint are listed as follows.The main reason for my propensity for A is that___________________________.就理由進(jìn)行解釋_____________________.For instance,____________________

Another reason can be seen by every one is that____________________________.就理由進(jìn)

行解釋___________________For example,____________________ The argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because_____________________________

Although I agree that there may be a couple of advantages of B, I feel that the disadvantages are more obvious.Such as________________.In a word, ________________________________________________.So, it is sagacious tosupport the statement that it is better to A.（六）分析原因、結(jié)果型（16）

There is no doubt that the specific issue of sth./ 或接whether 從句 has become a pressing one, not only to the government, but also to individuals.From my point of view, this may attribute to the following contributing factors./ this surely has produced some serious problems below.One possible reason is concerned with … It is well-known that …(對該原因進(jìn)行解釋)。

Besides, … also attributes partly to sth.Another thing that deserves our special attention is …

(Apparently, if no action is taken, some serious problems would be aroused.)For example, …

Moreover, another problem I should point out lies in the fact that … Last but not least, …

As far as the thorny issue is concerned, several effective measures should be put into practice as soon as possible.In the first place......this sensible way has achieved some effectiveness in some areas.Moreover, …

To sum up, the reasons/ problems of … provided above are a few of the many but are worth our special attention.It is certain that only the government and the authorities concerned join hands in solving this pressing matter can the situation be improved greatly in the near future

（七）采取措施、解決問題型（19、21）

With the development of the society, with the advent of _____________(相關(guān)事物或現(xiàn)象), we have to face a problem that ______________________(主題問題).What are the reasons for it? In the following paragraphs, I’ll venture to explore the reasons.To start with, _____________________(闡述原因

1).Moreover, __________________(闡述原因2).In addition, _______________________(闡述原因3).In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken.For one thing, it is high time that people all over China realized the importance of __________________(解決主題問題).For another, the government should issue strict laws and regulations in order to put the situation under control.It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___諺語_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____諺語的含義_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..

第四篇：【演講比賽】怎樣做好即興演講

怎樣做好即興演講

即興演講需要技巧開路。如果能很好運用即興演講的技巧，就會取得事半功倍的效果.即興演講的一個最大難題就是在短時間內(nèi)準(zhǔn)備好演講內(nèi)容。準(zhǔn)備的時間短促，往往導(dǎo)致選手心理緊張，即使一個才思敏捷的人，這時也時常會發(fā)生思維短路的情況。

如何在短時間內(nèi)準(zhǔn)備好一篇較高質(zhì)量的演講稿呢？ 技巧之一：演講稿框架——三段式

我認(rèn)為，即興演講的內(nèi)容是可以按照一定的框架模式來準(zhǔn)備的，如此，在擬定演講稿時，就會從容不迫。我把即興演講的框架模式總結(jié)為三段式，即三大部分：

第一部分：揭題。簡單地對演講題目內(nèi)涵作出解釋，或?qū)ζ湟饬x作用進(jìn)行闡述。揭題要簡潔明了，旗幟鮮明地亮出演講的主題和觀點。

第二部分：案例+觀點。根據(jù)演講的時間要求，用典型事例論證自己的主題和觀點。第三部分：呼應(yīng)。即演講的結(jié)尾，或發(fā)出倡議，或表示決心，或展望未來，再次呼應(yīng)第一部分的主題。

此三段式，雖然僵化了一些，但在賽場上卻是非常實用的。

按照三段式格式，寫即興演講稿就象做填空題一樣簡單，可減少演講者謀篇布局方面的時間。即興演講的準(zhǔn)備過程中，分分秒秒都十分寶貴，將節(jié)約出來的時間用于實質(zhì)內(nèi)容的思考，語言的組織與推敲，就比別人多了一籌勝算。

當(dāng)然，技巧只能是技巧，它必須以深厚的知識內(nèi)涵為基礎(chǔ)。所謂臺上一分鐘，臺下十年功，沒有深厚的知識、情感的積淀，技巧再熟練、再高超，也只能是空架子。因此，技巧只能是開路，真正的較量則是演講者內(nèi)涵的較量。

一、即興演講的概念

即興演講是指在事先沒有充分準(zhǔn)備的情況下，對眼前的人物、事件、場景、氣氛有所感觸，產(chǎn)生強烈的興致或興趣而主動或被迫地當(dāng)場發(fā)表的演講。

即興演講有兩種情況，一種是雖然沒有講稿，但卻有一定的思想準(zhǔn)備；二是毫無思想準(zhǔn)備，被迫講話。

二、即興演講的特征

（一）臨時性

即興演講無事先準(zhǔn)備，臨時即境生情，緣情而發(fā)具有很強的即時性，也就是說要求演講者必須很好地把握時境，有的放矢，就聽眾最感興趣的、最關(guān)心的問題，即席取材，或展開聯(lián)想或借題發(fā)揮，在短短的幾分鐘的演講中緊緊把握住聽眾，以達(dá)到演講的目的。

（二）短暫性

即興演講事先沒有充分準(zhǔn)備時間，只能在演講前幾分鐘內(nèi)列個簡要提綱或打個腹稿，不可能構(gòu)思出內(nèi)容復(fù)雜的宏篇巨論。另一方面即興演講如時間過長，因事先無充分準(zhǔn)備，往往會出現(xiàn)漏洞。再者，時間過長與演講場面的氣氛也不諧調(diào)，會使聽眾產(chǎn)生厭煩心理，影響演講效果。故即興演講要求短小精悍，演講者應(yīng)以敏捷的思維快速組合材料，不能象例命題演講那樣，要求內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)的安排，語言風(fēng)格的錘煉，動作表情的配套等面面俱到，而應(yīng)力求集中精力突破一點，講出新意。演講應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡練，主題單一，一氣呵成，自始至終牢牢控制住聽眾，使演講在短短幾分鐘內(nèi)結(jié)束。

（三）觸發(fā)性

即興演講是對當(dāng)時的演講場境有所感觸，有感而發(fā)，因此觸發(fā)性也是即興演講的一個特征。興有所激，情有所感，有感而發(fā)，因此，即興演講往往帶有強烈的感情色彩，此種感情來自于演講者對演講現(xiàn)場的感觸，是真情實感，只有感深才能情切，只有激情在胸，一吐為快，才能在演講中做到寓理于情，聲情并茂，收到“快者掀髯，悲者掩泣，憤者扼腕，羨者色飛”的效果。如果說命題演講側(cè)重于曉之以理那么即興演講則側(cè)重于動之以情。

三、即興演講的快速思維

（一）即興演講與思維的關(guān)系

即興演講的過程是一個由內(nèi)部語言迅速轉(zhuǎn)換成外部語言的過程。生成內(nèi)部語言的過程就是一個思維過程。思維的工具是語言，思維的原料是語言信息。語言是思維的外殼，是思維活動的外化表現(xiàn)。語言與思維構(gòu)成了一個密不可分的依存關(guān)系。但同時又產(chǎn)生了互為促進(jìn)和制約的關(guān)系。思維品質(zhì)的提高，有助于語言能力的發(fā)展；語言能力的提高，又促進(jìn)思維品質(zhì)的發(fā)展。思維低下又制約語言能力的發(fā)展；語言能力低下，同樣制約思維的發(fā)展?？茖W(xué)統(tǒng)計表明，詞匯量少的人往往智力低下。思維能力是衡量智力的一個主要標(biāo)志。

即興演講的內(nèi)在能力在于快速思維，即快速組織內(nèi)部語言。盡管即興演講是突然發(fā)生，延續(xù)的時間也不很長，但是思維的過程卻是復(fù)雜的。首先是感性階段，即憑著視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺獲得信息，信息刺激大腦，引起思維；第二，語義初步階段。通過思維，判明情勢。捕捉話題，產(chǎn)生說話的動機；第三，動機擴展，產(chǎn)生語言第四，調(diào)動儲備的經(jīng)驗與知識，形成說話的基本贛意向網(wǎng)絡(luò)；第五，編碼形成系統(tǒng)的語序；第六，發(fā)聲傳播。在即興演講中有的可以全部完成，形成腹稿。有的只能部分完成，邊想邊講。思維比話說更活躍，科學(xué)試驗表明，思維比講話至少快五倍以上。正因為如此，即興演講者常常是講一句，想幾句，甚至一個語段。在即興演講過程中，思維不僅要源源不斷提供一句一句、一層一層、一段一段的完整編碼，而且還要肩負(fù)兩類反饋信息的處理。一是監(jiān)聽自己的有聲語言和監(jiān)視自己的無聲語言，隨時給予調(diào)整；二是聽眾對演講所作出的各種反應(yīng)也作為信息反饋過來。思維同樣要對演講作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整?？傊季S貫穿在即興演講的全過程，它是突然開始，連綿不斷地展開，演講結(jié)束，思維方告一段落。從現(xiàn)象看，思維與演講似乎是同步進(jìn)行的，實際上它比演講快得多，因而思維在即興演講中是極為快速，、極為緊張的。即興演講與命題演講一個帶根本性的區(qū)別也在這里，命題演講的一系列思維活動在上臺之前就基本完成，演講中的思維主要是對現(xiàn)場信息反饋的處理、比起即興演講來，命題演講的思維負(fù)荷輕松多了。即興演講比命演講難，就難在這種快速思維上。

（二）快速思維的基本方法

語言，有語音、語法規(guī)律、修辭方法可研究，作為語言的內(nèi)部運動，同樣有運動規(guī)律可研究。盡管抽象，但畢竟有一個產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展和終結(jié)的過程。我們就按照這個過程，并參照它的外化形式——言語，來探討即興演講的快速思維的方法問題。

1、激發(fā)思維的興奮點

生活常識告訴我們，當(dāng)處在興奮狀態(tài)中，人的思維最活躍。因此盡快 地進(jìn)入興奮狀態(tài)，也許是即興演講成敗的關(guān)鍵。

興奮，是刺激的結(jié)果。它有兩種，一種是物質(zhì)刺激，產(chǎn)生興奮，引起思維，但這種思維缺乏明確的指向，因而常常語無倫次或胡言亂語，如酗酒等。另外一種是精神刺激，即情感、理智、美感刺激，由此產(chǎn)生的興奮，引發(fā)的思維，常常會沿著一定的方向有規(guī)律地延伸開去，即定向思維。一個即興演講者站起來以后，如果不立即找到這種刺激源，那么他的演講就很難說有成功的把握了。

如何在一瞬間找到這種刺激源呢？也許以下的嘗試是有益的。

（1）根據(jù)演講的內(nèi)容，從聽眾的情緒、會場氣氛、場地布置、場外情景出發(fā)，尋找刺激源，引出要講的話題。這就是即興演講尋找刺激的第一種方法，即情景激發(fā)。

（2）從別人的發(fā)言中尋找刺激源，引出要講的話題，這是理智激發(fā)。

（3）從自己的親身經(jīng)歷中。從自己的見聞中尋找刺激源，這是第三種方法即自我引發(fā)。

2、擴展語點

刺激產(chǎn)生興奮，興奮引發(fā)思維，即有了說欲。這時，到底應(yīng)該講什么，尚不清晰，只有某種意向。但內(nèi)部語言也開始運動。運動初期，生成若干語言，語點擴展，才逐漸清晰，形成語序。即席演講的、快速思維也表現(xiàn)在如何加速擴展語言。這里有幾種方法值得一提。

（1）強化刺激，加強興奮。這是在產(chǎn)生說欲的基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)強化刺激，強化興奮。這種刺激的強化有兩個方面；一方面是刺激源的本身；另一方面是聽眾的信息反饋。即席演講大多是邊想邊講。當(dāng)初使興奮的引發(fā)說欲的刺激源，本身很可能就成了開場的材料，這些材料經(jīng)過內(nèi)部語言和外部語言的加工，更加清晰，更加生動，更加感人。演講者一旦進(jìn)入“角色他所受的刺激會進(jìn)一步加強，因而也更加興奮，于是思維也隨之更加活躍。與此同時，也相應(yīng)地感染聽眾，聽眾的各種反應(yīng)又作為信息反饋給演講者，反饋的結(jié)果是使演講者越來越興奮，思維更加敏捷，而情態(tài)上越來越激動，甚至手之、舞之、足之、蹈之。

（2）控制情緒，控制興奮。有經(jīng)驗的演講家，是很注意控制自己的情緒的。當(dāng)說欲一經(jīng)形成，主要的不是依靠情緒來支撐演講，而是以理智來激發(fā)思維，即由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，由原因而結(jié)果，由正及反，由此及彼，層層推論。這些關(guān)系，本身就是一定的思維模式，一經(jīng)運用，思維的速度自然就快起來了。

（3）引發(fā)一點。觸類旁通。站起來開始講話，也許是結(jié)結(jié)巴巴，不知說什么好?？墒?，突然思維開闊，講出一番精彩的話來。這種現(xiàn)象，不僅出現(xiàn)在即席演講中，在課堂教學(xué)中，在平日的交談中，就是寫文章也會出現(xiàn)這種奇跡，真?zhèn)€是“山重水復(fù)疑無路，柳暗花明又一村“。這是因為開始思維尚未完全引起，后來突然被一句話、一件事、一個情景觸發(fā)了，思維活躍起來了。尤其是當(dāng)思維的聯(lián)想被開啟之后：講到一點，立即又把相關(guān)的事物調(diào)動起來了。

戴爾 卡耐基在《口才訓(xùn)練妙訣》一書中，介紹過兩種訓(xùn)練的方法，我們不妨一試；

一是連鎖技巧游戲。第一人開頭講述故事，限定時間，下面的人依次接下去；二是從帶有無規(guī)律幾個詞的字條中抽取一個，用很短的時間把它們連綴成一段合情合理的話。

（2001年中央電視臺節(jié)目主持人大賽）

3、快速思維應(yīng)注意的兩點

一是不管快速思維從哪里引發(fā)，怎樣擴展，都必須緊扣演講的主旨。不可一當(dāng)引發(fā)，便一瀉而下，離題萬里；同時還要注意主旨的積極性。二是盡可能做到“超前思維“，即在演講之前，有所準(zhǔn)備，有所思維。就是在平日，也要注意收集和整理演講材料。遇事想一想，形成習(xí)慣，這對于活躍思維、提高快速思維能力是大有裨益的。

四、即興演講的技巧

（一）審題扣題

由于即興演講審題時間短，很容易犯偏離主題，不得要領(lǐng)，見解平庸的錯誤，這樣就會使演講牽強附會，言之無物，陷入困窘，因此即興演講扣題非常重要。演講者應(yīng)根據(jù)現(xiàn)場形勢、主要議題等，從自己感受最深的方面出發(fā)，充分調(diào)動起頭腦中貯存的信息，確定一個新穎獨特的議論角度，據(jù)此提出一個緊扣實質(zhì)、揭示要害的主題。例如從一則中專生過生日擺闊的消息中我們可這樣來扣題“中專生應(yīng)是知識的富有者“與物質(zhì)的富有形成對比，從而確定褒貶的焦點。

（二）即席取材

即興演講除了調(diào)動頭腦的貯存選取典型材料外，還應(yīng)體現(xiàn)演講的即席性，即注意現(xiàn)場情況，把眼前的人和事納入到演講中。如果能講出聽眾的切身感受，易于被聽眾接受，演講就有說服力。即席取材主要有以下三種情況：

1、借題發(fā)揮導(dǎo)入話題

即興演講的開場白可以利用此時此地的一些特殊事物，例如人名、地名、季節(jié)、天氣、景物、氣氛等引發(fā)聯(lián)想導(dǎo)入主題，題會使聽眾覺得風(fēng)趣、別致，顯得生動活潑。

2、以現(xiàn)場的人和事為論據(jù)

例如現(xiàn)場聽眾的職業(yè)特點、現(xiàn)場名人的事跡等都是很典型的素材。

3、語重心長親近聽眾

演講過程中經(jīng)常站在聽眾的立場講話使聽眾成為自己的同盟軍。例如聞一多的《最后一次演講》都是以“我們”為人稱來講話，“我們”是指“到會的一千多青年”，與“你們”——卑鄙的反動派、現(xiàn)場的特務(wù)們形成對立，使聽眾自然地站在了演講者一邊。

（三）結(jié)構(gòu)簡單

即興演講不宜篇幅過長，一般人在很短的時間也不可能構(gòu)思出內(nèi)容復(fù)雜的宏篇巨論。因此即興演講宜簡短精練，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，一般為單線條式的結(jié)構(gòu)，或橫向的以事物的幾個方面為綱、或縱向的以事物的發(fā)展過程為目，按邏輯思維的順序、情感觸發(fā)的線索為依據(jù)來、組合材料，這樣比較利于快速打好腹稿。演講時只要列出幾條突出的綱目甚至幾個重點詞語用以提示思維、控制思路，就可以完成一篇條理清晰、主題突出的演講了。

（四）言簡意賅

由于現(xiàn)場客觀條件的限制，聽眾要求即席演講要時間短、內(nèi)容精、思想深、內(nèi)涵豐，這就要求演講語言要準(zhǔn)確精練不能說廢話，不要過分鋪張，在通俗流暢的基礎(chǔ)上講究語言的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力，做到言簡意賅、講解透徹。

第五篇：英語三分鐘即興演講題目和參考思路

1.Should parents set limits in internet access for their teenage children? Why? Internet is dangerous if a child has unlimited freedom to use it.Because teenagers are too weak to resist the great tempt.Various online games will cost their almost all-day time.And many kinds of online movies may teach them unhealthy content such as violence.Also, long-time exposure to computer will do great harm to teenager’s eyesight.A child addicted to Internet will neglect his study completely.However, the word limit does not mean forbidding.It can’t be denied that internet is a very useful tool for learning.In this information age, computer and internet is essential.Adequate access to internet will contribute to teenagers keeping pace with this world.Also, internet is a fine entertainment for students who have study longtime and get tired.So, I think parents should set limits on but not forbid access for their teenager children.2.Should smoking be prohibited completely in all countries? Why? Well, it’s a quite complex question.Overall, in my opinion, I think smoking shouldn’t be completely prohibited in all countries.Let me explain my views.We all know clearly that smoking is very harmful to the smoker’s health.Longtime smoking can lead to lung cancer and other serious health problem.Also, smoking in public situation is awful.People around the smoker, especially the children, also suffer from the damage to their health.In spite of all these bad effects mentioned above, however, I still think smoking is indeed needed in our society.For example, when people get tired or anxious, a cigarette can help to release their body as well as spirit.Also, in some social intercourse, cigarette is a essential.In my eyes, I can’t imagine what people’s life will become if smoking is completely prohibited.There may be many benefits for individuals, but the social will suffer a lot.So, I think smoking should not be prohibited.It is individual’s effort to make smoking a useful thing.3.Agree or disagree: There is nothing that young people could teach old people.In ancient times, young people should never teach old people.Old people know much more than young because they have undergone many things in their life.They lead us to the right way.Sometimes, it’s regarded impolite for young to teach old.But that does not mean young people really have nothing to teach old people, especially in this high-developed times.Young people usually learn things fast and learn more.They always have a smart head for new things.Therefore, young people can teach the olds how to use computer and cellphone, how to dance and so on.Also, I think old people can learn younger’s passion and energetic for life.That will be a good thing.4.Should pets be allowed in university dormitories? In my opinion, by no means should pets be allowed in dormitories.To be honest, I’ve been thinking in my mind to have a pet in my dorm.Lovely pets will bring much joy to our daily life.But I eventually didn’t do that.Why? Because it is something selfish and irresponsible.Dormitory is a place where several people live together.To a certain degree, it is a public place.We can’t just comply with our own desire while ignore other roommates’ feeling.Having a pet in dorm can be troublesome or even annoying.It may make the room dirty and even in a mess.What’s worse, some people are allergic to certain animals.Also, people’s rest can’t be guaranteed.Some people may say that we could choose a mild and little pet such as fishes.In this case, if your roommates don’t reject, I think it is acceptable.5.Agree or disagree: Museums should be made free.In my eyes, museums of course should be made free.We know that, as a part of culture, museums restore many culture relics.These are typical symbols for a certain times.As a citizen of our country, it is necessary and natural to learn our past history.Recent years, more and more museums are open free to the public.I couldn’t agree more with it.Free museum will greatly motivate all kinds of people to approach.What’s more, in this fast developing age, museums have many new and advanced invents inside.It will be a wonderful place for people who want to learn more.Parents can often take their children to museums to learn about history and some technical knowledge.In a word, I think government should try to make more museums free for citizens.6.Agree or disagree: Zoos should be banned.Nowadays, lots of people start to realize that zoos are not a good place for animals.People need zoos because it is an easy way to close the animals and also because it’s convenient for people to observe them.However, zoos are in fact a cruel place for animals.Animals should live in their natural habitat.An animal’s natural instinct is to run and to hunt.But that’s not for animals kept in zoos.Everyday, people feed them.They’ve never been taught how to hunt for food and will gradually lose their natures.That will be quite cruel for a animal, especially for wild animals such as tigers and lions.You can often find in zoos that a tiger kept in cage has a loose expression in its face.We set animals in zoos and therefore feel that they won’t meet danger and may be able to protect them from dying out.This may be just a excuse we find for ourselves to make animals in cages just as entertainment.We always say animals are our friends, then why we put our friends in cages?

7.Agree or disagree: Advertising aiming at children should be restricted.I disagree.It’s fair to advertize to children even children are always said to be unable to distinguish between reality and fiction, between entertainment and advertising.A supposed consequence of advertising is that children are being persuaded to demand things that they don’t need and to adopt consumerist values and attitudes in their formative years.However, it’s up to the parents to determine what should and shouldn’t be bought for their children.Children need to know how to see these ads and realize how a certain product would affect them and thus balance out the pros and cons and see if it’s in their best interest.In my opinion, the parents as well as the world need to stop babying children and let them learn lessons for life, because certain things can’t be restricted well.Temptation is always at children’s side.They have to learn to resist and make responsible decisions.8.Agree or disagree: Junk food should be taxed.I agree that junk food should be taxed.In modern society, many people are attracted to eat in KFC or MacDonald’s.Everyday, many hamburgers, fried chips and so on are sold out.Despite the good sale, it can’t be denied that all these are junk food.Just as the word junk, they bring great harm to our healthy.So, there comes a appeal that junk food should be taxed.In think it is enforceable because it will control the sale of junk food to a certain degree.Firstly, the tax can force the manufacturer to decrease production and then there will be less junk food on market.Also, we all know that junk food has very high profits.Some trader many take extreme trick to cut down their cost and gain more profit.So, it’s reasonable to tax them.9.Agree or disagree: Universities should abolish the practice of cutting off the electricity at dormitory at night.I agree with it.As a student, I should say, university shouldn’t cut off electricity at dormitory at night.The original intention for university to cut off electricity is to ensure our rest for some students will stay up very late if there is nothing to limit them.However, these students are minority.Most students have regular timetable.What’s more, we are now already in university, I think we shouldn’t be treated like high school students any longer.Especially in summer hot days, no electricity at night would be a nightmare to all students.We can’t fall asleep without electric fans.I can’t just imagine that.Universities should think more for their students and trust their self-control.10.Some say music training in college is unnecessary, while others do not believe so.What is your opinion on this issue?

I should say, music training in college is necessary, especially for non-art students.To be honest, nowadays’ college students are also under much pressure.We have to attend many complex courses everyday.Many students get tired and gloomy.Then, if there is a music course, it will greatly release our bad mood.And we will have a nice mood and more energy to continue our study.Besides, it’s commonly believed that music training can cultivate people’s character.It will make people more calm and wise as well as elegant.In fact, nowadays, many parents send their children to attend music course at a very young age.These parents hope their children will have a elegant and smart mind.Many of today’s students in university didn’t have adequate music training at their former school.If university can open related music course, it will be of great use for students’ cultivation.11.Some people like to do only what they already do well.Other people prefer to try new things and take risks.Which do you prefer? I prefer to try new things and take risks.For me, risk is a kind of uncertainty.Maybe it will lead to a negative consequence, but just as Helen Keller ever said, character cannot be developed in ease and quiet.Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, ambition inspired, and success achieved.So, if we only do what we already d well, we can rarely touch new things, gain new knowledge, and we never change.However, if we try new thing, we will find something different and may come to something we’ve never face before.Then, we will try our best to solve it, to achieve it.During the course, our ability is improved even though we fail at last.After repeatedly trying new things, we will eventually find that we’ve learnt many and become more mature.We will find it easier to measure situation and make right decision.Also, our simple life is becoming meaningful and interesting.12.Some say military training at college is necessary while other disagree.What’s your point of view on this subject? Why?

I think military training at college is necessary.Nowadays, many undergraduates are lacking in self-control and discipline.The military training is quite useful in this case.We know that military training is very strict.During the training, we learn to obey the disciplines and keep high concentration.Also, we can have our body strengthened and change our lazy image.Although the training can be very hard, we will gradually find that our steps become vigorous, and our spirits become energetic.What’s more, military training can also cultivate our Patriotism.The experience of hard training will remind us of Chinese army’s hardship.We are aware of their historic mission, fighting spirit and responsibility.So, military training is an effective way to make people know more about our motherland and love her.13.What qualities do you think a friend should have to continue the friendship? Use specific reasons to support your idea.In my heart, I think the most important quality to continue the friendship is sincerity.A true friendship must be built on sincerity.However, to continue a friendship is not a easy thing.Both of each other have to pay a lot.The word sincerity contains too much.Firstly, we need to be frank and honest to each other.Only if when we did so can the other side treat us like the same and thus build belief between friends.A friendship full of lies and deceit shouldn’t be called friendship.Secondly, we need to be considerable and do not be self-centered.We should think more for our friends and encourage them on certain occasion.A self-centered friend can be very troublesome and annoying.No one would tolerate him for a long time.Finally, I think we should learn to compromise sometimes.We can’t live in harmony forever with our friends.When there expose a disagreement, we should compromise to each other.Only by this way can a friendship last long.14.Some people say college degree begins to lose shining while others do not think so.What’s your point of view on this subject? Why? It’s not an easy question.On the whole, I think, college degree do begin to lose shining but we should never think it unimportant.Today, there are more and more universities or college degrees.We can say that graduates in society are overflowing.It can’t be ignored that more and more graduates with high degree are in fact idiots.So, the companies increasingly focus more on the personal ability rather than college degree when they recruit employees.However, that does not mean college certification becomes a wastepaper.It’s still a essential for you looking a good job.Support that a person without any qualification, will a recruiting company give him a chance? That will rarely happen, at least in our country.Then, if you never have a chance, how can you display and prove your ability, if you indeed have? So, do not think the college degree is useless.After all, chances are not for every common people.Only if we own it can we get the chance to enter a good company and thus make a difference.15.Some say growing up in rich family promotes children’s personality and character.Some think otherwise.What’s your opinion? Why? Well, it’s quite a question argued by people all the time.I think a person’s personality has little relation to his family economic level.It’s commonly said that a child in rich family will has more chances and better choice for his study.However, if the kid himself isn’t aware of this, that is all in vain.It’s not unusual that many children from rich family are quite rude and conceited although they are always receive the best education.Then, how about the poor family’s children? There is another saying that adversity cultivates heroes.To be honest, I disagree with it too.Poor children should learn harder and catch every chance to strengthen themselves.However, the reality is often not like that.Subjectively speaking, poor children are easy to feel inferior and thus can’t study well.Even if they study well, they hardly do well in practicing ability.Objectively speaking, poor children can hardly receive good and plentiful education because of the economic limit.That will cause deficiency in some literal or artistic talent such as music or dance.Therefore, I think children’s personality have little relation to their family situation.16.In universities, students should take history courses no matter what field they study.Do you agree?

I disagree with it even though I do know history is important.I’m a student major in electricity.To be honest, I think there is little sense for students in university taking history courses no matter what field they study.Maybe many people would say, history is something left by our ancestors, so we shouldn’t forget it.Yes, I agree with that.History need to be remembered.But in fact, we have been learning history from primary school.I really it’s enough for people like me whose major has little relation to history.I just take history exam last year.For me, it was really a nightmare.I spent so much time on it and still can’t remember all.Now that we’ve chosen engineering, I can’t understand why we need and have to learn history again.The time spent on history learning should be used for our major courses.17.Agree or not agree: the next twenty years from now on, students will not use printed books any more.I don’t think so.printed books won’t be abandoned in such a short time.I admit that new technology is developing fast.Many advanced electronic products are gradually take the place of traditional tools.Just like in university, teachers like to use multimedia in class for it is quite convenient and efficient.However, for our student, it is not realistic to study completely by electronic products.There are many things need to recorded on books.Books are something meaningful and practical.I should say, in our country, printed books wouldn’t be abandoned within 20 years at least for two reasons.Firstly, books are classical container of knowledge.They accompany human to advance.A student without books could be someway ridiculous.Secondly, our country haven’t developed so strong to make every student study by computer or other forms of electronic tools.And even after 20 years, the possibility is also very small.I also think it is unnecessary because books are cheap but useful and still meaningful.18.Agree or not agree: working together is better than working alone.I think work together is better than work alone.There are many benefits of working together.Firstly and obviously, working together can collect many useful and excellent ideas especially when we are thinking some complicated problems.After all, each person has his own way of thinking.After getting all ideas together, you will often find that things become much easier.Secondly, working together can avoid mistakes to a great extent.People may make wrong judge when their mood is not stable.In this case, teamwork will do great favor.Your partner could remind you of your mistake and turn the result to a good one.Thirdly, when we work together, we need be patient and not self-centered.You need to listen to others’ opinion and learn to get well along with people around you.19.Do you think nowadays the young generation’s life is in fact easier and more comfortable than their elder generation’s? I don’t think so.Life contains two aspects.One is material life, and the other is spiritual life.However, we usually emphasize on the later one.We have to admit that the young generation nowadays lives in an abundant material world.We no longer need to fight with hard environment and worry about food all day long like the elder generation.Many of us eat well, wear well and live well.However, there are something important lost.People in nowadays society are all under great pressure, even if you are a child.We are told to study hard and hard, to work hard and hard.If we don’t, we will be eliminated by the world.Then we have to worry about life too.Owing to the fast develop of world, we have to run all the time.The young generation spends almost all their time on earning money, on achieving goals.They have no time to accompany parents, to care for children, and let alone to pursue happiness.Their nerve is in tension all day long.I should say, the young generation has last too much.From this point, I don’t think the young generation’s life is easier than their elder generation’s.20.Do you think package tour is a good way of traveling? In my opinion, package tour is good in some case, while that is not absolute.Let me explain my views.If you travel not very often, I think the package tour is a better choice because the tour guide can give you many useful helps.Firstly, the guide is quite familiar with the tour city.And if you travel abroad, the guide can be your interpreter.So, you won’t be lost or even be cheated.Also, the tour guide knows much about the sight spot.Her introduction is very useful and will always lead to the most beautiful or meaningful places.Besides, if you don’t have a car, the package tour is quite convenient.You don’t have to worry about that you can’t go back in time on festival, when there are too many visitors.However, if you often go for a travel, the package tour can be quite boring for you because you have to follow the fixed timetable and route.In this case, I think you should choose traveling by yourself.You can travel however you like and stay there as long as you wish.What’s more, you can save the extra expense paid to travel agency.21.How to be popular? There is no exact answer for this question.In my mind, in order to be popular, we need to have these characters which will be mentioned next.Firstly, we need to be a person of unique character.That’s a very important factor to be popular.A person of pleasant temper is always attractive.Other people are willing to approach or make contact with him.Then, we need to be optimistic.Staying with optimistic people, we are easier to forget various trifles.Imagine that you have to face a friend who are all-day in low spirit, how could you be cheered? Most people wouldn’t like to stay with ones with bad mood.Last but not least, we should think more for others.Selfish people are always lonely.If we think only for ourselves, the people around us, even our relatives or close friends, will eventually leave us.Let alone to love us.With these characters, whether you are active or quite, extroverted or introverted, you’re sure to become a popular person.22.Learn how to say no.We’ve been taught from a young age that we should help people.It’s the right thing to do and will make us popular.It may even win us favors in return.However, we must be realistic.We can’t say yes to every request.If we did, we could feel tired or go crazy for sure.Sometimes we simply don’t have time to help others.In this case, we must know how to say no politely.When we need to say no, there is one method we can try.Firstly, we should tell the truth if we really can’t do something.We should say no directly.Then we should refuse the request politely.Finally, we don’t have to feel guilty about saying no.sometimes refusing others is the right thing.It can help us to get rid of troubles.After all, we can’t please every one all the time and saying no is a part of life.23.Nowadays western festivals are increasingly welcome in china.Do you think it is good or not? Nowadays, people in china are increasingly interested in celebrating western festivals.Some critics are arguing that people are losing their traditional values and respect historical heritage.I do not completely agree with it.In my eyes, the celebrating of western festivals has more advantages than disadvantages.Festivals are appreciated by almost everyone.I don’t it is a bad thing that our life has more festivals.Also, celebrating foreign festivals can benefit to increase the communication between different countries.People can feel other culture atmosphere and enjoy a lot in these festivals.What’s more, I don’t think we Chinese will lose respect to our own festivals.We regard our traditional festivals such as Spring Festival and the National Day just as important as usual.In my opinion, the prevalence of western festivals is just a way to make our life more colorful and joyful.24.Could you talk about the reasons why there are so many “DINK”(Double Income No Kids)families continually appearing in our society? Nowadays, there are more and more DINK families continually appearing in our society.The reason is complicated.Overall, it has something to do with society and individual’s concept.Owing to the fast develop of economy, commodity price is rising all the time.While all people want to lead a comfortable life, so they have to work hard for money.However, young couples can not have a child rashly.After all, raising a child is big project.They have to consider whether they have the economic ability as well as enough time to raise a child.Even if they do have the ability, some couples still wouldn’t like to have a child.They think having a child will cause a lot of inconvenience for them.One of them have to stay at home to take care of the newborn bay and this may make them lose a job.Some women don’t want to have a baby simply because they are afraid that their figure will go bad.In a word, they don’t want to lose their leisure life.