第一篇：大學英語自學考試英語二下冊unit8教案

UNIT 8

Text A Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure

I課文簡介：

我們許多人在國際旅行時都有過時差反應。

科學家們發現，時差綜合癥是我們體內的生理調節機制在不同的環境中發生變化所引起的。實際上，有兩套時間調節系統在相互作用，它們在新時區內需要一段時間才能重新設定。

值得慶幸的是，我們可以通過調節環境定時和改變飲食睡眠來減少時差帶來的不便。

Para.1 If you understand what Jet Lag is, your flights will be less stressful.Paras.2 – 9 Various causes of Jet Lag

Paras.10 – 14 Ways to deal with the bad effects of Jet Lag

II New Words

詞匯精講:

lag: v/n.走得慢，落后

After I get over jet-lag, I’ll call you.我倒過時差后給你打電話。

He’s lagging behind a bit, and I think we’d better wait for him to catch us up.他有點落后了，我想我們最好等他趕上來吧。

There is often a lag between becoming affected by this illness and its first signs.受這種疾病的感染和出現最初癥狀之間經常會間隔一段時間。

His actions lagged behind his thinking.在他的思想和行動之間存在很大差異。

mechanism n.機械裝置；機構，機制；（自然現象等的）作用過程 These automatic cameras have a special focusing mechanism.這些自動相機有一種特殊的聚焦裝置。

The mechanism for collecting taxes needs revising.稅收機制需要改革。

The mechanism of oral learning is largely that of continuous repetition.口語的學習過程在很大程度上來說就是進行不斷的重復。

overcome: v.戰勝，克服

Support from his family and his own survivor instincts have helped him overcome obstacles.家人的支持和求生的本能幫助他克服了障礙

The learner of a second language has many obstacles to overcome.學第二語言的人有許多障礙要克服。

First of all, we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficulties.要戰勝困難，首先要戰勝自己。

internal a.內部的，內在的，國內的

The bullet passed through his back and several internal organs and he died later in hospital.子彈射穿了他的背部以及若干內臟，結果他死在了醫院里。

The bank says it will conduct its own internal investigation into the disappearance of the money.這家銀行說他們會就這筆款項的失蹤在銀行內部展開調查。

The international community is increasingly willing to intervene in the internal=domestic affairs of countries where there is serious abuse of human rights.國際社會越來越愿意干涉存在嚴重侵犯人權行為的國家的內政。

external a.外在的，在外的

The external walls of the house are in need of repair.這棟房子的外墻需要修繕了。

The doctor thinks her injuries are all external.醫生認為她的傷都是外傷。

You shouldnt judge people solely by their external appearances.你不應以貌取人。

discrepancy n.差異，不一致

There are several discrepancies between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.最初估計的費用與帳單之間有幾處不一致的地方。

The committee is reportedly unhappy about the discrepancy in numbers.據說委員會對數字上的出入很不滿。

feasible: a.可行的，可能的

Your plan sounds quite feasible.你的計劃聽起來是可行的。

Now that we have the extra resources, the scheme seems feasible.既然我們有了額外的財力，這一方案就可行了。

The plan seems to be feasible.這個計劃似乎是可行的。

assumption: n.假定，設想，承擔，采取

派生詞：assume v.假定，設想

His assumption proved to be wrong.他的設想被證明是錯的。

You will assume your new duties tomorrow.你們明天開始執行新任務。

neutral neutrality a.1.中立的；2.中性的

She is /stays/remains/keeps neutral in this argument;she doesnt care who wins.在這場辯論中她保持中立，不在乎誰贏誰輸。

He is a rather neutral character.他的品性平平。

promote: vt.促進，發揚，提升

派生詞：promotion n.促進，發揚

He certainly ought to be promoted.他的確應該被提升。

The company is promoting their new sort of soap on television.公司正在電視上為這種新香皂促銷。

We should promote the mutual understanding between the two countries.我們要增進兩國之間的相互了解。

詞組： effect on: 對? 的作用，影響

It had an almost immediate effect on his thinking.這事幾乎立刻對他的想法有了影響。

Violent TV programs have a bad effect on children.暴力電視節目對孩子有不好的影響。

相似詞組： influence on: 對?有影響。to blame on: 把..歸咎于

He blamed his failure on his teacher.他把他的失敗怪在老師的頭上。

They blamed the failure of the action on George.他們把此次行動失敗歸咎于喬治。

相關詞語： to blame ? for

The accountant was blamed for his error.這個會計由于出錯而受到譴責。to advantage: 有利地，有效地

More practice will be to your advantage.多練習對你有利。

It is to your advantage to invest wisely.明智地投資對你很有利。

The model is seeking a chance to display herself to advantage.那位模特正在尋找一個機會來有利地顯示自己。now that: 既然，由于

Now that you have come you may as well stay.既然你來了還是待著吧。

Now that oil is scarce, the fate of the motorcar is uncertain.由于石油短缺，汽車將來的命運如何就難以預料了。to leave ?alone: 不管，不理；聽其自然

Leave me alone – take your hand off my arm.別動我 – 松開我的胳膊。

I should leave that question alone if I were you.如果我是你的話，我不會去碰這個問題。out of step: 步伐不一致，不協調

That boy was out of step during most of the parade.在游行檢閱的大部分時間里，那個男孩的步伐都與別人的不合拍。

I’m not good at dancing – I always get hopelessly out of step.我不善長跳舞–總是踩不上點，已經無可救藥了。

He is out of step with modern life.他同現代生活不合拍。

III課文精講： P.190 第一段：

1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.噴氣飛機時差綜合癥是每個乘坐國際航班旅行的人在某個時候會碰到的問題

one是代詞，代替a problem，后面every international traveller comes across at some time是定語從句，修飾先行詞one，定語從句前省略了關系代詞that或which；come across意思是“（偶然）遇到”；at some time相當于sometimes，意為“有時”。

2.But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful.Understand what it is?這是個祈使句，相當于一個條件狀語從句：If you understand what it is?

例句：Work hard and you’ll succeed.相當于 If you work hard, you’ll succeed.該句可改寫為：If you understand what it is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, your flights will be less stressful.所以，當有“Do?, and + 主語 + 動詞 ?”結構時，可把它改寫為：“If you do ?, 主語 + 動詞 ?”；what it is 和how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects是兩個并列的賓語從句。第二段： 1.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.乘飛機旅行對身體的影響實際上遠比我們意識到的更令人焦灼不安。

此句是個比較結構。disturbing 是分詞式的形容詞，比較級是more disturbing，far 用來修飾比較級。effect（影響）后面與介詞on搭配，表示“對?的影響”，另有influence和impact后面可與介詞on搭配；far可用來修飾比較級，可以替換為much或a lot或a great deal。2.Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone.adjust to是固定搭配，意思是“調整、適應”，故有readjust to。

3.It is due to changes in the body's physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.due to意思是“由于、因為”，通常用作表語成分。第三段：

1.Confused? 是不是被弄糊涂啦？

該句是Are you confused?之省略。

2.So was John Foster Dulls, the American Secretary of State, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam.美國國務卿約翰·福斯特·杜勒斯從美國飛往埃及談判阿斯旺水壩問題時就被弄糊涂了。他后來把自己在談判中判斷失誤歸咎于時差綜合癥。

當so（表示“也”）置于句首時，句子必須使用倒裝結構，so 位于句首，表示前面所說的情況也適合于本句。由“So + 助動詞 ／ 連系動詞 ／ 情態動詞 ＋ 主語 ＋ ?”構成；這是一種部分倒裝結構，常見類型有：

3.He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.blame ? on ?意思是“把?歸咎于?”；另有blame sb for sth，意為“因為某事而責怪某人” 第四段：

1.The effects can be used to advantage, too.to advantage意思是“有效地、有用地” 2.President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time.keep the entire proceedings at Washington DC time意思是“按照華盛頓時間安排議程”，keep是使動用法，此處是keep + n.+ prep.結構。

3.The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.該句是由 while 連接的兩個并列句，表示前后對比。in this case 作狀語，譯為“在這種情況下，” the locals 是指關島的本地人，作主語。personnel在此處意思是“（全體）職員、（全體）人員”，表示復數概念，故謂語動詞是were；as fresh as paint意思是“精神飽滿 / 抖擻”；the locals 相當于the local people；jet-lag是動詞，并用于被動語態，意思是“使患有時差不適癥、使無精打采”。4.Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.句首essentially意為“實際上”。P.191 第二段：

1.Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.既然我們了解了時差綜合癥是什么

句首的now that意思是“既然”；動詞understand后接賓語從句what Jet Lag is；go some way to doing sth意為“想辦法做某事”。

2.A great number of the body's events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day.a great number of意思是“許多、大量”；schedule由名詞轉化為動詞；to occur充當句子的主語補足語。

3.Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.these指代上句的the body's events。第三段：

1.One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.一個定時系統來自我們的感官和胃腸饑餓感以及我們在某個特定時區所經受的周期性變化

該句主干結構是“one timing system comes from?.”;from 有兩個賓語，由and 連接。we experience是定語從句，修飾the periodicity，關系代詞that / which因作賓語而被省略；when living in a particular time zone是由連詞when + 現在分詞短語構成的時間狀語。

2.The other belongs in our internal clocks(the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus)which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour--yes, 25--rhythm.另一個定時系統在我們的體內時鐘內（其中一個主要時鐘可能位于我們大腦的稱為超交叉核的那部分中）這些體內時鐘在不受干擾時，會使人體有一個25小時——是的，25小時——的生理節奏。

該句的主干結構“The other belongs in our internal clocks ?”，which 引導定語從句修飾our internal clocks。在定語從句中，left alone 是過去分詞詞組作條件狀語，相當于條件狀語從句If it is left alone。括號中的定語從句也修飾our internal clocks。belong in意思是“存在于”；“名詞 / 數詞 / 代詞 + of + 關系代詞”引導非限制性定語從句；be located in意思是“位于”；called the suprachiasmatic nucleus是過去分詞短語，修飾前面的名詞a part；leave ? alone意為“聽其自然、不理、不管”。

3.Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularize the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.in step意為“步調一致”；tend to意思是“傾向于”；regularise ? to ?意思是“把?調整到?”。第四段：

1.If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but which have been reset a few hours apart.然而如果你把整個身體移到一個時差4個小時的時區，兩個時鐘就不再同步，正像兩個鬧鐘通常被一起定時，但現在定時相差幾個小時。

however 是插入語，意思是“然而”； “which is four hours different”是定語從句修飾zone。which ?和but which ?是兩個并列的定語從句，修飾前面的two alarm clocks。out of step意為“亂了步調”；

2.Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times.盡管兩個鬧鐘通常同時報時，但現在則在不同時間報時。

whereas連接讓步狀語從句，意為“盡管，雖然”

3.Similarly,the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.第五段：

1.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.經過一段時間后，生理系統將會自我調整過來，但這需要時間。

句首的in time意思是“終于、經過一段時間以后”；it does take time意為“這確實要花時間的”，其中does是助動詞，用以加強語氣。2.One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating.monitored是過去分詞，修飾rhythm，作定語，表示被動意義。

3.A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat.flown to a time zone different by 10 hours是過去分詞短語，作a man的定語。

4.Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.血壓也是有節奏性的，需要4天才能調整過來。

which is also rhythmical是非限制性定語從句，修飾前面的blood pressure。第六段：

1.One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.此句是一個表語從句，that 引導一個從句作表語。reason常與介詞for搭配，表示“?的理由”；

2.The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is.出現這種差異的一個原因是人體的不同活動受到不同因素的支配

which controls salt and water excretion是非限制性定語從句，修飾the hormone cortisol；wherever the body is是地點狀語從句或讓步狀語從句。

3.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.但生長激素在睡眠時才分泌，而不論一天中什么時候睡覺。

whenever Whenever in the day 意為“不管在一天中的什么時候”；whenever in the day that sleep occurs中whenever是副詞，意思是“無論什么時候”。引導時間狀語從句。that sleep 是從句的主語，that 是指示代詞修飾sleep。

4.Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning(local)and goes to sleep as soon as possible, the two hormones will be released simultaneously.該句是并列復合句，中間以but連接，第一分句是被動語態，第二分句中if the body arrives ? and goes to sleep as soon as possible是條件狀語從句，the two hormones ? simultaneously是主句。P.192 第二段：

1.What can we do about it?

it指上文所說的 the two hormones will be released simultaneously這件事。2.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.句首it是形式主語，真正主語是to wait ?；be used to意思是“習慣于”。3.Fortunately there is a short cut.4.It relies on two things--the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.rely on是固定搭配，意思是“信賴、依賴、依靠”；破折號后面的兩個并列的名詞短語是two things的同位語成分。第三段：

1.The basic assumptions are: 第四段：

1.Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night.it指代本句的the body clock。

2.Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral.下午三點左右喝咖啡對人體時鐘不起作用。

該句中neutral 意為“中性的”，在這里是與上文的delay 和advance 相對，表示“既不推遲，也不提前”

第五段：

1.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.while意為“而”。第六段：

1.Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.help do sth意思是“有助于做某事”。Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure Unit 8 常考句子：

1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.(para.1)

時差綜合癥是每個國際旅行者常會碰到的問題。

2.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.(para.2)

快速旅行對身體干擾程度實際上遠比我們意識到的要大

3.He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.(para.3)

他后來把他不好的判斷歸咎于時差反應。

4．Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.從本質上說，他們被瞬間送到了美國。

5.Now that we understand what Jet lag is, we can go some way to（在一定程度上）overcoming it(para.4)

既然我們懂得時差反應綜合癥是怎么回事，我們就能夠在克服時差綜合癥方面有所作為。

6.The other belongs in our internal clocks which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour – yes, 25 – rhythm.(para.5)

另一個定時系統在我們的體內時鐘內，它們在不受干擾時，會使人體有一個25小時——是的，25小時——的生理節奏。

To belong in 對……合適或有用；屬于，歸入……一類

Leave…… alone：聽其自然；不打擾，不管……，不理……

To tie to

系，拴；束縛，約束

He did not want to be tied to a steady job.他不愿永遠做一件固定的工作。

7.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.(para7)

經過一段時間之后，生理系統將會重新自我調整過來，但這需要時間。

In time 除作“及時”講外，還有“經過適當時間；逐漸地；最終；遲早”

Eg.In time he forgot all about it.過了一段時間后，他把這一切都忘了。

8.One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.(para.8)

出現這種差異的一個原因是身體的不同活動是由不同的因素控制的。

9.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.(para.9)

我們不可能等上四天直到身體習慣新的時區。

歷年考題

1.In practical application, concentration is not _____ the definition may imply.(99.4)

A.as simple to deal successfully with as

B.so simple to deal successfully with that

C.simpler to deal successfully with as that

D.as same simple to deal successfully with as

答案：A

考點：本題主要考查as … as 搭配表示“和….一樣”。而選項D 中as 的后面還有一個詞same。因為same 表示的意思也是同樣，與…同樣的意思與as … as 意義重復，因此不選D。

2.Understand what Jet Lag is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, ______.（99.10）

A.your flight will be less stressful

B.and your flights will be less stressful

C.or your flights will be less stressful

D.in order that your flights will be less stressful

答案：B

分析：本句是一個and 連接的并列句。因此只有B符合題意。

3.Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances _____ at night.(00.4)

A.it

B.them

C.the coffee

D.the body

答案：A

分析：本句是個并列句，and 連接的兩個句子結構應一致。因此，advances 后面的賓語應是the body，而為了避免重復，因此用代詞it 代替。

4.漢譯英：快速旅行對人體的影響比我們意識到的要大得多。(00.10)

The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize.5.The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks, which , left ______, would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm.(03.4)

A.behind

B.alone

C.out

D.aside

答案：B

考點：本題主要考查分詞短語leave alone，不管，不理，把…放在一邊。

1.快速旅行對人體的影響比我們意識到的要大得多。

答： The effects of rapid travel on the body are much greater than we realize 2.他后來把自己的錯誤判斷歸咎于時差反應。

答：He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.3.食物中的蛋白質使人興奮，而碳水化合物使人易于入睡。答： Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness while carbohydrates promote sleep.4.在外語學習中沒有捷徑可走。

答： There is no short cut in the study of a foreign language.5.為了克服時差反應我們能做些什么呢？

答： What can we do in order to overcome Jet Lag?

（一）詞匯英譯漢：

1.flight

2.negotiation

3.transport

4.overcome

5.internal

6.external

7.rhythm

8.feasible

9.assumption

10.promote

1.effect on

2.to blame… on

3.to advantage

4.now that

5.out of step

6.to leave … alone

Word study

1.proceeding

n.程序，進程；[pl]項目，活動，會議文集

That is by no means(“決不是”，如放句首，要倒裝)the best way of proceeding.那決不是最好的行動方式。

He brought divorce proceedings against his wife.他訴請與妻子離婚

2.alarm

n.警報；驚恐

He didn’t take alarm at the news.他聽到消息后并不吃驚

Vt.向……報警，使警覺；使……驚恐，打擾

I was quite alarmed last night at the cry of “fire”

昨晚有人大呼救火，使我大吃一驚。

3．Promote

Vt.促進，發揚；提升，升級；發起，創辦

He was promoted to director.他被提升為廠長

It is believed that taking a walk after meals promotes digestion.人們認為飯后散步促進消化。

The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert.那個鋼琴家籌辦了一次盛大的義演音樂會。

We should promoted the mutual understanding between the two countries，我們應該促進這兩國之間的相互了解。

漢譯英：

1．要戰勝困難，首先我們要戰勝自己

First of all, we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficult.（二）句子英譯漢：

1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.(para.1)

2.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.(para.2)

3.He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag.(para.3)

4.Now that we understand what Jet lag is , we can go some way to overcoming it(para.4)

5.The other belongs in our internal clocks which , left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hourrhythm.(para.5)

6.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.(para7)

7.One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.(para.8)

8.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.(para.9)

9.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.(para.9)

10.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.(para.13)

（三）句子漢譯英

1.不難理解高速旅行給身體帶來的不適。

It is not difficult to understand the disturbing effects of rapid travel on the body.It is not difficult to realize that the disturbing effects on the body are caused by rapid travel.2.引起這一不同的原因之一是不同的人體活動由不同的因素控制。

One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.3.食物中的蛋白質使人興奮，而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡。

Protein in food stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.4.時差反應是每一個國際旅行者可能遇到的問題。

The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across.5.等待幾天直到身體的調節機制自然適應新時區，這并不可行。

It is not feasible to wait a few days until the body's regulatory mechanisms are used to the new time zone.negotiate v.(與某人)商議, 談判, 磋商, ,買賣, 讓渡(支票、債券等), 通過, 越過 negotiation n.商議, 談判, 流通 negotiable adj.可通過談判解決的 negotiant n.協商者

negotiatory adj.協商的, 交涉的 regulate vt.管制, 控制, 調節, 校準 regulation n.規則, 規章, 調節, 校準 regulatory adj.調整的

regularize vt.使有規則, 使有秩序, 調整, 使系統化, 使合法化 3.assume vt.假定, 設想, 采取, 呈現

assumption n.假定, 設想, 擔任, 承當, 假裝, 作態 assumed adj.假定的, 假裝的, 裝的 assuming adj.傲慢的, 不遜的, 僭越的

4.periodical adj.周期的, 定期的n.期刊, 雜志 periodicity n.周期

period n.時期, 學時, 節, 句點, 周期,（婦女的）經期adj.過去某段時期的int.沒有了 periodically adv.周期性地, 定時性地

語法要點

形容詞、副詞比較級的用法

1．英語形容詞、副詞比較級的一般用法為“比較級 + than”結構，如：

1)lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.(Unit 9)

2)There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.(Unit 9)2．比較級前面可以用much, far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit 等詞或詞組修飾，表示“…得多”，“稍微…”等意義，如：

1)The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.2)We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere,…(Unit 9)

3.用“the + 比較級，the + 比較級”的結構表示“越…，越…”的意思，如：

1)We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be--at least, for any future that concerns us now.(Unit 9)

2)The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman.(Unit 9)

4.還可以用連接兩個相同的比較級，表示“越來越…”，注意與用法3相區別，如：

1)The kite is flying higher and higher in the sky.2)The story proved to be more and more interesting.Text B

Text B Controlling your concentration

I New Words

重點詞匯：

span n.跨度，一段時間

例：She has a wide span of responsibility in her new job.她在新工作中要負責很多事情。

Children’s attention span is poor.兒童的注意力集中時間很短。

fluctuate v.波動，起伏fluctuation v.波動，起伏

例：Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.蔬菜的價格隨季節而波動。

fade v.凋謝，枯萎，褪色，（聲音等）變弱

例：The voice on the radio faded out.收音機里面的聲音逐漸小了。

illusion n.幻覺，錯覺Disillusioned Illustrate

例：I have no illusions about his ability.我對他的能力不存幻想。

5.moderate : a.中等的，適度的，溫和的

I’m a moderate drinker.我是一個飲酒適量的人。

He is well-known as a moderate in the party.他作為該黨中一個溫和派人士而著稱。

6.finance : n.財政，金融；資金，經費

派生詞：financial a.財政的，金融的

We’ve had some difficulty raising finance for the project.我們在為這個項目籌集資金的過程中遇到過一些困難。

If you do have financial difficulty, you can apply for a student loan.如果你確實經濟上有困難，可以申請學生貸款。

distract v.分散（注意力，心思等）；使人分心

I hope Marys new hi-fi wont distract her(from her studies).我希望瑪麗的新高包真音響不會使她從學習上分心。

An alarming accident has distracted media attention(away)from the economic crisis.一個驚人的事變分散了媒體對經濟危機的注意力。

adverse a.1.相反的；2.不利的，有害的

The match has been cancelled due to adverse weather conditions.由于天氣條件不利，取消了這場比賽。

The advertising company responsible for the campaign say that they are surprised by the adverse public reaction.負責這次宣傳活動的廣告公司說，他們對公眾的反對態度很吃驚。

A lot of local people are worried about the adverse impact that the road building scheme may have on the environment.很多當地人擔心這個筑路計劃會對環境造成不利影響。

adversely a.1.相反地；2.不利地，有害地

A lot of companies have been adversely affected by the new economic policy.很多公司都受到了新經濟政策的不良影響。

.appreciate : vt 欣賞，鑒賞，感激，感謝

派生詞：appreciation n.欣賞，鑒賞

用法：appreciate 后接動名詞作賓語。

We shall appreciate hearing from you again.我們將樂于再收到你的信。

You can’t appreciate English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.你不懂英文詩的韻律，就不能欣賞英文詩。

課文精講

P.203 第一段：

1.Psychologically defined, concentration is process of centering one's attention over a period of time.句首psychologically defined是過去分詞短語，充當條件狀語，相當于if it is psychologically defined。

2.In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply.however（然而）是插入語成分；not as ? as ?是原級比較的否定結構；simple后面可跟to do，表示被動意義，另有difficult / hard / easy + to do。

3.For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.因此，記住下列幾點是很有幫助的。

for this reason意思是“因為這個理由”；keep ? in mind意為“把?牢記在心”。be helpful to ….對… 很有益； 第二段：

1.Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates.Even with the greatest effort意為“即使盡了最大的努力”。2.You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention.demonstrate的賓語是this fluctuation of attention。

3.In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard.在一個安靜的房間里，放一塊表，表的聲音幾乎剛剛能聽見。

該句主句是祈使句 place a watch;so that 引導目的狀語從句;scarcely是否定副詞，相當于hardly。

4.Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increases again.注意聽表的走動聲，并且注意表的嘀嗒聲怎

樣明顯增大，然后小到聽不見，然后又變大。

how 引導賓語從句，從句中有三個并列的謂語動詞：increases ?, fades ?, and then increases again。where it cannot be heard 是定語從句修飾 point 5.This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.該句為并列復合句，由for連接兩個分句，第一分句中有how引導的賓語從句。第三段：

標題：pay attention to意思是“注意”；試比較at a time和at one time：前者意為“一次、每次”，后者意思是“一度、曾經”。

1.Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time.to date意思是“到目前為止”；attend to表示“專心、注意”。

2.It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once.你的注意有可能轉移得十分迅速，以至于好像你同時能夠專心于幾個想法。

句首的it是形式主語；該句句末的at once意思是“同時、一次”。so …that…結果狀語從句

3.But apparently this is only an illusion.4.In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent.be of是一固定搭配，意思是“具有”。第四段：

1.High attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods.2.In low attention the periods of attending are short and the distraction period long.long前面省略了連系動詞are。

3.In moderate attention there is a mixture of the extremes.4.Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.這樣我們可以很容易地看到，如果一個學生的大部分注意力用于自由幻想，即使是講課要點，他也不可能回想起來。

句首it是形式主語，真正主語是to see ?；不定式to see后面有that引導的賓語從句，其中it也是形式主語，that the student ?是主語從句，在主語從句中，the student后面有定語從句who has most ? at large，該定語從句中含有have sth done結構、center one's attention on和at large（不受拘束、不受控制、自由自在、逍遙法外）等短語。P.204 第二段：

1.Lack of concentration is a symptom, not the cause, of difficulty.該句相當于：Lack of concentration is a symptom of difficulty, not the cause of difficulty.2.When a student says “I can't concentrate”, what he is really saying is, “I can't attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong.”

attend to意思是“集中精力于”；at hand意為“手邊”。第三段：

標題：be of可譯為“具有”。

1.A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point.通常情況下，在anything, something, nothing, everything后面的關系代詞是that，而不是which，本句說法不很規范。2.In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature.在學習的情況下，干擾物實際上可以被認為是心理的或者是物質的。

think of ? as ?意思是“把?看著”；either ? or ?意思是“或者?或者?、要么?要么?”。

3.Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration.before引導時間狀語從句。第四段：

1.The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters.憤怒的人會忘記傷痛，人害怕的時候很難享受快樂，人在緊張或焦慮的時候可能對非常小的事情做出強烈的反應。

該句由三個并列分句構成，第二分句中，it是形式主語，真正主語是不定式短語to enjoy pleasure，第三分句中react與to是固定搭配，意思是“對?作出反應”。另有：reaction to, respond to, response to等搭配。

2.In the student's life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity.which引導定語從句，修飾前面的many psychological pressures and tensions。

3.The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the friendliness of a friend's behaviour and the pressures of limited finances--these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.these指代破折號前面的三個并列的名詞短語：The fears ?, the doubts ? and the pressures ?；emotional forces譯為“情感因素”。第五段：

1.Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.人與人的情緒反應差異很大。

vary from ? to ?意思是“因?而異、因?而變化”。

2.Some persons gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them.because of是短語介詞，意思是“因為”，后接名詞短語。

3.Others fall apart under pressure, while a few people do well despite the pressure.fall apart意思是“崩潰”；under pressure“在壓力下”；despite與in spite of 同義，意思是“盡管、雖然”。P.205 第二段：

1.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.環境對于我們如何感覺和反應的重要性比我們所想的要大得多。

.how we feel and react 是介詞to 的賓語從句；much more … than … 結構表示“遠比…要…得多”than引導比較狀語從句。

2.Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.物理性干擾對需要動腦筋完成的作業的影響尤其如此。

該句為倒裝結構，正常語序為：This is particularly true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.名詞effect（影響）后面常與介詞on搭配；另有：influence on, impact on搭配。

3.One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music.該句是主從復合句，has shown后面有that引導的賓語從句，該從句中又有when引導的時間狀語從句。

4.However, rate of reading was not affected, so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the background distractor.so that引導結果狀語從句，譯為“結果、因此、所以”；be aware that意思是“意識到”；另有be aware of, be conscious of, be conscious that等搭配。be＋形容詞＋that從句“這類結構后面，that引起的從句在概念上接近賓語。能接這類從句常見的形容詞有：aware, sure, certain, convinced, confident等。例如：We are fully confident that we can surmount these difficulties.我們完全相信能克服這些困難。

5.Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions.to recall accurately是不定式短語，修飾名詞the ability。

6.Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output.evidence是不可數名詞；that引導賓語從句。

7.Still, the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students.有些副詞如still, though, however, otherwise.等在句子中起鏈接詞的作用，使句子和前面說的話連接得更緊密一些.appreciate意思是“正確評價、鑒別、認識”。第三段：

1.Many routine tasks can be performed with distraction in the background with little or no adverse effect on output.with distraction in the background和with little or no adverse effect on output都是含有介詞with的獨立結構。該結構是：

2.Most students have found this fact to be true from their own experience.to be true是賓語補足語成分。

3.They may have had high school homework which was drill or merely copying assignments.may have had中情態動詞may表示可能性，此處是對過去的一種推測。

4.It was possible to do such work with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background.句首的It作形式主語，真正主語是不定式短語to do such work ?；with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background是獨立結構，由with + 名詞 + doing構成。

5.In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work--routine or problem-solving--in the same manner.最后（終于）這些學生開始確信，他們能用同樣的方式完成作業，無論是常規性的還是解決問題性的。

句首in time意思是“逐漸地、最終、過了一段時間以后”。feel certain 相當于feel sure，意為“感到肯定”本句中that引導賓語從句，6.The evidence indicates the contrary conclusion.第四段：

1.Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin, friend, or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station.” 典型的情況是，當要求學生們拿出關于干擾物的證據時，他們提出自己的表兄弟、朋友或同學能在紐約的“中央火車站”學習。

be faced with意為“面對、面臨”；when引導時間狀語從句；that引導的是主語the argument的同位語從句。

2.And he makes “all A's” too!3.There is evidence, of course, that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention.當然，有證據表明，學習動機在克服干擾的影響方面起作用，并且每個人的注意力廣度相差很大 play a role / part in ?意思是“在?方面發揮作用 / 在?中扮演角色”；evidence后面有兩個that引導的并列的同位語從句。

這兩種因素中哪一種都能解釋某些人用效率不高的方法都能學得很好。

5.The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner.一些特殊的人在不利條件下能學得好，這一事實絕不能證明，你有理由認為自己在同樣的條件下也是特殊的。

第一個 that 引導同位語從句，第二個that 是動名詞assuming 的賓語從句

justify 意為 “證明…”，它的賓語是動名詞assuming，物主代詞your 是動名詞assuming的邏輯主語。your assuming ?也是動名詞短語的復合結構。

6.Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distractors which are known to hinder the typical student.chances在此意思是“可能性”。

語法 練習

一、補充語法知識

形容詞和副詞的比較級

1.比較級+than

steel is harder than iron.2.用詞或詞組修飾比較級，表示強調或稍微。

3.the+比較級，the+比較級：越來越…The nearer an object is to us, the larger it looks.比較級重復，4.more and more越來越多

colder and colder越來越冷

注意事項：

1.n.的可數與不可數，修飾可數名詞用“few”“a few”，所以比較級“fewer”后面接的也是可數名詞。但是“less”即“little”的比較級也修飾不可數名詞。

2.沒有比較級的詞：如empty

二、單元練習

第二篇：大學英語自學考試英語二下冊unit4教案

UNIT 4 Text A Slavery On Our Doorstep

I.課文內容簡介

這篇文章介紹了在英國工作的大約兩萬多名海外家仆，這些家仆中有1/10 正遭受雇主的各種各樣的虐待和奴役。盡管英國政府采取了新的措施，這些傭人的生活和工作條件并沒有發生太大的變化。

這種狀況得到了媒體的普遍關注。

解決問題的關鍵辦法也許在于允許家傭們自由地選擇顧主。

段落大意：

Paras.1-2 In Britain, about 10% of the domestic servants are being exploited and abused in various forms.Paras.3-8 The sad condition of domestics received media attention.Para.9 The key to the problem lies in allowing domestic workers the freedom to change employers.II.New Words

詞匯精講：

1.slave 奴隸 slavery 奴隸制

discover

discovery n.發現

2.domestic

a.家庭的；國內的，本國的；n.家仆

反義詞：abroad

GDP(= gross domestic product)國內生產總值

Many women feel they cannot apply for the top jobs because of domestic commitments.很多婦女感覺她們因為家庭責任而不能申請高級工作。

The president's new foreign policy is heavily influenced by domestic factors.總統的對外政策在很大程度上受到了國內因素的影響。

家仆 domestic，servant，maid（女傭）,female girl

3.Briton 大不列顛人；英國人

Britain 英國，不列顛

英倫三島：England、Scotland，Welsh, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國

Briton 英國人； the British;Englishman

oversea 海外的，在海外

4.statistics統計數字：（用作單數）統計學：

These statics only tell part of the story.Statistics is taught in our college.5.abroad在國外、到國外：He has lived abroad for years.6.exploit : vt.開發，開采；利用，剝削 n.exploition

He exploited his authority personal gratification.他利用職權來滿足個人的私欲。

A mine is exploited for its minerals.開發礦山是為了采礦。

The company exploited its workers with long hours and low pay.該公司利用長工時、低工資的方法來剝削工人。

Resources should be properly exploited.開發資源要適度。

7.abuse v./ n 虐待，濫用

Drug and alcohol abuse contributed to Brian's early death.濫用毒品和酗酒導致了布萊恩的早逝。

Be physically abused 肉體受到虐待

the Iraqi prisoner abuse

abuse one's power

8.campaign : n.戰役，運動；v.參加運動

The Huai-Hai Campaign was essential to the victory of the War of Liberation.淮海戰役對解放戰爭的勝利至關重要。

We are launching a campaign against waste.我們正發起一場反浪費活動。

He announced that he would campaign for the senate.他宣布他將參加議員競選。

9.sex 性別；visa 簽證

10.execute vt.將…處死，執行，實行 executive a.執行的，執政的 The criminal was executed after the trial.審判后罪犯被處死。

All orders were immediately executed.所有的命令將盡早執行。

CEO = Chief Executive Officer 首席執行官

EMBA= Executive Master of Business Administration 高級管理人員工商管理碩士

11.convict: vt.證明… 有罪，宣判…有罪；n.罪犯

He was convicted of smuggling.他被判犯有走私罪。

相關詞匯：accuse sb.of … 指控某人有罪；

charge sb of...指控某人有罪

12.despite : prep.盡管，任憑

Despite the fact that there was almost no hope of finding the missing boy , the search party still went on looking.盡管找到失蹤男孩幾乎無望，搜尋的人群仍然在繼續尋找。

Despite the shortage of raw materials, industrial output has increased by ten percent.盡管原材料短缺，工業產量仍增長百分之十。

Despite what he said, I didn't believe the news.不論她如何說，我也不相信這個消息。

相關詞匯：in spite of 盡管，任憑

13.guilt有罪;內疚

There is no doubt about the guilt of a man who steals.Her face showed guilt though she said she had not done that.14.deserving : a.應得，值得

派生詞：deserve v.應得，值得（賓語可用名詞、動名詞、或不定式）

用法：be deserving of;deserve + n./ doing / to do sth.His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.他的努力當然值得表揚。

The question deserves consideration.這個問題值得考慮。

He deserves to lose because he cheated.他該輸，因為他作弊。

The project deserves further investigation.這個項目值得進一步調查。

15.Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯

16.breadwinner 養家糊口的人

同義詞：provider

17.shelf 擱板，架子 復數：變f為I+ves 類似地，life, leaf

18.minimum: a./ n.最小量；最低限制

派生詞：minimize v.使最小化

反義詞：maximum n.最大量，最大限制（手寫板）

用法: Wage increases are being kept to a minimum in many companies because of the depression.由于經濟不景氣，很多公司的工資增長都被限制在最小幅度。

We need a minimum of ten people to play this game.玩這個游戲我們至少需要10個人。

We have reduced the costs to the minimum.我們已將費用減至最低額。

19.employee 雇員 employer 雇主

20.incidence 發生率

21.status n.1.情況，狀況2.地位，身份 同義詞：situation

the status of world affairs 世界形勢

status as a scholar 學者身份

immigrant status 移民身份

status of women in society 婦女的社會地位

the political situation 政治面貌

the domestic situation 國內形式

the international situation 國際形式

to kick out

驅逐出境 immigrant a.移民的，僑民的

New York has a huge number of immigrant population.紐約有大量的移民。

n.移民，僑民

Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught.非法移民如果被抓住會被遣送出境。

deport v.驅逐出境

Thousands of illegal immigrants are caught and deported every year.詞組：

1.to bring over: 把… 帶來;使轉變

You might bring your girlfriend over tomorrow evening.明天晚上你不妨把你的女朋友帶來。

What she said brought me over to her opinion.她的話使我轉而同意她的意見。

Can this small boat bring them over to this side of the river ?

這條小船能把他們運到河的那邊嗎？

相關詞匯：bring up 養育，撫育； bring about 引起，帶來，產生

2.be deserving of 值得，應得

He is deserving of the praise for his work.鑒于他的工作應受到這表揚。

The robber is deserving of capital punishment.這個強盜應處極刑。

3.be supposed to : 應該, 理應

You are not supposed to smoke in here.你不應在這里吸煙。

Employees are supposed to be here at eight every day.雇員們應該每天8點鐘到這里。slave machine machinery

Britain Briton

Statistical figure

Diploma

Broad abroad board aboard

Exploitation

Abuse normal abnormal

Use usage used useless misuse

Launch a campaign

Sexual sexy

Visa carry out implement

Execution CEo=chief executive officer

Convict sb of murder

Convict

Despite= in spite of the difficulty/ the bad weather，Guilty be guilty of

Are you guilty of telling a lie?

Innocent innocence

Deserve doing

His deeds deserve praising.Be deserving of =deserve

Breadearner Minimum minimal minimize

Maximum maximal maximize

The purpose of management is to minimize the waste and maximize the efficiency.Employ employer employee

Interviewee interviewer employment unemployment

Leaflet booklet starlet

Incidence of cancer

Incident

Immigrate immigration immigrant

Emigrate emigrant emigration

Deport

Make use of

The residents are campaigning the local government to drive the factory away.He deserved to be criticized.Take over

III.課文精講

第一部分：

paras.1－2

1.There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain(the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics).據統計，在英國工作的外籍家庭傭人有兩萬多人

本句為there be 句型的變體，working in Britain 為現在分詞短語作定語，修飾servants.括號里內容：（由于處理該項事務的政府部門-內政部-沒有做過統計，精確數字不得而知）

原因狀語從句中主語“內政部”有一個同位語。

There are estimated to be more than 20,000 ?可以改寫為“It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 ?”；表示“據說、據報道、據信、據認為、據估計、據稱”的結構有兩種：

2.Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats of Britons returning from abroad.returning from abroad是現在分詞短語，充當Britons的定語。

3.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.根據設在倫敦的幫助在倫敦工作的外籍家庭傭人的政治組織說，在兩萬多外籍家庭傭人中幾乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剝削和虐待。

句首Of相當于Among，意思是“在?當中”；句中“are being exploited and abused”為現在進行時被動語態，表示“正在被…剝削和凌辱”。

under相當于less than，意為“將近、不到”；“-based”意為“設（駐）在…的，以…為基礎的，以… 為主要手段的”。例如： shore-based aircraft 岸基飛機

the agency's Paris-based press officer 該機構駐巴黎的新聞發布官。

London-based意思是“總部設在倫敦的”；which引導的是定語從句，修飾前面的a London-based campaigning group，從句中working in Britain是現在分詞短語，修飾前面的servants，作定語。第二段：

1.The abuse can take several forms.2.Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment.該句的domestic是名詞，相當于domestic servant；allow sb to do sth意思是“允許某人做某事”，句中to go out是主語補足語成分。

3.They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused.4.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or “escaping” virtually impossible.他們在身體上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他們還會被收去護照，使得出走或“逃跑”根本不可能。

“have their passports removed”是 have+賓語+過去分詞的結構。“removed” 是過去分詞作賓補，表示被動，意為“使得護照被拿走”。making … impossible 為現在分詞短語作結果狀語.第二部分：

paras.3－8 1.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.今年年初，幾個透明度頗高的案例中有關世界各地的家庭女傭的悲慘狀況受到新聞媒體的關注。

該句主要結構是：The sad condition received much media attention.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world 在句中作主語，謂語是received 受到, “in several highly publicized cases”的意思是“在幾個被高度曝光的案例中”。

介詞短語of women working ? around the world是主語的定語成分，earlier this year in several highly publicised cases是狀語成分；women working as ? 是動名詞短語的復合結構，所有格標記“'s”被省略，本應為women's working as ?，當動名詞短語的復合結構充當賓語時，所有格標記's則可以省略。work as意思是“當、充當”，試比較work like：He works as a slave.他當奴隸。He works like a slave.他象奴隸一樣地工作。

2.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.其中一個案例是講一位菲律賓女傭因被指控犯有謀殺罪在新加坡被處死，盡管有來自各地的抗議認為她的罪名不足以成立。

句中“being convicted of murder”為動名詞被動式作介詞 “after”的賓語，表示“被判為謀殺罪”。convict sb of sth 是固定搭配，意思是“判某人犯有?罪行”；despite是介詞，相當于in spite of，意思是“盡管、雖然”后接名詞性成分；from various quarters意為“來自四方”；that所引導的從句是protests（抗議）的同位語從句。

3.Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:

be deserving of意思是“值得”，deserving是形容詞，來自動詞deserve，deserve可用于以下結構：

P.85

第4段：

1.“I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.the Philippines可指”菲律賓群島“，也可指國家名稱”菲律賓“；to work in London 是不定式短語，充當主語補足語。

2.I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount.be supposed to 有兩種用法：表示理應、應該：Everyone is supposed to wear a sear belt in the car.汽車內每個人都應系安全帶。表示“一般認為”I haven’t seen it myself, but it is supposed to be a really good film.我自己并未看過這部片子，但普遍認為這是一部好片子。此處的be supposed to 和be expected to同義，譯為”應該“，例如：

You are supposed to finish your work by Friday.你應該在星期五之前把工作完成。3.They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.”

動詞threaten可用于以下結構： threaten sb with sth以?威脅某人 threaten that 威脅說?

threaten to do sth威脅說要做某事 第5段：

1.Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka.2.The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.比較used to和be used to：

1）used to意思是“過去、過去常常”；used是動詞，且只有過去時態；to是不定式符號，后面接動詞原形。

2）be used to表示“習慣于”；be是連系動詞，有時態變化；used是形容詞；to是介詞，后面接名詞或動名詞。

3.Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.it 是形式賓語，真正的賓語是to feed her four children；形容詞difficult是賓語補足語。4.She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where she worked:

該句中feel like意思是“感覺象”；feel like也可表示“想”，例如： I feel like a swim / going swimming.我想去游泳。第6段：

1.“No days off--ever, no breaks at all, no proper food.No days off意思是”不放假“，此處off 表示”休假、休息、不上班“，例如： I think I'll take the afternoon off.我想我下午要休假半天。The manager gave the staff a day off.經理放全體職員一天假。

You mustn't take time off just because you want to see a football match.你不可以只是為了看一場足球賽而休假。

2.I didn't have my own room;I slept on a shelf with a space of only three feet above me.該句第二分句中，with a space of only three feet above me是含有介詞with的獨立結構，充當shelf的定語成分；該結構是：

3.I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody.to talk to anybody是不定式短語，充當主語補足語。4.I wasn't even allowed to open the window.該句結構同上。

5.My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.”

動詞threaten可用于以下結構： threaten sb with sth以?威脅某人 threaten that 威脅說?

threaten to do sth威脅說要做某事 本句出現了上面的第三種結構。第7段：

1.At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.at the end of意思是“在?底、在?末、在?的最后”；introduce measures相當于take measures，意思是“采取措施”；help +(to)do意為“幫助做某事”；protect ? from ?是一固定搭配，表示“保護?免遭（?的痛苦或虐待）”。“that”引導protests 的同位語從句，表示抗議的內容。

2.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy).措施包括把雇工的最小年齡提高到18歲，使受雇者能閱讀并理解通告單，使雇主同意提供適當的生活費用和條件，并寫出工作條件和主要的工作條款（受雇者應有此種副本）。

該句謂語動詞是included，include后要接動名詞作賓語。其賓語是三個并列的動名詞短語：increasing ?, getting employees to ?和getting employers to ?，表示新措施包括的三項內容。get sb.to do sth.意為“讓某人做某事”，其中to do sth.是賓語補足語；to agree to provide ?和to put in writing the main ?是并列關系，同時作賓語補足語；put ? in writing意思是“把?形諸文字”，in writing ,因為作賓補的介詞短語較短，而賓語較長，故把賓補提前。此處put的賓語是the main terms and conditions of the job；of which 引導的是非限制性定語從句，修飾writing。第8段：

1.However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse.doubt可以是動詞，也可是名詞，一般情況下，在否定句中，doubt 后總是跟著that 從句，在肯定句中，doubt后接if(whether)或that 從句。但一般以為肯定句接if(whether)較為規范。

I don’t doubt that he’s telling the truth.I doubt whether/if he’s telling the truth.2.For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.因為那些企圖抗議惡劣生活和工作條件的外籍女傭和家仆所面臨的主要問題是他們沒有獨立的移民身份，因此不能更換雇主。

該句的主要結構為 “For …problem … is that ….”該句是主系表結構，主語是the main problem，系動詞是is，表語是that引導的從句；主語后面有現在分詞短語facing overseas maids and domestics ?作定語，而overseas maids and domestics后面又有who引導的定語從句；complain about亦作complain of，意思是“抱怨”。

3.(They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allows foreigners to bring domestic staff with them.)

該句有一定語從句，由which引導，該從句修飾前面的a special concession，故which為單數，后面的謂語動詞是allows。

4.So if they do complain, they risk being deported.do是助動詞，用以加強語氣，risk后面只可接動名詞，而不可接不定式，因是被動意義，故出現risk being deported；這類動詞有：finish, mind, suggest, enjoy, give up, can't help, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, postpone, admit, deny, practise, excuse, fancy, imagine, keep, miss, risk, appreciate P.86

第三部分

Para.9 1.Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.Allowing domestic workers the freedom ? but with a different employer是動名詞短語，作句子主語，is是連系動詞，后面有what引導的表語從句；if they so choose條件狀語從句意思是“如果他們這樣選擇的話”，相當于if they choose to seek the same type of work but with a different employer；campaign sb for sth意思是“為了?對某人進行運動、促使某人去做某事”，而campaign sb against sth與它意思相反，意思是“為了反對?對某人進行運動、促使某人不要去做某事”。

2.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.他們說，正是有權改變雇主的這一做法區分了雇傭制和奴隸制 該句they say是插入語；distinguish ? from ?意思是“把?和?區別開來”；It is the right ? which distinguishes ?意思是“正是改換雇主的權利劃清了雇傭和奴役的界限”，該句是一很不規范的英語句子，規范的說法應該是：It is the right ? that distinguishes ?，這是強調結構。to distinguish … from 把…區分開

Unit 4重點句

1.There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain(the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics).There be 表“存在”的句型。

2.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.3.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or “escaping”virtually impossible.4.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicised cases.5.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.Guilt n.有罪 反義詞： innocence

Guilty adj.有罪的 反義詞 innocente

6.Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka.The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.7.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy).注意三個并列的動名詞短語。

8.For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.9.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.只有更換雇主的權利才能把雇傭同奴役區別開。

IV.練習

1.單詞英譯漢

domestic，statistic，diplomat，exploit，campaign，execute，convict，despite，deserving，shelf，minimum，status，deport，Word study

1.exploit: vt.開采，開發；利用；剝削

The student exploits every possibility to learn English.這個學生利用一切可能性學英語。

2.campaign

n.1.戰役；2.運動，參與運動

Our country is launching a campaign against waste.我們國家正在開展反浪費運動。

Our country is launching a campaign environment protection.我們國家正在開展環保運動。

Vt.參加運動，參加競選活動

They were campaign to keep the local school open.他們為使當地學校不致關閉而奔走活動。

3．Execute

Vt.實行，執行，完成，貫徹；將??處死

The pianist executed the piece of music perfectly.這位鋼琴家把這首曲子演奏得完美極了。

The criminal was executed after the trial.審判后罪犯即被處死。

課后漢譯英：

1．開發資源要適度

Resources should be properly exploited(用被動).2．這個項目值得進一步調查

The project deserves/is deserving of further investigation

3.無論她如何說，我也不相信這個消息

Despite what she said, I didn’t believe this news.B課文重點詞匯

eyewitness：n.目擊者；見證人

degrade：vt.降級，貶低；墮落；退化

liberty：n.自由，自由權；冒昧，失禮；（pl.）特許權，特權

2.句子英譯漢

（1）There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.（2）Of these 20,000 , just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.（3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.（4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.（5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.（6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.（7）So if they do complain , they risk being deported.（8）This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy).（9）For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.（10）It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.3.句子漢譯英

（1）處理有關事務的政府部門沒有做統計。

The government department that deals with relevant affairs does not keep statistics.（2）正因為她無法養家才同意做家仆。

It was because she found it difficult to feed her family that she accepted a job working as a domestic.（3）她是一名沙特外交官直接從菲律賓雇到倫敦來工作的。

She was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London.（4）家仆的工作狀況得到了新聞媒介的關注。

The conditions of working as domestics have received media attention.（5）雇主們總是威脅要把我們遣送回國。

The employers always threatened to send us back to our countries.Translation

1.許多家庭傭人受到雇主的剝削和虐待。

答：Many domestic servants are exploited and abused by their employers.2.自去年以來，女傭們的悲慘境況已受到媒體密切關注。

答：The bad condition of the woman servants has received much media attention since last year.3.他經常威脅我，說要將我遣送回國。

答： He always threatened that he would send me back to my country.4.她曾在一家茶葉廠工作，工資很低。

答： She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory.5.據估計有兩萬多名外國家傭在英國工作。

答： It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.4.歷年考題

（1）When they get out of prison, they ______(increase)the level of their criminal behavior.答案：will increase.考點：時間狀語從句中主句用將來時，從句用一般現在時表示將來。從句謂語動詞是get 一般現在時，所以從句用will increase.(主將從現)

（2）At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help ______ domestic workers from abuse by their employers.A.protect

B.suspect

C.expect

D.inspect

答案是：A.考點是：protect … from 保護… 免受 …

（3）_____ their differences, they fell passionately in love with each other.A.As for

B.Owing to

C.Despite

D.Through

答案：C.考點：despite 表示讓步的關系。本句的意思是：盡管他們之間有分歧，但他們彼此深愛對方。exploit vt.開拓, 開發, 開采, 剝削, 用以自肥v.使用 exploitable adj.可開發的,可利用的,可剝削的 exploitability n.可開發性,可利用性,可剝削性

exploitation n.開發, 開采, 剝削, 自私的利用, 宣傳, 廣告 exploitative adj.開發資源的, 剝削的 execute vt.執行, 實行, 完成, 處死, 制成, [律]經簽名蓋章等手續使(證書)生效 accomplish carry out complete do kill perform put to death executive adj.實行的, 執行的, 行政的n.執行者, 經理主管人員

execution n.實行, 完成, 執行, 死刑, 制作,(武器等的)破壞效果, 殺傷力 execute a command 執行命令

execute one's duties [office]盡職 execute a piece of work完成一件工作

execute a plan實施計劃

execute a purpose達到目的execute instruction執行指令

execute an order接受訂貨

execute a contract在合同上簽字

execute the part of Hamlet扮演哈姆雷特

execute a piece of music演奏一首樂曲 3.employ vt.雇用, 用, 使用v.使用n.雇用

employee n.職工, 雇員, 店員

employer n.雇主, 老板 employment n.雇用, 使用, 利用, 工作, 職業 employless adj.失業的,無業的 4.immigrate vt.使移居入境vi.移來

immigrant adj.(從外國)移來的, 移民的, 移居的n.移民, 僑民 immigration n.外來的移民, 移居入境

動詞時態

1.It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of the factory ___by about 10%.a.will have risen b.has risen c.will be rising d.has been rising 2.It’s already 5 o’clock now.Don’t you think it’s about time____? a.we are going home b.we go home c.we went home d.we can go home 3.That work is needed by next week, so make sure ___ to the deadline.a.you keep b keeping c you’ll keep d.for keeping 4.If you ___ television every evening, of course your eyes will ache.a.sit and watch b.will sit and watch c.are to sit and watch d.sat and watched 5.I suddenly ___ an insect crawling up my leg.a.felt b.was feeling c.was felt d.was being felt 6.He ___ New York and will stay there for a year.a.has been to b.has left for c.has come from d.has left 7.When she got to the office, she ___ a cup of tea.a.made b.was making c.makes d.has made 8.“What are you looking for?” “I can’t remember where I __ my pen”.a.leave b.left c.had left d.was left 9.Atoms ____ to be indivisible units of matter.a.are considered b.will be considered c.were considered d.would be considered 10.Alice was very angry because _____.a.she was feeling well b.she didn’t feel well c.she doesn’t feel good d.she wasn’t feeling good 11.I wish you ____ me yesterday.a.tell b.could tell c.would tell d.had told 12.The boss asked that the letter ____ immediately.a.be typed b.typed c.have typed d.being typed 13.Grandpa hoped that his grand-children ___ him weekends.a.visit b.will visit c.would visit d.visited 14.”Will you go to the park with us tomorrow? “If the weather_______, I’ll go.”

a.permits b.would permit c.be permitting d.will permit 15 He __ for six years by the time he takes his examination.a.had been studying English b.will have been studying English c.studies English d.study English 16.We’ll set off at noon if it_____ raining by then.a.will stop b.has stopped c.will have stopped d.stopped 17.Weather______, we will go out for picnic.a.permits b.should permit c.will permit d.permitting 18 “Have you seen a football match?”

“Yes.”

“ And __ it?”

“No.”

a.were you enjoying b.had you enjoyed c, did you enjoy d.have you enjoyed 19.I like Tom but I don’t like______to me like that.a.he talking b.he talk c, his talking d.his talk 20 When he was in Japan, he was considering_______ a trip to China.a.making b.to make c make d.made 21.Look at these clouds._____.a.It’ll rain b.It’s going to rain

c.It’ll be raining d.It is to rain 22.Look at John!What ___? a.does he b.he is doing c.is he doing d.does he do 23.Bill ___ a job in a factory, but he refused to take it.(offer)24.I __ my breakfast when the morning post came.(have)25.Nobody likes him because he ___ too much but __ too less.(say, do)26.I’ll be going to school on foot while my bike ___.(repaired)27.My mother ___ here before, I had to meet her at the station.(be)28.“What happened?” “We __ for an hour when the bus finally came.”(wait)29.Charles Dickens ___ a lot of novels.(write)30.How many people ___ the meeting.(attend)31.Mr.Brown ___ here for two weeks.(be)32.Hand in your papers when you ____ the test.(finish)33.When I arrived in Beijing the sun ___.(shine)34.I hope I ___ no mistakes in my work so far.(make)35.By the end of last month, she ___ all her money.(spend)36.You’d better take your raincoat with you.It__ for hours.(rain)37.Mr.Li ___ stamps since he was a little boy.(collect)38.I feel very tired.I __ all the morning.(read)39.By the time the course ends, we __ a lot about Britain.(learn)40.She was so interested in the book that she __ it for three hours before she realized it.(read)41.I __ him twice during the past week.(see)42.She told me she ___ the party two years before.(join)43.I can’t tell you if it __ tomorrow.(rain)

44.The goods ____ when we arrived at the airport.(unload)45.Will you tell us how you ___ to overcome the difficulties?(manage)46.The doctor arrived quickly, but the patient ___(already die).47.I ___ here since I retired.(live)48.When she arrived, I ___ tea.(make)49.I knew what he ____.(mean)50.This park ____(open)half an hour after sunrise and ___(close)half an hour before sunset.51.I ____(think)you already ____(know)my views on the matter.52.I’m tired of working in an office.I ___(think)of changing my job.53.I gradually ___(forget)all the French I ever learnt at school.54.What do you ____(think)I should do? 55.I ___(see)you’ve got a new car.56.For the past few years, my reading ___(limit)to newspapers.57.Great changes _____(take place)here since he ____(leave)58.I ____(ring)the doorbell for several minutes, but no one answered.59.What on earth ___ you ___(do)all this morning? Your clothes ___(cover)in paint.60.At last they got the letter they _____(expect).翻譯：

1.He is always telling lies.2.She is always helping others.3.圣誕節就要來了。

4.今年夏天我打算去游覽巴黎。

5.我原打算去那兒，但我有一些急事要處理。

1． A 2． C 3． A 4． A 5． A 6． B 7． B 8． B 9． A 10． D 11． D 12． A 13． C 14． A 15． B 16． B 17． D 18． C 19． C 20． A 21． B 22． C 23． Was offered 24． Was having 25． Is always saying, doing 26． Is being repaired 27． Had never been 28． Had been waiting 29． Wrote 30． Attended 31． Has been 32． Have finished 33． Was whining 34． Have make 35． Had spent 36． Has been raining 37． Has been collecting 38． Have been reading 39． Will have learnt 40． Had read 41． Have seen 42． Had joined 43． Will rain 44． Were being unloaded 45． Managed 46． Had died 47． Have lived 48． Was making 49． Meant 50． opens 51． Think knew 52． Am thinking 53． Am forgetting 54． Think 55． see 56． Has been limited 57． Have taken place, left 58． Have been ringing 59． Have you been doing, are covered 60． Had been expecing 4.I had intended to go there, but I had something emergent to deal with.5.we are going to visit paris this summer.Text B Return of The Chain Gang

Title翻譯：又返回到用鐵鏈子把囚犯們拴在一起干活的時代了 I.New Words

重點詞匯精講：

1.deny : 否認，否定；拒不給某人所需之物：

用法：deny 后要加動名詞作賓語

Neil denies breaking the window, but I'm sure he did.內爾否認打破了窗戶，但我肯定是他干的。

Their boss denied them their request for higher wages.2.degrade : v.降級，貶低；分解、墮落、退化：

派生詞：grade n.等級，級別

de-是前綴表示 “reduce, remove, down, showing an opposite”的意思。

相關詞匯構詞法： codedevalue;formdemerit;

3.ineffective: 無效的

反義詞：effective a.有效的；

4.watch over 看守、照管、監視： Would you watch over our clothes while we have a swim?

5.call up打電話：使想起、使回憶起：

Tonight I am going to call up my parents(to call my parents up).The sound of happy laughter call up memories of his childhood chain gang 用鐵鏈拴在一起勞動的囚犯隊

II.課文分析

P.97

第一段：

1.Eyewitnesses say it was a scene straight out of a black and white movie from the 1950s.目擊者說這仿佛是直接取自20世紀50年代黑白電影的一幕。

句中賓語從句省略了引導詞that.straight為副詞,意為“直接地” the 1950s表示“20世紀50年代”。

2.As the sun rose over the fields of Huntsville, Alabama, in the American South, the convicts got down from the trucks that had brought them there.As the sun ? in the American South是時間狀語從句，主句是the convicts got ? had brought them there；在主句中，the trucks 后面有that引導的定語從句。

3.Watched over by guards with guns, they raised their legs in unison and made their way to the edge of the highway, Interstate 65.他們在荷槍實彈的警衛的看守下，步伐一致地邁動雙腿，向著65號州際公路路邊走去。

watch over意思是“看守、監管”為過去分詞短語作伴隨狀語。；in unison意思是“一致”，make one's way后面往往接介詞to / towards / along / across / through，意思是“（向、朝著、沿著、橫穿、穿過?）走去”。the highway,interstate 65(美國)65號州際公路

4.The BBC's Washington correspondent Clare Bolderson was there and she sent this report:

this report譯為“如下報道”，此處this是后指代詞。第二段：

1.“They wore white uniforms with the words 'Chain Gang' on their backs and, in groups of five, were shackled together in leg irons joined by an eight-foot chain.with the words 'Chain Gang' on their backs是含有with的獨立結構，由 ”with + 名詞 + 介詞短語“構成；該結構是：

2.The prisoners will work for up to 90 days on the gang: they'll clear ditches of weeds and mend fences along Alabama's main roads.up to意為”長達“，on the gang意思是”是這一幫派的一員“，在名詞gang, committee, team前面的介詞用on，例如：The black girl is on the American team.那位黑人姑娘是美國隊的。clear ditches of weeds意思是”把雜草從陰溝里清除掉“；clear A of B相當于clear B from A。3.While they are working on the gang, they'll also live in some of the harshest prison conditions in the United States.work on the gang意思是”串在一起勞動“。

4.There'll be no televisions or phone calls;many other day-to-day privileges will be denied.”

no televisions or phone calls意為“沒有電視，也沒有電話”，前面有否定詞時，并列的名詞用or連接，都被否定；該句中deny意為“剝奪”。第三段：

1.The authorities in Alabama say there is a lot of support for the re-introduction of chain gangs in the State after a gap of 30 years(the last gangs were abolished in Georgia in the early 1960s).巴馬當局聲稱，事隔30年（喬治亞州最后一批用鐵鏈串在一起的囚犯于60年代初被廢止），有許多人贊成恢復使用這種刑法，認為這是讓罪犯向社會贖罪的有效方法。1）authority作當局解釋時，前面要有定冠詞，而且總用復數形式。

2）re-introduction(恢復使用)，是個派生詞，re是前綴，表示：再、又。Introduction在此處的意思是“采用、推行”： The government is introducing a ban on smoking in public places there is a lot of support for the re-introduction of chain gangs ?意思是many people support the re-introduction of chain gangs?；in the early 1960s意思是“在20世紀60年代早期”。2.Many people believe it is an effective way to get criminals to pay back their debt to society.許多人相信這是一種讓罪犯向社會還清債務的有效途徑。

it是形式賓語，不定式to get criminal to pay back their debt to society為實際賓語

to get criminals to ?是不定式短語，充當前面way的定語成分；因為way與get criminals to pay back ?之間沒有邏輯主謂或動賓關系，故以不定式短語作定語；此處get是使動用法，意思是“使?處于?狀態、讓?做某事”；使動用法的動詞用于下列結構：

第四段：

1.The prisoners stay shackled when they use toilets.囚犯們上廁所的時候也帶著鐐銬。

本句是個復合句。Stay既是實義動詞，也是系動詞（出現在系動詞的位置上），相當于are，所以后面常接形容詞或類似的詞。Shackled 在此是過去分詞，相當于形容詞。：Last night I stayed awaked in bed.2.They reacted sharply to the treatment they are given: 他們強烈反抗他們所受到的待遇。

動詞react 與to 搭配，表示“對?作出反應”；另有respond, reaction, response與to 搭配。they are given 為定語從句，修飾 the treatment

第五段：

1.Prisoner one: “This is like a circus.A zoo.All chained here to a zoo.We're all animals now.”

此句為省略句，謂語動詞are 被省略 , 應為all are chained here to a zoo.意為：所有的人都被鎖鏈拴住，這里成了動物園。

P.98

第二段：

1.Prisoner two: “It's degrading.It's embarrassing.” 第三段：

1.Prisoner three: “In chains.It's slavery!” 第四段：

1.Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black, which is why the chain gangs call up images of slavery in centuries gone by, when black people were brought from Africa in leg irons and made to work in plantations owned by white men.本句是一個復合句。Six out of every ten… are black是主語、which 引導的是非限制性定語從句，修飾全句、在定語從句中，又有一個why引導的表語從句、表語從句之后，又有一個when引導的時間狀語從句修飾定語從句。

call up意思是“使想起、使憶起”；when引導非限制性定語從句，修飾前面的centuries gone by ；gone by過去分詞短語，修飾 centuries.,相當于ago.； make sb do sth結構中賓語補足語不定式符號to必須省略，但是當make用于被動語態時，to必須保留。句中并列謂語是were brought ,(were)made to work是主語補語，因此不可以省略不動式符號to。

Chains 與irons 為同義詞，意為“鐐銬”。

2.Not surprisingly, although three quarters of the white population of Alabama supports chain gangs, only a small number of black people do.a small number of意思是“少數”，后接可數名詞的復數形式；句末的do是助動詞，代替support chain gangs。

3.Don Claxton, spokesman for the State Government of Alabama, insists that the system is not racist:

該句中insist意思是“堅持認為”，后面的從句用陳述語氣，若insist表示“堅持要求”，后面的從句則必須使用虛擬語氣，動詞形式為(should)do。例如： He insisted that I was wrong.他堅持認為我錯了。

He insisted that the meeting(should)be put off till the next week.他堅持要求把會議推遲至下一周舉行。第五段：

1.“This isn't something that's done for racial reasons, for political reasons.that引導定語從句，修飾something；reason前面的介詞用for。

2.This is something that's going to help save the people of Alabama tax money because they don't have to pay as many officers to work on the highways.help + do意為”有助于做某事“；pay sb to do sth意思是”付錢給某人做某事“。3.And it's going to help clean up our highways and it's going to help clean up the State.”

clean up意思是“清理、打掃、治理”。

第六段：

1.However, the re-introduction of these measures has caused a great deal of strong disagreement.a great deal of意思是“大量的”，后接不可數名詞。

2.Human rights organizations say that putting prisoners in chains is not only inhumane but also ineffective.not only ? but also ?意為“不僅?而且?”。

3.Alvin Bronstein, member of the Civil Liberties Union, says that study after study has shown that you cannot prevent people from committing crimes by punishment or the threat of punishment:

study after study意思是“一項又一項研究”；prevent ? from ?意為“阻止某人做某事”，和stop ? from ?，keep ? from ?同義。

4.“What they will do is make prisoners more angry, more hostile, so that when they get out of prison, they will increase the level of their criminal behaviour.”

make prisoners more angry ?是不定式短語，充當句子的表語成分，what引導的主語從句中有do,則在表語中不定式省略to，因為主語部分含有實義動詞do，試比較： The girl's wish is to become a movie star.What the girl wishes to do is(to)become a movie star.so that引導結果狀語從句，意思是“因此、所以”。第七段：

1.Civil liberties groups say that chaining people together doesn't solve the causes of crime, such as poverty or disaffection within society.such as意思是“諸如”。

2.What it does is punish prisoners for the ills of society.What it does is punish prisoners ?結構中，主語部分含有實義動詞do，所以，表語可以用動詞原形。

3.They say the practice takes the United States back to the Middle Ages, and that it is a shame to American society.the Middle Ages意思是“中世紀”；and that ?和前面的從句the practice takes ? the Middle Ages是并列關系，前一從句的that被省略，而后面的that不可省略。

4.But that's not an argument likely to win favour among many people in the Deep South of the United States.此處的argument譯為“說法”，后面有形容詞短語likely to win?the United States作定語，修飾argument；該定語可改為定語從句which is likely to win ?，likely意為“可能”，后接to do sth，不可替換為possible。win favour 意為“贏得贊同”be not likely to 不可能favor 喜歡 5.Alabama's experiment is to be widened to include more prisoners, and other States, such as Arkansas and Arizona, will very probably introduce their own chain gang schemes.阿拉巴馬要在更多的犯人身上試用這種辦法，像阿肯色喝亞里桑那等其他幾個州也很有可能施行各自的一套串綁犯人的方法。

該句為并列句，以and連接；第一分句中，“be to + 動詞原形”表示將來時間，表示按計劃安排即將發生的動作；第二分句中introduce意思是“施行、實施”。

III.語 法

There be “存在”句型

1.to be 作謂語動詞單復數與后面的主語一致

例如：There are a lot of people in the room.There is one person/ nobody in the room.2.be 與助動詞搭配作謂語

例如：There is no doubt about his guilt.There can be very little doubt about his guilt.3.與其它詞相結合構成謂語

例如：There are estimated to be more than …

There is going to …

4.其它一些表示“存在”意義的動詞也可以代替to be作謂語

例如：There existed a conflict.5.除be之外，謂語動詞還可以用 occur ,come,live stand , lie

以及復合結構 happen to be，seem to be , be likely to be , be bound to be。例句參見書中P.91注釋1

第三篇：自學考試“英語(二)”熱門問題解答分析

自學考試“英語

（二）”熱門問題解

答

英語

（二）教學大綱是從1998年的5月份制定的，目前還沒有改變，所以根據教學大綱題型，試卷結構應該是一樣的，大家應該注意一下結構有70%是客觀性題目，30%是主觀性題目。所謂主觀性題目就是自己要思考、要寫的，就像漢譯英、英譯漢，卷還是兩個卷子，1卷和2卷，1卷是選擇題，2卷是非選

擇題。

英語

（二）包括英語

（一）的內容

嗎？

從近兩年的試卷來看，英語一課文中的內容很少，最多一兩句，但是英語一是英語二的一個基礎，所以里邊的語法內容還有詞匯、短語肯定要考的。所以有人說考英語二不考英語一，是不對的，英語一只能說考的不是原句。

英語

（二）備考需要背課文嗎？

教材的課文一定要看，都要讀一www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 遍，讀懂里邊的語法要點，不是讀課文，有的同學說把課文都背下來了，但是考試還沒通過，原因不是讓你背課文，是把所有課文里邊的知識點、語法點要弄

通。

英語

（二）考語法嗎？

語法題是體現在題目中，比如結構題、詞性變化題，以及完形題，這里邊主要是考英語語法。所以必須把語法弄通，因為英語是一種有規則的語言，有規則的語言不懂這個規則就不能掌握這

門語言。

英語

（二）閱讀理解題備考技巧

這個閱讀理解有一個應試技巧，簡單說一說，在平常要多讀，要加大速度，要知道后邊問的題目，每個閱讀的段后邊都有5個題目，5個題目大概要問的有幾類，主要的有問作者觀點，或者問這個字是什么意思，這都是直接的。最難回答的就是推理性的，如果看不懂就不會做對。所以在閱讀理解的時候要抓住兩個“要”，一個要是要閱讀快，再有一www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 個抓住要點。提醒考生，每段里面的第一句一定要注意。

英語

（二）英譯漢備考技巧英譯漢是一段小短文，英譯漢的翻譯首先要留出足夠的時間，因為是最后一個題目，最后一個題目我的很多同學跟我說，其實我都能夠翻譯，但是最后都沒有時間了，就簡單的胡亂寫了幾句，這是一個失誤。因為英譯漢有15分，這個短文相對來說雖然有一定的難度，但是相對整個考卷來說這部分應該是能夠拿分的題，所以大家一定要留出足夠的時間。前邊的題目要做，像我剛剛說的選擇題，有的可以留在后邊，實在沒有時間了選擇題可以瞎蒙，但是主觀性的題目，像英譯漢、漢譯英，這個可以先做，如果是因為時間問題丟了必得分，那就太劃

不來了。

英語

（二）比英語四級考試難嗎？

首先自考英語跟四級的考試性質不太一樣，自考英語主要是考大家的閱讀能力，就是英語的閱讀能力，讀英語www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 的能力。而四級是全面的，比如說聽力，自考英語就沒有，考研也是，自考英語的性質不太一樣。但是自考大家認為英語比較難過，主要是對于非英語專業的考生在比較短的時間內要使英語達到很高的水平，這個難度是非常大，大家知道我們自考英語不要求聽說讀寫各種語言能力，只要求了解一些閱讀，根據大綱要求，重點放在閱讀能力以及英漢互譯能力，實際上就是考大家的這種能力，所以跟四級的性質還是不太一樣。

英語二是我們專科畢業以后考自考本科畢業，四級是大學生四年大學公共英語學完了兩年以后要考的，測試的方向還是跟剛才我講的不一樣。我們自考就是強調重點放在閱讀和英漢互譯能力，難度應該是一樣的，比如說詞匯量要求是一樣的，還有要求的詞組和詞匯兩個方面掌握應該是一樣的，但是側重

點不一樣。

英語

（二）詞匯記憶方法

英語二詞匯要求達到3800詞，詞www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 組750.有的同學問是不是就只要背下冊書的詞匯就行了，回答是不夠的，肯定是不夠的，因為詞匯沒有說只考下冊，上冊也要背。但是有人說我短期內怎么記住這些大量的詞匯呢？大家詞匯學習第一個應該是有一定的時間，因為有的同學說一個星期或者兩個星期教給你方法能夠記住幾千，他這個方法有點兒像變魔術，不太現實，我覺得詞匯是一個積累。因為從心理學角度來講學詞匯有兩個方向，一個方向是要把詞匯學習的時候印象深刻，一個詞能夠像串葡萄似的串出一串來，比如同義詞、反義詞、近義詞，應該把有關聯的詞相互記憶。第二，詞匯一定得重復，從心理學角度

學詞必須這樣。

英語

（二）學習重點

英語是一種語言，任何語言都是由詞和句子構成的，所以光會了詞，不會把這些詞組成句子是不行的，因此怎么組成句子呢？得知道組成句子的規則，還有一些習慣用法，你必須要了解這種www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 語言的文化，所以說學英語光學詞是不行的，因此是除了學詞以外還得學詞的用法以及文化，習慣用法就是一種文化，死背根本記不住。為什么記不住？背的這個詞應該是靈活的，怎么靈活呢？這個詞首先要知道詞性是什么，做個句子，學了一個詞不會做句子造一個短語，還要大聲的念，李陽瘋狂英語為什么風靡全國，就是要把詞大聲地念出來，這樣從耳朵里能夠聽進去的，對大腦的刺激比眼睛里看見的要強得多，所以學習詞匯的一個技巧要大聲念，要組一個詞或者組一個短語，這樣記憶比光看兩遍、寫幾遍要好得多。

英語

（二）考前沖刺方法

最好的方法應該是做沖刺的題目，所謂沖刺的題目就是要做一些題目跟考試的真題一樣的，每一部分都是給自己做測試，做模擬題，比如要設定時間是2個半小時，考試是2個半小時，你就要用2個半小時做模擬卷然后做考試題，因為考試的真題都有答案，最后對一下www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc

答案看得多少分。

沒有學過的，像一個月以前根本就沒有接觸過教材，不要盲目地去參加考試，一個月時間絕對不可能一下子英語成績突飛猛進，在最后這一個月時間只能安下心把英語要考什么內容先做一個了解，現在在一個月背下3800詞是不可

能的。

英語

（二）考試與教材關系大嗎？

2005年4月份的考題題目，出自于課文的句子很多，比如說第一個題，是課文中的原題，這個我跟大家講，因為大綱要求可能是出題完全跟書上一樣的，也有可能根據書上的題目改編的，所以不一定完全是書上的一模一樣的句子，但是考的考點或者詞、語法點都是屬于跟我們的講課重點一致的。像我們2005年的試題我做一個簡單的分析，像結構題，比如說主要的還是考語法的從句部分的關聯詞，關聯詞10個里邊就考了4個。另外有考虛擬語氣的，還有考固定搭配的就考了4個，所以這些搭配，www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 像關聯詞，雖然句子不是原來書上的句子，但是是我們要重點復習的語法內容，一個是從句的關聯詞，再有一些固定搭

配。

再有，后邊的詞型變化，也應該是出自于書上，但是它大部分還不是書上的原句，基本上是改編的，但是考的語法點都是我們重點要強調的主要是一些動詞的變化，基本上考10個題里有四五個都是考動詞的變化，所以要分清句子，是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞。

英語

（二）考試如何安排考場時間

考試時間安排，總有最后的翻譯題來不及做的這種情況，所以我跟大家講主觀性題目，我剛才說了有30%，一定要留出足夠的時間，至少三分之一的時間來做。有一部分比較難的，就像完形填空，那個只有10分，但是有大部分同學在那兒花的時間太多了，完形填空一段文章是比較難的，把10個空填進去，如果耗費了很多時間不值得。因為完形填空一般的同學語法知識比較差的話，www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 做不好這道題。但是像第一個題目詞匯結構題，如果有一定的語法知識這道題應該是可以拿到分的。再有閱讀理解題，也是30分，有的同學最后來不及把文章仔細看，就隨便亂選了很容易選錯，所以把三分之一的時間一定要留給閱讀理解，還有三分之一的時間留給主觀性題

目就是翻譯題。

再有詞形變化的10分題是比較難的，這跟完形填空一樣，這個也是10分，語法知識不好這個題目也可以放在最后

做。

再有單詞拼寫，20個，大部分同學做得不好就是平常的基本功不夠，大家拼寫20個題里肯定有容易拼的，像比較短的盡量做，比較長的放棄就放棄算了，所以時間分配大家應該多考慮，把考試的兩個卷1卷、2卷都有什么內容心中要有數。考前多做模擬試題，感覺一下，設定時間2個半小時，這樣時間分配心

里就有數了。

考過英語

（一）的考生如何備戰英www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc

語

（二）有同學說通過英語一很容易，為什么英語二考了很多次通不過，這因為作為英語學習還沒有達到一定的水平，英語一是專科水平，水平比英語二低，考的容易。想考好英語二，不下工夫不花一定的時間做努力是不行的，精講課程要聽，考前要做一個努力的復習，如果沒有這個階段想要走捷徑，我告訴大家學英語二是沒有捷徑可走的，一定要經過勤學苦練，才能夠把這門課程真正學到手，順利通過考試。

《大語》(本)導學：扎扎實實打基礎

《大學語文（本）》是文科類學生的專業必修課。《大學語文》的目的是為了使學生進一步提高閱讀能力與寫作能力，為學好高等教育文科類各專業的課程，及接受通才教育，成為復合型人才打下扎實的基礎。該課程知識點多，內容豐富，課文中每句話都可以作為一個www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 考點來出題考試，因此這門科學習起來有一定的難度，歷年來考試通過率也不是很高。本文針對學生在學習《大學語文》的過程中存在的問題，有針對性地提出學習，考試時應該注意的問題，以期對學生學習，考試有所幫助。

一，《大學語文（本）》教材的內容體系。

《大學語文（本）》分為四個單元，即議論文單元（收有14篇課文），記敘文單元（收有14篇課文），詩詞單元（收有30篇課文），小說單元（收有8 篇課文）。每篇課文要求掌握的知識點，在書后面的考試大綱里都能找到。每單元要求掌握的知識點，在每單元后面的《議論文的特點與寫作》《記敘文的特點與寫作》《詩詞曲賦的特點與寫作》《小說的特點與寫作》中都有詳細的介紹。對于考試大綱要求掌握的知識點，學生在學習時一定要一個一個對應起來，一個一個地掌握，不能有所遺漏。同時，課程還有三方面知識要求掌握，即表現手法，www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 修辭手法，古漢語語法知識。這三方面的內容掌握起來有一定的難度，但是學生要下大氣力去鉆研，力求弄通弄懂。

二，學好《大學語文》的關鍵。

學好《大學語文》的關鍵就在于熟讀教材上面的課文，夯實基礎。

這類話好像是廢話，老生常談，沒有新意。確實，要想學好每一門課程，首要就是要認真鉆研教材，刻苦學習，這是放之四海皆準的真理。對于《大學語文》的學習尤其是這樣。有這樣一種教學理念，就是提高學生的語文素養，語文水平，不是空話，而需要有途徑，就是通過認真閱讀典范的，優秀的語文范文這條途徑來達到目的。因此《大學語文》考試，教材里犄角旮旯每個點全考，就是考查學生是不是認真閱讀教材上面這些典范的，優秀的課文了。

其中專門有一類題，沒有難度，只要學生認真閱讀了課文就能答出。

比如，去年10月考題第一道選擇題：

www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc

孟子認為達到“數口之家，可以無饑”這一目標的主要措施是，五畝之宅，樹之以桑； 2，雞豚狗彘之畜，無失其時；，百畝之宅，勿奪其時； 4，謹庠序之教，申之以孝悌；

這道題沒有任何難度，只要閱讀了課文，馬上就能答出是3.如果對課文不熟悉，恐怕就答不出來了。

2001年一道考題：司馬光指責王安石新法是“生事”，王安石在駁斥這一指責時，所依據的主要理由是

1，“受命于人主” 2，“辟邪說，難壬人”

3，“為天下理財” 4，“舉先王之政”

這道題也沒有難度，只要閱讀了課文，就能很順利地答出來。

這類題在歷年考題中占比較重要的份量。占分值較多。其他類的題目，也同課文有密切的關系。

就是只要掌握了課文，回答考題應www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 該是沒有什么問題的。

因此學生要學好《大學語文》沒有別的捷徑可走，什么“押題”“漏題”，什么“權威模擬題”

等等，全不要相信。只要扎扎實實夯實基礎，認真閱讀課文，掌握課文，就會考出好成績。

三，要認真學習考試大綱，考試大綱上面的每一個要求，不能有遺漏地全要掌握。

高等教育自學考試實行“考-教分離”的教學制度，就是教課的老師不參與出題，出題的老師不參與教學。《大學語文》全國一張卷。考試大綱把教學的，出題的，學習的這三者聯系起來。也就是教學的按照考試大綱來教，學習的按照考試大綱來學，出題的按照考試大綱來出題。考試大綱是連起教-學的橋梁，必須高度重視。現在市場上賣的參考書，也都是根據考試大綱來編寫的。因此在學習時，對考試大綱上面的知識點要一個一個鉆研，弄通弄懂。從歷年《大學www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 語文》考題來看，全部是考試大綱上要求掌握的內容，沒有出大綱的要求。因此學生不要迷信什么“模擬試卷”，更不能聽信什么“押題”“漏題”之說。

四，從歷年考試情況看，以下三部分知識，學習起來有一定的難度，學生丟分很多，要引起學生高度重視。

1，文學表現手法。

2，修辭手法；

3，文言語法知識。

這三部分在考試中占三類題，分值雖不很多，但是學生丟分很多，有的學生甚至一分都得不到，因此學生在學習時要高度重視起來。，文學表現手法，教材上面共介紹9 種。對比，烘托，鋪墊，暗示，比興，象征，白描，夾敘夾議，托物言志。學生在學習時可以通過自己整理來掌握。

譬如烘托，主要在《兵車行》，《**》中運用；

鋪墊主要在《種樹郭橐駝傳》《兵www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 車行》《杜陵叟》中運用；

比興主要在詩詞中運用，《摸魚兒》是全篇比興；

白描在《**》《背影》中運用；

托物言志主要在《往事》中運用。等等。

通過自己整理，找出規律，就容易掌握這部分內容了。，修辭手法，教材上面共介紹了12種修辭手法，比喻，夸張，對偶，排比，用典，反語，反詰，設問，借代，反復，層遞。其中“借代”在課文中沒有涉及，可以不管它。余下11種，可以分析一下。

反復，反語很容易識別，先把它們排除；

一看到有問號的，就在“設問”“反詰”兩個里找。從正面問的是設問，《論毅力》《人的正確思想是從哪里來的》；從反面問的，又沒有回答的是“反詰”，《趙威后問齊使》《秋水》《諫逐客書》《燈下漫筆》等等。

www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc

一看到幾個句子連排的，就在“排比”“對偶”中找，一般來說，三個或三個以上的句子連排為排比，《秋水》《諫逐客書》《寡人之于國也》等等；兩個句子為對偶，《諫逐客書》《答李翊書》

等等。

引用典故來說明問題的是“用典”。

4，文言語法知識。學生可以學習教材后面的“古代漢語語法常識”一節，如果學習起來有困難，還有一個相對變通的方法，就是把教材中每篇古文后面“思考與練習”的最后一道題認真做出來，也可以在一定程度上彌補。

五，認真寫作作文。

作文水平的提高非一日之功。而且作文要靠練習，光講是沒有什么用處的。

只提醒學生在考試時注意幾點，在現有作文水平的基礎上面，盡量考得好一些。，審題。這問題又是老生常談。但是是關鍵。作文只要不跑題，基本就是勝利，基本就可以拿到15分以上（滿www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 分30分）。從歷年來看，學生作文分數不高的主要原因就是跑題，扣題不緊，或扣題不準。

《大學語文（本）》的作文題大部分是議論文。

（1）要緊扣題目來寫。寫的每一個論據全要緊扣題目，這點務必注意。可以采取經常“點題”

的辦法，也就是在作文中敘述一段內容，就點一下題目，用這種辦法防止跑題。

（2）尤其要注意作文題是給學生一段短文，然后讓學生根據短文的意思來寫作文。這類作文，學生不要一上來拿筆就寫，而是一定要認認真真讀懂短文的意思，然后根據這篇短文提供的“特殊意思”

來寫。千萬不要另起爐灶。，議論文要注意論據的運用。

（1）說明論點要用事實，也就是要用論據。要注意的是論據的寫作不要展開，點到為止，能夠說明論點就行了，www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 論據千萬不要加以描寫，加以展開論述。

（2）議論文要多談道理，也就是多談理論，少舉例子，例子點到為止。要特別防止一篇議論文，開頭講一兩句理論，然后就大量舉例子，或者是通篇全是一個例子。，注意字數。

千萬要注意試題上面要求寫的字數。這點學生要特別注意。一般來說，《大學語文（本）》作文要求寫作600 字（有時要求寫作700 字）。寫作時既不能寫作字數太多，更不能少于要求的字數。一般來說，作文字數以多出所要求的字數100 字為宜。，卷面要清楚，整潔。

從考試情況來看，有一些學生作文字跡太亂，卷面十分不清楚，字跡龍飛鳳舞，卷面溝的，畫的，涂的，摸的，亂七八糟，讓判卷教師先從感情上面就有一個不好的印象。判卷老師每天要判幾百份試卷，根本沒有時間一個字一個字去認。卷面不清楚，字跡老師認不得，www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc 很可能就影響了學生的成績。

這點也務請學生注意。

大學的課程全有一定的難度。但是，難與不難都是相對的。一般來說，只要認真掌握了教材上面要求的內容，按照考試大綱上面的知識點一個一個地去攻克，學習方法對頭，《大學語文（本）》定會考出一個好成績的。

www.tmdps.cn 學招網 成都培訓招生 d7f78bc

第四篇：人教版九年級英語unit8教案

Unit 8 I’ll help clean up the city parks．

The 1st period

何梅林

Ⅰ． Teaching Aims and Demands

1． Knowledge Objects

（1）Key Vocabulary

clean up, hunger, homeless, cheer up, give out, volunteer, food, bank

（2）Target Language

I’d like to work outside．

You could give out food at a food bank．

2． Ability Objects

（1）Train the students to express offering to help with the target language．

（2）Train the students’ listening skill．

3． Moral Object

Offer help to the others as much as possible．

Ⅱ． Teaching Key Points

1． Key Vocabulary

clean up, hunger, homeless, cheer up, give up

2． Target Language

How to express offering to help with target language．

Ⅲ． Teaching Difficult Points

1． Teach the students how to use the new phrasal verbs．

2． Teach the students to express offering help with target language． Ⅳ． Teaching Methods

1． Teaching by giving sample sentences and making up sentences．

2． Teaching by showing pictures．

Ⅴ． Teaching Aids

1． A tape recorder

2． Some pictures on volunteer’s offering help

Ⅵ． Teaching Procedures

Step Ⅰ Revision

1． Revise the language points in Unit 7．

Ask some questions like this: Where would you like to go on vacation? Why?（Because…）

2． Revise the contents in Unit 7．

3． Check homework by asking some students to read their sentences they’ve made with the verbs． Let them hand in their homework．

4． Dictate ten words in Unit 7．

Step Ⅱ la

In this unit we learn to offer to help．We’ll use some phrasal verbs． Each phrasal verbs has two or three words, such as clean up, cheer up, give out． Here is an example on how to use clean up． Look at the title of Unit 8． I’ll help clean up the city parks． Repeat it twice, please．

Ask the students to read the title twice．Then go on saying, “clean up means make a place clean and tidy, put things there in order”． Let’s see another example, We should always clean up after a picnic．Who can explain this sentence in your own, words?Ask one student to explain the sentence．

He or she may say like this． This sentences means we should burn wastepaper, collect litter and empty bottles, etc．Then ask the class． Who can make more sentences

with clean up?Ask several students to share their sentences to the class．Do the same with the other phrasal verbs．

Read the instructions to the students．

Please look at the picture now． We can see a bulletin board and two children in it． What is the bulletin board about? Help students to answer: Volunteer Today!Then continue saying, “Who can tell me the meaning of volunteer?”

Ask one student to try to explain it． Then tell them the meaning of it． Volunteer means a person who offers to do something unpleasant or dangerous． It means a person who offers to help the others sometimes． Volunteer is used as a verb in this lesson．

Draw the students’ attention to the three posters on the board．We can see one sentence in each poster．And we can see some people in each poster, too． What are the volunteers doing in each poster? Please work in pairs and talk about the posters．

Give the students a few minutes to talk about what they will say． Let them talk about all the three items． Move around and help the pairs as needed．Then read the sentences in the posters to the class． Ask the pairs of students to explain what the sentence means in their own words． Or tell what the volunteers are doing in the posters．For example, for the first poster, a pair might say:

It means there is trash in the park． There are papers on the ground． We can help clean up the park by picking up papers and trash． We can make the park clean．

After the students have finished all the items, ask the students to add some other ways they can help people． Get them to write the ways down in the box below the picture．

At last, ask some students to share their ideas with the class． Write any new words or phrases on the board and explain these words to the class, if necessary． Step Ⅲ 1b

Call the students’ attention to the two lists in the box in Activity lb． Ask some students to read the eight sentences on the lists to the class． Explain any new words and phrases in it．

Make sure that all the students can understand the meanings of the eight items．Then get the children to read the instructions together．

Say, we will hear four conversations．

Your task is to match the items in the two lists． We can see the blanks in fro

nt of the first line of each conversation． Listen to the conversations and write the letter in front of the first line of each conversation． Put the letters of the second line of conversations in right places． Point out the sample answer to the class．

Play the recording the first time． Tell the students to only listen． Then play the recording a second time．

Tell them to write a letter in front of each numbered sentence this time．Check the answers．

Step Ⅳ 1c

Read the instructions with the class．Call their attention to the example in the speech bubbles in Activity la． Ask a pair of students to read this conversation to a class． Then let them practice in pairs．

Note their pronunciation of “like to” in phrases such as, I’d like to help hungry people． Tell them English speakers usually pronounce the words “like to” as if they were spelled like-tuh．

Play the I’d like to statements on the recording to demonstrate this

pronunciation．After they’ve finished practicing the sample conversation, ask them

to make up similar conversations based on the other two posters． Get two pairs to demonstrate two conversations first．

Then let the whole class practice in pairs．After that, play the recording of activity 1b and let the children read after it twice．Then ask them to practice similar conversations using the information in Activity 1b．

Step Ⅴ Summary

Step Ⅵ Homework

1． Make up one sentence with each of the following phrasal verbs:

clean up, cheer up, give out

2． Write out three conversations of activity 1c．

Step Ⅶ Blackboard Design

第五篇：新牛津英語Unit8教案

7A Unit 8 教案

Comic strip and welcome to the unit Teaching Aims: 1.Learn some new words about fashion.2.Arouse the students’ interests in fashion and learn to enjoy nice things.Step 1.Lead-in

Enjoy a short video about a fashion show, teach the word “fashion”.And draw the Ss’ interest in the following words and expressions.Step 2.Presentation

Show some pictures to learn the new words: fashion n.時裝；時尚，風尚 think about 考慮

spend vt.度過；花費（錢、時間等）lazy

adj.懶惰的

blouse

n.(女子穿的）短上衣，襯衫 tie

n.領帶 lend vt.借給

Step 3.Learn some words about clothes

Present the words about clothes and make sure Ss know each word then fill in the boxes in PA on Page 93.Step 4.Borrowing things

1.Listen to the conversation between Millie and Mum, then answer

1)What does Millie need for the fashion show?

2)Why doesn’t she wear Mum’s blouse?

2.Read aloud and then make a similar conversation about borrowing things from others.A: Can you lend me/ us …?

B: Of course.A: What size/ colour is/ are your …? B: …

A: Oh, it’s … but … can … it/ them.B.OK then.A: Thank you, …

Step 5.Listen and fill in the blanks.Listen to the conversation between Eddie and Hobo on Page 92, then fill the blanks:

Eddie is ________ about what to wear.But Hobo tells him dogs don’t _______ clothes.So Eddie wants to ________ ten more minutes in bed.He is a ______ dog.Step 6.Read and act

Read aloud the conversation in groups, then present the comic strip on the screen for the Ss to act out the conversation.Step 7.Explain 1.wear 穿著，戴著（表示穿、戴的狀態）

put on 穿上，戴上（表示穿戴的動作）

e.g.She likes wearing red.她喜歡穿紅色。

It’s cold outside.Put on your coat.外面冷，穿上外套。2.think about sth.考慮某事；想起某事

e.g.She is thinking about how to spend her holiday.她正考慮如何度假呢。Don't think about it any more.不要再去想這事了。

3.what to wear

意思是“穿什么”，英語中“疑問詞+ to do ”是一個短語而不是句子。

e.g.I don’t know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦？

Let me tell you how to do it.讓我告訴你如何做這件事。4.spend vt

花費，度過

常用結構(1)Sb.+ spend +time/money doing sth.(2)Sb.+ spend + money on sth.e.g.He spends a lot of time playing football every day.他每天花大量時間踢足球。

How much does she spend on clothes every year? 她每年在衣服上花多少錢？

5.spend ten more minutes = another ten minutes

再花十分鐘 e.g.We need five more chairs.6.lend sb.sth.= lend sth.to sb.把某物借給某人

e.g.Can you lend me your bike? 你能把自行車借給我嗎？= Can you lend your bike to me? 注：lend 是“借給”，而英語中的borrow

是指句子的主語將東西借進，含義是“借來”。常用結構是borrow sth.from sb.“向某人借某物”。e.g.Can I borrow your rubber? 我可以借用你的橡皮嗎？ Step 8.Exercises

一、根據Millie 與Mum的對話內容填空：

Millie wants her mother to _______ her some clothes for the _________ show.Her mother’s red ________ is ________ 4.It’s too large for her.but she thinks Sandy can _______ it because Sandy is tall.So she borrows it from her mother.二、翻譯：

1.她正在考慮去哪度假（holiday)。2.我可以再吃兩個蘋果嗎？ 3.你穿多大尺碼的鞋？ 4.Tom經常將自行車借給我。Homework: 1.Act out the two conversations in pairs after class.2.Preview the new words in Reading.Reading I Teaching Aims: 1.Learn some new words about fashion.2.Practise reading skills by learning Millie’s article.Step 1.Presentation Present the new words: lady

女士，夫人

gentleman

(pl.gentlemen)先生;君子 style

風格，樣式 trainer

運動鞋

comfortable

舒適的，使人舒服的 popular

受喜愛的，受歡迎的 among

在（三者或以上）中 purple

紫色(的)grey

灰色(的)smart 衣著講究的；聰明的；精干的 cool

酷的，絕妙的 cotton 棉；棉織物 scarf

(pl.scarves)圍巾 both

兩者（都）jeans

（復）牛仔褲 silk

（蠶）絲；絲綢 wool 羊毛，羊絨 boot

靴子

both… and …

…和… 都；不僅…而且… be made of … 由… 制成 Step 2.Lead-in

Present two pictures about a fashion show and ask: What are they doing? Are you interested in it? Step 3.Reading

1.Listen to Millie’s article and answer the questions:

1)Where do they hold the fashion show? 2)How many students are there in this show? 2.Read the article and complete the form:

3.Complete B1 on Page 95.4.Read aloud the article and put T or F in the blanks.5.Complete B3 & 4 on page 96.Step 4 Homework

1.Read aloud the article and underline the difficult parts.2.Remember the new words in this lesson.Reading II Teaching Aims: 1.Learn the language points in this article.2.Learn to describe a fashion show.Step 1.Revision The students are having a fashion show in the school _______ in the ________.Millie wears _______ clothes.She thinks trainers are __________ to wear, so they are popular _________ young people.Simon’s shirt is _______ and his trousers are ________.He looks _______.______ Amy _______ Daniel wears blue ________.Young people also like to wear them.Sandy looks ________ because she is in red _______ blouse, a ______ wool skirt and a pair of red __________.Step 2.Explain 1.trousers, jeans本身就是復數，其數量的表達要用 a pair of 這樣的短語，這樣的短語作主語時要由pair 的單復數形式來決定謂語動詞形式。e.g.The jeans are popular among young people.There is a pair of jeans in the bag.The two pairs of trousers are different.2.look cool 看上去很酷

當look的譯為“看起來，看上去” 的意思時是連系動詞，這種動詞后面可以接形容詞作表語，但不能接副詞，e.g.You look happy today.（正）（happy是形容詞）

You look happily today.（錯）（happily 是副詞，不能作表語）

? 本課短文中的look cool, look smart，look modern中look都是連系動詞。3.both 兩者（都）

(1)這個詞只能用于兩者或兩部分時，三者及以上的“全，都”要用all。e.g.His parents are both teachers.There are 40 students in our class.We are all Chinese.(2)“both of + 名詞復數/ 賓格代詞”作主語時謂語動詞要用復數形式。

Both of them work in Beijing.（3）both … and …

…和… 都；不僅…而且… She can both sing and dance.她不僅會唱歌而且會跳舞。4.Here comes Sandy.西蒙來了。

這是一個以Here 開頭的倒裝句，句子的真正主語是Sandy。請觀察here 開頭的倒裝句的兩種不同情況：

Here comes the bus.(主語是名詞the bus）

Here it comes.(主語是代 it）

Here you are.(主語是you)5.be made of …

由… 制成

Sandy’s blouse is made of silk.桑迪的襯衫是由絲綢制成的。6.be popular among …

在……中很受歡迎

Jeans are popular among young people.Step 3.Exercises

一、用所給詞的適當形式填空。

1.Good evening, ________(lady)and _____________(gentleman)!2.You will feel ___________(comfort)if you wear trainers.3.Whose ________(scarf)are these? 4.My T-shirt is ________(make)of cotton.5.His red and grey tie ________(match)his clothes.6.Look!Amy is ________(wear)a blue scarf.二、完成句子：

1.今天我打算向你們展示不同式樣的鞋子。2.牛仔褲在年輕人中很受歡迎。3.瞧，汽車來了。

4.她今天看起來時髦又漂亮。5.他的褲子是棉制的。6.我們倆都喜歡穿運動鞋。7.今天的會議到此結束。

8.Amy正穿一件紅色的羊毛短裙。Step 5.Interview You are an interviewer.You want to interview Millie about the fashion show.Work in pairs, try to ask at least five questions about the show.Homework 1.Recite this article.2.Remember the language points in this lesson.Grammar Teaching aims: Learn the use of the present continuous tense.Step 1.Presentation Present the new words: write to, wait for, look for… Step 2.Lead-in Present three pictures in gif.and ask: What are they doing? /What am I doing? /What is he doing? Help them to answer and tell them they are using the present continuous tense.Step 3.Grammar

一、現在進行時肯定句和否定句的構成：

肯定句:

主語+ am/ is /are + v-ing...肯定句:

主語+ am/ is / are not + v-ing...I am not eating.You/ We/ They are not eating.He/ She/ It is not eating.二、動詞ing形式的構成：

Exercise 1: Complete Part A on Page 97.三、現在進行時一般疑問句的構成及回答： I am eating.→ Am I eating?

Yes, I am./ No, I am not.(或 No, I’m not.)

You/ We/ They are eating.→ Are you/ we/ they eating?

Yes, we/you/ they are.No, we/ you/ they are not(或用縮寫aren’t)He/ She/ It is eating.→ Is he/ she/ it eating? Yes, he/she/it is.No, he/she/it is not.(或用縮寫isn’t)規律：將be 動詞移到主語前面。注意：肯定回答時主語be動詞不能縮寫，否定回答時be動詞和not可以用完全形式也可以用縮寫。

Exercise 2: Complete Part B on Page 98.四、語法補充：

（一）現在進行時可以表示說話時正在進行或發生的動作，也可表示當前一段時間內的活動或現階段正在進行的動作。Look!He is reading in bed.(說話時正在進行）Mr Green is writing a new book.(現階段正在做）

（二）現在進行時的判斷方法：

如果句子中帶有鮮明的時間狀語，如：now, 或帶有Look, Listen 等暗示動作正在發生，或有表示現在的上下文語境時，我們常用現在進行時。Listen!She is singing in the next room.—Where is your mother? — She is cooking dinner.（三）注意點：

（1）現在進行時的謂語動詞由“be 的某種形式+ 動詞ing 形式” 這兩部分構成。這時be是個助動詞，沒有實際意思，只起構成時態的作用。同學們在使用現在進行時時千萬不要忘了用be動詞。

We having breakfast.(錯）We are having breakfast.(正)(2)有些動詞一般不用進行時，如：know, understand(理解), love, like, want, hope, hear, see等。

(3)雙寫末尾一個輔音字母再加ing形式的動詞的條件參考書本P121。這個規律不易掌握，所以同學們可以在學習英語的過程中學到一個雙寫詞就記住它，慢慢體會規律。以下是已經學過的一部分雙寫詞：shop, run, get, swim, begin, stop, cut, hit，forget等。Homework Remember the new words in this lesson.Integrated skills

Teaching Aims: 1.Practise listening skills by listen to a conversation.2.Practise speaking skills by talking about different materials of the things.Step 1.Presentation Present the new words by showing some pictures: go for sth.去做某事，去參加 fit for

適合于

think of

認為；想起；考慮 glove

n.手套 leather n.皮革

smooth

adj.光滑的，平坦的；順利的 lovely adj.可愛的；親切友好的 hat

n.(有檐的）帽子 Step 2.Lead-in

Show a picture of a lady and let Ss discuss what she is going to do? Step 3.Listening 1.Listen to a conversation and complete A1 on page 99.2.Listen to the conversation again and complete A2 on page 99.3.Complete A 3 according to A1 & A2.Step 4.Speak-up 1.Listen and answer: 1)What colour are Kitty’s gloves? 2)What are the gloves made of? 3)What is Amy’s hat made of? 2.Read after the recorder.3.Talk about different materials of the clothes your classmates wear like this.Step 5.Explain 1.go for sth.去從事（某項活動或運動），去參加

go for a walk 去散步

go for a meeting 去開會

go for a dinner

去吃晚飯 2.am/ is / are going to do sth.打算做某事

—What are you going to do tomorrow?

你明天打算做什么？

—I’m going to see my grandparents.我打算去看望我的外祖父母。3.What do you think of … ?

(= What do you think about …?)

你覺得……怎么樣？（用來詢問別人對某事的看法的問句）

What do you think of this film? 你覺得這部電影怎樣？

It’s so boring.太無趣了。4.plan(to do)sth.計劃(做)某事

（注：plan---planning)

They are planning a school trip.他們正計劃一次學校組織的旅游呢。5.They’re made of leather.be made of 由 …… 制成，通常表示該成品仍看得出原材料。

This bottle is made of glass.這個瓶子是由玻璃制成的。

be made from 由……制成，表示該制成品看不出原材料。

Paper if made from wood.紙是由木頭制成的。

6.feel soft and smooth 摸上去柔軟光滑

feel 感覺，摸上去（是連系動詞，后常接形容詞）

I’m not feeling well.我覺得有點不舒服。（well 作“健康的，身體好的”之意時是形容詞，而不是副詞)11 7.sb + look + 形容詞+ in + 顏色

= 顏色 +look + 形容詞+ on sb.意為“ 某人穿某種顏色怎樣怎樣” You look good in red.= Red looks good on you.你穿紅色很好看。Step 6.Exercises 翻譯句子：

1.他今晚得去參加一個生日聚會。2.運動鞋適合長時間步行。3.她穿白色漂亮極了。

4.你的圍巾是什么制成的？

是絲綢制成的。5.—你覺得這本書怎么樣 ？

—很有興趣。Homework 1.Remember the new words and the language points in this lesson.2.Preview the next lesson.Study skills & Task Teaching aims: 1.Learn syllables in words.2.Write about the S’s own fashion design.3.Review the important points in this unit.Step 1.Presentation

Present the new words by showing some pictures: jacket

n.夾克衫，短上衣 feature n.特征 material n.材料 design

n.設計；構思 model

n.模特；模型

dark

adj.昏暗的；黑暗的，深色

include vt.包括，包含

Step 2.Learn syllables in words.1.英語單詞可以劃分成音節。一個單詞可能分成一個、兩個、三個或更多音節。例如：

clean，late, feel, tea, at

（單音節）

lazy

fashion about

（雙音節）

expensive

popular（三個音節）

2.Listen to A and repeat the words: 3.Listen to B and write down the number of syllables in the blanks.Keys: 2,3,21,2,3,1,4 4.Listen and complete C & D on page 101.Keys:

C:

special, weekend, present，children, football, modern D:

3, 5, 6, 7 Step 3.Read Part A on Page 102 and answer the following questions: 1.What is the shirt made of? 2.What colour is the jacket? 3.What are the trainers made of?

Step 4.Task 1.Listen and complete the form.2.Read aloud the article and then try to complete Part C.Step 6.Exercises

一、選擇題：

1.I’m thinking about ______.A.what to do it

B.how to do

C.to do what

D.how to do it 2.She always spends a lot of money ____

clothes.A.buy

B.buying

C.buys D.to buy 3.Can she ___ you her dictionary?

A.lends

B.lend

C.borrows

D.borrow

4.This pair of trousers ____ made of leather.A.is

B.be

C.are

D./ 5.Look!Here _____ two bus.A.come

B.comes

C.is coming

D.are coming 6.It’s six o’clock.Sandy ____ a letter.A.writes

B.writing

C.is writeing

D.is writing 7.---____ you ___ with her now?

---No, I’m not.A.Do;play

B.Are;play

C.Are;playing

D.Do, playing 8.She looks ____ with her new hat.A.beautifully

B.happily

C.lovely

D.well

二、翻譯：

1.你能把你的深藍色的夾克衫借給我嗎？ 2.這件男襯衫摸上去柔軟光滑。3.她不僅會唱歌而且會跳舞。4.瞧！他正在河里游泳。

5.你覺得這雙皮鞋怎么樣？

6.白色和其他任何一種顏色都可搭配。Homework Review all the new words and language points in this unit.