第一篇:福建省高考英語一輪復習語法部分第14講省略、插入語與反義疑問句精品學案新人教版
第14講 省略、插入語與反義疑問句
省略
在英語中,有時為了避免結構上或內容上的重復,并使上下文緊密連接;有時因為語法的客觀要求,句子中的一個或幾個成分不需要表達出來,這種現象稱為省略。省略有詞法上的省略,也有句法上的省略,還有一種替代省略。省略部分的成分和含義可從上下文或具體語言環境中找到而且是有章可循的。【省略的類型】
一、簡單句中的省略 【翻譯句子】(1)好久不見了!
Haven't seen you for ages!(省略主語)(2)你要什么東西嗎?
(Is there)Anything you want?(省略謂語)(3)我不知道他是誰。
I don't know(who he is).(省略賓語)(4)你有墨水嗎?
(Have you)Got any ink?(省略主語和謂語或謂語的一部分,只剩下表語、賓語、狀語或其他成分)【結論1】
有些簡單句中可以省略主語、謂語、賓語或主語和謂語。
二、并列句中的省略 【翻譯句子】
(5)他教英語,他弟弟教數學。
He teaches English and his brother maths.【結論】在并列句中,如果后面的分句與前面的分句有相同的部分,這一部分則常被省略掉,以免重復。
三、復合句中的省略
1.在含有狀語從句的復合句中 【翻譯句子】
用心
愛心
專心(6)當被問到她是誰的時候,她一句話也沒說。When(she was)asked, she didn't answer a word.【結論1】在含有狀語從句的復合句中,若從句的主句是it或與主句的主語相同,且在謂語中含有be時,常省略從句的主語和be。【疑難1】
Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit till next week.要是明天下雨的話,我們將不得不將訪問推遲到下個禮拜。
【疑難剖析1】虛擬條件句中,含had, were, should時,若將它們提到句首,則需省略if。【疑難2】This car doesn't run as fast as that one.這輛車沒有那一輛開得快。
I know you can do better than Peter.我知道你比彼得做得好。
【疑難剖析2】在as(so)?as?,than引導的比較狀語從句中省略謂語。【疑難3】
Child as he is, he knows a lot.盡管是個孩子,他卻懂得很多。
【疑難剖析3】在as引導的讓步狀語從句中,當作表語的名詞提前時,冠詞要省略。2.在限定性定語從句中 【翻譯句子】
(7)他曾想做的就是去購物。
All he ever wants to do is going shopping.(8)令我吃驚的不是他所說的內容,而是他說話的方式。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.【結論2】定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞that,which, whom可以省略;在以the same? as和such? as引導的定語從句中,可以省略與主句相同的部分;the way后面的定語從句中,可以省略that,in which。3.名詞性從句中的省略 【翻譯句子】
(9)He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.他說他兩天前就到了,而且已經在一家旅館住下了。
用心
愛心
專心
及使役動詞let, make, have 后的“賓語+動詞不定式作賓語補足語”的結構中,不定式符號to須省略,但這類結構變成被動語態時,其后的不定式要還原加上to。【例句觀察】
——你買到票了嗎?
— Did you get a ticket? ——沒有。我想買的,可是賣完了。
— No, I meant to(get one), but there weren't any left.【結論3】動詞不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise等動詞后作賓語時,為了避免重復,常承前省略不定式后的內容,但要保留不定式符號to。
特別注意:want, like用在 when, if, what,as 引導的從句中,其后的to也常可省略,如:I've decided to do what I like.【翻譯句子】
(14)除了等待,我們什么也做不了。
We do nothing now but wait.=We have nothing to do but wait.(15)I can not but admire his courage.我不得不敬佩他的勇氣。(16)他別無選擇,只好接受事實。
He has no choice but to accept the fact.【結論4】在can not but, can not choose but, do nothing but?,can't help but?,prefer to do rather than do ?,would do? rather than? 之后的動詞不定式一般不帶to;but之前有實義動詞do的某個形式do, does, did, done 而且其賓語是something,nothing,anything和everything等不定代詞時,也不帶to, 否則要帶to。【例句觀察】
I'm really puzzled what to think or say.我真不知該想什么,該說什么。
【結論5】在并列結構中為了避免重復,后一個to省略。但兩個不定式有對照或對比的意義時,則后一個to不能省略。如:
I can not to scold but to praise you.【例句觀察】
用心
愛心
專心
可省略。【例句觀察】
——陪我去購物好嗎?
— Could you go shopping with me? ——我很樂意。
— I'm glad to(go shopping with you).
【結論10】系動詞(be)+形容詞,即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式時有時為了避免重復,常省略與上文表達相同意思的不定式符號to之后的內容,只保留不定式符號。
特別注意:承前省略的動詞不定式如果有助動詞have或be,則要保留be或have,如:
— Are you a doctor? — No, but I used to be
五、某些詞法上的省略
1.名詞所有格后修飾的名詞在以下情況可以省略 1)這些是約翰的書,那些是瑪麗的。
These are John's books and those are Mary's.【結論1】如果名詞所有格修飾的名詞在前文已出現,則可以省略。2)懷特先生現在在診所。
Mr.White is now at the doctor's.【結論2】名詞所有格所修飾的名詞,若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時,常常可以省略。如:at Mr.Green's,to my uncle's,at the barber's。2.冠詞的省略
1)第二天我們來到農場幫助農場主收獲莊稼。
We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest(the)next day.【結論1】在the next day(morning, week, year?)等短語中,有時為了使語氣緊湊,定冠詞the 常可以省略。2)她在班上歌唱得最好。She sings best in the class.【結論2】在副詞的最高級前面的定冠詞常可以省略。3)我們老師手里拿著書走了進來。
用心
愛心
專心
— Neither can I.Let's stop here for a rest.——我也是。我們停下休息一會兒吧。
【結論2】“So / Nor(Neither)+謂語+主語”這種句型是用來替代前面提到的情況,表明它也適用于后者。
【特別提醒】省略在語言中,尤其在對話中,是一種十分普遍的現象;省略的考查已成為高考中的熱點。插入語
插入語通常與句中其他成分沒有語法上的關系,插入語多半用逗號與句子隔開,用來表示說話者對句子所表達的意思的態度,對句子表達起修飾、強調、緩和語氣等作用。插入語可能是一個詞、一個短語或一個句子。掌握插入語不僅有助于正確理解句意,靈活運用插入語于書面表達中還能提高作文的得分。
一、常用作插入語的副詞 【例句觀察】
Surely, she won't go to China Telecom with you.Strangely, he has not been to China Unicom.Still more strangely, he has not called me.Fortunately, I found the book that I had lost.【結論1】indeed 的確 surely 無疑 however 然而 obviously 顯然 frankly 坦率地 naturally 自然而然的 fortunately 幸運地 strangely 奇怪
honestly 真誠地 briefly 簡單地說 luckily 幸運的是
二、常見的作插入語的形容詞或其短語 【例句觀察】
Strange to say, he should have done such a thing.Most important of all, you each over fulfilled your own task.【結論2】strange to say 說來也怪 needless to say 不用說
most important of all 最為重要的是 worse still 更糟糕的是
用心
愛心
專心
【結論】strictly speaking 嚴格地說 generally speaking 一般地說 judging from?根據??判斷
given?鑒于?? considering?考慮到??
【注意】不要把以上插入語理解為現在分詞短語作狀語,因為它們與主語之間沒有主謂關系也無動賓關系,如上兩句中speaking和judging的動作都不是句中主語發出的。
五、常用作插入語的不定式短語 【例句觀察】
To be sure, community service can aid reemployment.【結論】to be sure 無疑地 to sum up 概括地說 to tell the truth 老實說 to start with 首先
六、插入句 【例句觀察】
It will result in success, I suppose.One day, it is said, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree.What is more important, information superhighways can carry great amounts of information around the country quickly and cheaply.【結論】I am sure 我可以肯定地說 I believe 我相信
I wonder 我想知道 you know 你知道 you see 你明白 that is 也就是說 it seems 看來是 as I see it 照我看來 I'm afraid 恐怕 it is said 據說
what is important(serious)重要(嚴重)的是 反意疑問句 【例句觀察】
Somebody phoned while I was out, didn't they? Everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they? Nobody wants to go there, does he? There's no help for it, is there?
用心
愛心
專心
0【例句觀察】
Don't open the door, will you? Give me some cigarettes, can you? Take a rest, why don't you? 【結論7】在由“祈使句+附加疑問”構成的附加疑問句中,附加疑問部分一般用will you, won't you, would you, 有時也可用can you, can't you, why don't you, could you等。【注意】但是,以let's開頭的祈使句,附加疑問部分用shall we;以let us開頭的祈使句,附加疑問部分用will you。
Let's have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we? Let us go out for a rest, will you? 【例句觀察】
The old man used to smoke, didn't/ usedn't he? Tom used to live here, usedn't /didn't he? 【結論8】當陳述部分含有情態動詞used to時,疑問部分可用usedn't或didn't。【例句觀察】
Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesn't it? Between six and seven will suit you, won't it? Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it? 【結論9】陳述句子中的主語為動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或其他短語時,疑問部分的主語通常用it。【例句觀察】
I wish to have a chance to learn English, may_I? 【結論10】陳述句中的謂語動詞是wish, 表示愿望時用may, 且用肯定形式。
用心
愛心
專心
第二篇:2012高考英語一輪復習同步攻關 語法部分 第10講 名詞性從句學案
第10講 名詞性從句
【定義】一個句子在另一個句子中充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語,相當于名詞,故稱為名詞性從句。
【四大從句】名詞性從句分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
一、主語從句
一個句子在另一個句子中充當主語,即句子充當主語,該句子稱為主語從句。【完成例句】
根據句意選詞填空(that, if, whether, why, when, what)(1)That he will succeed is certain.(2)Whether he will go there is not known.(3)What he said is not true.(4)When the meeting will be held has not been decided yet.【結論】 ①that-從句,從句為一個句意完整的陳述句,沒有具體意義,不充當句子成分,只起標志性作用,但that 不能省略。
②whether -從句,從句來源于一般疑問句,whether不能省略,意為“是否”,不能用if替換。
③特殊疑問詞-從句,從句來源于特殊疑問句,特殊疑問詞不能省略,意思為特殊疑問詞本來的意思,在從句中充當句子成分。【疑難1】Who he is is none of my business.【疑難剖析1】任何從句要用陳述句語序,即主謂語序。
【疑難2】That he likes English is known to us all.What he said at the meeting made me sad.【疑難剖析2】主句時態為過去時,從句時態為過去的某一時態;主句時態為現在時或將來時,從句時態視具體情況而定。
【疑難3】That 2010 Asian Games are successful is known to all.【疑難剖析3】單個句子作主語,視為單數。
【疑難3】It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.用心 愛心 專心 1
It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.【疑難剖析3】1.主語從句通常由it充當形式主語,而本身放在句子末尾。2.it作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較
it作形式主語代替主語從句,主要是為了平衡句子結構,主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調,無論強調的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人時也可用who / whom。3.用it 作形式主語的常用結構
① It is + 名詞 + 從句 It is a fact that?事實是??
It is an honor that?非常榮幸
It is common knowledge that???是常識 ②It is + 形容詞 + 從句
It is natural that?很自然??
It is strange that?奇怪的是?? ③It is + 不及物動詞 + 從句
It seems that?似乎??
It happened that?碰巧??
It appears that?似乎?? ④It + 過去分詞 + 從句
It is reported that?據報道??
It has been proved that?已證實??
It is said that?據說??
【疑難5】It is said that Chairman Hu will visit our school next week.(√)
That Chairman Hu will visit our school next week is said.(×)【疑難剖析5】主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況: 1.if 引導的主語從句不可位于復合句句首。
2.It is said / reported?結構中的主語從句不可提前。
3.It happens / occurs?結構中的主語從句不可提前。
用心 愛心 專心
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(√)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(×)4.It doesn't matter how / whether?結構中的主語從句不可提前。
It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not.(√)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter.(×)5.含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時,主語從句不可提前。Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(√)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(×)
【疑難6】 what 與that 在引導主語從句時的區別 What you said yesterday is right.That she is still alive is a consolation.【疑難剖析6】 what 引導主語從句時在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語,而that則不充當任何成分。
二、賓語從句
在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句是賓語從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。【完成例句】
根據句意選詞填空(that, if, whether, where, what,who)(5)I heard that he joined the army.(6)①She did not know what had happened.②I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(7)She told me that she would accept my invitation.【結論9】①由that引導的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略),that在從句中不充當任何成分。
②由what引導的賓語從句,what在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。
③whether(if)引導的賓語從句,在從句中不充當任何成分,只起連接作用,意為“是否”。
【疑難1】引導賓語從句時if和whether的區別 I asked her if / whether she had a bike.They discussed whether they will go back right now.用心 愛心 專心
We're worried about whether he is safe.I don't know whether or not he will come.I don't know whether to go.【疑難剖析1】引導賓語從句時用if和whether都可以,但有只用whether的特殊情況:動詞discuss后;介詞后;whether與or not連用時; whether to do。【疑難2】I am afraid(that)I've made a mistake.【疑難剖析2】作形容詞的賓語時,可以省略that。【注意】下列形容詞后常跟that引導的從句作賓語:
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content等。(有時也將此類詞后的that 從句看作原因狀語從句。)【疑難3】We heard it that she would get married next month.【疑難剖析3】it 不僅可以作為形式主語,還可以作為形式賓語,而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾(特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中)。【疑難4】I admire their winning the match.(√)
I admire that they won the match.(×)【疑難剖析4】后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞有:
allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語,但不可以用that引導的賓語從句。
【疑難5】He impressed the manager as an honest man.(√)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.(×)
【疑難剖析5】有些動詞不可用于“動詞+間接賓語+that-從句”結構中,這類動詞常見的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。
【疑難6】我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。
I don't think this dress fits you well.【疑難剖析6】否定的轉移:若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上,從句謂語用肯定式。
用心 愛心 專心
三、表語從句
在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句為表語從句,一般結構是“主語+連系動詞+表語從句”。【完成例句】 根據句意填空
(8)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.(9)This is why we can't get the support of the people.(10)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.(11)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.【結論1】
①完整陳述句充當表語時用that引導,且不可省略;
②表“是否”含義時用whether;
③語義不完整時根據情況選用對應的特殊疑問詞,如what,when,where,why等;
④兩種特殊句型:the reason is that?和It is because?等結構。
四、同位語從句
在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句為同位語從句。【完成例句】 根據句意選詞填空
(12)The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.(13)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.【結論】同位語從句對名詞作進一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內容,一般由that引導,可以接同位語從句的名詞主要有:fact, information, problem, decision, suggestion, proposal, order等。
【疑難1】同位語在句子中的位置
He got the news from Mary than the sports meeting was put off.【疑難剖析1】同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面,而是被別的詞隔開。【疑難2】同位語從句與定語從句的區別
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。
用心 愛心 專心
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。
【疑難剖析2】(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞,同時可以在從句中作某個成分(主語或賓語),而同位語從句中的that是連詞,只起連接主句與從句的作用,不充當句中任何成分。
(2)定語從句是形容詞性的,其功能是修飾先行詞,對先行詞加以限定,描述名詞的性質或特征;同位語從句是名詞性的,其功能是對名詞的具體內容進行補充說明。
用心 愛心 專心 6
第三篇:【新課標人教版】2012屆高考英語一輪復習精品學案:語法部分 第13講 it的用法及強調句型
第13講 it的用法及強調句型
it的用法
一、it作指示代詞 【完成句子】
用one,ones,it,that,those填空(1)— I can't find my watch.— You haven't found ______? If you want to buy a new ______,I suggest you buy ______ made in China.(2)We've got a big cup and two small ______.(3)The weight of an elephant is much greater than ______ of a tiger.(4)The books on the first shelf are easier than ______ on the second shelf.(5)The boy told his story and ______ of the girl upstairs.【答案】
(1)it;one;one(2)ones(3)that(4)those / the ones(5)that / the one 【結論1】
①指代上文提過的事物時,it指的是同名同物,相當于the+名詞;
②one指的是同名異物,表示單數可數名詞相當于a +名詞;a / an+形容詞+one等于a / an+形容詞+名詞;復數形式用ones;
③that后面常有后置定語,有特指意義,代替不可數名詞或單數可數名詞,相當于the+名詞;
④復數名詞用those,相當于the ones。【例句觀察】
— Someone is knocking at the door.Who is it? — It must be Leo.He said he'd come to see me.【結論2】it指代人時,常指小孩或身份不明的人。【例句觀察】
It's too quiet in the room.Everyone just keeps silent.【結論2】it可用以指代環境或情況。【完成例句】 根據語境補全句子
(6)— What time is it now? — It's half past seven.(7)— It is spring now and it's warm these days.【結論4】 it可用以指代時間、季節、天氣或距離。【注意】 it指代時間時,有如下一些句型:
(1)It is time for sth.(for sb.)to do sth./ that-從句(should do / did, 必須用虛擬語氣)例: ① It's time for lunch.② It's time for us to clean the house.③ It's time that we should clean the house.=It's time that we cleaned the house.(2)It is / has been + some time + since-從句(從句用一般過去時)(3)It / This is the first / second…time that-從句(必須使用現在完成時)這是某人第……次做了某事。
It / That was the first / second…time that-從句(必須使用過去完成時)例:①It is the second time that she has visited the Great Wall.②This was the first time that I had come late to school.(4)It was +時間點 + when -從句
例: It was evening when we got home.=It was evening in which we got home.(5)It was / will be + some time + before -從句 例:①過了5年他們才從北大畢業。
It was five years before they finally graduated from Beijing University.②不久,我們就要從我們學校畢業了。
It won't be long before we graduate from our school.二、it作形式主語 【完成例句】
根據語境補全句子
(8)It is possible for me to make a tour around the world.【結論】代替由不定式、動名詞或從句所表示的真正主語。為平衡句子,通常把不定式作主語改為it 作形式主語。
三、it作形式賓語 【例句觀察】
①How did it come about that so many people were attacked? ② She feels it hard to get in touch with her old friend.③ Mobile phones make it possible for us to keep in touch anywhere.④ I have made it a rule to get up early.【結論1】
①it可以用在某些固定句型中,例如:
How did it come about that-從句意為“……怎么發生的?”
②it 作形式賓語常用結構有:代替由不定式、動名詞或從句所表示的真正賓語。常見結構有:
主語+ think / consider / find / feel / make / believe / regard +it+adj./ n.(for sb.)to do.【例句觀察】
I consider it no good chatting with strangers through the Internet.【結論2】主語+ think / consider / find / feel +it+ no good / use doing sth.【例句觀察】
I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.【結論3】主語+hate / dislike / love / like +it + when-從句,表示對某一情況的喜好或厭惡。【例句觀察】
I really appreciate it if you could help me with my math.【結論4】主語+appreciate + it+ if-從句 【例句觀察】
①You must see to it that the doors are locked before you leave the lab.②You can depend upon it that we won't give up.③I answer for it that she is an honest girl.【結論5】主語+see to / answer for it+ that-從句(確保……)主語+depend on it +that-從句(指望,確信……)
四、帶it的一些固定詞組
1.(You've / I've)got it.懂了,明白了 2.Forget it.算了吧,別在意,沒關系。3.take it easy 別著急,慢慢來;別過于緊張 4.make it 辦得到,做成功
5.make it +時間 把……定在(某時)6.It / That(all)depends.那要看情況而定。7.It can't be helped.沒有辦法。/ 這是不可避免的。8.It is hard to say.情況很難說。9.It comes to nothing.沒有什么結果。10.Don't mention it.不用謝。11.That's it.對了;正是。12.catch it(口語)被責罵; 受處罰 13.Believe it or not.信不信由你。
14.It doesn't matter.沒有關系; 不要緊; 15.When it comes to…當談到……; 當涉及…… 16.Keep it up.再接再厲。強調句型
一、強調句型的基本用法
1.強調句結構:It is / was + 被強調部分+that+ 句子的其余部分。2.句型解讀:
(1)it是引導詞,強調的內容可以是句子的主語、賓語、狀語。如果被強調的部分是人,that 可用who代替,其他情況一律用that。
(2)驗證強調句的方法: 去掉It is / was…that 結構后,可以把被強調的部分與句子其余部分還原為一個完整的句子。
二、強調句型的考點 【例句觀察】
(1)It was Edison who invented the lamp.(2)It is Edison who invents the lamp.【結論1】注意時態的一致性。原句中用的是過去的某種時態,用it was…that…;原句中用的是現在或將來的某種時態,用it is…that… 【例句觀察】
It is I that am your English teacher.【結論2】當被強調的部分是主語時,注意保持主謂一致。【例句觀察】
He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework.(對畫線部分進行強調)→ It wasn't until he finished his homework that he went to bed.(強調句)【結論3】not …until …結構用于強調句中,not 要提前到until之前,放在be動詞后。即:It wasn't until …that +句子的其余部分。【例句觀察】
Was it not until he finished his homework that he went to bed? 【結論4】強調句的一般疑問句形式:Is / Was it + 被強調部分+ that+句子的其余部分。【完成句子】
When was it that he went to bed? 【結論5】強調句的特殊疑問句形式:特殊疑問詞+ is / was it+ that + 句子的其余部分。【例句觀察】
I really don't know when it was that he went to bed.【結論6】含有強調句型的特殊疑問句作賓語從句時,注意用陳述語序。【疑難】It is in the city where he was born that he works.他工作的地方是他出生的那個城市。
【疑難剖析】強調句中的被強調部分含有一個定語從句,要注意區別、分析。It is / was +被強調部分+定語從句+that(who)+句子的其余部分
第四篇:高考英語一輪復習冠詞教學案
第一部分 語法知識及運用
專題1 冠詞 考綱展示 命題探究
考點一 冠詞的基本用法
基礎點 不定冠詞的基本用法
(1)不定冠詞有a和an兩種形式,常位于名詞或名詞的修飾語前。當緊跟不定冠詞的單詞的第一個音素為輔音音素(注意:不是輔音字母)時,用a;而當緊跟不定冠詞的單詞的第..........一個音素為元音音素(注意:不是元音字母)時,用an。..........a university student 一個大學生 a European writer 一位歐洲作家 an honest boy 一個誠實的男孩 an ugly man 一個丑陋的人
(2)泛指某個或某類人或物,或者未提到的,對方不熟悉的人或物。I was born in a small village in Hebei Province.我出生在河北的一個小村莊。
(3)用在第一次提到的人或物的名詞前,表泛指。
At that time, I was working in a factory.The factory produces car parts.那時,我在一家工廠工作。那家工廠生產各種汽車部件。(4)表示“一”“每一”“同一”或“某一”概念。I will return in a day or two.(=one)我將在一兩天后返回。
The car can run 200 kilometres an hour.(=per)這種車每小時能行駛200公里。They are of an age.(=the same)他們年齡相同。
A Mr Smith is waiting for you.(=a certain)一個叫史密斯的先生在等你。2 定冠詞的基本用法
(1)用于上文已經提到過的,或從語境中可判斷出談話雙方都知道的人或物前。
He bought a house.I've been to the house.他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。Take the medicine.把藥吃了。
(2)用于單數可數名詞或形容詞及分詞前,表“一類人或物”。Who invented the_telephone? 誰發明了電話?
After the explosion, people rushed to help the_injured.爆炸發生后,人們趕到現場幫助受傷的人。
(3)用于序數詞、形容詞/副詞最高級以及形容詞only, very, same等前面。Is this the_first_time you have visited Beijing? 這是你第一次游覽北京嗎?
He runs the_fastest in his class.他是他班跑得最快的。
That's the_very_thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的東西。
特別提醒
(1)副詞的最高級前the可有可無。He runs(the)fastest in his school.他是全校中跑得最快的。
(2)序數詞前面也可用不定冠詞,但意義與用定冠詞不同。I have failed twice, but I'll try a third time.我失敗兩次了,但我還要再試一次。(強調再一次)March is the third month of a year.三月是一年的第三個月。(強調次序)(4)用于表示姓氏的復數名詞前,表示“一家人”或“夫婦倆”。The_Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.史密斯夫婦住在我們樓上的公寓里。
(5)用于宇宙中獨一無二的事物、西洋樂器名詞和方位名詞前。the moon月亮
play the piano 彈鋼琴 the west 西部
(6)用于表示朝代、年代的名詞前,或用于整十的數詞復數前,表示某個年代。the Ming Dynasty 明朝
in the 1990s或1990's 在20世紀90年代
特別提醒
表示“某人……歲”時,則用“in+one's+整十的數詞復數”。in his fifties 在他50多歲時
(7)用在表度量單位的名詞前,表示“按……計算”。
by the hour 按小時 by the day 按天
特別提醒
如size, weight, time這類名詞與by連用時不用冠詞。by size 按大小 by weight 按重量
(8)用于固定結構“動詞+sb.+介詞+the+身體部位”中。hit sb.on the head 打某人的頭 take sb.by the arm 抓某人的胳膊 3 零冠詞的基本用法
(1)用于不可數名詞、復數名詞或專有名詞前表示泛指,用零冠詞。Man needs air_and_water.人類需要空氣和水。They are teachers.他們是老師。Beijing 北京
特別提醒
高考中常見的純不可數名詞,它們是:baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space(太空), advice, word(=news), progress, information, luck, wealth(財產)等。以上不可數名詞永遠不能與不定冠詞連用。
(2)用于表示無特指意義的季節、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名詞,及球類、棋類和學科名詞前。
in spring 在春天 on Sunday 在周日 have breakfast 吃早餐 play football 踢足球 play chess 下棋
I'm very interested in English.我對英語很感興趣。
(3)名詞前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any等指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞、限定詞以及名詞所有格等限定時不再用冠詞。
She is not my type of woman.她不是我心目中的那類女人。
His heart was beating wildly with fear.他的心因害怕而狂跳不已。
(4)表示獨一無二的頭銜和職位名詞作表語、補足語或同位語時。Mr Smith was elected president of our school.史密斯先生被選為我校校長。
重難點 不定冠詞的特殊位置
(1)如果名詞前用了many, such等具有限定意義的詞和表示感嘆的what等詞,a(an)必須放在這些詞后面,語序為:many/such/what a(an)...I have never seen such_an interesting film.我從來沒看過這么有趣的電影。What_a clever boy he is!他是個多么聰明的男孩啊!
(2)副詞quite和rather同形容詞連用修飾名詞時,quite要置于不定冠詞a/an之前,rather可置于不定冠詞a/an之前,也可置于其后。
It's quite_a small house.這是一所相當小的房子。
That's rather_a/a_rather sudden change.那一變化相當突然。
(3)當單數可數名詞之前的形容詞有so, too, as, how等副詞修飾時,a(an)必須放在形容詞之后,詞序為:so/too/as/how/...+形容詞+a(an)...She is so_good_a_girl that all the people like her.她是如此好的女孩,所有人都喜歡她。2 定冠詞的特殊位置
在名詞詞組中,定冠詞一般放在最前面,但名詞詞組中如果有exactly, just, half, double, twice, all, both等修飾語,定冠詞要放在這些詞后面。
exactly_the same color 完全相同的顏色 just_the right place 就是這個地方 half_the story 故事的一半 double_the amount 雙倍的量 3 零冠詞的特殊用法
(1)turn(變成)后的單數名詞作表語不用冠詞。但名詞前若有形容詞作定語時,則必須加冠詞。
His brother has turned_writer.他弟弟已成為一名作家。
Later she turned_a_successful_singer.后來她成了一名成功的歌手。
(2)在“表示類型的名詞+of...”這一結構中of后的可數名詞單數前不用冠詞。This_kind_of_question often appears in the exam.此類問題在考試中經常出現。
(3)“零冠詞+可數名詞單數+as/though+主語+謂語+主句”意為“盡管/雖然……但是……”。
Hero_as_he_is,_he has some shortcomings.盡管他是個英雄,但是他也有一些缺點。
(4)用在獨立主格結構中的某一形式中。
The teacher came in, book_in_hand(=with a book in his hand). 老師手里拿著一本書走了進來。
(5)與by連用的表示交通工具和通訊工具的名詞之前不用冠詞。It's quicker by_air than by_sea.乘飛機比乘船快。
[考法綜述] 冠詞的基本用法,尤其是冠詞的泛指和特指在語篇型語法填空和短文改錯中常會涉及,近五年就考查了48次之多,由此可見其重要性。
命題法1 考查冠詞的泛指和特指
典例1 I can't tell you ________ way to the Wilson's because we don't have ________ Wilson here in the village.[答案] the;a 句意:我不能告訴你去威爾遜家的路,因為我們村里沒有一個叫威爾遜的人。第一空特指去威爾遜家的路,故填the;第二空為泛指“一個叫威爾遜的人”,故填a。
典例2 Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.________________________________________________________ [答案] average前的a改為an average以元音音素/?/開頭,故用an。
【解題法】 冠詞表泛指和特指時的必備知識和一般解題思路
(1)首先要了解冠詞的泛指和特指:不定冠詞用在首次提到的或不限定的單數可數名詞前表泛指;定冠詞用在上文提到的人或物前,或是被限制性修飾語加以限定的人或物前,也可指雙方所默認的特定的人或物的名詞前表特指。
(2)在語法填空中,考查冠詞時是不給提示詞的,因而可先從形式上去判斷,然后觀察空格后部分的中心詞是否是名詞或相當于名詞的詞或短語,因為冠詞唯一的作用就是用來修飾名詞的。
(3)在短文改錯中,當名詞前有不定冠詞時,要格外注意使用a還是an,以其后所跟單詞的開頭音素而不是其開頭字母為依據。因此在平時學習中,務必要注意掌握單詞的發音。
命題法2 考查冠詞與一些特定詞的基本用法
典例3 The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ________ most modern of architects and engineers.[答案] the 句意:由美國西南部的普韋布洛印第安人建造的土坯房甚至受到了(當今世界上)最前衛的建筑師和工程師的青睞。根據句意和空后的最高級標志詞most可知此處表示“最……的”,故填the。
典例4 Tomorrow is first day of school.________________________________________________________ [答案] first前加the 序數詞通常和定冠詞the搭配。
【解題法】 冠詞與特定詞搭配時的必備知識和一般解題思路
(1)通常情況下,形容詞比較級前不用冠詞;形容詞最高級、序數詞及表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞前用定冠詞the。
(2)在語法填空中,考查冠詞時是不給提示詞的,因而可以從形式上判斷,然后觀察空格后部分是否是形容詞最高級、序數詞或表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞。
(3)在短文改錯中,常考查冠詞的錯用和漏用,形容詞比較級前常不用冠詞;形容詞最高級,序數詞及表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞前常用定冠詞the。
A.單句填空
1.I just heard ________ bank where Dora works was robbed by ________ gunman wearing a mask.答案 the;a [句意:我剛聽說Dora工作的銀行被一個戴著面罩的持槍歹徒搶了。第一空,句中where引導的定語從句修飾bank,由此可知這里特指Dora工作的銀行,故用定冠詞;第二空,泛指“一個持槍歹徒”,因此用不定冠詞。] 2.He owned ________ farm, which looked almost abandoned.答案 a [句意:他擁有一家看起來幾乎荒蕪的農場。farm在句中是第一次出現,而且表示泛指,所以用不定冠詞。] 3.________village where I was born has grown into________ town.答案 The;a [句意:我出生的那個村莊已經變成一個城鎮了。由village后的定語從句where I was born可知這里特指“我”出生的村莊,用定冠詞the;第二空后town為可數名詞,在本句中表泛指,泛指一個城鎮,故用不定冠詞a。] 4.The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ________week, often long into ________night.答案 a;the [句意:論文下個月要上交了。我現在每周工作七天,經常工作到深夜。第一空表示“每一”,故用不定冠詞a;第二空是固定搭配long into the night,意為“直到深夜”,故用定冠詞the。] 5.They chose Tom to be ________captain of the team because they knew he was ________ smart leader.答案 the;a [句意:他們選擇湯姆為這個隊的隊長,因為他們知道他是一個聰明的領導。第一空后的名詞captain是特指,特指這個隊的隊長,故用定冠詞the;第二空后的名詞leader表示泛指,故用不定冠詞a。] 6.We can become ________ smart shopper by choosing for value, not for looks;in other words, choose good quality goods with plain packages.答案 a [句意:如果我們買東西是為了價值而不是為了包裝,那么我們就能成為一個明智的消費者;也就是說,應選擇普通包裝的質量好的產品。shopper為單數可數名詞,此處泛指“一個明智的消費者”,故填不定冠詞a。] 7.________ news of the mayor's coming to our school for a visit was given out on the radio yesterday.答案 The [句意:市長來我們學校參觀的新聞昨天通過收音機發布了。名詞news后有介詞短語修飾,起限定作用,表特指,故填The。] 8.In Germany, ________ successful project, which roughly translates as “adopt a grandparent”,has been running with a great success.答案 a [句意:在德國,一個名為“領養祖父母”的項目已成功運行。project為單數可數名詞,此處意為“一個成功的項目”,表泛指,故填不定冠詞a。] 9.—Mom, why can't I have ________ new bike? —Dear, you know, money doesn't grow on trees.答案 a [句意:——媽媽,我為什么不能要一輛新自行車?——親愛的,你要知道,賺錢可不是件容易的事。bike為單數可數名詞,是首次提到,此處表泛指,故用不定冠詞a。] 10.________ wish always remains unrealistic that you can come first in the final exam when you make no efforts at all.答案 The [句意:你不付出任何努力而想在期末考試中得第一名的愿望是不現實的。wish后有that引導的同位語從句修飾,表特指,故填定冠詞The。] B.單句改錯
1.Brian is gifted in writing music;he is very likely to be Beethoven.________________________________________________________ 答案 在Beethoven前加a [此處表示泛指“一個像貝多芬的人”。] 2.She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on a top floor.________________________________________________________ 答案 把第二個a→the [floor前有top修飾,此處表示特指,故用the。] 3.Life is like a ocean;only the strong-willed can reach the other shore.________________________________________________________ 答案 a→an [ocean是以元音音素開頭的單詞,且此處表泛指,故用an。] 4.A best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.________________________________________________________ 答案 A→The [best為最高級,故用the。] 5.An exact year which Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.________________________________________________________ 答案 An→The [year后有定語修飾,表示特指,故用the。] 6.I think good habit that in our spare time we read more books of great use.________________________________________________________ 答案 good前加a [ habit意為“習慣”,是可數名詞,此處為泛指,故用不定冠詞a修飾。] 7.Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in a ordinary school.________________________________________________________ 答案 第二個a→an [ordinary是以元音音素開頭的形容詞,故其前應用不定冠詞an。]
8.Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years.It came suddenly and went on for over three hours.________________________________________________________ 答案 a→the [根據in years可知,此處表示“最嚴重的暴風雨”,形容詞最高級前應加定冠詞the。] 9.Rock climbing is great fun.You will get close to the nature and take adventures at the same time.________________________________________________________ 答案 第一個the去掉 [nature意為“自然,自然界”時,其前不能加冠詞。] 10.Once you click the button, a e-mail will be sent to you via your e-mail address.________________________________________________________ 答案 a→an [e-mail是以元音音素開頭的名詞,故其前應用不定冠詞an。]
考點二 冠詞的習慣用語或固定搭配
基礎點 不定冠詞的習慣用語或固定搭配 as a result 因此
as a rule 通常,照例 in a hurry 匆忙地 in a word 總之
at a loss 困惑,不知所措 for a while 暫時,一時 all of a sudden 突然 What a pity!真遺憾!
have a population of 有……人口 have a history of 有……的歷史 a collection of 一批…… a knowledge of(=know)知道
an understanding of(=understand)懂得 2 定冠詞的習慣用語或固定搭配 in the end 最后,終于
make the most/best of 充分利用 in the distance 在遠處 in the way 擋路 on the whole 總之
on the right/left 在右/左面 at the same time 同時
as a matter of fact 事實上 after a while 一會兒后 in a sense 在某種意義上 once in a while 偶爾 at a distance 離一段距離 once upon a time 從前 a waste of...……的浪費
at the moment 此刻
go to the doctor's 去看醫生 by the way 順便說,附帶地說說
the other day(=a few days ago)幾天前 on the radio/phone 通過無線電/電話 on the spot在場,到場;立即,馬上;當場 to tell(you)the truth 說實話,老實說 go to the cinema 去看電影
on(the)one hand..., on the other hand...一方面……,另一方面…… 3 零冠詞的習慣用法或固定搭配 under repair處于維修中 day and night 整天整夜 out of control 失控
in danger 處于危險之中 at present 目前 in peace平靜 on purpose 故意 ahead of time 提前 by law 根據法律
有無冠詞意義不同的習慣用語或搭配
??sit at table 坐在桌旁吃飯???sit at the table 坐在桌子旁??at school 在上學???at the school 在學校
lose heart 灰心 out of work 失業 at risk 有危險 take part in 參加 by chance/accident 碰巧 on second thoughts 再一想 in advance 提前 by mistake 由于差錯 重難點
不一定在吃飯
不一定是上學
??in hospital 在住院??in the hospital 在醫院里???in prison 坐牢??in the prison 在監獄里???by sea 乘船由海路??by the sea 在海邊???in front of 在??in the front of 在?
不一定是病人
不一定是罪犯
外部的前面
內部的前面
??out of question 沒問題,毫無疑問??out of the question 不可能??in charge of 負責,掌管????in the charge of 在……的掌管之下
??in possession of 擁有??in the possession of 為……所擁有???go to church 去做禮拜??go to the church 去教堂???go to school 去上學??go to the school 去學校?
[考法綜述] 冠詞的習慣用語及固定搭配是高考語篇型語法填空及短文改錯的常考點,近五年考查了13次,是考查重點之一。
命題法 考查冠詞的習慣用語及固定搭配
典例1 Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half ________ hour.[答案] an 句意:簡非常匆忙,因為到達機場的列車將在半小時之后開車。half an hour為習慣用法,意為“半小時”。
典例2 Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.As result, the plants are growing everywhere.________________________________________________________ [答案] result前加a as a result為固定短語,意為“因此”,故在result前加a。
【解題法】 冠詞的習慣用語及固定搭配的必備知識和一般解題思路(1)首先要熟練掌握不定冠詞,定冠詞及零冠詞的習慣用語及固定搭配。
(2)在語法填空中,考查冠詞的習慣用語及固定搭配時,是不給提示詞的,因而可以根據語境來確定習慣用語及固定搭配的冠詞。
(3)在短文改錯中,考查冠詞的習慣用語及固定搭配,主要體現在考生因固定思維模式或漢語語言的影響而對冠詞的錯用、漏用和多用。
A.單句填空
1.Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in ________ countryside.答案 the [句意:現在我生活在一座城市,但是我想念農村的家鄉。in the countryside為固定短語,意為“在鄉下,在農村”。故填定冠詞the。] 2.________more learned a man is, ________ more modest he usually becomes.答案 The;the [句意:一個人越博學,他通常會變得越謙遜。根據句子結構來判斷,此句使用了“The+形容詞/副詞比較級…,the+形容詞/副詞比較級…”結構,意思是“越……,越……”。] 3.Jane's grandmother had wanted to write ________ children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in ________ way.答案 a;the [句意:多年來,簡的祖母一直想寫一本兒童讀物,但由于種種原因耽
擱下來了。第一空,book是可數名詞,此處表泛指,用不定冠詞a;第二空,in the way是固定詞組,意為“擋路,妨礙”。故填a;the。] 4.Starting your own business could be a way to achieve financial independence.On ________ other hand, it could just put you in debt.答案 the [句意:自己創業可能是使你獲得經濟獨立的一種方式。另一方面,它也可能讓你欠債。on the other hand為固定短語,意為“另一方面”,故填定冠詞the。] 5.We'll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at ________ beginning of the year.答案 the [句意:我們將在一個月內實現我們年初制訂的銷售目標。at the beginning of為固定短語,意為“在……之初”,故填定冠詞the。] 6.I thought I'd better have ________ word with you about the task to be done.答案 a [句意:我想我最好跟你談一下關于這項要做的任務。have a word with sb.“和某人談一談”為固定搭配。] 7.With the development of society, our country is badly in need of those with ________ better command of computer skills.答案 a [句意:隨著社會的發展,我們國家非常需要那些可以進行電腦操作的人才。with a command of...為慣用搭配,意為“掌握……”,故填不定冠詞a。] 8.We slept in a tent and took ________ long walk every day.答案 a [句意:我們睡在帳篷里,每天步行很長的路。take a walk為固定搭配,意為“散步;走路”。] 9.The tour will provide ________ unique opportunity to stay with a British family for a week in ________ hope that you will better understand the life there.答案 a;the [句意:這次旅游會提供給你一個和英國家庭生活一周的獨特機會,希望你對那里的生活有一個更好的了解。“機會”強調的是一次,所以填不定冠詞a;in the hope that為固定用法,意為“懷著……的希望”。] 10.If you don't have ________ good knowledge of English, it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.答案 a [句意:如果你對英語的掌握不夠好,你就不可能靈活、流利地使用它。have a good knowledge of是固定短語,意為“精通;掌握”。] B.單句改錯
1.I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.________________________________________________________ 答案 hurry前加a [in a hurry是固定短語,意為“匆忙”。] 2.The next morning Jason went to the office for his papers as an usual.________________________________________________________ 答案 把an去掉 [as usual為固定短語,意為“像通常一樣”。] 3.Now, years later, this river is one of most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.________________________________________________________
答案 most前加the [根據one of知后面是形容詞的最高級,因此most前加定冠詞the。] 4.In the fact, hunters would stop and take pictures, because they had never seen anything like her.________________________________________________________ 答案 把the去掉 [In fact為固定短語,意為“事實上,實際上”。] 5.At an end of the day, she returned to take me back to my accommodation.________________________________________________________ 答案 an→the [at the end of為固定短語,意為“在……結尾,在……末端”。] 6.I tried to appear at the ease when the foreign guest greeted me by kissing me on the cheek.________________________________________________________ 答案 去掉第一個the [at ease“自由自在,無拘無束”,固定搭配。] 7.The driver was at loss when word came that he was forbidden to drive because of speeding.________________________________________________________ 答案 在loss前加a [at a loss是固定短語,意為“不知所措”。] 8.—Many people don't think much of the movie.—I think differently.In the way, it is a good film.And the photographed scenes are very beautiful.________________________________________________________ 答案 第二個the→a [句意:——很多人認為這部電影不好。——我不那么認為。在某種程度上,這是一部很不錯的電影。拍攝的場景非常美。in a way為固定短語,“在某種程度上”。] 9.I signed it “some thankful students” and slipped it into the envelope.________________________________________________________ 答案 the→an [根據句意表示把信裝進“一個”信封,故用不定冠詞,且envelope的始發音為元音,故改為an。] 10.—As a child, my father often spent all Sundays relaxing outdoors, even playing for hours at time.—That's my father's story, too.________________________________________________________ 答案 time前加a [at a time為固定短語,意為“一次”。]
考點三 冠詞的活用
基礎點
不定冠詞的活用
(1)不定冠詞可以用于某些具體化的抽象名詞前,可以具體化的抽象名詞有shame,surprise, pleasure, honour, success, help, beauty, failure等。
It's a_pleasure for me to work with you.和你一起工作我非常高興。
She was a famous beauty in her youth.她年輕時是個有名的美人。
(2)表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞前一般加定冠詞the,但如果名詞前有修飾語,可用不定冠詞。
the world, a peaceful world;the moon, a bright moon。世界,一個和平的世界;月亮,一輪明亮的月亮。
(3)表示一日三餐的名詞和專有名詞前如果有形容詞修飾,也可用不定冠詞。I had a wonderful supper yesterday.昨晚我吃了一頓美味佳肴。
(4)“a most+形容詞”表示“很……”,most在此不表示最高級含義,為“很,非常”的意思,相當于very,而“the+ most+多音節形容詞”為多音節形容詞的最高級形式,表示“最……”。
This is a most interesting film.這是一部非常有趣的電影。
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.這是我看過的最有趣的一部電影。
(5)不定冠詞用在表示地名的專有名詞前,表示“一個……的地方”。She is now a different China from what she was twenty years ago.現在的中國是一個與二十年前不同的國家了。
(6)knowledge, collection, understanding等名詞后加of...時其前常用不定冠詞a/an。
Her new book is a collection of short stories.她的新書是一部短篇小說集。He has a good knowledge of French.他精通法語。
重難點
序數詞前冠詞的活用
“the+序數詞”表順序,而“a/an+序數詞”表“又一,再一”;序數詞修飾動詞時,......已成為副詞,因此不必與冠詞連用。如: ..Can you give me a_second chance, please?(=another chance)請再給我一次機會好嗎?
He was only 5 years old when I first saw him.(adv.)當我第一次見到他時,他只有5歲。
[考法綜述] 不定冠詞的活用,尤其是序數詞前加不定冠詞,冠詞的活用在語篇
型語法填空和短文改錯中常會涉及,近五年考查了10次,仍是高考考查的難點。
命題法 考查冠詞的活用
典例1 Being able to afford ________ drink would be ________ comfort in those tough times.[答案] a;a 句意:在那艱苦的歲月里能夠買得起一杯飲料將會是一種安慰。drink在此表示泛指“一杯飲料”;comfort作“安慰”講為不可數名詞,但在此是抽象名詞具體化指“一件令人安慰的事”,故都用a。
典例2 He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get the second chance in the long jump.________________________________________________________ [答案] 將第三個the→a 此處應該表示“又一次機會”,故用a。
【解題法】 分析名詞特點,注意冠詞活用
在英語中,我們要注意冠詞的一些靈活用法。常用的一些抽象名詞如success, failure, pity, surprise, pleasure等,當表示“具體的人或者事”時,這些抽象名詞具體化了,可轉化為可數名詞。
A.單句填空
1.—You are really crazy about music!—Sort of.I always find in music ________ peace which is missing in ________ world full of challenges.答案 the;a [句意:——你對音樂真癡狂!——有點吧。我總能在音樂中找到寧靜,而這種寧靜在一個充滿了挑戰的世界中是不存在的。peace后有定語從句修飾,表特指,加不定冠詞;第二空是泛指,意為“一個……的世界”,故用a。] 2.—Guess what? Tom has failed in the exam ________ second time.—How come? He is second to none in English in our class.答案 a [句意:——你猜怎么著?湯姆考試又沒通過。
——怎么會呢?他的英語在我們班名列前茅。此處表示“又一次,再一次”,故用不定冠詞a。] 3.When you finish reading the novel, you will have ________ better understanding of society.答案 a [句意:當你讀完這本小說后,你就會更好地了解社會。根據句意可知,此處表示讀前與讀后的比較,比較級前用不定冠詞表示“更……的”。故填不定冠詞a。] 4.It was by reading it ________ third time that Sammy got a thorough understanding of passage E.答案 a [句意:薩米又讀了一遍才對E篇文章有了徹底的了解。根據句意可知,此處不表順序,僅表“又一,再一”。故填不定冠詞a。] B.單句改錯
1.Although the experiment turned out to be failure, we decided to try a second
time.________________________________________________________ 答案 failure前加a [failure當“失敗”講為不可數名詞,在此處表示“一件失敗的事”,為可數名詞,故用a。] 2.—What do you think of the grammar book? —Oh, it really is a useful reference book, which is worth reading the second time.________________________________________________________ 答案 第二個the→a [second此處不表示次序,而表示“又一,再一”,故用a。] 3.When you finish reading the novel, you will have better understanding of society.________________________________________________________ 答案 在better前加a [understanding為抽象名詞,后面有of時前用不定冠詞a/an。] 4.“The match between two teams is great,” said Jim, “and I hope to see the second.”
________________________________________________________ 答案 第二個the→a [此處表示“又一,再一”,故用a。]
易錯題一:忽視抽象名詞或物質名詞具體化
[例1] Anyone who achieves success in this field can be ________success.[錯解] 不填
[錯因分析] 有些考生誤認為success只能為抽象名詞,無單復數形式,因而做錯本題。[答案] a [心得體會]
[例2] My parents approached the site, which was still wet from ________
heavy rain.[錯解] the [錯因分析] 在這道試題中,很多考生會誤填the,認為rain為物質名詞,前面不用冠詞,即便使用冠詞也應用the。
[答案] a [心得體會]
易錯題二:表示獨一無二的事物的名詞前冠詞的誤用
[例] We can never expect ________ bluer sky unless we create ________ less polluted world.[錯解] the;the [錯因分析] 雖然sky和world是表示獨一無二的事物的名詞,但是一些考生忽略了它們的一些特殊用法,而誤填the。
[答案] a;a [心得體會]
易錯題三:專有名詞前冠詞的誤用
[例] ________Shanghai of tomorrow is sure to create new splendor and spring up as another center of international economy.[錯解] 不填
[錯因分析] 很多考生看到這道題后認為Shanghai是一個表示地點的專有名詞,按照一般語法規則,專有名詞前不用冠詞,因此他們會感到無所適從或者誤填其他冠詞。
[答案] The [心得體會]
易錯題四:特殊情況下定冠詞、不定冠詞的誤用
[例1] An apple fell from the tree and hit him on ________ head.[錯解] his [錯因分析] 在解此題時,考生較容易受漢語思維的干擾而誤填his。[答案] the [心得體會]
[例2] As everybody knows, a plane is ________ machine that can fly.[錯解] the [錯因分析] 有些考生會想當然地認為machine為可數名詞,且后面有定語從句修飾,所以誤填定冠詞the。
[答案] a [心得體會]
第五篇:高考英語一輪復習1名詞性從句教學案
專題11 名詞性從句
考綱展示 命題探究
考點一 主語從句
基礎點
主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句,通過放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
主語從句的連接詞
在句中起主語作用的從句稱為主語從句。連接主語從句的連接詞主要有三類:從屬連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。
(1)從屬連詞
從屬連詞主要有兩個that, whether;從屬連詞在從句中不作任何成分。That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.他要來參加會議使我們每一個人都十分激動。Whether you can succeed depends on yourself.你是否能成功取決于你自己。
特別提醒
if一般(不在句首)引導主語從句。that引導主語從句不能省略。(2)連接代詞
連接代詞在從句中起名詞的作用,作主語、賓語、表語、定語等,一般表示疑問。who誰,whom誰(賓格),whose誰的,what什么,which哪一個,whoever無論是誰,whomever無論是誰(賓格),whosever無論是誰的,whatever無論是什么,whichever無論是哪一個。
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么還不清楚。
Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.你們當中第一個到達這里的人將獲得這個獎品。
特別提醒
主語為從句時,謂語動詞一般要用單數形式;但如果what引導的從句作主語、代表復數概念時,謂語動詞則常用復數形式。
What we need is water.我們所需要的是水。
What we need are useful books.我們所需要的是有用的書。(3)連接副詞
連接副詞在從句中起副詞的作用,作狀語,一般表示疑問,但有時不表示疑問。when什么時候,where在哪里,why為什么,how如何,whenever無論是什么時候,wherever無論在哪里,however無論如何。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語晚會將在哪里舉行還沒有宣布。
Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.它們為什么突然消失還是個謎。
重難點
it作形式主語的主語從句
(1)It+be+adj.+主語從句。常用于該句型的adj.有: necessary必要的 likely可能的 clear清楚的 important重要的 possible可能的 right正確的 wrong錯誤的 strange奇怪的 natural自然的 certain肯定的 obvious明顯的
It_is_quite_clear_that the whole project is to fail.很清楚,整個項目就要失敗。
典例1 It is by no means clear ________the president can do to end the strike.[答案] what 句意:總統可以采取什么措施來結束罷工一點兒都不清楚。此句中it是形式主語,代替后面的真正的主語從句,故設空處應填能夠引導主語從句的連接詞,由于從句中及物動詞do后缺少賓語,故應使用連接代詞what。
(2)It+be+名詞/名詞詞組+主語從句。常用于該句型的名詞或名詞詞組有: shame遺憾
pity可惜
hope希望 no wonder難怪 good news好消息
It_is_a_shame_that we should have lost such an important customer.真遺憾我們失去了一位如此重要的客戶。
It_is_our_hope_that the two sides will work together.我們的希望是雙方能夠合作。
(3)It+be+過去分詞+主語從句。常用于該句型的過去分詞有:
said據說
believed被相信
reported據報道 thought被認為 known所知
It_is_said_that our school will hold a sports meet next week.據說我們學校下周要舉行運動會。
It_has_been_decided_that they should start the project next month.他們要在下個月開始這項工程已經定下來了。
(4)It+特殊動詞/動詞短語+主語從句。常用于這種結構的特殊動詞/動詞短語有: seem看上去
appear顯得
happen碰巧 matter重要 turn out結果是
It_happened_that a lion was hiding nearby.剛好有一頭獅子躲在旁邊。
Does it_matter_that I won't attend the meeting tomorrow? 明天我不去參加會議要緊嗎?
典例2 It doesn't matter ________you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.[答案] whether 句意:在十字路口無論你向左轉還是右轉都沒關系——兩條路都通往公園。It是形式主語,設
空處應填入引導主語從句的連接詞,從句后半部分的連詞or提示本題為whether...or...結構,表示“是……還是……”。
典例3 It's no longer a question now ________man can land on the moon.[答案] that 句意:現在人類登上月球不再是問題。考查名詞性從句,it為形式主語,后面的從句是真正的主語。由于引導詞在從句中不作任何成分,只起連接作用,故用that。
[考法綜述] 了解名詞性從句的基本用法,掌握各引導詞的用法,辨析that與what,掌握it作形式主語的常見結構。
命題法 考查主語從句的引導詞
典例1 ________we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.[答案] How 句意:我們如何理解事物與我們的感受有很大關系。分析句子結構可知,________we understand things 在句中作主語,是主語從句,根據句意可知,此處應用連接副詞how。
典例2 What Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won't accept it.________________________________________________________ [答案] What→Where 依據語境可知,此處指有些人對大詩人李白的出生地存在質疑,分析句子結構可知,What Li Bai,...was born在句中作主語且其中只缺狀語,因此改為Where,引導主語從句。what引導名詞性從句要在從句中作主、賓或表語。
【解題法】(1)掌握各引導詞在意義和功能上的差別。
(2)在語篇型語法填空中,考查名詞性從句的引導詞是不給提示詞的,考生要分析句子結構,找出主語部分,分析引導詞在從句中所作成分和表達的意義。
(3)在短文改錯中,考查引導詞的錯用,掌握相似引導詞的差別,如what和that等。從引導詞在從句中所作成分和意義入手。
A.單句填空
1.Exactly________the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.答案 when [句意:馬鈴薯具體是在什么時候被引入歐洲的并不確定,但有可能是在1565年左右。由句意可知,后一分句是來補充說明前一分句中的不確定的內容的,根據“around 1565”可知是對時間進行提問,因此用when引導前面的主語從句。] 2.I think________impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.答案 what [句意:我認為他的畫給我印象最深的是他對色彩的運用。what引導主語從句,且在從句中作主語,表示“……的”。] 3.Some people believe________has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.答案 what/whatever [句意:一些人認為,不管是以前發生的還是現在發生的事情都會在將來重現。此處“________has happened before or is happening now”是主語從句,且從句中缺少主語,故填what/whatever。] 4.________the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.答案 When [句意:延誤的飛機何時起飛很大程度上取決于天氣狀況。根據句意填連接副詞When。] 5.________makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.答案 What [句意:使這本書非同尋常的是這位作家創造性的想象力。What在此處引導主語從句,并在從句中作主語。] 6.________you are on good terms with your classmates will affect your mood.答案 Whether [句意:你與同學相處得是否融洽會影響你的情緒。此處為主語從句,if表示“是否”且于句首時不引導主語從句。根據句意可知應用Whether。] 7.It suddenly occurred to me ________I hadn't locked my door.答案 that [句意:我突然想起我沒鎖門。it是形式主語,真正的主語是that引導的從句。It occurs to sb.that意為“某人突然想起……”。] 8.As the spokeswoman said,________we should take action against them depends on what they will do.答案 whether [句意:正如女發言人所說的那樣,我們是否應該針對他們采取行動取
決于他們將會怎么做。本空需要用連接詞引導主語從句,表示“是否”,因此用whether引導。] 9.—What made her so happy? —________her son passed the college entrance examination.答案 That [句意:——是什么使她這么快樂?——她兒子通過高考了。答語為that引導的主語從句,引導詞在從句中不作任何成分,只起連接作用。] 10.________will matter is not how many books you read, but how much you learn when you finish reading them.答案 What [句意:重要的不是你讀了多少書,而是你讀完書后學到了多少。從句子結構看,is前面是一個主語從句,從句中缺少主語,應用What。] B.單句改錯
1.That you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.________________________________________________________ 答案 That→What [句意:你在會上所說的話描述了公司的光明前途。分析句子結構可知,引導主語從句,且在從句中作賓語,故用What, That引導主語從句,在從句中不作成分。] 2.It remains to be seen that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意:這個新成立的委員會的政策能否實施還有待觀察。分析句子結構可知,It 作形式主語,而真正的主語是后面的從句“that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice”;再根據句意可判斷,此處表示“是否”,故改為whether, that無意義。] 3.It struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.________________________________________________________ 答案 It→What [句意:這部電影最打動我的是父親對他兒子深深的愛。“It struck me most in the movie”為主語從句,從句中缺少主語,表示“所……的”,故用What,It不引導從句。] 4.Which one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.________________________________________________________ 答案 Which→Whichever [句意:你們中任何一個人打破窗戶都必須賠償。根據題干中one of you可知,空處要用whichever修飾one, 指“你們中的任何一個人”。which指哪一個,表達疑問,故改為whichever。] 5.It doesn't matter how many times you fail;that matters is how many times you stand up and try again.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意:你失敗多少次都不要緊;要緊的是你有多少次站起來并再次嘗試。分析句子成分可知,“that matters”是主語從句,從句中缺少主語,指物,故用what引導。that不作成分。]
6.We have learned from the story that which is most valuable is not what we have in our lives but who we have in our lives.________________________________________________________ 答案 which→what [“which is most valuable”是主語從句,在賓語從句中作主語,根據語境可知,該主語從句缺少主語且表示事物,故用what。which指某一范圍中的哪個或哪些。] 7.It was never clear that the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→why [句意:不清楚這個人為什么不早一點報告那起事故。此處需要連接副詞引導主語從句并在從句中作原因狀語,why表示“為什么……”。故把that改為why。] 8.—The manager finally agreed to our new marketing proposals.—It never occurred to me what you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [答句表示“我根本就沒想到你能說服他改變自己的看法”,句中It作形式主語,這里應該用that引導主語從句,連接詞在從句中不作任何成份,也無意義。故把what改為that。]
考點二 賓語從句
基礎點
在句中起賓語作用的從句稱為賓語從句(Object Clause)。賓語從句可分為三類:動詞后的賓語從句、介詞后的賓語從句、形容詞后的賓語從句。賓語從句的連接詞
I think(that)you should turn to the teacher for help.我認為你應該向老師求助。I wonder whether/if it is true.我想知道它是否是真的。
I wonder what I can do for you.我不知道能為你做些什么。
He didn't tell me when we would meet again.他沒告訴我什么時候我們再相見。
Could you please show me how you operate the machine? 你能給我展示一下如何操作這臺機器嗎?
I don't know whom you should depend on.我不知道你該信任誰。
典例1 Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ________he could have expressed it differently.[答案] that 句意:杰瑞不后悔給出評論,但是覺得自己本來可以用不同的方式來表達的。從句that he could have expressed it differently作felt的賓語,連接詞that在從句中不作成分。故填that。
特別提醒
that引導賓語從句時,常被省去,但下列情況下不能省略:①當that從句作介詞的賓語時;②動詞后跟有多個that引導的賓語從句時,只有第一個that可以省略,引導第二個和以后幾個從句的that不可省略;③賓語從句前有插入語時;④that引導的從句位于句首時。
I know nothing about him except that he is from the countryside.除了他來自鄉下以外,我對他一無所知。
He said(that)he liked rain very much and that he wouldn't use an umbrella when it was raining.他說他非常喜歡雨,下雨天他都不愿打傘。
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反,我們希望他和我們待在家里。That our team will win, I believe.我相信我們隊會贏。
一般來說,能引導主語從句的連接詞都能引導賓語從句。
表疑問的賓語從句需要運用陳述句語序,但個別賓語從句本應運用陳述語序,但由于習慣而仍保持原疑問語序不變。
I don't know what is the matter with the machine.我不知道這臺機器怎么了。2 動詞后接賓語從句的用法
(1)大多數及物動詞及動詞短語后可接賓語從句。
We should keep in mind that there is no short cut to learning.我們應當牢記,學習是沒有捷徑的。(2)用it作形式賓語的賓語從句。
一些動詞后的賓語從句有賓語補足語時,則需要用it作形式賓語,而將that引導的賓語從句后置。常見的這類動詞有:
find發現
feel感覺
think認為 consider考慮 believe相信 guess猜測 suppose假定,設想 make使得
I think it necessary that we drink plenty of boiled water every day.我認為我們每天喝大量開水是有必要的。
The teacher made it a rule that all the cleaning should be finished before 7:30 every morning.老師規定每天早晨7:30之前所有的清掃工作必須結束。
(3)動詞hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜歡”,“厭惡”的動詞以及一些動詞短語see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式賓語,而將賓語從句后置。
I hate it_when they talk with their mouths full of food.我討厭他們滿嘴食物時說話。
I would appreciate it_if you can help me.如果你能幫助我,我將不勝感激。
典例2 You can always rely on________Jack says, as he never tells a lie.[答案] what 句意:你完全可以相信杰克的話,因為他從不說謊。what引導賓語從句作rely on的賓語,what在從句中作says的賓語。介詞后接賓語從句的用法
(1)一般情況下介詞后只能接wh-類連接詞引導的賓語從句。He'll talk to us about what he saw in the USA.他將給我們講述他在美國的見聞。
典例3 When she was awake, she found that she was standing on________seemed to be a piece of stone.[答案] what 句意:當她醒來時,她發現自己好像正站在一塊石頭上。stand on后接賓語從句,賓語從句缺少引導詞和主語,what在賓語從句中作主語,that引導的從句一般不作介詞賓語。故填what。
(2)in, but, except 等少數幾個介詞后可接由that引導的賓語從句,但此時介詞和that已形成固定搭配,即in that因為,but that要不是,except that除了。
The high income tax is harmful in_that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得稅很高是有害的,因為它可能使人不愿意多賺錢。He would have failed but_that you helped him.若不是你幫助他,他會失敗的。(but that意為“若不是,要不是”)4 形容詞后接賓語從句的用法
(1)表示情感的形容詞后可接賓語從句,如:afraid, certain, glad, pleased, sure, surprised, sorry, happy, confident, anxious, aware, convinced, determined, proud, worried, thankful, ashamed, annoyed, disappointed, hurt, content等。
I'm very pleased that all of your family will come.我很高興你們全家都會來。
I'm sure that they'll make it in spite of the terrible weather.我確信盡管天氣很不好,但他們會準時到達的。
(2)sure后賓語從句的連接詞that, whether, if的選擇。
當be sure用于肯定句時,其后的賓語從句的連接詞常用that;當be sure用于否定
句時,其后的賓語從句的連接詞常用whether或if。
Are you sure that I won't bother you if I sit beside you? 你確定我坐在你旁邊不會打擾你嗎?
I am not sure whether I should write to him or not.我不確定要不要給他寫信。
重難點 賓語從句的時態
(1)主句的謂語動詞如果是一般現在時或一般將來時,從句的謂語動詞可用任何所需要的時態。
He says that he studies at school from Monday to Friday.他說他從周一至周五都在學校學習。
He will tell us what happened to him during our absence.他會告訴我們我們不在的期間他出了什么事的。
(2)主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時時,從句的謂語動詞要用相應的過去時態。The boy said that there were no classes on Sunday afternoon.那個男孩說周日下午沒有課。
My Chinese teacher asked me if I was reading the book Red and Black when he came in.我的語文老師問我他進來時我是否在讀《紅與黑》這本書。
(3)如果從句表示客觀事實或真理,不管主句的謂語動詞是何種時態,從句都要用一般現在時。
As a child, I was told that the moon has no light of its own.I didn't believe it.孩提時,人們告訴我月亮自身不會發光,我不相信。
特別提醒
學習賓語從句的時態的有關知識時要注意:若主句的謂語動詞用一般現在時,從句的謂語動詞須根據需要選用相應的時態;若主句的謂語動詞用一般過去時,則從句的謂語動詞也應用過去的某種時態(一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去將來時);若從句的內容為客觀事實、格言、諺語、真理等,從句的謂語動詞的時態不受動詞時態一致性原則的限制,仍然用一般現在時;若從句的內容為歷史事實,從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時。賓語從句的否定轉移
(1)主句主語是第一人稱,謂語動詞think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess等后面的賓語從句中的否定詞要轉移到主句中,即主句的謂語動詞用否定形式,而從句的謂語動詞用肯定形式。
I don't_think I can remember the 100 words within two hours.我想我不能在兩小時內記住這100個單詞。I don't_suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜歡它。
(2)含有否定轉移的句子變反意疑問句時有兩種情況:若主句主語是第一人稱,簡短問
句的主語和謂語應分別與賓語從句的主語和謂語保持一致;若主句主語不是第一人稱,簡短問句的主語和謂語應分別與主句的主語和謂語保持一致。
I don't_think(that)he is interested in that thing, is he? 我認為他對那件事不感興趣,是嗎?
You don't_imagine he passed the exam, do you? 你認為他沒有通過這次考試,是嗎?
“I don't think/believe/suppose/expect so.”是常見的表達,但是沒有“I don't hope/guess so.”,正確的表達應為“I hope/guess not.”。
[考法綜述] 考查賓語從句主要集中在對引導賓語從句的各引導詞的考查上,以及it作形式賓語的賓語從句的考查。
命題法 考查賓語從句的引導詞
典例1 I truly believe ________beauty comes from within.[答案] that 句意:我真的相信美是發自內心的。分析句子結構可知,________beauty comes from within在句中作believe的賓語,是賓語從句,不缺少句子成分,故填that。
典例2 As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly what thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→how 根據語境和形容詞thick可知應用how引導賓語從句,表示程度。此處表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墻需要“多”厚。故把what改為how。
【解題法】(1)分析句子結構,找出主句謂語,判斷從句類別。掌握各引導詞在意義、功能上的差別。
(2)在語篇型語法填空中,要分析設空處在從句中的成分和意義,結合整個主句的結構和意義,從而找到合適的引導詞。
(3)在短文改錯中,先分析主句結構,再分析從句的類別,熟記各引導詞的特點,找出使用錯誤的引導詞,并改正。
A.單句填空
1.The exhibition tells us ________we should do something to stop air pollution.答案 why [句意:該展覽告訴我們為什么我們要采取措施阻止空氣污染。根據句意以及句子結構可知,空格處用why引導賓語從句。] 2.—I wonder ________Mary has kept her figure after all these years.—By working out every day.答案 how [根據答語“By working out every day”可知,空格處用how 來引導賓語從句,表示方式。] 3.Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for________ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.答案 what [句意:讀著她的自傳,我對Doris Lessing 在文學上已經取得的成就贊嘆不已。根據句子結構來判斷,for后接一個賓語從句,而從句中缺少賓語,所以要用what。] 4.We must find out________Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.答案 when [句意:我們一定要搞清楚Karl什么時候來,以便我們給他訂房間。由句意可知,要給Karl訂房間,那么就要清楚他來這里的時間,故填when。] 5.Susan made it clear to me ________ she wished to make a new life for herself.答案 that [句意:蘇珊清楚地向我表明,她希望自己開始一種新的生活。it為形式賓語,設空處引導的賓語從句為真正的賓語。從句結構和句意完整,故用that。] 6.After a long journey, those young men finally reached ________they called the paradise.答案 what [句意:長途跋涉后,這些年輕人最終到達了他們稱之為天堂的地方。“________they called the paradise”是賓語從句,作reach的賓語,在從句中call缺賓語,故用what引導賓語從句同時作從句中call的賓語。] 7.The 3G cellphone must be of great use and convenience to________wants to get the information through the Internet quickly.答案 whoever [句意:3G手機對于那些想要快速瀏覽網絡獲取信息的人來說一定是非常方便實用的。whoever引導賓語從句作介詞to的賓語,且whoever在從句中作主語,相當于anyone who。] 8.John seemed puzzled about________the question meant.答案 what [句意:John 對這個問題意味著什么感到很迷惑。根據句子的結構判斷,about后接的是一個賓語從句,而從句中meant缺少賓語,所以填what。] 9.Mom often phones me, asking________I am getting along with my studies.答案 how [句意:母親常給我打電話,問我學習進展如何。此處asking 后為賓語從句,根據句意可知,應填how。] 10.Are you sure________Mr Li will come to your birthday party? 答案 that [句意:你確定李先生要來參加你的生日晚會嗎?空處引導賓語從句,且在從句中不作成分,故用that引導。] B.單句改錯
1.It is difficult for us to imagine that life was like for slaves in the ancient world.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意:對我們來說很難想象在古代奴隸的生活是什么樣子的。What...be like為固定形式,表示“……是什么樣子”。what引導的賓語從句作imagine的賓語,同時what在賓語從句中作介詞like的賓語。] 2.Pick yourself up.Courage is doing that you're afraid to do.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意:振作起來。勇氣就是做你害怕要去做的。分析句子結構可知,doing后為賓語從句,從句中缺少賓語,故用what。that在名詞性從句中不作成分。] 3.Police have found where appears to be the lost ancient statue.________________________________________________________ 答案 where→what [句意:警察已經找到了與丟失的古代的雕像類似的東西。分析句子結構可知,用what引導賓語從句,并在從句中作主語。where是副詞,不作主語。] 4.Experts believe why people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意:專家們相信,人們只有在必要時才去購物就能減少食物浪費。根據句意和結構可知,believe后面要求接賓語從句,而且從句中不缺句子成分,也無意義,所以用that。] 5.Some people care much about their appearance and always ask if they look fine in which they are wearing.________________________________________________________
答案 which→what [句意:有些人太過在意自己的外表,總是問(別人)自己穿在身上的衣服看起來是否不錯。分析句子結構,再結合句意“他們所穿的衣服”應使用連詞what引導這一賓語從句,what在從句中作wear的賓語,指代人穿的衣服。which在引導名詞從句時意為“哪一個”,不合題意,故把which改為what。] 6.Only when you go to New York City in person will you realize what diverse the American culture is.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意:只有當你親自來到紐約時,你才會意識到美國文化是多么不同。根據how+adj./adv.+主語+其他部分可知,應用how。故把what改為how。] 7.The bride and groom gave who attended their wedding some gifts to share their happiness.________________________________________________________ 答案 who→whoever [句意:新郎和新娘給任何一個參加他們婚禮的人發禮物以分享他們的幸福。分析句子成分可知,“who attended their wedding”是賓語從句,從句中缺少主語,故用whoever,意為“無論誰”,而who意為“誰”,表疑問。] 8.—Dad, I want to go out for dinner with my friends tonight.—Keep in mind when you have to be home by 9:00.________________________________________________________ 答案 when→that [句意:——爸爸,今晚我想和朋友們一起出去吃飯。——記住你9點前必須回家。keep in mind that...是習慣用語,意為“記住……”,其中that引導的從句作keep的賓語。故把when改為that。] 9.This still leaves the question of that local public services should be improved in the next five years.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→how [句意:未來五年地方公共服務應該如何改進的問題仍然遺留下來。應用how引導的從句作介詞of的賓語,且how在從句中作方式狀語。how意為“如何”,that無意義。故把that改為how。] 10.He seems too tired today, and I wonder that he got a good sleep last night.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→if/whether [句意:他今天似乎太累了,我想知道他昨天晚上是否睡得好。賓語從句表示是否,動詞后可用if或whether, that無意義,故把that改為if/whether。]
考點三 表語從句和同位語從句
基礎點
一、表語從句
在句子中作表語的從句稱為表語從句(Predicative Clause)。引導表語從句的連接詞主要有:從屬連詞that, whether;連接代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等;連接副詞when, where, why, how等。此外,表語從句還可用because和as if/as though等連接詞引導。表語從句的連接詞
從屬連詞在句中只起連接作用,不作成分;連接代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語;連接副詞在從句中作狀語。
從屬連詞:that,whether 連接代詞:what,who,whose,which,whatever,whoever,whosever,whichever等
連接副詞:how,when,where,why等
The question is whether you can afford it.問題是你是否買得起。
Our plan is that we'll go there once a week.我們的計劃是一周去那里一次。That's what he said.那就是他說的話。
Your big opportunity is right where you are now.好機會就在你眼前。
特別提醒
if不引導表語從句;that引導表語從句一般不省略。
典例1 —When choosing furniture, you only focus on function while I think more about the design.—That's ________we differ.[答案] where 句意:——在選擇家具時,你只注重功能而我更注重設計。——那正是我們不同的地方。考查表語從句。where在從句中作狀語。as if/as though引導的表語從句
此類表語從句可用陳述語氣,也可用虛擬語氣,常跟在一些連系動詞后面,如: seem似乎
look看起來
taste嘗起來 sound聽起來 feel摸起來 appear好像
It seemed as_though it had happened yesterday.那件事好像昨天發生的一樣。
It looks as_if it is going to rain.看起來天要下雨了。
特別提醒
as if/as though意為“好像,仿佛”,其引導的表語從句常位于系動詞(如seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel, smell等)之后。若表語從句所述的是非真實的情況,從句用虛擬語氣;若從句所述的是事實或是極有可能發生的情況,從句用陳述語氣。考生要仔細體會其中的語境差別。
I felt as_if we had_known each other for years.我感覺好像我們已經認識多年了。
She looks as_if she has_been_working hard for a long time.她看起來好像努力工作了很長時間。3 because, why也可引導表語從句
because引導的表語從句,主語不能是reason或cause。常用于以下句型: This/That is why...這/那是……的原因 This/That is because...這/那是因為……
This is why we missed the early bus.這就是我們錯過了早班車的原因。That's because he is ill.那是因為他生病了。
特別提醒
當主句的主語是reason時,表語從句一般用that引導,不能用why或because,這種用法常見于以下句型:
The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
The reason why he came late was that he got up late.他來晚了是因為起床晚了。
二、同位語從句 在句中作同位語的從句,稱作同位語從句。同位語從句常位于下列名詞之后,如: advice建議
demand要求
doubt懷疑 fact事實 hope希望 idea主意
information信息 message消息 news消息 whisper低語 order命令 problem問題 promise諾言 question問題 request請求 suggestion建議 truth事實 wish愿望 word消息 conclusion結論 thought想法
The_news_that we won the game was exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。
The_suggestion_that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采納新規則的建議是主席提出的。
I have no_idea_when they will be back and settle down.我不知道他們什么時候回來定居。2 同位語從句的引導詞
(1)常用的引導詞有:that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。if一般不引導同位語從句
在同位語從句中that, whether不作成分,whether表示“是否”,其他連接詞具有實義,同時在同位語從句中作一定成分。引導同位語從句的連接詞一般都不省略。
The_fact_that some countries are still suffering from poverty is really a great problem to the world.有一些國家仍然貧窮對整個世界來說是一個大問題。
The_question_why so many people would choose to live in the countryside is still under discussion.為什么如此之多的人愿意到鄉下去居住仍然在討論中。
典例2 I made a promise to myself________this year, my first year in high school, would be different.[答案] that 句意:我向自己保證:今年——我高中的第一年——將會是不同尋常的一年。分析句意可知,空格處引導的是同位語從句,解釋說明promise的內容,并且此從句結構和意義完整,故用that引導。
(2)what也可引導同位語從句
I gave the girl a big doll, exactly what she longed to have.我給了這個女孩一個大洋娃娃,那正是她渴望擁有的東西。(3)分隔式同位語從句
有時同位語從句的謂語較短,而從句內容較長,這時為避免“頭重腳輕”,常常將謂語部分提到從句前面,形成分隔式同位語從句。
My_wish will come true one day that I should buy a big house for my parents.我要給父母買一間大房子的愿望終有一天會實現的。
典例3 The notice came around two in the afternoon________the meeting would be postponed.[答案] that 句意:下午兩點左右,有人通知說會議要推遲了。分析句子結構可知,“________the meeting would be postponed”是同位語從句,該從句解釋說明notice的具體內容,從句不缺少成分,所以用that引導。此處謂語較短,從句較長,為避免“頭重腳輕”而將從句放在了謂語部分之后,形成了分隔式同位語從句。故填that。
重難點 后邊不能直接跟that從句的動詞
這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語,但不可以用that引導的賓語從句。
(√)I admire their winning the match.我羨慕他們贏了比賽。
(×)I admire that they won the match.2 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞
有些動詞不可用于“動詞+間接賓語+that從句”結構中,常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。
(√)He impressed the manager as an honest man.他給經理的印象是個誠實人。
(×)He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.3 wh-與wh-ever引導名詞性從句的區別
連接詞what, which, who分別表示“……的東西或事情”、“哪一個”、“誰”,表示疑問含義;而whatever, whichever, whoever分別相當于anything that, any...that, anyone who意為“無論……”,強調一切情況。試比較:
What you choose to wear should be clean.你選擇穿的衣服應該是干凈的。
Whatever you choose to wear should be clean.無論你選擇穿什么,你的衣服應該是干凈的。
特別提醒
如何判斷是用wh-還是用wh-ever引導名詞性從句?
做題時,我們要認真分析語境,看看句子要表達什么意思,如果表示任何一個人或事物,無范圍可言,就用wh-ever;如果有疑問的含義,且指的是具體的人或物,就用wh-。wh-ever和no matter wh-的區別
wh-ever既可以引導名詞性從句,又可以引導讓步狀語從句,如:whatever, whichever, whoever等;而no matter wh-只能引導讓步狀語從句,如:no matter what, no matter where, no matter who等。
I will give this dictionary to whoever can win the first prize in the English
contest.我將把這本字典贈給在英語比賽中獲得一等獎的人。(賓語從句)Whoever/No_matter_who can win the first prize in the English contest, I will give this dictionary to him.不管誰在英語競賽中獲得一等獎,我都會把這本字典給他。(讓步狀語從句)
[考法綜述](1)對表語從句的考查通常是以引導詞的選擇為主,所以正確分析表語從句的結構相當重要。先確定從句的結構和意義是否完整,如果完整就用that,且that不能省略;如果不完整,確定所缺成分,然后結合句意選定答案。弄清從句中的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的也很重要。如果從句中的謂語是不及物動詞,那么后面的部分是狀語,再根據缺少的意思來選定答案。
(2)解答考查同位語從句的題目時,一定先要找出從句解釋說明的那個名詞,然后根據從句的意思和從句的結構判斷從句所缺的引導詞:
①從句意思和成分都完整就用that引導,此時要注意that引導的同位語從句和定語從句的區別。
②從句成分完整,但意思不完整,就用whether(是否),切記此時不能用if代替whether。③從句缺少主語、賓語、表語或定語,則應用連接代詞。根據句子所要表達的意思進一步選擇用哪一個連接代詞。
④從句缺少地點狀語、時間狀語、方式狀語或原因狀語時,則分別用連接副詞where, when, how, why。
命題法1 考查表語從句
典例1 A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not ________ ships are built for.[答案] what 句意:船泊港灣固然安全,可那不是造船的初衷。but連接的并列句中that's后應為表語從句,________ ships are built for表示為什么目的而造船,what for結構與句子意思相符。
典例2 As John Lennon once said, life is that happens to you while you are busy making other plans.________________________________________________________ [答案] that→what 句意:正如約翰·列儂曾經所說,生活就是在你忙于制訂其他計劃的時候發生在你身上的事情。此處引導表語從句并在從句中充當主語,把that改為what。
【解題法】 表語從句的解題思路
(1)找出主句的動詞、系動詞之后,為表語從句分析從句意義和結構,利用各引導詞的特點。
(2)在語篇型語法填空中,主要考查引導詞。找出空前的系動詞確定是表語從句,分析所填詞在從句中的成分和意義。
(3)在短文改錯中,主要考查引導詞的錯用、漏用和多余。掌握that與what的區別,以及who與whoever等詞的區別。分析句子成分,結合句意。
命題法2 考查同位語從句
典例3 —Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? —Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it;that's one of his favorite universities.[答案] why 句意:——邁克昨天真的拒絕了耶魯大學的錄取嗎?——是的,可我不知道他為什么那么做;那是他最喜歡的大學之一。設空處引導同位語從句,用于解釋說明idea的內容;從句中缺少狀語,根據句意此處表示原因,故用why引導。
典例4 The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief what you are better than anyone else on the sports field.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→that [句意:成功達到最高水平的唯一辦法是保持這樣一種信念,即你比運動場上的任何一個人都好。分析句子結構可知。此處為同位語從句,而且從句結構和意義完整,所以用that。] 【解題法】 同位語從句的解題思路
(1)掌握常跟同位語從句的一些名詞如suggestion, advice, hope等,了解同位語從句的功能。
(2)在語篇型語法填空中,主要是考查引導詞。同位語從句的引導詞that較多見,也會考到when, where等。分析主句結構,識別關鍵詞,判斷從句種類。
(3)在短文改錯中,主要考查引導詞的誤用、漏用和多余。考生要根據主句結構挑出從句,如從句表示陳述意義,常用that引導,表疑問常用疑問詞引導。
A.單句填空
1.The best moment for the football star was ________he scored the winning goal.答案 when [句意:對這個足球明星來說,進球得分的時刻是最好的時刻。when在表語從句中表時間。] 2.“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.”This is ________my mother used to tell me.答案 what [句意:“每次你吃甜東西,喝點綠茶。”這是過去媽媽經常對我說的話。分析結構可知,此處考查的是表語從句的引導詞。從句缺少tell的直接賓語,用what引導。] 3.—What a mess!You are always so lazy!—I'm not to blame, mum.I am________you have made me.答案 what [句意:——真是一團糟!你總是這么懶惰!——媽媽,別怪我。我現在這樣就是你造就的呀。分析成分可知,I am后是表語從句,引導詞what在從句中作made me后的賓語補足語,相當于the one that,即I am the one that you have made me。類似例子還有:He is no longer what(=the one that)he used to be。] 4.Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's________I was born.” 答案 where [句意:奶奶指著那個醫院說:“那就是我出生的地方。”此處考查的是名詞性從句中的表語從句。] 5.Courage is a kind of quality ——and that's ________it takes to face the
challenges in life.答案 what [句意:勇氣是一種好品質,那就是面對生活中挑戰所需要的品質。that's 后為表語從句,而且引導詞作從句中takes的賓語。故應填what。] 6.Faced with difficulties, you should believe your confidence is ________makes a difference.答案 what [句意:面對困難,你應該相信你的自信會起很大作用。make a difference意為“起作用,有影響”;本句中“________makes a difference”是表語從句,因為從句缺主語,故用what。] 7.Don't be sad.The most important thing is ________we must learn from our mistakes and move on.答案 that [句意:不要難過,最重要的是我們必須從錯誤中吸取教訓,并繼續前進。表語從句不缺任何成分,故填that。] 8.I'm afraid he is more of a talker than a doer, which is ________he never finishes anything.答案 why [句意:我覺得他說得多做得少,這就是他從來沒有完成任何事情的原因。分析句子結構可知,此處which引導非限制性定語從句,指代前面整個句子的內容;在定語從句中,空處引導表語從句,再結合句意可知應填why。] 9.The message of Saving Private Ryan is ________humans want peace, not war.答案 that [句意:《拯救大兵瑞恩》傳達的信息是人們想要和平而不是戰爭。此處為表語從句,從句不缺少成分,所以用that引導。] B.單句改錯
1.From space, the earth looks blue.This is why about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→because [句意:從太空看,地球是藍色的。這是因為地球表面大約有71%的區域被水覆蓋。分析句子結構可知,此處為表語從句,表示原因,故用because。because后加原因,why后加結果。因此把why改為because。] 2.Evidence has been found through years of study why children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意:通過數年的研究,兒童早期睡眠問題長大后有可能繼續的證據已經被找到了。分析句子結構可知,空格后面的部分是解釋說明evidence的內容,是evidence的同位語從句,引導詞在從句中不作任何成分,故把why改為that。] 3.Her only problem, if you can call it a problem, is what she expects to be successful all the time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意:如果能稱之為問題的話,她唯一的問題是她一直想成功。引導表語從句,從句中不缺少任何成分,故用that引導。] 4.The problem is what we can improve our reading skill in such a short time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意:問題是我們如何在這么短的時間內提高我們的閱讀技能。分析句子成分并結合句意可知,這里需要用連接副詞how來引導表語從句。] 5.There is still some doubt that the system will work even though all the factors have been considered.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意:即使所有的因素都考慮了,系統是否會運轉仍有些疑問。whether引導同位語從句,作doubt的同位語,whether表示“是否”。] 6.People all over the world have a dream whether they will always live a peaceful life.________________________________________________________ 答案 whether→that [句意:全世界的人民都有一個夢想,即永遠過著和平的生活。此處為同位語從句,解釋名詞dream的內容,因為從句中不缺少成分且意義完整,所以用that引導。] 7.The expert's argument what the increasing number of cars is the main cause of the rising PM 2.5 readings has got much support from the public.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意:這個專家的爭論已經得到了來自公眾的大力支持,爭論圍繞汽車數量的增加是PM2.5值上升的主要原因。此處為同位語從句,解釋說明argument的內容,因從句不缺少成分,且句意完整,所以使用that引導。]
易錯題一:名詞性從句中連接詞的誤用
[例1] ________ surprised me most was to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the room.[錯解] It/That/Who [錯因分析] 此處缺少主語,因此考生容易誤用It, That, Who, Which等。[答案] What [心得體會]
[例2] I have no idea ________ he will come here or not this afternoon, for he is very busy at the present time.[錯解] which/that/if [錯因分析] 該題貌似定語從句,考生易誤填which/that。此外,一些考生也許一看到后面的“or not”容易誤填if。根據語意可知,idea后面接一個同位語從句,該從句是
對idea的解釋說明,且由后面的“or not”可知應用whether。if不能引導同位語從句。
[答案] whether [心得體會]
易錯題二:漏用關系詞
[例] She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood ________ ________ he said meant.[錯解] that;what [錯因分析] 許多同學一看便判斷出understood后為賓語從句,第一空誤填that;第二個空認為said后缺賓語,填what。
[答案] what;what [心得體會]
易錯題三:名詞性從句中用it作形式主語或賓語
[例] ________has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to
protect you against serious illnesses in later life.[錯解] What [錯因分析] 考生誤認為此空引導主語從句,缺少主語,誤填What。[答案] It [心得體會]