第一篇：淺談高中英語語法虛擬語氣教學(xué)（共）

淺談高中英語語法虛擬語氣教學(xué)

江蘇省高郵市第一中學(xué)英語組 居樹君 【摘 要】 隨著新課改的不斷深入，高二英語語法中的虛擬語氣成為單選題中占分比較多的題型，這就面臨著如何學(xué)好虛擬語氣的問題。本文闡述虛擬語氣在英語教學(xué)中的重要性，簡析了高中虛擬語氣教與學(xué)中存在的問題，探討針對高中生如何掌握好虛擬語氣的方法，在指出傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)誤區(qū)的同時(shí)，結(jié)合自己的實(shí)踐，在吸收先進(jìn)的教學(xué)方法的同時(shí)，提出幾種可行的教學(xué)方法，提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣的能力，為學(xué)生學(xué)好英語打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。【關(guān)鍵詞】英語 虛擬語氣 教學(xué)

眾所周知，虛擬語氣既是高中英語教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)，又是一大難點(diǎn)，很多學(xué)生經(jīng)常對它的用法感到困惑。語法教學(xué)是高中生學(xué)好英語的前提和基礎(chǔ)，對學(xué)生來說，學(xué)好虛擬語氣是進(jìn)步提高英語語法學(xué)習(xí)的前提和保障，作為一個(gè)教學(xué)工作者，如何有效地進(jìn)行虛擬語氣教學(xué)，將直接影響到學(xué)生是否真正理解和掌握英語，能否在考試中取得好的成績以及切實(shí)有效地運(yùn)用英語。

一． 虛擬語氣的定義及應(yīng)用

虛擬語氣是指與事實(shí)相反，不可能或想象的情況或假設(shè)。

（一）.虛擬語氣在if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句中的應(yīng)用 動(dòng)詞形式/時(shí)間 從句 主句

與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反

動(dòng)詞過去式(be的過去式一般用were)would(could/should/might)+動(dòng)詞原形 與過去事實(shí)相反 be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞

would(could/should/might)+have+過去分詞 與將來事實(shí)可能相反

動(dòng)詞過去式;should/were to+動(dòng)詞原形 would(could/should/might)+動(dòng)詞原形

【注意】主句中的should只用于第一人稱，would/could/might可用于所有人稱 1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣 如果我們有足夠的錢，我們就去買一臺電腦。2.表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣

if i had known your telephone number yesterday, i should have telephoned you.如果我昨天知道了你的電話號碼，我就會(huì)給你打電話了。3.表示與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣

if it should rain, the crops would be saved.假如天下雨，莊稼可能就有收獲了。【注意】（1）條件句中有were, had, should時(shí)，可把if省略，而把were, had, should放在主語前，構(gòu)成到狀結(jié)構(gòu)。

（2）若非真實(shí)條件句為否定句，否定詞not不提前。

（3）“could have+過去分詞”可用于if條件句中表示不真實(shí)的情況。二．虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的應(yīng)用 1.虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用

在“it is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.that?和“it is desired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)that?”句型中，從句謂語用“（should+）動(dòng)詞原形

it is necessary that i should return it right now.我有必要馬上把它還回去。

it is required that the students(should)learn a foreign language.學(xué)生們被要求必須學(xué)一門外語。2.虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運(yùn)用

（1）wish后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣。若表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，從句謂語用一般過去時(shí)；若表示與過去相反的愿望，從句謂語用過去完成時(shí)；若表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，用“would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”。i wish i had a little lab of my own.但愿我有一間屬于自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。要是你昨天來聽報(bào)告就好了。would rather 后的句子用虛擬語氣。通常一般過去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反，用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反。

i would rather he came tomorrow than today.we suggest that students should spend two or three years in an english-speaking country.我建議學(xué)生們在一個(gè)說英語的國家呆上兩三年。【注意】當(dāng)insist作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”，用以陳述一種情況，suggest作“暗示，表明”解時(shí)，賓語從句通常不用虛擬語氣。

mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.邁克堅(jiān)持說他沒有偷任何東西。

3.虛擬語氣在表語從句、同位語從句中的運(yùn)用。

當(dāng) advice, order, demand, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞后跟表語從句或同位語從句時(shí)，其謂語一般用“（should+）動(dòng)詞原形”。

his suggestion is that you should drink more water.三．在練習(xí)題型中學(xué)生常犯的錯(cuò)誤 如：（2009.天津高考）this picture is of good quality.if it _b___break down within the first year, we would repair i at our expense.a.would b.should c.could d.might大多數(shù)學(xué)生容易選成a答案，這說明他們對虛擬語氣的本質(zhì)還沒有把握清楚。

（2006.湖北高考）__b__fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.a.would you be b.should you be c.could you be d.might you be 這題很多學(xué)生容易把答案選成a 原因是他們不知道是對將來的虛擬，把if 省略了，should 給提到了句首，用了部分倒裝句。這也是虛擬語氣中的常考題型，往往被學(xué)生所忽視。四．解讀虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣”中的“命令性虛擬語氣”和“成語性虛擬語氣”,再加上“were 型”虛擬語氣。[1] §3116如下圖所示:subjunctive present mandative formulaic were從屬分句中的任何動(dòng)詞就都能用虛擬語氣。[1] §3116如:(1)our decision is that the school remain closed.(2)it is necessary that every member inform himself of these rules.(3)there was a suggestion that brown be dropped from the team.(4)we ask that the individual citizen watch closely any developments in this matter.jespersen[5](p161)稱: 在這種由that 引導(dǎo)的主語、賓語、表

語、同位語四種名詞分句中, “祈使句被作為直接引語完整的保存下來, ?講話人覺得這里的be 型虛擬式是未經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變的指未來的祈使語氣”。quirk 等[2] §14133也指出: 所有主要句子類型皆可變?yōu)殚g接引語, 而在轉(zhuǎn)型后的間接祈使句中, 并無時(shí)態(tài)之后移。如果我們將這些命令性虛擬語氣的深層語義和形式與祈使句作一對比, 便可發(fā)現(xiàn)二者有著十分密切的聯(lián)系。如:(5)“do it right away.”i insistently said(to john).(6)i insisted that john do it right away.(7)“have another apple ,”caral suggested(to me).(8)caral suggested that i have another apple.例(5)、(7)屬于隱主語型祈使句, 其主語是交際雙方中的受話者you , 謂語動(dòng)詞為意指未來的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第二人稱的形式。[6] quirk 等[2](p828)說過: “it is intuitively clear that the meaning of a directive implies that the omitted subject is the 2nd person pronoun you.”易仲良教授[4](p45)也撰文指出: 祈使句式 的主語無論隱沒不現(xiàn), 還是使用外現(xiàn), 使用時(shí)不管是you 或是貌似第三人稱的不定代詞或名詞詞組, 都是受話者, 其謂語動(dòng)詞形式是限定動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)的第二人稱形式。例(6)、(8)quirk等稱之為命令性虛擬語氣。而我們的看法

卻不然。兩例的that 分句中, 原例(5)、(7)祈使句被作為直接引語完整的保存了下來, 其主語表面上是第三人稱john 和第一人稱i, 而實(shí)際上仍然是交際雙方中的受話者, 原祈使句之潛在主語you , 謂語動(dòng)詞保留了原祈使句謂語動(dòng)詞的形式, 即與第二人稱you 相呼應(yīng)的英語動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)形式,[4]而不是quirk等所說的動(dòng)詞原形, 也不是did、had在轉(zhuǎn)型后的間接祈使句中, 限定性動(dòng)詞并無時(shí)態(tài)之后移, 沒有通常應(yīng)有的一致性, 沒有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)之分。這樣, 受話人可以從中感受來自現(xiàn)實(shí)發(fā)話人與原始發(fā)話人的雙重聲音, 從而較多的保留了話語原聲狀態(tài)下的祈使色彩。分析表明, quirk 等的be 型虛擬語氣中的一類, 即“命令性虛擬語氣”并沒有它自身的標(biāo)記性, 其謂語動(dòng)詞不是什么動(dòng)詞原形形式, 而是與祈使句謂語動(dòng)詞始終使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第二人稱的形式是一致的, 語義亦無二致, 都是要受話人作出某種行為的反應(yīng)。易仲良教授[4](p48)將命令性虛擬語氣稱做間接祈使句。21成語性虛擬語氣和心理祈使成語性虛擬語氣(formulaic subjunctive)或曰祈求性虛擬語氣是quirk等確認(rèn)的現(xiàn)在虛擬語氣的第二大類。他們認(rèn)為這類虛擬語氣也由原形(v)構(gòu)成。但是, 這種成語性虛擬語氣僅僅用在某些需要作為整體來學(xué)的成語性結(jié)構(gòu)中[1] §3116用于某些感嘆句表示愿望或希冀, 常常與超越自然力有關(guān)。如:(10)so be it then!(11)heaven forbid that ?(12)suffice it to say that ?(13)be that as it may, ? 試與祈使句作比較, 如:(14)god save the queen!(15)smith stand by me!quirk等把例(14)命之曰成語性虛擬語氣, 它與祈使句例(15)的動(dòng)詞形式完全一致, 所引兩例在深層語義上都是祈使某一對象做某事。祈使句例(15), 如前所述, 所祈使的對象“smith”表面上看是第三人稱, 但實(shí)際上為現(xiàn)實(shí)語言交際中的受話人you , 其謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第二人稱的形式。[4](p45)關(guān)于祈使句中不定代詞或名詞短語作主語不是第三人稱而是第二人稱的觀點(diǎn)jespersen [5](p148)早有論述: “any imperative is virtually in the second person , even if seemingly addressed to a third person.”poutsma[7](p200)在論述祈使句謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)也曾說道: “the imperative , from the nature of its meaning, is used only in the present tense.”而例(14)所祈使的對象“god”在quirk 等看來, 也是第三人稱, 但從話語的形成過程看, 句中“god”系發(fā)話人向彼岸世界之呼告, 我們不難讀出其心理語言為彼岸的受話人you , 其謂語動(dòng)詞不是quirk等所說的動(dòng)詞原形形式, 而是與心理語言的受話人you 相呼應(yīng)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)形式。句中賓語“the queen”乃此岸世界受話人的稱謂, 屬現(xiàn)實(shí)語言第二人稱, 寥寥幾言, 發(fā)話人的思緒往返天人之際, 經(jīng)歷著內(nèi)部語言向外部語言的轉(zhuǎn)換, 卻始終保持著面對面的交際, 表達(dá)一種發(fā)自內(nèi)心的、祈求上帝保佑現(xiàn)實(shí)受話人的強(qiáng)烈愿望。[8]這里所謂的成語性虛擬語氣實(shí)質(zhì)上是心理祈使句。[4](p51)我們的論述在大家面前便展現(xiàn)了一幅be 型虛擬語氣、祈使語氣、陳述語氣實(shí)為一體的圖景:語氣 主語 謂語

be 型虛擬語氣 you v 祈使語氣 you v 陳述語氣第二人稱 you v

quirk等的所謂be 型虛擬語氣的二大類與祈使句的形式完全一致, 語義亦無二致: “be 型虛擬語氣”的主語或明或隱都是受話人, 即第二人稱you;其謂語動(dòng)詞與祈使句總是相同的, 我們稱之為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)第二人稱形式。[4](p51)quirk 等[2](p155)也指出: “these(mandative subjunctive and formulaic subjunctive)are realized , like the imperative , by the base form of the verb.”可是傳統(tǒng)語法學(xué)家卻將這三為一體的形式分別劃分為三種不同的語氣語法范疇: 陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。這種“同一范疇內(nèi)的同形異意”有悖語言學(xué)關(guān)于語法范疇的基本觀點(diǎn)。

31were 型虛擬語氣和過去時(shí)態(tài)

quirk等的were 型虛擬語氣是一種假設(shè), 它用在條件分句、讓步分句和前面是祈愿動(dòng)詞如wish 的從屬分句中。這種虛擬語氣只限于用were 這一種形式, 它出現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞be的第一人稱和第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)中。[1] §3116這樣, quirk 等將傳統(tǒng)的含過去時(shí)態(tài)的所謂虛擬語氣, 不論是行為動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式, 還是be 動(dòng)詞的was , 還是情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞的過去式都?xì)w為或陳述語氣范疇, 或祈使語氣范疇, 或情態(tài)詞范疇, 并非虛擬語氣。同時(shí)quirk等[1] §11132還指明: “事實(shí)上, 對表達(dá)假設(shè)條件來說, 用陳述語氣和虛擬語氣都可以, 而在正式的書面英語中更多采用虛擬語氣的形式。”可知, 陳述句也可以表達(dá)假設(shè)意義。我們知道“時(shí)”(tense)是個(gè)語法范疇, 它是表示時(shí)間區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞形式。[9](p160)“過去時(shí)”, 顧名思義, 當(dāng)然表示過去時(shí)間。可是在語言實(shí)際操作中, 人們卻被告知“時(shí)態(tài)”與“時(shí)間”本不一一對應(yīng), 過去時(shí)也可以表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間或者將來時(shí)間, 即非過去時(shí)間。[10](p64)如:(16)i saw a film last night.(17)if he lived with us now we would be much happier.(18)i wondered if you could do that for me.lyons[11](p71836)沈家煊[14](p17-24)虛化的結(jié)果是進(jìn)一步提高了were 的使用頻率, 卻降低了was的使用。由于were 的高使用率, quirk等將過去虛擬語氣中的were 看作是普通的過去時(shí)形式,[1] §11132與be 動(dòng)詞以外的所有動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)態(tài)采用不分人稱和數(shù)的單一式是一

致的, 換言之, 那分人稱和數(shù)的was 便被看作了特殊的過去時(shí)形式,[4](p51)只用于比較非正式的語體中, 往往被當(dāng)作陳述句。而且, 在were 型虛擬語氣中, were 之所以取代was 出現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞be的第一人稱和第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)中, 是因?yàn)椤癷f i were you , ?.”這樣類似的語句是顯然違反事實(shí)的假設(shè)。因此, 筆者認(rèn)為: quirk 等之所以對were 情有獨(dú)鐘是因?yàn)檎Z法化了的were 所包蘊(yùn)的內(nèi)涵遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于was。動(dòng)詞were 除了表達(dá)時(shí)間方面的距離, 還表達(dá)與真實(shí)性方面的距離和語法對稱方面的距離。[15] 五.結(jié)束語 綜上所述, quirk等的所謂be 型虛擬語氣的二類與祈使句的主謂形式是完全一致的;所謂的were 型虛擬語氣實(shí)質(zhì)為陳述句過去時(shí)態(tài)表與真實(shí)性方面的距離性, 我們贊成易仲良教授關(guān)于否定虛擬語氣的觀點(diǎn)。如果我們承認(rèn)虛擬語氣就等于承認(rèn)相同語法形式可以表示處于相互對立關(guān)系的同類語法意義, 也就等于承認(rèn)同一范疇內(nèi)表示某一語法意義的形式可以脫離自身的意義而成為另一對立語法意義的標(biāo)志, 這顯然有悖語言學(xué)關(guān)于語法范疇地基本原則。求簡、求易是理性人類不懈追求的目標(biāo)。既然“虛擬語氣”與祈使句或陳述句的相似形式可能給人們帶來識別或理解上的麻煩, 人們就有理由冷落它。因此, 我們否定“虛擬語氣”從理論上是毋庸置疑的, 從語言現(xiàn)象的解釋方面是入情入理的, 從實(shí)際運(yùn)用上更有利于我們的英語教學(xué)。

第二篇：英語語法教案第三章(虛擬語氣定稿)

虛擬語氣

第一部分：語氣的定義和種類 語氣(mood)語氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。2 語氣的種類

陳述語氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。如： There are two sides to every question.每個(gè)問題都有兩個(gè)方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎？ How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師啊！祈使語氣：表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。如： Never be late again!再也不要遲到了。

Don’t forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。

虛擬語氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測等。如： If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過考試。May you succeed!祝您成功！

虛擬語氣在語法里算得上是個(gè)難點(diǎn)。讓我們就從最簡單的開始吧。

第二部分：虛擬語氣的用法

I.簡單句中虛擬語氣的用法

一、動(dòng)詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語氣，常用于日常會(huì)話中。如：Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office? 請你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎？

It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。

二、表示祝愿。

1、常用“may+動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿，此時(shí)may須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。May good luck be yours!祝你好運(yùn)！May you be happy!祝你快樂！

May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！May you have a good time.祝愿你玩的痛快。

May the friendship between us last long.祝愿我們的友情天長地久。May you be happy.(注意那個(gè)be)祝你幸福。

2、用動(dòng)詞原形。例如：

(1)Long live the people!人民萬歲！

(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧師說：“愿上帝保佑你！”

(3).Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快！

3、表示強(qiáng)烈愿望。（該類型虛擬語氣謂語僅用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)也不加“s”）(1).God save me．(2).Heaven help us．

第三部分：名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣

I.賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

一、在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。

1、表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反，wish后賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的)。1)I wish(that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)2)I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)3).I wish I were a bird.但愿我是只小鳥。(事實(shí)上不可能)4).When she was at the party, she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)5).Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood)現(xiàn)在他在中國，他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)6).When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(事實(shí)上并不和我們在一起)

2、對過去情況的虛擬（和過去的事實(shí)相反）：Wish后賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)，或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：

1）I wish(that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)2）He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(其實(shí)已失去)3）We wished he had spoken to us.(事實(shí)上他并沒同我們講)4）I wish you had called earlier.(事實(shí)上已遲了)5）They will wish they had listened to us sooner.(事實(shí)上并不如此)例題分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A.could have slept B.slept C.might have slept D.have slept 動(dòng)詞wish后面接從句，表達(dá)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)相反的情況時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣，即用過去式（表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）或過去完成式（表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）。本題后半句謂語動(dòng)詞have用的是過去時(shí)had to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以, 選項(xiàng)A（could have slept）是答案

3）、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)：

如果wish表示對將來事情的愿望。賓語從句謂語動(dòng)詞用“would/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形”(時(shí)間上較后)(請注意：主句和從句的主語不相同)。

1）.I wish it would stop raining.我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)2）.I wish you would be quiet 我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)3）.You wished she would arrive the next day.你希望她第二天會(huì)到。(事實(shí)上她還沒到)4）.I wish she would change her mind.我希望她會(huì)改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)5）.He will wish we would join him the following week.(只是希望我們和他在一起，實(shí)際上還沒在一起)注意：.如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動(dòng)詞形式不變。例如： I wished I hadn't spent so much money.我要是那時(shí)沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。

2.如果wish后賓語 從句中用would , 一般表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求 I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣的用法

由于這些動(dòng)詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見，認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣，這些詞語后面的“that”從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，且均以“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示這種語氣，但事實(shí)上“should”常被省略，故此從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用原形，常用的此類動(dòng)詞有：

表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提議、勸告、建議”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“決定、命令”的：decide, order, command, demand 表示“主張”的：maintain, urge 表示“同意、堅(jiān)持”的：consent, insist 例如：

1.The doctor suggested that he(should)try to lose his weight.2.He insisted that we(should)tell him the news.3.When I suggested that he(should)try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job.”(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時(shí)，他說“剃刀和水就行了”。)4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work.(他費(fèi)了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù)，直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。)

三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中，我們經(jīng)常用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形(或完成形式)”，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿等。

I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.我們從來沒想到他是個(gè)如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。

四、在would rather，would sooner，had rather，would(just)as soon，would prefer之后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣的用法

would rather , would sooner, had rather, would(just)as soon，would prefer（希望）也用來表達(dá)主觀愿望，它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚眠^去完成式表示與過去事實(shí)相反。表示”寧愿做什么”或“對過去做的事的懊悔”。

(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.(4).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。

(7).To be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．坦率地說，我希望你不要卷入這件事。

(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．你沒有必要這么著急，我寧愿你先去上班。

(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．我倒希望你暫時(shí)先不要就此事發(fā)表意見。

(10).Frankly speaking，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．坦白地說，我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對此事什么也不要做。

(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點(diǎn)上床呢？(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用動(dòng)詞原形 I would rather stay at home today． would rather．．．than．．．中用動(dòng)詞原形 I would rather stay at home than go out today．

II：主語從句中的虛擬語氣

一、“It is(was)+形容詞（或過去分詞）+that??”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣的用法

在“It is(was)+形容詞（或過去分詞）+that??”結(jié)構(gòu)中，某些表示愿望、建議、請求、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語從句中的謂語也用虛擬語氣。其表達(dá)形式為should ＋動(dòng)詞原形或省略should直接用動(dòng)詞原形（美國英語中省去should）常用的形容詞： natural(自然的), appropriate(適當(dāng)?shù)?, advisable(合適的), preferable(更可取的), better(更好的)，necessary(必須的), important(重要的), imperative(急需的), urgent(急迫的), essential(本質(zhì)的), vital(必不可少的)probable(很可能的), possible(可能的)，desirable(極好的)，advisable（合理的），compulsory（必須的），crucial（緊急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（驚人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（緊迫的）。

常用的過去分詞(Past Participle): required(需要的), demanded(要求), requested(被請求的), desired(要求)，suggested(建議), recommended(推薦)，ordered(命令)1.It is necessary that we(should 可省略, 下同)have a walk now.2 It was necessary that we(should)make everything ready ahead of time.3.It is required that nobody(should)smoke here.(表示要求不要在此抽煙)4.It is important that every pupil(should)be able to understand the rule of school.(表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))5.It's important that we(should)take good care of the patient.6.It is natural that she should do so.7.It is essential that these application forms（should）be sent back as early as possible． 這些申請表應(yīng)盡早地寄回，這是很重要的。

8.It is vital that enough money（should）be collected to fund the project． 重要的是募集足夠的錢，為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提供資金。

9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening． 希望我們今晚一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。

注：在上述所列形容詞后面用that引出的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞也要用虛擬語氣。

10.I don't think it advisable that Tom（should）be assigned to the job since he has no experiences.湯姆缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，指派他做這項(xiàng)工作我認(rèn)為是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

二、在It is ＋名詞＋that?的主語從句中的虛擬語氣

在It is ＋名詞＋that的主語從句中，常用虛擬語氣，表示建議、命令、請求、道歉、懷疑、驚奇等。這類名詞有：advice，decision，desire，demand，idea，motion，order，pity，proposal, recommendation，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．我建議派他去國外進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)。III.虛擬語氣用在表語從句或同位語從句中

當(dāng)某些表示建議、請求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語時(shí)，其后的表語從句或同位語從句需用虛擬語氣，其表達(dá)形式為should ＋動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。這類名詞常見的有：

demand(要求), desire(請求), requirement(要求), advice(勸告), recommendation(建議), suggestion(建議)order(命令)necessity(必要地), preference(優(yōu)先)proposal(計(jì)劃), plan(計(jì)劃), idea(辦法)，recommendation等。

We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off．我們都贊成你提出的將討論延期的建議。

The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone．由市長頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)金的建議被每個(gè)人接受。

The advice is that we(should 可省略，下同)leave at once.My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.IV.虛擬語氣用在It is（about ／high）time ＋that定語從句中 在It is（about／high）time ＋that從句中需用虛擬語氣，表示“該做??的時(shí)候了”，其動(dòng)詞形式用一般過去時(shí)或should ＋動(dòng)詞原形。

It's already 5 o'clock now．Don't you think it's about time we went home？現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)5點(diǎn)鐘了，你不認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該回家了嗎？

注：在this is the first time ／second time that．．．句型中，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用陳述語氣完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？這是你第一次參觀香港嗎？ V.虛擬語氣用在as if（as though）引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中。

（一）在as if（as though）引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中，常用虛擬語氣，其動(dòng)詞形式與wish后接賓語從句中的形式相同。Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman．艾倫談起羅馬來好像他是個(gè)羅馬人一樣。2 He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.（用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)）

3．The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to 20 years ago.(用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實(shí))那老人看著照片，他覺得仿佛回到20年前了。

4。They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形動(dòng)詞meet，表示與將來事實(shí)相反)他們談了又談，仿佛他們不會(huì)再相見的樣子。

（二）虛擬語氣用在lest，for fear that及in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中。

在由lest等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中需用虛擬語氣，表示“以防，以免” 等意思，其謂語動(dòng)詞多由should＋動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，should也可省略。

He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again．他被處以懲罰以免他再犯。VI、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法： 條件從句有兩類：（1）真實(shí)條件句；（2）虛擬條件句。如果假設(shè)情況有可能發(fā)生的，就是“真實(shí)條件句”。如： If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有時(shí)間的話，我們就一起去釣魚。)如果假設(shè)的情況與事實(shí)相反，則為“虛擬條件句”。如：

If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.如果昨天下雨的話，我們就會(huì)留在家里。）

這種句子一般由“從句”（Subordinate Clause）和“主句”(Main Clause)組成。如上例：

If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.“If it had rained yesterday” 就是“從句”；“we would have stayed at home” 則為主句。無論從句或主句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣。它們所用的動(dòng)詞有三種時(shí)態(tài)(Tenses)，就是： 現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、過去時(shí)態(tài)、將來時(shí)態(tài)。

.一、與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(事情的發(fā)生都在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)): 從句中用：if + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞的過去式(be 用 were)主句中用：主語 + would(should, could , might)+ 動(dòng)詞原形

例如：1.If I were you, I would go with him.2.If I were you, I should buy it.3.If I had time, I would study French.(如果有時(shí)間，我會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)法文。)（從句用過去式動(dòng)詞had，主句用動(dòng)詞原形 study）

4.If she knew English, she would not ask me for help.(如果她懂英文，她就不必要我?guī)土恕?(從句用過去式動(dòng)詞knew, 主句用動(dòng)詞原形ask)注意：如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中，主句要用：“主語 + would be + 進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞 ” 5.If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(從句用過去式動(dòng)詞were, 主句用 would be speaking)

二、與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(假設(shè)從句的事實(shí)為過去的事)： 從句用：If + 主語 + had +過去完成式動(dòng)詞

主句用：主語 + would(should, could, might)+ have +過去完成式動(dòng)詞 +?? 1.If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had studied, 主句動(dòng)詞用have passed)如果你在上個(gè)學(xué)期用功一些，你就會(huì)在考試中過關(guān)了。

2.If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had taken, 主句動(dòng)詞用have failed)如果你當(dāng)時(shí)聽從我的勸告的話，你就不會(huì)在考試中失敗了。

3.If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(從句動(dòng)詞用had got up, 主句動(dòng)詞用 have caught)如果你起身得早一點(diǎn)，你就會(huì)趕得上火車了。

4.If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(從句動(dòng)詞用had snowed, 主句動(dòng)詞用 have skied)如果下雪的話，我就可在公園里滑雪了。

注意：如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中，主句要用：“主語 + would + have + 完成進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞 5.If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(從句動(dòng)詞用had been, 主句動(dòng)詞用 have been speaking)

三、與將來的事實(shí)可能相反(對將來的事實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大)： 句：If + 主語 + should(或were)+ 動(dòng)詞原形 +??

句：主語 + would(could, should, might)+ 動(dòng)詞原形 +?? 1.If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(從句動(dòng)詞用should rain，主句動(dòng)詞用 be)如果天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。

2.If he were to go tomorrow, he might tell you.(從句動(dòng)詞用were to, 主句動(dòng)詞用 tell)如果明天他走的話，他可能會(huì)告訴你。

3.If he were here, I would give him the books.(從句動(dòng)詞用 were, 主句動(dòng)詞用 give)如果他在這兒，我可能會(huì)把書給他。

注意：如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中，從句(不是主句喔)要用：”If + 主語 + 過去進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞+??“ 4.If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(從句動(dòng)詞用 were staying, 主句動(dòng)詞用 let)如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒，我可能會(huì)讓她騎我的馬。

從句的 If 有時(shí)可省略，那么從句中的動(dòng)詞(were, had, should)就得移到主語前面： 1.原句：If she were younger, she would do it.去If：Were she younger, she would do it.(把動(dòng)詞were移到主語she的前面)2.原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主語he的前面)

四、錯(cuò)綜條件句（混合型條件句）中虛擬語氣的用法有時(shí)虛擬條件句的從句和主句的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)會(huì)不一致：

（一）從句表示過去，主句表示將來：

If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.（二）從句表示將來，主句表示過去：

If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.（三）從句表示過去，主句表示將來： If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.（四）從句表示將來，主句表示現(xiàn)在：

If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.（五）省略了條件句的虛擬語氣的用法（隱含型條件句）

有時(shí)候句中省略了條件句，而用 without / but for / in the absence of ”要不是“、”如果沒有"，表示條件虛擬句：

1.Without air, nothing could live.要是沒有空氣，什么也不能生存。

2.But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的幫忙，我們是難有成就的。

3.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果沒有水和空氣，什么也不能生存。

The exercises for subjunctive mood

1.He acted ____ he had never lived in China before.a.as though b.even if c.as d.since 2.____ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive.a.If he went b.Were he gone c.Should he have gone d.Had he gone 3.If you were older, I ____ you to go there yesterday.a.will allow b.should allow c.would have allowed d.had allowed 4.The secretary suggested that they ____ the men in at once.a.had brought b.should have brought c.brought d.bring 5.I wish I ____ able to tell him all about it last night.a.was b.were c.had been d.should be 6.If we ____ here ten minutes earlier, we ___ the bus.a.arrived/would catch b.arrived/would have caught c.had arrived/had caught d.had arrived/would have caught 7.If I ____ more time, I would have gone with him.a.had b.had had c.have had d.would have 8.He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ____ to the meeting.a.would come b.came c.would have come d.had come 9.The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King _____ right away.a.would be arrested b.must be arrested c.be arrested d.had to be arrested 10.Jane's uncle insisted ____ in this hotel any longer.a.not staying b.not to stay c.that he not stay d.staying not 11.Don't touch the sleeping tiger.If he woke up, he _____ you.a.would come to b.would come at c.would have come toward d.will come to 12.Without electricity human life _____ quite different today.a.is b.will be c.would have been d.would be 13.How I wish I ____ to repair the watch!I only made it worse.a.had tried b.hadn't tried c.have tried d.didn't try 14.He demanded that the laboratory report ___ immediately after the experiment was done.a.was written b.be written c.must be written d.would be written 15.The man insisted that he _____ there.a.should send b.would be sent c.sent d.be sent 16.If he had not gone out in the storm _____.a.he will be alive now b.he would be alive now c.he would have been alive now 17.If it ___ tomorrow, what would we do? a.rains b.were to rain c.would rain d.rain 18.It is required that you ____ at six.a.will arrive b.arrive c.arrived d.would arrive 19.If only I _____ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.a.had known b.would know c.should know d.knew 20.He spoke in a quiet, distinct voice, as though his thought _____.a.was far away b.had been far away c.were far away d.went far away.21.If it ___ rain, we ___ get wet.a.is to, should b.were to, would c.were going to, would d.was going to, should 22.If he ___ to the teacher attentively, he ___ the answer to the problem now.a.had listened, would have known b.listened, would know c.listened, would have known d.had listened, would know 23.But for the party, he ___ of hunger 30 years ago.a.would have died b.would die c.must have died d.must die 24.___ today, he would got there for holiday.a.Was he leaving b.Were he to leave c.Would he leave d.If he leaves 25.I would have come earlier, but I ___ that you were waiting for me.a.didn’t know b.hadn’t know c.would have known d.haven’t known 26.It’s high time that we ___ to school.a.would to b.went c.go d.will go 27.It seems as if it ___ rain.a.will b.is going to c.is to d.were going to 28.I’d rather you ___ right away.a.leave b.left c.will leave d.to leave 29.He is working hard for fear that he ___.a.fails b.failed c.would fail d.fail 30.It is really strange that the girl ___ so early.a.has been married b.has married c.be married d.would marry 31.Supposing I ___ this gift, what would he say? a.accept b.accepted c.should accept d.would accept 32.The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ___ two weeks to prepare for the exam.a.give b.should give c.be given d.would be given 33.I was busy yesterday, otherwise I ___ your birthday party.a.attended b.had attended c.would attend d.would have attended 34.He insisted that he ___ me before.a.see b.should see c.had seen d.saw 35.The two strangers talked as if they ___ friends for years.a.were b.would be c.have been d.had been 36.We ___ our lives had it not been for the policeman.a.would have lost b.should lose c.might lose d.could have lost 37.----I thought you would come back tomorrow.----I would if I ___ to attend a meeting.a.don’t have b.didn’t have c.will not have d.would not have 38.He wishes ___ mistakes.a.he doesn’t always make b.he isn’t always making c.he didn’t always make d.he wouldn’t always making 39.It ___ very nice if only it were possible.a.will be b.would be c.is d.were 40.Without your help, our team ___ the last match.a.won’t win b.will lose c.wouldn’t have won d.can’t win 41.I wish ___ I what to do.a.knew b.have known c.know d.would know 42.___, I would take an umbrella with me.a.Had I been you b.I were you c.Were I you d.I had been you 43.If I had hurried, I ___ the train.a.would catch b.could catch c.would have caught d.had caught 44.He insisted that John ___ it.a.do b.does c.did d.would do 45.It is high time we ___ off.a.are b.were c.be d.will be 46.He felt as if he ___ more time to study for the test.a.needs b.were needed c.needed d.need 47.It is important that I ___ with Mr.Willians immediately.a.speak b.spoke c.will speak d.to speak 48.James wishes he ___ the football game instead of the film.a.saw b.see c.had been seen d.had seen 49.I wish ___.a.he left b.he leaves me alone c.he be left d.he would leave me alone 50.If I had known that, I ___ so.a.wouldn’t do b.wouldn’t have done c.won’t do d.have not done 51.The doctor suggested that she ___.a.will not smoke b.not smoke c.would not smoke d.did not smoke 52.If I ___ you, I wouldn’t return the call.a.be b.am c.was d.were 53.You talk as if you ___ there.a.were really b.has really been c.had really been d.would really be 54.He suggested that the work ___ at once.a.would started b.would be started c.should started d.should be started 55.It is strange that such a thing ___ in your school.a.will happen b.happen c.should happen d.happened 56.It is imperative that you ___ on time.a.are b.will be c.be d.would be 57.I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I ___ there.a.was b.were c.had been d.went 58.It is time we ___ up our results.a.sum b.summed c.will sum d.would sum 59.If the doctor had been available, the child ___.a.would not die b.would not have died c.could not die d.could not have died 60.Dr.Bethune worked hard as if he ___.a.never had felt tired b.had never felt tired c.never felt tired d.was tired never 61.I enjoyed the movie very much.I wish I ___ the book from which it was made.a.have read b.had read c.should have read d.am reading 62.You are late.If you ___ a few minutes earlier, you ___ him.a.came/ would meet b.had come/ would have met c.come/ will meet d.had come/ would met 63.I wish my husband ___ as well as yours.a.had dressed b.dress c.will dress d.dressed 64.Edison kept phosphorus carefully in a bottle lest it ___.a.would burn b.burned c.was burning d.should burn 65.He looked as if he ___ ill for a long time.a.was b.were c.has been d.had been 66.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child ___.a.would not have been lied there for two hours b.would not have laid there for two hours c.would not have lied there for two hours d.would not have lain there for two hours 67.I wish that I ___ with you last night.a.went b.could go c.have gone d.could have gone 68.Let’s say you could go there again, how ___ feel? a.will you b.should you c.would you d.do you 69.Mr.Brown left for London long ago.That’s pity.I wish ___.a.I meet him.b.I’ll have met him c.I’d had met him d.I’d meet him 70.I can’t stand him.He always talks as though he ___ everything.a.knew b.knows c.has known d.had known 71.I wish I ___.a.will tell him that b.didn’t tell him that c.told him not that d.had not told him that 72.If you had told me in advance, I ___ him at the airport.a.would meet b.would had meet c.would have met d.would have meet 73.Kunar can take his car apart and put it back together again.I certainly wish he ___ me how.a.teaches b.will teach c.has taught d.would teach 74.I would have told him the answer had it been possible but I ___ so busy then.a.had been b.were c.was d.would be 75.I wish I ___ able to tell him all about it last night.a.should be b.were c.had been d.was 76.If it ___ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.a.had rained b.would had rained c.have seen c.did see 77.He suggested that they ___ use a trick instead of fighting.a.should b.would c.do d.had 78.My father did not go to New York;the doctor suggested that he ___ there.a.not went b.won’t go c.not go d.not to go 79.I would have gone to the meeting if I ___ time.a.had had b.have had c.had d.would have had 80.John wished ___.a.he will study more b.he had studied more c.he studies d.he won’t have studied more 81.You look so tired tonight.It is time you ___.a.go to sleep b.went to sleep c.go to bed d.went to bed 82.“Why didn’t you buy a new car?” “I would have bought one if I ___ enough money.” a.had b.have had c.would have d.had had 83.I recommended that the student ___ his composition as soon as possible.a.finishing writing b.should finish the writing c.finish writing d.finished writing 84.If she could sew, ___.a.she make a dress b.she would have made a shirt c.she will make a shirt d.she would had made a coat 85.___ today, he would get there by Friday.a.Would he leave b.Was he leaving c.Were he to leave d.If he leaves 86.His doctor suggested that he ___ a short trip abroad.a.will take b.would take c.take d.took 87.The Bakers arrived last night, if they’d only let us know earlier, ___ at the station.a.we’d meet them b.we’ll meet them c.we’d have met them d.we’ve met them 88.If I __ you, I ___ more attention to English idioms and phrases.a.was/ shall pay b.am/ will pay c.would be/ would pay d.were/ would pay 89.We might have failed if you ___ us a helping hand.a.have not given b.would not give c.had not given d.did not give 90.The Law requires that everyone ___ his car checked at least once a year.a.has b.had c.have d.will have 91.I wish ___ I busy yesterday;I could have helped you with the problem.a.hadn’t been b.weren’t c.wasn’t d.have not been 92.Had I known her name, ___.a.or does she know mine? b.and where does she live? c.she would be beautiful d.I would have invited her to lunch 93.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ___ all about that.a.know b.knows c.known d.knew 94.If I ___ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car.a.possessed b.owned c.had d.had had 95.I wish I ___ a young man again.a.am b.was c.were d.will be 96.The librarian insists that John ___ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he had borrowed.a.will take b.took c.take d.takes 97.I left very early last night, but I wish I ___ so early.a.didn’t b.hadn’t left c.haven’t left d.couldn’t leave 98.I do not have a job.I would find one but I ___ no time.a.had b.didn’t have c.had had d.have 99.I wish that you ___ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.a.hadn’t b.didn’t have had c.hadn’t had d.hadn’t have 100.He insisted that we all ___ in his office at one o’clock.a.be b.to be c.would be d.shall be 101.Helen couldn’t got to France after all.That’s too bad, I’m sure she would have enjoyed it if ___.a.she’s gone b.she’ll go c.she’d gone d.she’d go 102.I must go there earlier.John has suggested that I ___ an hour before the discussion begins.a.go b.shall go c.will go d.would go 103.If her husband had not liked the dress ___.a.she would be delighted b.he would get mad c.she would have returned it d.she must have taken it back to the store 104.If I ___ you, I ___ worry.a.were/ wouldn’t b.was/ wouldn’t c.been/ would have d.be/ would 105.We ___ delighted if the report ___ true.a.were/ were b.shall be/ were c.should be/ were d.were/ would be 106.If he ___ here, he ___ you.a.had been/ would have helped b.would have been/ should have helped b.were/ had helped d.would have been/ would had helped 107.If I ___ so busy, I ___ the lecture that day.a.were not be/ should attend b.should not/ should have attend c.was not/ would attend d.had not been/ would have attended 108.If I ___ the way to New York, I ___.a.knew / would drive b.knew/ will drive c.knew/ would have drive d.had known/ would drive 109.But for the leadership of our Party, we ___.a.shouldn’t succeed b.could not have succeed c.will not succeed d.should not have succeeded 110.You ___ the train if you ___ a little earlier.a.could take/ started b.could have taken/ had started c.could take/ had started d.could have taken / started

Key to the subjunctive mood exercises: 1.a 2.d 3.c 4.d 5.c 6.d 7.b 8.c 9.c 10.c 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.b 15.d 16.c 17.b 18.b 19.d 20.b 21.b 22.d 23.a 24.b 25.a 26.b 27.b 28.b 29.d 30.c 31.b 32.c 33.d 34.c 35.d 36.a 37.b 38.c 39.b 40.c 41.a 42.c 43.c 44.a 45.b 46.c 47.a 48.d 49.d 50.b 51.b 52.d 53.c 54.d 55.c 56.c 57.c 58.b 59.b 60.b 61.b 62.b 63.d 64.d 65.d 66.d 67.d 68.c 69.c 70.a 71.d 72.c 73.d 74.c 75.c 76.a 77.a 78.c 79.a 80.b 81.d 82.d 83.c 84.b 85.c 86.c 87.c 88.d 89.c 90.c 91.a 92.d 93.d 94.d 95.c 96.c 97.b 98.d 99.c 100.a 101.c 102.a 103.c 104.a 105.c 106.a 107.d 108.a 109.d 110.b

第三篇：高考英語語法講解——虛擬語氣教案

虛擬語氣

一、非真實(shí)條件句中的虛擬語氣

1.和現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反

從句：一般過去時(shí)（were/done）；主句：過去將來時(shí)（would do）

E.g.：I am not free today.If I ___free today, I __ and visit some of my friends.2.和過去的事實(shí)相反

從句：過去完成時(shí)（had done）；主句：過去完成時(shí)（would have done）E.g.：If my lawyer ___ here last Saturday, he __ me from going.3.和將來的事實(shí)相反

從句：①were to + 動(dòng)詞原形 ②should +動(dòng)詞原形 ③動(dòng)詞過去式； 主句should/would/could/might +動(dòng)詞原形

E.g.：If I were to see Tom, what ___ you ___ me to tell him?

二、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

1.wish后面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將從句的謂語動(dòng)詞退后一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。例如:

1)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 : wish +(that)+ did(were)

E.g.：I wish I were as healthy as you.E.g.：I wish that I had a plane.2)與過去事實(shí)相反 : wish +(that)+ had done E.g.：I wish I had been to the concert last night.E.g.：I wish you had written to him.3)與將來事實(shí)相反 : wish + would/could/might + do E.g.：I wish he would forgive me.2.在某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中需用should+動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語氣形式。“should”可以省略。一個(gè)堅(jiān)持insist;兩個(gè)命令order, command;三條建議suggest , advise, propose;四項(xiàng)要求demand, request, require, ask;另外有:prefer、recommend 注意: suggest表“暗示表明”時(shí) insist表“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)不用虛擬語氣

E.g.：He ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves.E.g.：The doctor suggested that she(should)have an operation at once.*His face suggested that he had been punished by the teacher.三、主語從句中的虛擬語氣

1.It be+過去分詞+that…+(should)+動(dòng)詞原形+… 過去分詞：suggested, requested, ordered, proposed E.g.: It is required that nobody(should)smoke here.E.g.: It’s suggested that everybody(should)buy a dictionary 2.It be+形容詞+that…+(should)+動(dòng)詞原形+…

形容詞:important, necessary, natural, right, wrong, better,proper, funny, strange, surprising… E.g.: It is necessary that we(should)have a walk now.E.g.: It's important that we(should)take good care of the patient.3.It be+名詞（a pity/a shame/ no wonder）that…+(should)+動(dòng)詞原形+…(表示驚異、懊悔、失望等情感)It is a regret that he(should)miss this golden chance.四、表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣

在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice ,decision等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動(dòng)詞原形。

E.g.: My suggestion is that we(should)leave at once.E.g.: I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.五、狀語從句中的虛擬語氣

1、用在由as if, as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的懷疑，用過去時(shí)；表示過去想象中的動(dòng)作或情況，用過去完成時(shí);表示將來用would + 動(dòng)詞原形。E.g.: It seems as if the man were his brother.E.g.: This device operated as though it had been repaired.2.用在lest, for fear that和in case引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，這時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形 E.g.: She closed the windows lest she catch cold.六、其他句式

1、It’s(high/low)time 從句：

It is(high)time that從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。E.g.: It is time that the children went to bed.E.g.: It is high time that the children should go to bed.2、一些介詞短語

But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.Nothing could live without the sun.3、比較if only與only if only if 表示“只有”；

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.if only 則表示“如果……就好了”。其從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。If only I knew more.If only the alarm clock had rung.七、虛擬語氣難點(diǎn)

1、錯(cuò)綜虛擬與隱含虛擬

錯(cuò)綜虛擬：If you hadn’t bought the ticket last week, how would you go now? 隱含虛擬：情境中提供虛擬語氣

Suppose there were no gravity, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped.She wasn’t feeling very well.Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.（連詞）I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.（連詞）Given more time, we could have done it better.（分詞短語）… … Such mistakes could have been avoided.（通過上下文）

2、倒裝

①.Were it(=If it were)not for their help, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.②.Had I(=If I had)known about it, I would have told you.③.Should anyone(=If anyone should)call, please take a message.DDDDB DDDB

第四篇：高中英語語法教學(xué)反思

高中英語語法教學(xué)反思

黃秀珍

高中英語語法教學(xué)，是困擾廣大師生的一個(gè)難題。語法是一門語言的使用規(guī)則，在語言學(xué)習(xí)中，學(xué)習(xí)語法是基礎(chǔ)，而且使我們增長知識，開闊視野。教師在教授語法知識時(shí)，更要充分激發(fā)他們的興趣，提高語言運(yùn)用的能力。把英語語法的學(xué)習(xí)變成學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的英語的中最有吸引力的部分。

那么，高中教師怎樣教授語法知識呢？我們不防就兩種教學(xué)方法進(jìn)行一下對比，傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)采用演繹法。即教師把語法規(guī)律按照一定摸式呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生。例如教師在講授虛擬語氣這一語法現(xiàn)象時(shí)，首先把語法規(guī)則板書：

一、什么是虛擬語氣。

二、由if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中，從句謂語用過去時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞用were,主句謂語用would（could，should，might）do。隨后，教師分別舉了幾個(gè)含有虛擬語氣的句子。最后教師讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行練習(xí)。這種演繹的教學(xué)方法受到批判的因素是：

1、教師 “不累”。即教師從備課到教學(xué)，幾乎少動(dòng)腦筋。教學(xué)方式比較守舊和僵化。

2、學(xué)生 “機(jī)械”。即學(xué)生被動(dòng)而機(jī)械地接受語法知識死記條條框框。這和高中生活躍的思維和年齡特征是格格不入的。

3、課堂 “死水一潭”。因?yàn)檠堇[法以教師的說為主，缺乏師生互動(dòng)關(guān)系，導(dǎo)致課堂氣氛不活躍。這會(huì)使學(xué)生失去學(xué)習(xí)的興趣。

與演繹法相對的是歸納法。歸納法與演繹法全然不同，即經(jīng)過老師的啟發(fā)，學(xué)生自己發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律，總結(jié)規(guī)律。同是在講授虛擬語氣，首先教師口頭造了一個(gè)句子：If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.（假如我是一只鳥，我就在天空中飛翔。）“此時(shí)學(xué)生好生奇怪：主語是I，be 動(dòng)詞卻用were，通常情況下是用am或was。于是大家疑惑一陣就紛紛發(fā)言了：老師，怎么用were，是不是弄錯(cuò)了。這樣，教師就把學(xué)生的好奇心和學(xué)習(xí)興趣調(diào)動(dòng)起來了。課堂氣氛也非常活躍。隨后老師進(jìn)行解釋：這就是虛擬語氣的句式結(jié)構(gòu)要注意謂語動(dòng)詞的變化。教師再舉幾個(gè)例子讓學(xué)生探究和合作學(xué)習(xí)。最后，教師對學(xué)生進(jìn)行有意義的練習(xí)。于是學(xué)生對虛擬語氣這一語法現(xiàn)象有了一個(gè)全面而深刻的認(rèn)識。這就是歸納的教學(xué)法。這種教學(xué)方法符合新教材教學(xué)特點(diǎn)，歸納法使教師不得不大大增加自己的知識，而且進(jìn)行充分的備課。“備課”甚至可以認(rèn)為是“想課”。思考怎樣教好 1 學(xué)生，讓學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語語法時(shí)，如何做到深入淺出，通俗易懂。思考的過程，是一個(gè)花時(shí)間和精力過程。一個(gè)聰明睿智的教師，會(huì)把更多的精力花在備課上。

在注意語法導(dǎo)入的同時(shí)，讓學(xué)生全方位學(xué)習(xí)英語語法也是更加重要的。結(jié)合新課程教育理念，突出一個(gè)“新”字，要成功進(jìn)行高中英語語法教學(xué)應(yīng)做到以下七點(diǎn)：

1、提醒學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)。預(yù)習(xí)是課堂教學(xué)的前奏，是一種有效的接受知識的手段。是一種讓學(xué)生把瞬時(shí)記憶轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚L時(shí)記憶的一種方法。在導(dǎo)入一個(gè)新語法之前，把預(yù)習(xí)當(dāng)作讓學(xué)生必做的家庭作業(yè)。

2、注意傳授語法知識的量度。例如在傳授“定語從句”這一語法知識時(shí)，它涉及的內(nèi)容多而雜，教師不可能在一節(jié)課全部讓學(xué)生融會(huì)貫通，“填滿”為止。在第一課時(shí)，教師只需講定語從句的概念、結(jié)構(gòu)、以及關(guān)系代詞which, that, who, whom;關(guān)系副詞where , when, why 至于關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法和特殊用法，可在下幾節(jié)課中去講解。

3、注意反復(fù)。講完一個(gè)語法知識點(diǎn)后，教師要在課堂上讓學(xué)生反復(fù)練習(xí)，從而喚起學(xué)生的記憶。

4、在語法練習(xí)中讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)成功感。這體現(xiàn)在作業(yè)和測驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)上。學(xué)生掌握什么，教師就讓他們做這方面的作業(yè)。學(xué)生會(huì)什么，教師就測驗(yàn)什么。讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)了成功感，當(dāng)然他們就對這種語法現(xiàn)象充滿自信，從而為以后更深層次的知識學(xué)習(xí)打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。

5、注意學(xué)生的異體性。“異體性”即個(gè)體差異。教師對不同層次的學(xué)生，要采用不同的傳授方法和指導(dǎo)方法。練習(xí)難易要適當(dāng)，要使每一個(gè)學(xué)生在課堂上都學(xué)有所得。

6、注意提問時(shí)的輔助與提示。無論是在提問，練習(xí)或是表演當(dāng)中，教師都應(yīng)給予學(xué)生適當(dāng)?shù)奶崾荆屗麄冞B續(xù)正確地把內(nèi)容表達(dá)出來。而不是去中止或是打斷或是過早評判學(xué)生是否具有回答這個(gè)問題的能力。

7、激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣。首先，我們應(yīng)明白英語是一門語言，只有在應(yīng)用中才能提高語言能力。教師在課后把剛學(xué)過的語法應(yīng)用到交談中去。在練習(xí)當(dāng)中巧設(shè)問題情境，避免學(xué)生機(jī)械練習(xí)，進(jìn)行有針對性、實(shí)效性的練習(xí)。

在英語教學(xué)中要達(dá)到拓展學(xué)生創(chuàng)新思維的目的，我必須把新的教育理念滲透到每一個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)中，這樣高中語法教學(xué)上才會(huì)找到新的出路。“沒有教不會(huì)的學(xué)生，只有教不好的老師。”，我深信：只要每位教師在高中語法教學(xué)上多動(dòng)腦筋，大膽創(chuàng)新，一切問題都會(huì)迎刃而解的。

第五篇：高中英語語法教學(xué)反思

高中英語語法教學(xué)反思

隨著新課程改革的進(jìn)行，語法教學(xué)的改革也已經(jīng)提上日程，傳統(tǒng)的灌輸式教育大大挫傷了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)語法的熱情，所以傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)方法早該退出歷史舞臺。教師必須探究如何把語法教學(xué)向高效、有趣、實(shí)用的方向轉(zhuǎn)變。

一、學(xué)習(xí)本身是艱苦而又漫長的過程，更是提高和深化的過程。傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)是首先講很多很多規(guī)則，然后舉例驗(yàn)證那些規(guī)則，學(xué)生覺得唯一可以提高語法的方法就是熟記語法規(guī)則，背誦典型句子。如此學(xué)生的一天變得異常枯燥乏味。如今，語法教學(xué)正在轉(zhuǎn)變，不再是老師一味的灌輸各個(gè)語法規(guī)則，而是老師設(shè)置情景，讓學(xué)生自己發(fā)現(xiàn)新的語法現(xiàn)象，然后讓學(xué)生自己總結(jié)新的語法現(xiàn)象該怎么運(yùn)用才算正確。如此，學(xué)生更加有成就感，而且以這種方法學(xué)到的內(nèi)容也不容易忘記。

二、將語法教學(xué)與閱讀結(jié)合。如果把語法教學(xué)放在閱讀過程中，就能讓學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)，思考，分析遇到的語法現(xiàn)象，加深對這些語法現(xiàn)象的理解。如，教師在教授動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)態(tài)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，可以讓學(xué)生看一篇文章：Last week I went to the theater.I had a very seat.The play was very interesting.I didn’t enjoy it.A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.They were talking loudly.I got very angry.I could not hear the actors.I turned around.I looked at them.They didn’t pay any attention.In the end I could not bear it.I turned around again.I couldn’t hear a word.I said angrily.The young man said that it was none of my business.He said that it was their private conversation.然后讓他們說出遇到的新語法現(xiàn)象，同時(shí)教師可以給出一些詞或詞組last Sunday in the morning do home work in the afternoon play basketball in the evening watch TV surf the Internet go to be等，讓學(xué)生描述他們怎樣度過上個(gè)星期日的，最后教師讓學(xué)生把描述的句子寫在作業(yè)本上。通過閱讀語法教學(xué)活動(dòng)既能讓學(xué) 生學(xué)習(xí)語法知識，又能提高學(xué)生的表達(dá)能力，寫作，閱讀能力。

三、老師設(shè)疑不正。平行班的學(xué)生設(shè)置問題和解決問題的能力比較差。所以老師可以循序漸進(jìn)的給學(xué)生提供問題，再讓學(xué)生自己逐步解決問題。最后引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將已經(jīng)設(shè)置的和已經(jīng)解決的問題進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。這樣也可以提高大家學(xué)習(xí)的積極性。

四、不要忘記表揚(yáng)學(xué)生。任何人都需要表揚(yáng)，尤其是正在學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生。老師不能只看考試成績，要看學(xué)生本身的能力和水平，如果他有了進(jìn)步，應(yīng)該及時(shí)鼓勵(lì)和激勵(lì)。隨堂的表揚(yáng)可以大大增加學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性。

總之，高中英語語法教學(xué)的改革還有很長的路要走，我們必須讓我們的學(xué)生走出傳統(tǒng)語法學(xué)習(xí)方法。讓他們發(fā)現(xiàn)語法學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣，讓他們愛學(xué)、愛思考、有進(jìn)步、有成就。