第一篇:翻譯七八章教案
Unit 7 Amplification I Amplification in English-Chinese Translation 1.1 Semantic Amplification 1.1.1 Amplifying Verbs
We have mention in unit 4 that agent nouns are repeatedly used to replace verbs in English, while more verbs are used in a single sentence in Chinese.Thus, based on context, verbs should be amplified before and after nouns to make the Chinese version clear and accurate.1.In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演以后,他還得起草最后公報。2.He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries.他贊成為了同所有愛好和平的國家改善關系而進行努力。
3.They talked for almost eight hours, through dinner and well into night.他們談了差不多8個小時,中間吃了一頓晚飯,接著談到深夜。
4.Born in 1963 and a student of medicine at Alexandria, in Egypt, he had the same profile as many of the September hijackers: a middle class background, a good education and a willingness to adopt western habits.他1963年出生,曾在埃及亞歷山大學醫,其大致經歷和許多“9"11”劫機分子相同:出生中產階級,受過良好教育,愿意接受西方習俗。
1.1.2 Amplifying Nouns 1.Amplifying Nouns behind Intransitive Verbs Some English verbs can be used both as transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.For intransitive verbs, the meaning of the objectives is implied in the sentence.While in Chinese version, we should add the implied nouns after such verbs to make the meaning clear and complete.For example: 1).He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.他吃點東西,喝點酒,因為他疲憊不堪了。
2).The general firmly believed that he was destined to conquer and win.將軍堅信自己注定要征服敵人,贏得戰爭的勝利。
3).Steel and iron products are often coated less they should rust.鋼鐵制品常常涂上油漆以免生銹。
4).Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.瑪麗在丈夫患急性肺炎去世以后,就靠洗衣服維持生活。5).First you borrow, then you beg.頭一遭借錢,下一遭就討飯。
6).After my conversion I soon became sufficiently known as a socialist orator.在我改變信仰以后,很快就以社會主義演說家而聞名。(注〕:一些由動詞派生而來的名詞增補適當的名詞。2.Amplifying Nouns before Adjectives 1).This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.這部打字機真是價廉物美。
2).She was small and slight in person, pale, sandy-haired.她身材瘦小,臉色蒼白,頭發是淡黃色的。
3).He is a complicated man---stubborn, coward and sensitive.他是一個性格復雜的人—固執、怯懦、敏感。4.She took the news very palely and calmly.她獲悉這個消息的時候,臉色蒼白,神情鎮靜。〔注〕:一些由形容詞派生而來的名詞和副詞也要增補適當的名詞。
3.Amplifying Nouns behind Abstract Nouns For some abstract nouns deriving from verbs or adjectives, we usually add category words such as現象, 情況, 工作, 任務, 因素, 態度, 局面, 狀況, 問題 etc.to make the Chinese version more smooth.For example: 1).evaporation—蒸發作用 favoritism—徇私作風 loftiness—崇高品質 modesty—謙虛態度
2).After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across New York to San Francisco.一切準備工作就緒以后,飛機就飛越紐約去舊金山。
3).He decided to change the backwardness of his hometown.他下決心改變家鄉的落后狀態。
4).The power is strong enough to shatter complacency.這種力量大得足以打破自滿情緒。
6).In my 30-plus years of leadership experience, I've noticed that knowing how to deal with adversity and failure is one of the most overlooked and underestimated skills to achieve a fulfilling life.在擔任領導職務的30多年中,我注意到如何對待逆境與失敗正是人們在達到完善人生時最容易忽視和低估的技巧之一。
4.Amplifying Nouns behind Concrete Nouns Occasionally, some concrete nouns in English may express the abstract meaning.In this case, we usually add proper nouns after them in Chinese version.For example: 1).He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一種愛國熱情在胸中激蕩。
2).He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.他讓法官的職責戰勝了父子的私情,而判他兒子有罪。
3).Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer.基辛格感到羅杰斯是在挑刺兒。但是,律師出身的尼克松支持了他的同行的挑刺兒。1.1.3 Amplifying Adjectives To complete the meaning and reach the rhetoric effect of the original sentence, we can add some proper adjectives before the nouns in Chinese version.For example:
1.“This is grasping at straws, I know,” said the helpless man.“我知道,這是在抓救命稻草。”這個無助的人說道。2.“It’ll make a man of him,” said Jack, “army is the place.” “一定會把他造就成一個堂堂的男子漢,”杰克說,“就應當去參軍。”
3.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are preparing for the 2008 Olympic Games.中國人民正在以多么高的熱情為2008年奧運會做準備啊。1.1.4 Amplifying Adverbs We can also add some proper adverbs before verbs to make the meaning vivid and smooth in English-Chinese translation.For example: 1.The crowds melted away.人群漸漸散開了。
2.As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.他一坐下來就開講了,滔滔不絕地講個沒完。
3.Now and then his boots shone.他的靴子時常閃閃發光。
1.1.5 Putting in Words to Indicate Different Tenses or Sequences 1.The old man said, “They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.” 老頭說:“聽人說,從前他爸爸是個打魚的。他過去也跟我們現在一樣窮。”
2.They had always been able to control things.Now control was getting away from all of them.他們從前一向是能夠控制局面的,現在他們大家正在喪失控制局面的能力。3.We won’t retreat;we never have and never will.我們不會后退,我們從來沒有后退過,我們將來也不會后退。1.1.6 Putting Some Classifiers before Some Nouns 1.A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一輪紅日從風平浪靜的海面冉冉升起。
2.A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.一灣溪水蜿蜒流過山谷,匯合到江里去。
1.6.7 Putting in Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality 1.The Americans and Japanese have signed the agreement.美日雙方簽署了協議。
2.Our country has developed rapidly militarily, politically and economically.我國在軍事、政治、經濟等方面都得到飛速發展。3.He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.他伸出雙腿,露出腿上的道道疤痕。
4.The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山開始向山谷投下一道道蔚藍色長影。1.2 Syntactical Amplifying
This kind of amplification is used when the grammatical structures of the two languages concerned are quite different.1.2.1 Amplifying the Verbs Omitted in the original 1.He majors in English and I in French.他主修英語,我主修法語。
2.A sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an odor inhaled.聲音必須傾聽,顏色必須觀看,味道必須品嘗,氣味必須吸聞。
3.Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man.讀書使人充實,討論使人機智,寫作使人準確。
4.Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物質可以轉化為能量,能量也可以轉化為物質。1.2.2 Amplifying the Nouns Omitted in the original 1.We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good.我們能夠戒除不良作風,保持優良作風。
2.We will establish a government of, by and for the people.我們將建立一個民有、民治、民享的政府。
1.2.3 Amplifying the Component Parts Omitted in the Original 1.The guard inside the prison had no guns.But those in the towers did.牢房里的獄警不帶槍,但瞭望塔內的獄警是帶槍的。
2.Yes, I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.不錯,我喜歡中國菜。現在很多人喜歡中國菜,這種情況算是有點趕時髦吧!3.The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were to their own mistress.仆人們愿意服侍她,就像他們愿意服侍他們的女主人一樣。(通過增詞來表達助動詞do, does, did所代替的意義。)
II Amplification in Chinese-English Translation 2.1 Syntactical Amplification
2.1.1 Adding Necessary Pronouns or nouns 2.1.1.1 Adding Pronouns or Nouns as subjects In Chinese, there are a lot of sentences without subjects.While, for English sentences, except the idioms and imperative sentences, each has its own subject.Therefore, in Chinese-English translation, the amplification of pronouns or nouns as subjects is very common.1.恐怕他不會來了。
I am afraid he will not come.2.大作收到,十分高興。
I was very glad to have received your writing. 3.沒有調查研究就沒有發言權。
He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.
漢語中有些表示存在或帶有哲理性的無主句可以采用there be句型來翻譯
4.剩下的時間不多了。
There is very little time left.5.沒有順利,無所謂困難;沒有困難,也無所謂順利。
Without smoothness, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no smoothness.漢語中某些無主句有時也可采用it作其主語,或以it 為形式主語,即It is...to do/ that...6.不是因為不存在問題,而是因為看不見問題。
It is not because the problem is not here;it is just not visible.2.1.1.2 Adding Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used more often in English than in Chinese.In English, when we refer to the possessions of or things related to a person, we should add possessive pronouns.For example: 1.孩子們天天帶午飯到學校吃。
The children take their lunches to school every day.2.她用手蒙住臉,好像是為了保護眼睛。
She covered her face with her hand, as if to protect her eyes.2.1.1.3 Adding Pronouns as Objects 1.把這些故事看完以后,用你自己的話講一遍。
After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words.After your reading these stories, you tell them in your own words.2.交出翻譯之前,必須讀幾遍,看看有沒有要修改的地方。
Before handing in your translation,you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.
2.1.2 Adding Necessary Articles
Article is a special part of speech in English;in Chinese, there is no article.It is easy but necessary for the translator to add articles in translation.1.他們一聽說有新任務,就坐不住了。
When they learnt that they would be given a new task, they just could not sit still any longer.2.我們對問題要做全面的分析,才能解決得妥當。
We must make a comprehensive analysis of the problem before it can be properly solved. 3.耳朵是用來聽聲音的器官,鼻子用來嗅氣味,舌頭用來嘗滋味。
The ear is the organ which is used for hearing.The nose is used for smelling.The tongue is used for tasting.
2.1.3 Adding Necessary Connectives We have mentioned in the comparison between English and Chinese languages that English grammar is overt, while Chinese grammar is covert.In English connectives are frequently used to closely connect each part of the sentence.Thus, in Chinese=English translation, it is very common to add connectives.1.他不來,我不走。
I shall not go until he comes.2.早知這樣就不來了。
If I had known it earlier, I would not have come.3.虛心使人進步,驕傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
4.留得青山在,不怕沒柴燒。
So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 2.1.4 Adding Necessary Prepositions 1.十號清晨這里發生了一起火災。
On the early morning of the 10th there was a big fire.2.這是我們兩國人民的又一個共同點。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.3.你是白天工作還是夜間工作?
Do you work in the daytime or at night? 2.2 Semantic Amplification English and Chinese as tow languages have different idiomatic expressions.For some Chinese sentences clear in meaning, if we translate them word to word into English, the meaning of English sentences may be not expressive, causing misunderstanding.In this case, semantic amplification is necessary.1.天未下雪,但葉落草枯。
There is no snow, but the leaves are gone from the trees, and the grass is dead.2.誰都知道那里很艱苦。
Everyone knows that life there was rather hard.3.要提倡顧全大局。We should develop the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.4.法律是上層建筑。
Laws form part of the superstructure.5.天色已經相當晚了,我們決定在那座廟里過夜。
As it was getting quite late, we decided to stop at that temple for the night.2.3 Cultural Amplification
There are different cultures supporting English and Chinese.In translation, the adding of explanations of cultural allusions or figures and background knowledge is necessary.1.班門弄斧。
Showing off one’s proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter 2.三個臭皮匠,頂個諸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.3.這真是俗話說的,“旁觀者清”。
It is just as the proverb goes “The onlookers see most of the game.”
Unit 8 Omission
I Omission in English-Chinese Translation 1.1 Syntactical Omission 1.1.1 The Omission of Pronouns Pronouns are more frequently used in English than in Chinese.Therefore, when translated into Chinese, many English pronouns can be omitted so as to conform the rendering to the accustomed usage of Chinese expression.1.He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴,看上去一副可憐相。
2.He who has never reached the Great Wall is not a true man.不到長城非好漢。
3.Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in the city.這座城市處處可見到新人新事。
(2,3,有時候,當泛指的英語人稱代詞做主語時,即使是作第一個主語,譯文中往往也可以省略。)4.You must excuse me.I shall not speak of the matter again.請你原諒,我以后不再提這件事了。
5.The more you elaborate on empty theories, the more people disgust them.你越講空洞的大道理,人家就越感到討厭。
6.The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.普通美國人一生中換九到十次工作。7.It is our duty to attend to this matter.處理這件事是我們的責任。
8.He believes it necessary to learn some rules before doing it.他認為有必要先掌握一些規律,然后再干。1.1.2 The Omission of Articles
The article is the hallmark of English nouns.When translated into Chinese, it is usually omitted except the indefinite intended to indicate the numeral “one”, or “a certain”.1.The boy sitting at the table is my brother.坐在桌旁的(那個)男孩是我弟弟。(這里The boy 后有定語從句作修飾,the可省可不省)
2.A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.駱駝不如大象力量大。
3.She stared at me without saying a word.她瞪著我,一句話不說。
(不定冠詞a或an 指“一”時,不能省略)
4.The taxi driver said that he was getting a pound a mile.出租汽車司機說他(開車)每開一英里可賺一英鎊。(不定冠詞a或 an 指“每一”時不能省略)5.The two boys are of an age.這兩個男孩同歲。
(不定冠詞a 或an 指“同一”時,不能省略)6.The traveler saw the bird fly away.這個旅行者看到那只鳥飛走了。
(定冠詞the強調“這”、“那”時,也不能省略)
1.1.3 The Omission of Preposition Chinese is characterized by its succinctness and the preposition appears less frequently in Chinese than in English, and therefore omission preposition is a common practice in English-Chinese translation.1.On weekends we have no school.周末我們不上課。
2.The products produced in this factory are good in quality and low in price.該廠生產的產品物美價廉。
3.Regarding marriage, I have my own way.婚姻的事,我自己做主。
4.The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.中國共產黨成立于1921年。1921年中國共產黨成立。
1.1.4 The Omission of Conjunctions
Chinese is considered an analytic language and many conjunctions that are indispensable in English may seem redundant in Chinese.1.1.4.1 The Omission of Coordinating Conjunctions 1.The door was opened, and they came in.門開了,他們走了進來。
2.He studied in the college for two years, and then he went to join the army.他在大學念過兩年書,后來就去參軍了。
3.Foreigners sometimes complain, however, that Americans have little interest in or knowledge of the outside world.然而,外國人有時抱怨說,美國人對外部世界漠不關心,一無所知。1.1.4.2 The Omission of Subordinating Conjunctions 1.If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天來了,春天還會遠嗎?
2.One will not succeed unless one works hard.不努力就不會成功
3.As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater.溫度增高,水的體積就增大。
4.When the board was spinning slowly, you could see all the different colors.紙板慢慢旋轉,你就能看出各種不同的顏色。1.1.5 The Omission of Predicate Verbs As Chinese is a language of parataxis, its grammar is not so strict as that of English, and predicative verbs in Chinese sometimes my also be omitted.(漢語的描述句可以直接用形容詞、名詞、介詞、短語或主謂結構作謂語,而英文句子的謂語則必須是動詞,所以在英譯漢時,描述句中的動詞有時要省略。)1.1.5.1 The Omission of Link Verbs 1.He was sixty-eight.In two years he would be seventy.他68歲,再過兩年就70了。
2.When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.氣壓低,沸點就低。
3.She grew rich within a short time.她沒多長時間就富了。
1.1.5.2 The Omission of Other Verbs
1.Eight o’clock found Tom up and dressed.八點鐘,湯姆起床穿衣。
2.The year of 1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic China.1949年,中華人民共和國成立。
3.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.這些發展中國家土地遼闊,人口眾多,資源豐富。
1.2 Rhetorical Omission We have mentioned Chinese is a succinct and concise language.In English-Chinese translation we can omit some minor or unnecessary parts to make the translation smooth and fluent.1.2.1 The Omission of Some Repeated Words
1.He was arrested, convicted and sentenced to prison
他已被捕判刑,監禁在獄。
2.He is a man of culture and learning.他是個有學問的人。
3.She stood there calm and quiet, waiting for their decision.她鎮靜地站在那,等待他們的決定。
4.William Sidney Porter, who is known under his pen name, O.Henry, is one of the best known writers of America.威廉?悉尼?波特爾,筆名歐?亨利,為美國最知名的作家之一。1.2.2 The Omission of Unnecessary Words 1.Could you help me in any way? 你能幫幫我嗎? 2.What is the shortest possible way to the railway station? 去火車站哪條路最近?
3.Part-time waitress applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.應聘業余女招待,有工作經驗者優先。
4.The radio consisting of five tubes can receive various signals.五管收音機能接受各種信號。
5.There is no month in the whole year in which nature wears s more beautiful appearance than in the month of October.一年之中,大自然的美景莫過于十月金秋。
ⅡOmission in Chinese-English Translation 2.1Omission of Category Words Sometimes, omission is used in Chinese-English translation when the original Chinese indicates not a specific case but a conceptual category, especially such nouns as “任務”、“工作”、“情況”、“狀態”、“問題”、“制度”、“事業”、“局面”、“情景”、“面貌” and so on.1.干熱環境 dry heat
計劃生育工作 family planning 落后狀態 backwardness
在文革時期 during the cultural revolution 3.他們在在討論他訪問香港的事情。
They are discussing about his trip to Hong Kong.4.關于利潤分配的問題,我就說這些。
On profit distribution, that’s all I have got to say.2.2 Omission of Redundant words 2.2.1 Omitting the Repeated Words 1.要是下三天雨,難道我就在這兒住三天不成? Am I to stay here for three days if it rains that long? 2.生也好,死也好,我們要忠于黨,忠于人民,忠于祖國。
Live or die, we should be loyal to our Party, to our people and to our motherland.3.人們利用科學去了解自然,改造自然。
People use science to understand and change nature.4.我們必須培養分析問題,解決問題的能力。
We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.5.他從小就認真讀書,刻苦學習。
He worked hard at his studies even in early childhood.6.海峽兩岸的中國人都是骨肉同胞,手足兄弟。
The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are of the same flesh and blood.2.2.2 Omitting the Unnecessary Words 1.他們為國家作的貢獻比我們所作的貢獻要大的多。
They have done much more contributions for the state than we have.2.他一開口總是三句話不離他女朋友。
He can hardly open his mouth without talking about his girlfriend.2.2.3 Omitting the Empty Words We have many empty words in Chinese such as “就”、“又”、“還”、“都”,etc.Usually, such empty words can be omitted in Chinese-English translation.1.師生關系愈好,就愈有利于教學水平的提高。
The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances there are for improving teaching.2.她就是這種脾氣。That is her temper.3.朋友們聽到他家中的困難情況后,都主動伸出援助之手。
After his friends heard about his family difficulties, they offered his a helping hand.4.那時候黨中央的所在地就在保安,政治影響可謂大矣。
The Central Committee of the Party was then in Bao’an,and our political influence could be considered very great in deed.2.2.4 Omitting Verbs(有些前后意思已經很明確的動賓短語,可以省去搭配的動詞不譯,只譯賓語。)1.總理在出席音樂會之前,還有許多工作要做。The premier had a lot of work to do before the concert.(沒有必要譯成before attending…)
2.她連續講了兩個小時的法語,沒有出現任何錯誤。
She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes.3.我在等待幾個高中同學的到來。
I’m waiting for some classmates in middle-school.2.3 Omission of Meticulous Descriptions
Occasionally, omission is used to simplify the sentence structure, especially when the original Chinese is too meticulous in description.1.這時天空黑云密布,陰陰沉沉,和下午三四點鐘的時候大不一樣。It is now overcast and sullen, so changed from the early afternoon.2.花園里面是人間的樂園。有的是吃不了的大米白面,穿不完的綾羅綢緞,花不完的金銀財寶。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.
第二篇:馬克思傳讀后感七八章
《馬克思傳》讀后感(八,九章)
對于馬克思與恩格斯,他們無疑都是天才,然而天才仿佛永遠都遠離不了苦難與不幸,并且被社會所排斥。這本書中說到:“庸人之所以預言每一個天才終將勝利,正因為向他們是庸人。
馬克思,一個處在資產階級社會中的天才,孤獨的十字架是他的歸宿,天才在這個社會里是無家可歸的。因此,馬克思也遭受了資本主義對天才的摧殘與折磨。
在馬克思進行社會的頭十年,他一直同貧困進行斗爭,過著亡命的生活,這種普羅米修斯式的命運一直到他去世。馬克思所過的生活并不是一般意義上天才的生活,他有著過人的勤奮與過人的精力,他曾說失去工作能力對于每個人來說是宣告死刑,當他為了面包而寫作時,他說一個作家不應該為謀生而寫作,而應該為寫作去謀生。1851年起,十年的時間馬克思喂《紐約每日論壇報》撰稿,馬克思受到出版家的資本主義剝奪,淪為一個簡單的勞動力,為此馬克思曾說無論遇到什么障礙,我都要朝著我的目標前進,而不讓資產階級社會把我變成一個賺錢的機器。對于無產階級的運動他也一直以這種鋼鐵的意志擔負著,他是一位指望著后世承認的天才。
恩格斯是曼徹斯特證卷交易所令人尊敬的一員,他經常參加資產階級娛樂活動,總是衣冠整潔,恩格斯深入鉆研軍事科學,命運的悲劇是他沒有完成這個領域的研究,而他沒有悲嘆,他認為同馬克思并肩戰斗的四十年是他一生最大的幸福。這樣兩個天才的友誼是史無前例的,他們兩個的生活在共同事業中不分你我的緊密融合在一起,存在著獨
特的意志,獨特的思想,各個是完整的。他們的友誼是全部歷史上無于倫比的聯盟。
在充斥著金錢,利益的資本主義的侵蝕下,那些與馬克思,恩格斯并肩作戰的戰士有些變得溫柔了,漸漸的他們醉心于卑鄙的物質利益,馬克思曾經挽留怒斥,最終只能是斷絕了往來。這艱辛的道路上,走的越遠,越需要鋼鐵的意志,這種意志可能大多都存在于天才身上。1855年馬克思唯一的兒子埃德加爾死了,從他寫給恩格斯的信中看出他陷入極大的悲傷當中,家庭幸福也變得黯然,而信中提及,當時支撐這位天才的就是無產階級事業。1851年,恩格斯患病了,自此,他的精力明顯的下降了,兩位天才終終因過度消耗自己而不在經歷充沛了。
1857年歐洲終于也發生了經濟危機,這對于無產階級來說是福音。1859年,馬克思的“政治經濟學”的手稿終于完成,但這本偉大的書即將問世是,卻因為作者沒有錢將他寄給出版人而一波三折,恐怕再也沒有什么人會在這樣缺錢的情況下去寫關于“金錢”的著作了。在這本晚期的著作《政治經濟學批判》中,馬克思走出了決定性的一步,它的最高成就就是用勞動時間來確定商品的價值。
馬克思一生是我們無法評價的,他留給后世的是一片新的天地,而自己卻受盡了摧殘,上帝賜予人間的天才并不少,只是愿意用這才能全人類工作的只有馬克思一人。
第三篇:七——HBM公司簡介翻譯
HBM公司簡介翻譯
HBM – Products and services from virtual to physical testing
Since 1950, HBM has built a globally-respected reputation in the Test and Measurement industry, based on the supply of reliable precision transducers and measurement solutions across a.從1950年以來,HBM依靠提供可靠的精度和測量解決方案給廣泛的行業,在測試和測量行業建立了享譽全球的信譽。
As a technology and market leader worldwide, the company today offers products and services across the entire measurement spectrum, from virtual to physical testing.作為一個全球范圍的技術和市場領導者,公司現今通過整個測量光譜向全世界提供的產品和服務,從虛擬到物理的性能測試。
Products
產品
Products comprise ,as well as
產品包含傳感器,儀表和數據采集系統,以及耐久性、測試和分析軟件。
In addition, HBM has dedicated resources worldwide for the design, development and production of customized sensors.另外,HBM在全球范圍內擁有專門設計,發展和生產定制的傳感器的資源。
Sales network
銷售網絡
HBM’sprovides you with highly competent technical partners and fast measurement support around the world.HBM operates 27 subsidiaries and sales offices in ,andwith approximately 1,700 employees.In addition, the company is represented in a further 40 countries worldwide.HBM的銷售網絡在全球范圍內提供給你有能力的技術合作伙伴和快速測試系統。HBM在歐洲,美洲和亞洲經營了27家子公司和銷售辦公室大約有1700名職工。此外,公司在40多個國家擁有代理。R&D and production facilities
研發和生產基地
R&D and production facilities are located in Darmstadt, Germany, as well as in Marlborough, MA, U.S.A.and Suzhou in China.研發和生產基地坐落于達姆施塔特,德國,以及在萬寶路,麻薩諸塞州、美國和中國蘇州。
Our high-quality standards are well documented: In 1986, HBM was the first company in Germany to be awarded.In 1996, HBM’s environmental management system received.我們高品質的標準文件:在1986年,HBM是德國第一個被授予ISO9001證明的公司。在1996年,HBM的壞境管理系統獲得了ISO14001證明。
HBM is a wholly-owned subsidiary of , the precision instrumentation and controls company.HBM是由Spectris plc的全資附屬公司,精密儀器儀表及控制的公司。
第四篇:《馬克思主義基本原理概論》第五、六、七、八章復習重點
《馬克思主義基本原理概論》第五、六、七、八章復習重點
1.簡述級差地租兩種形態的形成條件及本質。
答:(1)級差地租有兩種形態:級差地租Ⅰ和級差地租Ⅱ。
(2)級差地租Ⅰ的形成條件有兩個:一是不同地塊土地肥沃程度的差別,二是不同地塊地理位置的差別。
(3)級差地租Ⅱ的形成條件是同一塊土地連續追加投資的勞動生產率不同。即追加投資所生產的農產品個別生產價格低于社會生產價格的超額利潤。
(4)級差地租的本質:形成級差地租的超額利潤是耕種優等和中等地的農業工人所創造的超額剩余價值。
2.簡述壟斷的形成及壟斷組織的主要形式。
答:(1)壟斷是從自由競爭中產生的。自由競爭必然會引起生產和資本的集中,當生產和資本集中發展到一定程度時,就會自然而然地走向壟斷。
(2)壟斷主要是通過一定的壟斷組織實現的。最初的壟斷組織形式是通過一些臨時的、短期的壟斷協議。隨著生產和資本的進一步集中,壟斷勢力的增強,壟斷組織也逐步發展、規范和完善起來。較為重要的壟斷組織形式有:卡特爾、辛迪加、托拉斯和康采恩。20世紀后半葉,壟斷組織的形式又有較大發展,主要特征是混合聯合企業的興起。
(3)壟斷的實質是為了獲取高額壟斷利潤。
3.簡述國家壟斷資本主義的含義及基本形式。
答:(1)國家壟斷資本主義即資本主義的國家與壟斷資本相結合的資本主義,其基本的、主要的形式有三種類型:①國家直接掌握的壟斷資本,②國家和私人資本在企業內部的結合,③國家和私人資本在企業外部的結合。
4.簡述經濟全球化的內容。
答:經濟全球化本質上是資源配置的國際化,其內容主要包括:
(1)生產的全球化;(2)貿易的全球化;(3)資本的全球化。
5.簡述科學社會主義的產生及其與空想社會主義的區別。
答:(1)馬克思和恩格斯在工人運動的實踐中,在總結、吸收前人優秀思想成果的基礎上,逐步形成了科學社會主義理論。(2)科學社會主義與空想社會主義的區別
①空想社會主義者看到了資本主義必然滅亡的命運,但因為他們沒有正確認識社會歷史發展的必然規律,不能揭示出資本主義必然滅亡的經濟根源和客觀必然性。②他們要求埋葬資本主義,卻找不到埋葬資本主義的力量。③他們憧憬社會主義的理想社會,卻找不到通往理想社會的現實道路。馬克思主義的社會主義理論則正好相反,它使社會主義從空想變成科學,并在實踐中不斷發展。
6.試述社會主義的本質和基本特征。
答:(1)鄧小平把社會主義的本質概括為“解放生產力,發展生產力,消滅剝削,消除兩極分化,最終達到共同富裕”。這是對社會主義根本性質的科學概括,是對科學社會主義的重大發展。
(2)在社會主義實踐中,特別是中國的改革開放實踐中,人們關于社會主義基本特征的認識可歸納為以下幾個方面:
第一,解放和發展生產力,創造高度發達的生產力和比資本主義更高的勞動生產率。這是社會主義制度優越性最根本的一條。社會主義的根本的和首要的任務就是解放和發展生產力。
第二,建立和完善社會主義的生產資料公有制,逐步消滅剝削,消除兩極分
化,最終達到共同富裕。
第三,社會主義的分配原則是按勞分配,這是由社會主義所有制關系決定的。第四,社會主義事業要有以馬克思主義為指導的共產黨的領導,建立起社會主義國家政權,發展社會主義民主,完善社會主義法制,建設社會主義的政治文明。
第五,以馬克思主義為指導的社會主義文化和精神文明建設。
7.簡述共產主義社會的生產力和物質基礎。
答:(1)共產主義社會是人類社會發展的最高社會形態,它的物質基礎,是遠遠高于以往一切社會的高度發達的社會生產力。只有在社會生產力高度發展的基礎上,才有可能建立起共產主義的經濟基礎和上層建筑,從而人類社會才能進入共產主義社會。所以,社會生產力的高度發展,是實現共產主義社會的根本條件和基礎。(2)共產主義社會的社會生產力的高度發展,是伴隨著科學技術的高度發展和人們的科技水平極大提高而實現的,從而創造出前所未有的高水平的勞動生產率,這是共產主義社會制度具有巨大優越性的根本保證。
(3)共產主義社會在社會生產力高度發展的基礎上,實現了社會財富的極大豐富,這就為最大限度地滿足社會成員的物質和文化生活需求提供了可靠的物質保證。
8.簡述共產主義社會生產資料所有制的特點。
答:(1)共產主義社會高度社會化的生產,要求由社會占有全部生產資料,實行生產資料社會公有制。
(2)在共產主義社會全體社會成員成為生產資料的共同所有者,真正體現人們在生產資料面前的完全平等關系。
(3)共產主義社會不在存在社會主義公有制條件下的多種公有制形式,公有制經濟單位之間的利益差別也隨之消除。
(4)在共產主義社會中全體社會成員組成的聯合體,共同占有并共同使用生產資料,生產的成果也歸全體社會成員共同所有,為滿足他們的物質文化需要和全面發展服務。
9.如何理解人的自由而全面的發展? 答:(1)人的自由全面發展,是指每個社會成員的體力智力獲得全面發展和自由運用,個人的全部智慧、力量和潛能素質都能全面自由地盡量發揮,每個社會成員可以按照自己的興趣、愛好、意愿以及社會的需要自由地選擇職業和變換工作,把從事不同社會職業作為相互交替的活動方式。
(2)實現人的自由而全面發展的必要條件是:人們完全擺脫了生產資料私有制和階級壓迫的束縛、舊式分工的束縛、勞動僅僅是謀生手段的束縛、接受教育和訓練的限制。
(3)共產主義社會所實現的人的自由而全面發展,使人自身個性的發展達到了一個極高的境界,人不僅完全擺脫了自然界的奴役,創造出高度發達的社會生產力,成為自然界的主義,而且成為社會的主人和自身的主人,實現了真正的自由發展。同時,共產主義社會中人的自由全面發展和社會的全面發展是相互聯系、相互促進、密不可分的。
10.試述實現共產主義是一個不斷實踐的長期過程。
答:(1)共產主義作為一個新生事物的成長道路,必然要在實踐中經歷長期的探索過程。因為,共產主義事業畢竟是人類歷史上完全嶄新的事業,無產階級在爭取解放、建設社會主義和實現共產主義的過程中,沒有現成的經驗可循,不可能有事先設計好的完美藍圖,必須在實踐中去探索和創新。
(2)社會主義的充分發展和社會主義歷史階段的長期性,決定了向共產主義過渡必然是一個長期的實踐過程。必須經過發達社會主義的長期發展,逐步創造向共
產主義過渡的主客觀條件,在具備了這些條件的時候,才能逐步實現向共產主義社會的過渡。
(3)經濟發展相對落后的社會主義國家要經過更長的社會主義發展階段,才能在將來實現共產主義。
(4)共產主義事業本質上是國際性的,只在全世界范圍內主要的和多數的國家轉變為社會主義制度以后,人類在將來才有可能進入共產主義社會。社會義主義在世界范圍內取代資本主義,進而在全世界實現共產主義,必然要經歷一個長期、曲折、復雜的歷史過程。
11.為什么要把共產主義遠大理想和中國特色社會主義共同理想結合起來? 答:(1)共產主義是歷史發展的必然趨勢,體現了社會發展規律的客觀要求,是人類最美好最崇高的社會制度,因而我們要順應歷史發展的潮流,樹立共產主義的遠大社會理想。共產主義遠大理想的樹立,可以為人們從事各種社會實踐活動提供強大的精神支柱和思想動力。共產主義遠大理想是我們實現人生價值的 基礎和歸宿,是凝聚一切進步社會力量、推動社會不斷前進的精神航標。
(2)我國當前正處于社會主義初級階段,建設中國特色社會主義是我國人民的歷史使命和共同理想。中國特色社會主義開創了我國社會主義發展的嶄新道路,是科學社會主義理論與中國國情相結合的產物。
(3)共產主義遠大理想和中國特色社會主義共同理想,二者相輔相成,相互促進,有機聯系和統一。一方面,遠大理想是現階段共同理想的奮斗目標。另一方面,現階段的共同理想是遠大理想的堅實基礎。實現共產主義遠大理想,要經過社會主義歷史階段的長足發展,實現中國特色社會主義的共同理想,是為實現共產主義遠大理想而服務。中國特色社會主義共同理想在我國的成功實踐,必然為實現共產主義遠大理想奠定堅實的基礎。
第五篇:七、教案
(一)教案的定義和作用
教案是教師自我設計制定的教學方案,一般以一篇課文或一個課時為單位。
教案是教師備課的基本方式之一,是教師講課時所依據的具體方案。除此之外,教案的作用還表現在兩個方面:第一,它是檢查教師教學工作的基本依據;第二,它是教師總結教學成績、傳授教學經驗以提高教學水平的重要資料。
(二)教案的特點
1.規范化
教案寫作有著自身的一套行文規范,就一個課題而言,其教學目的、教學重點、教學方法、課前預習設計、每一課時的具體教學內容等,都需要依次寫出。就一個課時具體內容而言,基本的教學內容和步驟、教具的使用、板書的設計以及布置作業等項環節,也要依次寫出。這些規范化的操作程序是教學工作的自身規律所規定的,應當遵守。
2.細節化
教案比起教學大綱來,要細致得多,它甚至包括某一個概念的講析,某一個語詞的解釋,某一次板書的設計,某一次教具的使用等教學工作中的細小環節。教案的細節化可以使教學工作細致精確,從而保證教學質量。
3.經驗化
教案并不是教師本人閉門造車的產物,它以教學大綱為依據,同時需要調動自身的教學經驗并汲取別人成功經驗之后才得以完成,在教學實踐中還要根據經驗教訓不斷修改使之完善。它是個人經驗和集體經驗相結合的產物。
(三)教案的寫作
1.標題
教案的標題原則上以教學內容加文種組成。教學內容可以是一個課題、一個單元,如《唐詩三首教案》,或《議論文寫作教案》。有時,為了區分得更細致,還可加上課時次序,如《〈威尼斯的小艇〉第一課時教案》。
2.正文
教案的正文內容繁多,必不可少的項目有:
本課題的教學目的;本課題的教學重點;本課題的教學方式等,這些項目屬于本課題的總體設計,放在正文的開頭部分。
接下來是每個課時教學內容和方法的具體安排,涉及一個課時之內的所有教學內容和步驟。包括本課時的教學目的、教學重點、基本步驟、課文講解、教具使用、板書設計、提問方式、教學檢查與反饋、練習題目等。
除此之外,根據學校的要求,教案有時還會包括學生成績分析、教學改革設想、單元知識結構概括等內容。
教案以課時為基本單位組織寫作,若干個課時構成一個課題或一個教學單元,從而形成其體系性。
【 例 文 】
《【般涉調】哨遍·高祖還鄉》教學方案
一、教學目的1.了解元曲的一般常識,懂得小令、套數、雜劇的異同,體會本篇的特色。
2.理解本篇思想內容的積極意義及其局限性。
二、教學重點、難點
1.重點: 思想內容的積極意義及其局限性。
2.難點: 體會這一歷來被傳誦的元曲名篇的“新奇“之所在。
三、教學時數
兩課時。
四、教學步驟:
第一課時
作者簡介:(略)
背景簡介:(略)
元曲簡介:(略)
課文分析:
這套曲子由八支曲子組成,大體可分為三部分。
第一部分: 寫漢高祖來到村前,村里一片忙亂。
第一層:社長派差攤稅,農民議論紛紛的忙亂情況。(略)
第二層: 寫王鄉老、趙忙郎一個手里捧著個瓦臺盤,一個懷里抱著個酒葫蘆在等候接駕。(略)
第二部分: 寫皇帝儀仗隊進村的場面。(略)
第二課時
第三部分:寫見駕、罵駕。
第一層: 寫見駕。(略)
第二層: 寫罵駕。(略)
小結:
1.結構嚴謹,層次分明(略)
2.語言詼諧、幽默(使用口語、俚語)
比如用“白胡闌套住個迎霜兔”、“紅曲連打著個畢月烏”、“雞學舞”、“狗生雙翅”、“蛇纏葫蘆”等一系列幽默詼諧的語言來描寫日、月、龍、虎、鳳五面旗,這就富有諷刺的意味。元曲最大的特點是使用口語、俚語,讀起來明白、流暢、生動,與唐詩宋詞用語力求典雅完全不同。由于口語運用得好,使人物性格特別鮮明清晰。
3.動作傳神
本篇全文只有457 個字(不計標點符號),但卻塑造出了一些栩栩如生的人物形象。比如: 作品主人公的形象之所以能呼之欲出,使人如見其人,如聞其聲,如見其面,就是由于作者善于運用“猛可里抬頭覷,覷多時認得,險些氣破我胸脯”等一連串傳神的動作,和運用了“你須身姓劉,你妻須姓呂,把你兩家兒根腳從頭數”等個性化的語言。漢高祖劉邦的形象也就是如此。“那大漢下的車,眾人施禮數”,“那大漢覷得人如無物”,“那