第一篇：談加強高中英語語法教學

談加強高中英語語法教學

廣東省江門市江海中學

楊開森

一、高中英語語法的重要性

高中英語教學的目的，是對學生進行聽、說。讀、寫的基本訓練，培養學生在口頭上和書面上初步運用英語的能力，側重培養閱讀能力，為進一步學習和運用切實打好基礎。雖說外語教學重在實踐和運用,外語水平的提高主要靠大量的實踐和應用。然而，在非英語環境進行英語教學，實踐和運用英語的機會相對較少，尤其是初中以后的階段，學生聽、說、讀、寫、譯能力的提高（特別是這些方面的準確性）都必須以詞匯為磚石，以語法為架構。了解英語國家語言文化背景，懂得英語的表達習慣，則可以借助語法這一架構運用詞匯進行正確的聽、說、讀、寫、譯，從而全面提高運用英語的能力。而語法中的詞法對詞匯的記憶、鞏固與擴大無疑是一種作用巨大的摧化劑。現在中學英語教學采用新教材，從內容到教學方法都作了重大改革。通過大量的信息輸入，盡量多的聽、說、讀、寫訓練，旨在迅速提高學生運用英語的能力；而在語法學習方面，則通過多次反復訓練某一語法項目的方法，旨在牢記掌握它，以便運用它進行正確的聽、說、讀、寫、譯，從而提高英語水平。英語語法是高中英語教學不可忽視的部分，掌握英語語法是迅速提高學生英語能力的必要手段。

二、初中畢業生英語語法水平的現狀

幾年來，初中英語采用了人教版或沿海版新教材，聽、說方面有了很大的加強學生這兩方面的能力有了較大的提高，然而在讀、寫方面，雖然新教材較舊教材增加了很多讀、寫訓練的內容，并且把閱讀訓練作為重要的教學部分，但總體上學生在兩方面的能力的提高卻不太明顯，甚至要略差于以往采用舊教材的學生的水平。這對高中英語教學極為不利，還會影響到學生高考的英語成績——一讀、寫部分始終都是英語高考中的重臺戲。導致這樣的結果，主要是學生對所學的語法知識掌握得不好，沒能把語法知識應用在途、寫方面得緣故。主要表現有以下幾種情況：第一，學生對基本概念不清，意義不明。初中學了三年英語，英語成績屬中上水平的有相當多的學生連什么是及物動詞、不及物動詞，什么是連系動詞、冠詞、介詞，什么是表語、賓語、狀語都搞不懂；名詞。形容詞、副詞等常用詞性在句中的主要

作用亦不知。缺乏起碼的詞法知識。第二，學生對基本句法不過關。對“現在進行時、過去進行時、現在完成時、過去完成時、過去將來時等常用時態，他們有些意識，但一問起其構成，相當多學生模糊不清，或答錯，或答不上來，與之相應的被動語態結構，則更甚之。第三，由于上述基礎問題，學生運用語法知識解決問題的能力甚是低下。聽與說暫且不說。閱讀方面，沒能根據時態推測事情發生是在過去、現在還是將來，沒能根據語態來斷定敘述的中心。稍長的句子，即使沒有主詞也不枉怎樣分析它的結構，理解不了其意思，句子翻譯僅是套漢語結構。漢譯英，不辨詞性、形式，僅把與漢語表面意義對應的英語單詞按漢語句子的順序一路排列；英譯漢則反之，遇不通順，則茫然不知所為，或亂猜一通。造句、作文更多的是不辨時態，翻譯題目要求、內容，散不成句，一蹋糊涂。所有這些都是語法最基本的知 識不掌握的體現一三．新教材語法內容的編寫和教師語法教學上 的存在問題。

新教材每一單元都有專項語法學習與訓練，并且練習冊中還有大

量的練習來掌握語法知識并應用到聽、說、讀、寫中去。這正確的，也是掌握語法知識的傳統辦法．但語法教學方法多種多樣，教材中語

法學習一律采用鋪述—一練習一復勻?；練習的辦法，未免太單

調了。雖說教材全部用英語編寫可加強學生英語意識，但學生資質有

別，經過

一、兩年的學習，學生英語水平差別很大，占比例不小的中

下水平學生很難跟得上全英語教材內容的進度；再說，成績較好的學

生都會對語法學習感到困難，何況全英語法。教參上是提供了語法項

目的教學方法，教師課前也應結合學習實際情況，聯系以前所學找出

適當的教學方法，擔一切方法都得在課堂上詳細傳授，學生也要做好 筆記方能更利于掌握知識。弱教材上曾加一些關鍵性的解釋性漢語詞

句，可降低難度，學生亦可退過自己閱讀而理解，亦便于其復習。若

加上教師適當的補充講解或換方法的講解，理解燁記憶—一練習一

復習的方法更易于掌握語法知識。盡管課本后面附有語法綜合內容，但課文中穿插上述內容并非多余。課文中的將語法逐一講解，利于學

生各個擊破；附錄部分語法則是歸納綜合，讓學生有整體感，便于整體復習與查閱。另外，在象mrd幻udy ＄詞法學習方面，亦需作同樣的加強。還有，課本中有些語法吶要求掌握的深度與廣度沒有明確的規定，也給語法教學帶來不便。例如，關于定語從句的引導詞的選擇，若先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾，5！導詞用that，不用加iCh或。h山 這一點，教綱、課本與教參均未提及，給人的感覺是這一規定己隨著英語的發展而消失，但練習冊里lesson 32當中一道題 This is the best film has be，n sM。n this rear．（要求用。hich、that或who填空），給出的答案卻是唯一的，—一that。這又要求人們必須遵循這條規則。

另一方面，教師普遍對教材、教綱的理解與語法教學的指導思想有偏差。新教材強調以大量輸入信息來使學生獲得知識、培養學生技能，同時十分強調聽與說的訓練。教學重點較舊教材有所分散、轉移。因之，不少教師認為現代英語教學只是大量地進行聽、說、讀、寫的訓練，不斷進行復習與練習，忽略了語法教學，不把語法教學擺在適當的重要位置上，必然不會去深研究語法教學方法，教學效果必然低下。語法就象一張篩，語法掌握不全面，不牢固，網篩便會疏松，甚至有一個個的大漏洞，那么，大量輸入的信息很容易地漏篩而過，英語的教學效果必然不理想。不少學主反映，單詞記好了，練習也做了不少，擔英語成績卻不好。聽，只運員多單詞，詞意

串不起來；說，錯漏百出；讀，單詞都進，但句意段意不明，讀不下去；寫，僅知堆砌單詞，顛三倒四，潰不成句、文，能力甚是低下。其原因往往在于此。可見，中學英語教學必須重視語法教學，并且方法要靈活多變，要恰當，加強語法教學的力度與教學效果。

四．加強語法教學的途徑。

首先，中學英語教材應加強語法方面的編寫。如前所述。在課文 中增加關鍵性的漢語解說，尤其是高中英語語法部分。

其次，教師必須正確認識語法在中學英語中發教學地位，思想上 首先重視語法教學。同時把語法的重要性浸透到整個教學中去，讓學 生也意識到語法學習的重要性。

第三，提高教師自身的語法理論水平。相應級別的中學英語教師 的聽、說、讀、寫、譯綜合英語水平大都較好t但在語法，尤其是詞法方面往往把握不大，對英語語法理解研究水平不高。很多教師對很多語法知識只知其然，不知其所以然。教學上很難處理的也是語法方面的問題具多，甚至被學生問倒的問題也往往出在這方面。因此，教師必須加強自身語法知識的學習、提高，將語法知識融會貫通，并使之系統化；加強理論研究，盡量多地弄懂語法知識的前因后果，提高

理論水平，只有這樣，才能揮灑自如地傳授好語法知識。

第四，教師尤其要注意語法知識的學以至用和教學方法的靈活多變。語法教學不是目的，只是手段。通過語法教學。讓學生掌握語法知識并運用到聽、說、讀、寫中去解決問題，提高技能，提高英語水平。語法教學是英語教學較難部分，且教學起來往往給人以枯燥無味的感覺，若只是為了語法而教學語法，加上一味地平鋪直敘地灌輸，教學起來將會越來越乏味，也很容易導致鉆牛角尖，鉆進死胡同，教

學效果必然很差。這樣，即使讓學生掌握了一定的語法知識，他們不太懂得應用，其個方面技能和英語綜合水平也不會由多大提高。有不少學生反映，所學的語法結構都憧，但用起來就亂；考起來就是不行。問題大都出在語法的學與用不結合。因此，語法教學目的必須明確，并要在邊學邊用中體現其作用。教師必須在教授語法知識，復習、練習鞏固的同時，通過句篇實質性材料，分析當中的語法，從而理解、應用句篇，達到交際目的。再說邊學邊用還大大降低語法教學的枯燥 性，提高語法教學效果。

語法教學原則是精講多練。方法是多種多練，靈活機動的，這主 要在講與練的方式上。對較簡單的語法項B。可采用直敘—一練習法，即先交代簡要的規則，然后便是大量的句型操練。如初教祈使句，簡明扼要地講明祈使句（否定與肯定）的構成mon’t）十動詞原形，旬未用句號或感嘆號，無時態、人稱與數的變化；表達命令要求，請求或勸告等，并著重指出析使句中第二人稱主語匯常水表達出來，即不使用you。它后便可進行大量的操練。對較簡單但較鎖碎的語法 項目，最好用歸納法。教師先寫出體現該項語法的句子，然后引導 學生理解句意與結構。歸納出有關語法規則，再進行句型操練。學了某方面的語法也應對這方面的語法規則作全面的綜合歸納。如學了被動語態就應歸納被動語態的用途，對比各種時態的被動語態結構以及象帶情態動詞，帶 be g燈 to等特殊的被動語態結構。某些用法較多的語法項目也要在適當時候對其進行歸納，歸納語法規則的目的，是使學生在進一步的練習中減少盲目性，提高語言的正確性。因此，歸納要及時，要抓住要點，簡明扼要。

對比異同是語法教學常用手法，尤其總結構成意義上相近的語法內容；同義詞，近義詞，反義詞等詞語學習則更是離不開這一辦法。讓學生理解異同，明白實質，有助于學生準確記憶和正確運用語法。如比較一般過去時與過去完成時，一般過去時與現在完成時的異同，對比結構。ill十動詞原形，begoing to，be。bollt to do及加 to do等意義，用法上的異同。

語法固然不可不加區別地作繁雜的講解，尤其是非經常使用語法，但對于較常用而又復雜難解，難記的內容，有必要進行結合實際的、究因追源的深入研究。如表示位置的介詞in，on，at在“猴子在樹上”，“人在河中河里（游泳丁’，u輪船在海中（航行＊’等表達中的使用，只有結合實際分析，說明前因后果，學生方能明白，記清，并舉一反三，正確使用方位介詞in。n與at的用法。又如，結構與

意義均很容易混淆不清的 have十名詞／代詞十V葉，hsve十名詞／代詞十過去分詞及

have十名詞／代詞十不帶而不定式。著只是直接簡單地講各結構分別表示何意義，·不管操練多少遍仍有相當多學生對 比三個結構混淆不清，不能正確運用。但若通過深入分析結構（句型中賓語及賓語補足語表達的異同＼講清非謂語壇動詞作賓語補足語的句法意義（過去分詞表示動作完成和被動意義，V手 表示正在進

行，不定式表示未來動作X說清句型中賓語與賓語補足益的具體關系，讓學生明白各結構為什么會表達不同的意義，不同意義又如何用不同的結構來表達，則問題迎刃而解，日后用錯的情況就少多了。在語法教學上要做到這一點，則要求教師對各復雜語法項目作經常性的深入研究。

語法規則既有成整體的，也有零散的；對于包多萬象的語言，語法規則既有其全面性，又有很多例外之處。零散的規則，例外的內容難于記憶掌握，不便正確應用，這是整個語法教學的難點之一。對于這類問題，應用深入研究，總結規律的辦法。把它們深加工成簡明扼要的，有規律的新規則。如，以f或fe結尾的可數名詞的復數形式，有些直接加 s，有些要改f或fe為ye再加 s，沒有規律可循，記憶上很令人混亂不清，頭痛極了。我通過分析這些詞，把要改f或fe“為ye再加s的常用詞的詞義反復拼湊出一句順口溜——一英勇的妻子（＊i＊e）親自（＊nesel）拿刀（knife）把狼（＊。IY）趕走，救回小牛（calf）半（half）條命（life），又把躲在樹葉（leaf）

里的小偷門hief）抓到。又如，動詞之后的賓語補足語用不定式表示時，此不定式往往往是帶t。的，但也有不少是例外的。怎樣記住這些常

用的動詞呢？把這些詞分析，將其按詞義分類、組合，我發覺可用“一、二、三、四”口訣來幫助記憶。一“感”（feel），二“聽”（hear，listento），三“讓”（let，make，have），四“看”（see。atch，look at，no ti c）。采用這種辦法，可使很多語法內容的教學效果非同一般。除了使學生容易地掌握有關語法內容外，還增加語法教學的趣味性，提高學生學習英語的興趣。當然，從無規律到有規律絕不是易事，它要求教課之外付出許多時間與精力來思考與研究，或大量地看書閱報汲取他人總結出來的規律與經驗運用于教學上。另外，課堂上，教師也應引導學生自己總結規律，使他們既有好的學習效果，又養成勤學多思的好習慣。

語法教學的方式方法多種多樣，應靈活運用。不同的項目，不同的學生用不同的方法，甚至兩法、多法并舉．在教學過程中還應不斷總結，以取得更多更有效的方法。

最后，加強語法教學還需要注意的是，語法的練習鞏固。句型操練要有情景、有意義。要盡可能減少枯燥乏味的機械訓練。所舉例句、短文應盡可能地接近現實生活，最好是身邊有趣的人或事，還可借助實物、圖片、動作、表。清等手段創造情景。語法結構與句、段意義緊·密結合，從而更好更快地掌握其結構與和用法，起到發展聽、說、讀、寫的基本技能，提高運用英語進行交際的能力。

附參考書目：

中國人民教育出版社、英國朗文出版集團有限公司合編，人 民教育出版社出版初中 英語》第一、第二、第三冊，高中《英語》 第一、第二冊學生用書以及相應的教師用書；

《實用英語交際語法》（熊建衡、趙織要編著，上海譯文出 版社出版）

第二篇：高中英語語法教學現狀

1.引言

語法和詞匯是英語學習的兩大支柱，是相輔相成的，哪一個方面都不可以偏廢。語法知識是英語閱讀的前提，是英語寫作技巧的關鍵，同時也是英語口語流利的必要因素。《牛津高級英漢詞典》中對語法的解釋是：“Grammar----rules for forming words and combing them into sentences.”即語法就是把詞連成句子時采用的規則，所以語法是學習英語語言的必要條件，對語言的運用起到了積極的指導作用。也正是因此語法教學成了現在初高中英語教學中不可缺少的課程。只有牢固的掌握語法知識，才能在精準的時間內提取有效的相關知識，從而選出正確的答案，才能在做題時舉一反三。語法的學習有利于提高學生獨立自主的學習能力，為學生個人的終身學習和發展奠定良好的基礎。從每年的高考試題來看，不論是單項選擇、完形填空、閱讀理解，寫作都大量涉及了語法的考查。舉例來說：每年的高考英語作文都占有25分的分值，評價一篇作文的好壞，英語語法的熟練運用和準確性是一個重要的評判標準，學生牢固的語法知識和靈活運用語法的能力是提升寫作能力不可缺少的部分。所以語法教學尤為重要。

在對語法的學習中，學生的自身因素，以及對學習的態度和用工程度對學習語法很重要，但是教師的講解傳授更為重要。教師是教學的實施者、決策者和改革者，作為教學過程中不可缺少的一個角色，教師對教學內容的選擇、教學方法的運用有著不容忽視的影響。因此，對高中語法教學的研究對提高英語教學質量有著很大的影響作用。教什么、怎樣教全看教師，教師自身扎實的語法知識及成熟穩定的語法教學觀念，都會對語法教學起到積極促進的作用。然而。就目前的實際情況看來，一方面，一些教師并沒有意識到自身的語法教學信念和知識結構對語法教學的影響，而是一味的追求客觀因素；令一方面，一些教師雖有一定了解，但不能把握精髓，在教學實踐中不能真正融入課堂。教師在語法教學上存在的誤區使得某些老師過分注重語法知識，從而在教學中“死摳”語法規則，采取這種教學方式的教師往往花費大量的課堂時間想學生灌輸語法知識，把英語課上成“滿堂灌”的語法課，相反還有一些老師完全不注重語法知識的講解，只是按照書上的讀下來，這就導致了許多學生讀基礎語言知識和語言結構掌握不牢而失去對英語學習的興趣。教師在傳授語法是所采用的不同教學策略，都是在自身對于語法教學認識的基礎上形成的。教師對于知識的掌握、判斷和決定都會影響他們處理語法知識所采用的方法。所以應該從學生和教師兩方面同時入手來探究高中語法教學現狀的研究。

第三篇：高中英語語法教學反思

高中英語語法教學反思

隨著新課程改革的進行，語法教學的改革也已經提上日程，傳統的灌輸式教育大大挫傷了學生學習語法的熱情，所以傳統的語法教學方法早該退出歷史舞臺。教師必須探究如何把語法教學向高效、有趣、實用的方向轉變。

一、學習本身是艱苦而又漫長的過程，更是提高和深化的過程。傳統的語法教學是首先講很多很多規則，然后舉例驗證那些規則，學生覺得唯一可以提高語法的方法就是熟記語法規則，背誦典型句子。如此學生的一天變得異常枯燥乏味。如今，語法教學正在轉變，不再是老師一味的灌輸各個語法規則，而是老師設置情景，讓學生自己發現新的語法現象，然后讓學生自己總結新的語法現象該怎么運用才算正確。如此，學生更加有成就感，而且以這種方法學到的內容也不容易忘記。

二、將語法教學與閱讀結合。如果把語法教學放在閱讀過程中，就能讓學生發現，思考，分析遇到的語法現象，加深對這些語法現象的理解。如，教師在教授動詞過去時態和過去進行時，可以讓學生看一篇文章：Last week I went to the theater.I had a very seat.The play was very interesting.I didn’t enjoy it.A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.They were talking loudly.I got very angry.I could not hear the actors.I turned around.I looked at them.They didn’t pay any attention.In the end I could not bear it.I turned around again.I couldn’t hear a word.I said angrily.The young man said that it was none of my business.He said that it was their private conversation.然后讓他們說出遇到的新語法現象，同時教師可以給出一些詞或詞組last Sunday in the morning do home work in the afternoon play basketball in the evening watch TV surf the Internet go to be等，讓學生描述他們怎樣度過上個星期日的，最后教師讓學生把描述的句子寫在作業本上。通過閱讀語法教學活動既能讓學 生學習語法知識，又能提高學生的表達能力，寫作，閱讀能力。

三、老師設疑不正。平行班的學生設置問題和解決問題的能力比較差。所以老師可以循序漸進的給學生提供問題，再讓學生自己逐步解決問題。最后引導學生將已經設置的和已經解決的問題進行歸納總結。這樣也可以提高大家學習的積極性。

四、不要忘記表揚學生。任何人都需要表揚，尤其是正在學習的學生。老師不能只看考試成績，要看學生本身的能力和水平，如果他有了進步，應該及時鼓勵和激勵。隨堂的表揚可以大大增加學生的學習積極性。

總之，高中英語語法教學的改革還有很長的路要走，我們必須讓我們的學生走出傳統語法學習方法。讓他們發現語法學習的樂趣，讓他們愛學、愛思考、有進步、有成就。

第四篇：高中英語語法教學反思

高中英語語法教學反思

黃秀珍

高中英語語法教學，是困擾廣大師生的一個難題。語法是一門語言的使用規則，在語言學習中，學習語法是基礎，而且使我們增長知識，開闊視野。教師在教授語法知識時，更要充分激發他們的興趣，提高語言運用的能力。把英語語法的學習變成學生學習的英語的中最有吸引力的部分。

那么，高中教師怎樣教授語法知識呢？我們不防就兩種教學方法進行一下對比，傳統的語法教學采用演繹法。即教師把語法規律按照一定摸式呈現給學生。例如教師在講授虛擬語氣這一語法現象時，首先把語法規則板書：

一、什么是虛擬語氣。

二、由if引導的虛擬條件句中，從句謂語用過去時，be動詞用were,主句謂語用would（could，should，might）do。隨后，教師分別舉了幾個含有虛擬語氣的句子。最后教師讓學生進行練習。這種演繹的教學方法受到批判的因素是：

1、教師 “不累”。即教師從備課到教學，幾乎少動腦筋。教學方式比較守舊和僵化。

2、學生 “機械”。即學生被動而機械地接受語法知識死記條條框框。這和高中生活躍的思維和年齡特征是格格不入的。

3、課堂 “死水一潭”。因為演繹法以教師的說為主，缺乏師生互動關系，導致課堂氣氛不活躍。這會使學生失去學習的興趣。

與演繹法相對的是歸納法。歸納法與演繹法全然不同，即經過老師的啟發，學生自己發現規律，總結規律。同是在講授虛擬語氣，首先教師口頭造了一個句子：If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.（假如我是一只鳥，我就在天空中飛翔。）“此時學生好生奇怪：主語是I，be 動詞卻用were，通常情況下是用am或was。于是大家疑惑一陣就紛紛發言了：老師，怎么用were，是不是弄錯了。這樣，教師就把學生的好奇心和學習興趣調動起來了。課堂氣氛也非常活躍。隨后老師進行解釋：這就是虛擬語氣的句式結構要注意謂語動詞的變化。教師再舉幾個例子讓學生探究和合作學習。最后，教師對學生進行有意義的練習。于是學生對虛擬語氣這一語法現象有了一個全面而深刻的認識。這就是歸納的教學法。這種教學方法符合新教材教學特點，歸納法使教師不得不大大增加自己的知識，而且進行充分的備課。“備課”甚至可以認為是“想課”。思考怎樣教好 1 學生，讓學生在學習英語語法時，如何做到深入淺出，通俗易懂。思考的過程，是一個花時間和精力過程。一個聰明睿智的教師，會把更多的精力花在備課上。

在注意語法導入的同時，讓學生全方位學習英語語法也是更加重要的。結合新課程教育理念，突出一個“新”字，要成功進行高中英語語法教學應做到以下七點：

1、提醒學生預習。預習是課堂教學的前奏，是一種有效的接受知識的手段。是一種讓學生把瞬時記憶轉變為長時記憶的一種方法。在導入一個新語法之前，把預習當作讓學生必做的家庭作業。

2、注意傳授語法知識的量度。例如在傳授“定語從句”這一語法知識時，它涉及的內容多而雜，教師不可能在一節課全部讓學生融會貫通，“填滿”為止。在第一課時，教師只需講定語從句的概念、結構、以及關系代詞which, that, who, whom;關系副詞where , when, why 至于關系代詞和關系副詞的具體用法和特殊用法，可在下幾節課中去講解。

3、注意反復。講完一個語法知識點后，教師要在課堂上讓學生反復練習，從而喚起學生的記憶。

4、在語法練習中讓學生體驗成功感。這體現在作業和測驗的設計上。學生掌握什么，教師就讓他們做這方面的作業。學生會什么，教師就測驗什么。讓學生體驗了成功感，當然他們就對這種語法現象充滿自信，從而為以后更深層次的知識學習打下良好的基礎。

5、注意學生的異體性。“異體性”即個體差異。教師對不同層次的學生，要采用不同的傳授方法和指導方法。練習難易要適當，要使每一個學生在課堂上都學有所得。

6、注意提問時的輔助與提示。無論是在提問，練習或是表演當中，教師都應給予學生適當的提示，讓他們連續正確地把內容表達出來。而不是去中止或是打斷或是過早評判學生是否具有回答這個問題的能力。

7、激發學生的興趣。首先，我們應明白英語是一門語言，只有在應用中才能提高語言能力。教師在課后把剛學過的語法應用到交談中去。在練習當中巧設問題情境，避免學生機械練習，進行有針對性、實效性的練習。

在英語教學中要達到拓展學生創新思維的目的，我必須把新的教育理念滲透到每一個教學環節中，這樣高中語法教學上才會找到新的出路。“沒有教不會的學生，只有教不好的老師。”，我深信：只要每位教師在高中語法教學上多動腦筋，大膽創新，一切問題都會迎刃而解的。

第五篇：高中英語語法222

高中英語語法

目錄: 1名詞性從句

2“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解 3 高中英語語法中的省略現象 4主謂一致 5動詞不定式 6 倒裝結構

7定語從句 8被動語態 9祈使句 10感嘆句 11疑問句 12名詞

一． 主語從句

主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那場電影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我對你成功與否不感興趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發生的。（強調句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強調句型）

2.用it 作形式主語的結構

(1)It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句

It is a fact that ?

事實是?

It is an honor that

?非常榮幸

It is common knowledge that

?是常識

(2)It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句

It is natural that?

很自然?

It is strange that?

奇怪的是?(3)It is ＋ 不及物動詞 ＋ 從句

It seems that?

似乎?

It happened that?

碰巧?

It appears that?

似乎?(4)It ＋ 過去分詞 ＋ 從句

It is reported that?

據報道?

It has been proved that?

已證實?

It is said that?

據說?

3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：

（1）if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯誤表達：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.錯誤表達：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether ?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯誤表達：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

錯誤表達：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 與that 在引導主語從句時的區別

what 引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that 則不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．賓語從句

賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。

1.作動詞的賓語

(1)由that引導的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我聽說他參軍了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引導的賓語從句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道發生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。

(3)動詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。

2.作介詞的賓語，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。

3.作形容詞的賓語，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已經犯了一個錯誤。

注意：that 引導的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。

4.it 可以作為形式賓語

it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽說她下個朋就會結婚了。

5.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞

這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導的賓語從句。如：

正確表達：I admire their winning the match.錯誤表達：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞

有些動詞不可用于“動詞＋間接賓語＋that從句“結構中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正確表達：He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯誤表達：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的轉移

若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。

三.表語從句

表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結構是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導表語從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結構。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語從句

同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

1.同位語從句的功能

同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內容，一般由that引導，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語在句子中的位置

同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區別

(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。

(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英語名詞性從句專項練習

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go

C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone

7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語語法的重點、難點，又是近幾年高考的熱點，因此應給予充分的重視，現將it用法歸納如下：

一、It用作實詞

表達以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現象??

二、It用作形式主語

替代作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式主語的常見句型：

1.代作主語的動詞不定式，其句型為

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主語的動名詞的常見句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do… It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主語的從句常見句型

(1)It is + noun +從句

(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that?(should)???竟然??

It's a pity/shame that?(should)???竟然??

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主語的句型

1.It takes sb.? to do?(=sb takes?to do?)某人用多長時間做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do?（不）像某人做某事的風格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that? should /v-ed?是該做某事的時候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)? have v-ed?第幾次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been? since ?continuous v-ed(延續性動詞)某動作已有多長時間不發生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)? before?過(不)了多長時間某動作發生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式賓語

用來替代作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式賓語的常見句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that?把?歸功于?

leave it to sb that?把?留給某人去做

take it for granted that ?想當然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語從句緊跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面，賓語從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、強調句型

It is/was+被強調部分+ that(who)? 強調句型用來強調謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。當被強調部分是人時也可以用who。

在使用強調句型時需注意以下幾點：

1.請注意強調句型的特殊疑問句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在強調原因狀語從句時，只能強調由because所引導的從句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在強調not ? until結構時必須把not與until一起放到被強調的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意強調句型與定語從句的區別

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(強調句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定語從句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口語當中相當于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說定、趕上、及時到達

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口語中相當于fix the date for,表示“約定好時間”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相當于in fact, in reality表示“事實上，實際情況是??”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相當于方式狀語從句，表示“照原樣”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相當于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說，可以說，換句話說”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for?/if it hadn't been for?用來引導虛擬語氣，相當于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是??，要不是??”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相當于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此為止，沒有別的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相當于 That's right.表示“對啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口語中，相當于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做錯事而挨罵，受責備，受批評，受懲罰”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相當于say, insist表示“說，主張，表明，硬說”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相當于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口語中，相當于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相當于go on,表示“繼續做，不放棄”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, ? 在口語中，相當于it's a pity that?, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,?在口語中，相當于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口語中，相當于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒有多大價值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相當于Don't worry or don't hurry.用來勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔心，存住氣”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口語中，相當于believe me what I say.表示“請相信我的話，我敢擔保”

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth?在口語中，相當于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其價值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口語中，相當于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放棄

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口語中，相當于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒有定下來”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口語中，相當于it's decided by sb.表示“由??決定，由??負責，取決于??”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專練

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one

13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全國卷)

A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全國卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章 高中英語語法中的省略現象

在英語語言中，為了使語言簡潔明了，重點突出或上下文緊密相連，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變，這種語言現象稱之為省略。現就英語中的種種省略現象分析如下：

一、并列復合句中的省略

在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.湯姆肯定一直在打籃球，瑪麗一直在寫作業。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主從復合句中的省略

1．狀語從句中的省略

一般說來省略現象多出現在下列五種狀語從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導的時間狀語從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導的條件狀語從句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導的讓步狀語從句；由 as ,than 等引導的比較狀語從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時應遵循下面原則： 1)當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時，可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be，這時從句中可出現如下結構：(1)連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞;(2)連詞（though, whether , when）+形容詞；(3)連詞(whether, as if ,while)+介詞短語；(4)連詞(when , while , though)+ 現在分詞；(5)連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 過去分詞；(6)連詞(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.龐龍曾經是個工 人，現在變成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學習，要不然你會后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到處看似乎在找什么東西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國總統布什在與胡錦濤主席會談時，感謝中國在六方會談中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.這次展覽比被預料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運動員劉翔張開嘴好像要說什么。注意：

1)當從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時，間或也有這樣的省略,如：

Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.當她過馬路時父親告訴她要當心。

2)當從句的主語是 it，謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be 時，可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結構。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定語從句中的省略

1）一般說來，在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)湯姆病倒了，你昨天見到他了。

2）在口語和非正式用語中，關系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經常用that 來代替，甚至還可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？

3）當先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時，從句不能用 how 來引導，應該用that 或 in which，或將它們全部省略。如：

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。

3．賓語從句中的省略

1）在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中，連詞that 一般可以省略；但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句，那么只有第一個that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我認為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說《 反分裂國家法》已被通過，而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導的 賓語從句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。

4．在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語氣形式“should +動詞原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法國總統希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾，我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。

6．在答語中，主句可全部省略。如：

—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你為什么沒有上學？ —因為我媽媽病了。

三、簡單句中的省略

1．省略主語

1）祈使句中的主語通常被省略 如：

(You)Open the door, please.請開一下門。

2)其它省略主語多限于現成的說法 如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.沒關系。

2．省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分 如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽煙

b)(Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ？

c)(You come)This way please.請這邊走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ？

3．省略賓語 如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你認識李先生嗎？— I don’t know(him.)我不認識他 4．省略表語 如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。

5．同時省略幾個成分 如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你覺得好些了嗎 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好運/祝你順利。

四、動詞不定式省略，只保留to 的場合1．不定式作某些動詞的賓語時，這些動詞常見的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開前謝謝她。—我本打算這么做，但當我就要離開的時候我卻找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以這么做。

2．不定式作某些動詞的賓語補足語或主語補足語時，這些動詞常見的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上騎他的自行車，但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想來，可是她父母不讓。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時，常見的形容詞有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒關系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些復合謂語時，常見結構如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現在不喜歡吃魚，但過去喜歡。

五、動詞不定式to 的省略

1．主語部分有to do ,系動詞 is 或 was 時，作表語的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。

2．作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語，前面又有實意動詞 do時，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他說陳水扁除了推進支持“獨立”的時間表外，什么也沒有做。

3．主語部分暗含to do，表語中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上學，努力學習。

4．當兩個或多個不定式并列時，其后的不定式符號可以省略，但有對比關系時不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.說起來容易，做起來難。

5．在would rather?than? 等結構中，不定式符號常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語補足語時省略不定式符號to；why(not)do 結構 中, 不定式不帶to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看見她進入了房間

b)Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來呢？

六．其他一些省略結構

1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我們在瑪麗家過的周末。

2．What和 how引導的感嘆句中，常可省略主語 it 和be動詞 如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!這對Tom來說是個多么大的勝利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被當作一個正常孩子對待對他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章 主謂一致

主謂一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數方面的一致關系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分為:語法一致, 內容一致, 就近一致.(一)語法一致原則: 即主語為單數,謂語用單數,主語為復數,謂語也用復數.以下為注意事項: 1.單數主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數.如: Air as well as water is matter.空氣和水都是物質.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了兩個仆人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐。

2.用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數, 否則用復數.如:

The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。

3.不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。

4.用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。

5.each of + 復數代詞, 謂語動詞用單數.復數代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數.如: Each of us has something to say.我們每個人都有話要說。

6.若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復數, 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數。但more+復數名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用復數.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late.不只一個學生遲到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一個人來幫助我們。

7.none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數, 也可用復數;但在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數,因而謂語動詞要用單數.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人無完人。

None of this worries me.這事一點不使我著急。

8.名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用復數.如: His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現 a pair of , 謂語一般用單數.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼鏡。9.形復意單名詞如:news;以ics 結尾的學科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics;國名如: the United States;報紙名如: the New Times;書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>;以及The United Nations<聯合國> 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。

10.“a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數.如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復數名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用復數形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.參觀了一兩個地點。

(二)內容一致原則:

1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分數或百分數+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復數取決于連用的名詞.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋果都是爛的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定數量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單復數取決于量詞后面名詞的數.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科書已運到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。

3.加減乘除用單數.如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10。

4.表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 盡管是復數形式, 它們做為一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數.如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一個相當的距離。

5.(1)通常作復數的集體名詞.包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復數.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作單數也可作復數的集體名詞.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委員會決定解雇他。

6.the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數.如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原則

1.由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中,(有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？

2.用連詞or, either....or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。

注意: one of +復數名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為復數。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.瑪麗是飼養寵物者之一。

The only one of +復數名詞+ who/that./which 引導的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應為單數。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個飼養寵物的人。

主謂一致練習

1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is

B.are/are

C.is/are

D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years

B.are/year old

C.is/years old

D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play

B.are playing

C.plays

D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are

B.has

C.have

D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking

B.is speaking

C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his

B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's

D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are

B.is stayed

C.is

D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left

D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands

B.standing

C.which stands

D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will

B.was

C.is

D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are

B.I am

C.as I am

D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you

B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you

D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed

B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed

D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is

B.they are

C.this

D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting

B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting

D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were

B.were eaten/was

C.were eaten/were

D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her

B.is hers

C.are hers

D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have

B.are said to have

C.is said to be

D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves

B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf

D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows

B.cows cattle C.cattle cows

D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree

B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes

D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive

B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher

B.fathers are teachers

C.father are teachers

D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred

B.are occurred

C.occurs

D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or

B.The offices and

C.Both the office and

D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are

B.is C.has

D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting

B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room

B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work

B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles

D.Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB

6-10 ABACD

11-15 ACDAB

16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA

26-30CBACA

31-35 CCADC

36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD

46-50 DBDDB

51-55 BAABB

第五章

動詞不定式不定式作賓語 1)動詞+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2)動詞+不定式；動詞+賓語+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom.我想和湯姆談話。I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3)動詞+疑問詞+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that.請演示給我們如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

注意

疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。如：The question is how to put it into practice.問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。

2.不定式作補語

1)動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例題

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying

B.lie

C.lay

D.laying

答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。

2)to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動詞。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。

典型例題

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented

答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只說明發明這一個事實，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現在完成時，發明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調對現在的影響，因此不選C。

3)to be +形容詞

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認為這本書沒什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。

3.不定式作主語

1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做這事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。

2)It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。

注意

1)其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型

2)不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數形式。

3)當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is? to?的句型(對)To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯)It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages.對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me.你來幫助我，你真是太好了。

for 與of 的辨別方法

用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應用for。)

4.不定式作表語

不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定語

不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作狀語 1)目的狀語

To? only to(僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to?(如此??以便??)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。

2)作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因 I'm glad to see you.典型例題

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit

B.sit on

C.be seat

D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位于“形容詞+動詞不定式”結構的末尾。

用作介詞的to to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：admit to承認，confess to承認，be accustomed to習慣于，be used to習慣于，stick to 堅持，turn to開始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意

省to 的動詞不定式

1)情態動詞(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役動詞 let, have, make：

3)感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。

注意

在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why? / why not?：

6)help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb(to)do sth：

7)but和except：but前是動詞do時，后面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。8)由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去：

9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他應該是個好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題

1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A.to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案：D.why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

答案：B.make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用于被動時，to 不可省略。

動詞不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window?

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。

典型例題

1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not

B.not to shut

C.to not shut

D.not shut

答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see

B.not seeing

C.to not see

D.having not seen

答案：A。pretend 后應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。

3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive

B.to never driver C.never driving

D.never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth.此處用的是否定詞never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to

B.not to do

C.not do it

D.do not to

答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞，而不必重復整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no

B.eating not

C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too?to?

1)too?to

太?以至于?

He is too excited to speak.他太激動了，說不出話來。

----Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。

2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定，too 后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意 為“不太”。

It's never too late to mend.(諺語)改過不嫌晚。

3)當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常? 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to---勞駕

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現在幾點了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +動詞原形”表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不???” “干嗎不???” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?

不定式的時態和語態

時態語態

主動

被動

一般式

to do to be done

進行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done to have been done 完成進行式

to have been doing

1)現在時：一般現在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之后。

He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見到你。2)完成時：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)進行時： 表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成進行時：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.動名詞與不定式

1)動名詞與不定式的區別：

動名詞表達的是： 狀態，性質，心境，抽象，經常性，已發生的 不定式表達的是： 目的，結果，原因，具體，一次性，將發生的 2)接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。

3)動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do

afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊詞精講

stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。

典型例題 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇“stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘記做過某事。

(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經關了燈了。(已做過關燈的動作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)

典型例題

----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off

B.turn it off

C.to turn it off

D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關燈的動作沒有發生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經關上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。

remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事

(未做)remember doing 記得做過某事

(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?

regret doing/to do regret to do

對要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing

對做過的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。

典型例題

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do

B.to be doing

C.to have done

D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對已發生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。

cease doing/to do cease to do

長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。

cease doing

短時停止做某事，以后還會接著做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.那個部門已不復存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。

try doing/to do try to do

努力，企圖做某事。

try doing

試驗，試著做某事。

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing

繼續做原來做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數學后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個練習后，接著做其他的練習

be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為“怕”；

be afraid of doing 擔心出現doing的狀況、結果。doing 是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕，恐怕”。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do interested to do

對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing

對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?

(一種想法)

mean to doing/to do mean to do

打算、想

mean doing 意味著

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈加工資意味著增加購買力。

begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth

begin / start doing sth.1)談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？ 2)begin, start用進行時時，后面動詞用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我開始生起氣來。

3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我開始明白真相。4)物作主語時

It began to melt.感官動詞 + doing/to do 感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調“我看見了”這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調“我見他正干活”這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。

典型例題

1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow

B.grew

C.was growing

D.to grow 答案：A.因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing

B.to be playing

C.play

D.to play 答案：A.本題強調其動作，正在河邊玩，應此用see sb.doing sth句型。

第六章 倒裝結構

一 全部倒裝

全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有：

1.here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

1)There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。

2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就來了

3)Here is your letter.這是你的信。

2.表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。例如：

1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機下面發出了一顆導彈。

2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：

1)Here he comes.他來了。

2)Away they went.他們走了。二 部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。

1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。例如：

1)Never have I seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案。

3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

注意：當Not until引出主從復合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：

1)I have never seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly ? when , no sooner ?than ?等。例如：

1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評了送禮的人。

2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她剛要出門時有個學生來找她。

3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時一個學生來看她。

注意：只有當Not only? but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結構。如果置于句首的Not only? but also僅連接兩個并列詞語，不可用倒裝結構。例如：

Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂。

3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時，句子作部分倒裝。例如：

1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能說法語，我也能。

2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。

注意： 當so引出的句子用以對上文內容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結構。意為“的確如此”。例如：

1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。

2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的確很大。

4.only放在句首，強調狀語（副詞，介詞短語或狀語從句等），全句語序要部分倒裝。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學好英語。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請了三次才來開會。

注意：如果句子為主從復合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常嚴重時才會臥床休息。

三 as, though 引導的倒裝句

as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前）。此時應注意：1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2)句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意。

注意: 讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

四 其他部分倒裝

1.so? that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動都不敢動。

2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

May you all be happy.望大家開心愉快。

3.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：

Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再試一次。

第七章 定語從句

定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。

被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。

關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

關系副詞有：when, where, why, how。

關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當關系代詞做賓語時可以省略。

定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數量上和先行詞保持一致。

定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。、關系代詞引導的定語從句

1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語）

2)whose 用來指人或物，（只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作賓語)

關系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區別：

不用that的情況：

a)在引導非限定性定語從句時

(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介詞后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情況 ①關系代詞在從句中做主語

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行詞為those, people 時

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定語從句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時，后一個必須重復前一個關系代詞。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況 a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時，只用that。

He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數詞(the last)、數詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時，用that 以避免重復。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關系代詞在從句中做表語

He is not the man that he used to be.、關系副詞引導的定語從句

關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。關系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當于“介詞+ which”結構，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結構交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：

①在非限制性定語從句中，“介詞+ which”結構不能代替關系副詞。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動詞后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?

3、名詞/數詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關系代詞引導定語從句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導非限定性定語從句的差別

由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法區別：

(1)as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。

As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which。

(3)非限定性定語從句中出現expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預料等時。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same? as;such?as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和??一樣??。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定語從句語法專項練習習題精選

用適當的關系詞填空：

1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________

we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(認出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:

1.when

2.when 3.which

4.that/which

5.that 6.where

7.that/which 8.where 9.which

10.where 11.where

12.which 13.when

14.that

15.that 16.that

17.(that)

18.which

19.(that/in which)

20.that 21.that that

23.whose

24.of which

25.whose 26.whom

27.when

28.that

29.that

30.where

第八章 被動語態

一、語態概述

英語的語態是通過動詞形式的變化表現出來的。英語中有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。

主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者。巧記為：主動、主動、主去動。

被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。巧記為：被動、被動、主被動。例如：

English is spoken by many people.主語English是動詞speak的承受者。

主動態和被動態指的是動詞形式，是詞法概念；而主動句和被動句則指的是句子結構，從而是句法概念。所謂主動句就是由主動態動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子，而被動句則是由被動態動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子。例如：

He opened the door.他開了門。(主動句)

The door was opened.門被開了。(被動句)

二、被動語態的構成

被動語態由“助動詞be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。人稱、數和時態的變化是通過be的變化表現出來的。現以teach為例說明被動語態在各種時態中的構成。

一般現在時：am／is／are＋taught

一般過去時：was／were＋taught

一般將來時：will／shall be＋taught

現在進行時：am／is／are being＋taught

過去進行時：have／has been＋taught

現在完成時：have／has been＋taught

記憶歌訣：被動語態be字變，過去分詞跟后面。

注意：區分被動語態與“be+過去分詞”結構

be+過去分詞”并不一定都是被動語態，有時是系表結構。當“be+過去分詞”表示動作時為被動語態，be是助動詞，be后面的過去分詞是主要動詞，動作的對象是主語；當“be +過去分詞”表示主語所處的狀態時為系表結構，be是連系動詞。be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當于形容詞。其區分辦法如下： 如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執行者，該句一般為被動語態，否則為系表結構。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表結構)The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被動語態)如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.這家雜志出版于上海。(被動語態)The door is locked.門鎖著。(系表結構)The door has already/just been locked.門已經/剛剛被鎖上。(被動語態)The shop is opened.這家商店開門了。(系表結構)The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.這家商店每天上午八點開門。(被動語態)被動語態除用于一般時態和完成時態外，還可以用于其他各種時態，而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態和完成時態。

三、被動語態的用法 不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰。例如：

1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰偷的)

2)This book was published in 1981.這本書出版于1981年。強調動作的承受者，而不強調動作的執行者。例如：

1)This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。

2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時睡眠必須得到保證。

記憶歌訣：誰做的動作不知道，說出誰做的沒有必要；動作承受者需強調，被動語態運用到。

四、主動語態變被動語態的方法 把主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語。把謂語變成被動結構(be＋過去分詞)，根據被動語態句子里的主語的人稱和數，以及原來主

動語態句子中動詞的時態來決定be的形式。把主動語態中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如：

1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.記憶歌訣：賓變主，主變賓，by短語后面跟。謂語動詞變被動，be后“過分”來使用。

五、含有情態動詞的被動語態

含有情態動詞的主動句變成被動句時，由“情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞”構成，原來帶to的情態動詞變成被動語態后“to”仍要保留。

記憶歌訣：情態動詞變動，情態加be加“過分”，原來帶to要保留。例如：

1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once

第9講祈使句

一.祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表達說話人對對方的勸告、叮囑、請求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般沒有主語，但根據其句意，實際上是省略了主語you。祈使句句末用感嘆號或句號，朗讀時，常用降調。在表達請求或勸告時，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的語氣更加緩和, 或客氣。祈使句一般沒有時態的變化，也不能與情態動詞連用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那個小房間里。

二.祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分為以下三種類型：

1.行為動詞原形＋其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根據例句造句。

2.Be動詞＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等）。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.過馬路時要小心。

3.Let, ＋賓語＋動詞原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：

Let him go back now.讓他現在回去吧。

三.祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情況下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分為以下四種類型：

1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，構成“Don’t＋行為動詞原形＋其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!別再那樣說了！

2.在Be動詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，構成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在這種句型中be不能省略；否定副詞not不可置于be之后。

3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有兩種：（1）Let開頭的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人稱名詞或代詞的賓格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后賓格的名詞或代詞后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s開頭的祈使句，必須在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要讓我明天跟她一起去。

Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.無論什么時候我們碰到她，都不要告訴她真相。

4.在公共場合的提示語中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名詞/V-ing形式”結構，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！

四.祈使句的反意問句

祈使句的反意疑問句須按其句子結構及講話人的語氣來決定其疑問部分。通常有以下三種形式：

1.祈使句為肯定句式，其反意疑問句表示請求時，通常用will you；表示邀請、勸說時，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要給我們寫信，好嗎？

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚來和我們一起吃飯，好嗎？

2.祈使句為否定句式，其反意疑問句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在會議室抽煙，好嗎？

3.Let開頭的祈使句構成反意疑問句時，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?讓個那男孩先走，好嗎？

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚飯后我們去散步，好嗎？

五.祈使句的回答

祈使句的動作通常是表示將來發生的動作，所以回答祈使句時，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時，要注意兩點：一是“形式一致”，即Yes與will保持一致；No與won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答時，要注意分析上下文語境中所提供的條件。例如：

---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.請不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去機場接我弟弟。

六.祈使句與陳述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陳述句時，須用連接詞連接。如果祈使句與陳述句表示的是一種順承關系時，要用并列連詞and來連接；如果祈使句與陳述句存在一種否定條件關系時，要用并列連詞or來連接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留給我吧，我想想有沒有辦法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快點，否則我們要遲到了。

七.祈使句與條件狀語從句的連用

祈使句與條件狀語從句連用時，條件狀語從句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天來這兒的話，叫他給我來個電話。

八.祈使句的強調形式

祈使句的強調形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助動詞Do（Do在句中無意義）。例如：

Do shut up!快住口！

九.特殊形式的祈使句

在英語中，有些祈使句不是以動詞原形來引起一個祈使句，而是以一個名詞短語來充當，且后接一個帶有并列連接詞的分句。實際上，這個充當祈使句的名詞短語相當于一個條件狀語從句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你給那些小樹多澆點水，他們就不會死了。

十.運用祈使句的誤區

祈使句往往容易與不定式、分詞或條件狀語從句相混淆。在平時的練習或測試中，如果稍不留神，就會出錯。因此，要認真審題，認真分析句子結構，并根據上下文語境，作出正確判斷。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check

C.If you checkD.To check

析：如果空白處選填B（Check）項，則視為祈使句，但后一分句前沒有并列連接詞and連接；如選A或D項（分詞或不定式），句中邏輯主語some spelling mistakes又不能執行這個動作，故均不符合句子結構。因此，只有C項（條件狀語從句）符合句子結構及句意。

第十章感嘆句。

感嘆句：一般是用來表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語感嘆句常用“what”和“how”引導，“what”和“how”與所修飾的詞置于句首，其它部分用陳述句語序。

感嘆詞 修飾對象 感嘆部分 主語 謂語+其他！

How（副詞）修飾形容詞 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!

修飾副詞 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修飾動詞 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!What（形容詞）修飾單數可數名詞 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!

修飾復數可數名詞 What nice girls They Were!修飾不可數名詞 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!

感嘆句的特殊形式

感嘆句還可由陳述句、疑問句、祈使句，甚至一個詞組及單詞構成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!

第十一章疑問句

疑問句（Interrogative Sentence）：

定義：表達疑問（亦即發問）或請求的句子叫做疑問句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

（他是你哥哥的朋友嗎？——發問）

Can you do this for me?

（你能替我做這件事嗎？——請求）

疑問句的句末必須使用問號（Question mark）“？”來標示問句的結束。

疑問句：可分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句和否定疑問句。

種類 特征 語調 舉例 回答

一般疑問句 系+主+表+？

助動詞+主+動+？ 升調 Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑問句 疑問詞+系+表+？

疑問詞+助+主+動+？ 降調 How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no

選擇疑問句 一般問句：系+主+表+?or?？

助+主+動+?or?？ Or前升調。Or后降調 Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答問句中一個，不用yes, no

特殊問句：疑問詞+系+主+?or?？ 第一部分用降調，第二部分or 前升調，or后降調 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 選一個答案，不用yes, no 反意疑問句 陳述部分肯定：陳述，助（系）+not+主？ 陳述部分用降調，一問部分用升調 It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定時用yes，否定時用no

陳述部分否定：否定陳述句，助（系）+主+？ 如對陳述肯定，可用降調 It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑問句 系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+動+？ 表示驚異用升調。贊嘆、責難用降調 Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章 名詞

在英語中，名詞用以表示人或事物的名稱，是各級各類考試的熱點之一，主要測試考生辨析近義詞和近形詞的能力。名詞不但有單復數的變化，而且有普通名詞和專有名詞之分，還有用法獨待的所有格形式。

1.名詞復數的規則變化

情況 構成方法

讀音 例詞

一般情況

加-s

1.清輔音后讀/s/;2.濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等結尾的詞

加-es 讀 /iz/

bus-buses

watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等結尾的詞 加-s 讀 /iz/

license-licenses

以輔音字母+y結尾的詞

變y 為i 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies

2.名詞復數的不規則變化

1)以y結尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時，直接加s變復數。

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比較： 層樓：storey---storeys

story---stories

2)以o 結尾的名詞，變復數時：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3)以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時：

a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes

gulf---gulfs；

b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可數名詞數的表示方法 1）物質名詞

a.當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時。

比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。(不可數)These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數)

b.當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時，名詞可數。

This factory produces steel.(不可數)

We need various steels.(可數)

c.當物質名詞表示份數時，可數。

Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.請來兩杯茶。

我國因茶葉而聞名。

2）抽象名詞有時也可數。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四個現代化

物質名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一條建議

4.定語名詞的復數

名詞作定語一般用單數，但也有例外。

1)用復數作定語。如：

sports meeting 運動會

students reading-room 學生閱覽室

talks table 談判桌

the foreign languages school外語學校

2)man, woman, gentleman等作定語時，其單復數以所修飾的名詞的單復數而定。

如：men workers

women teachers gentlemen officials

3)有些原有s結尾的名詞，作定語時，s保留。

如：goods train(貨車)

arms produce 武器生產

4)數詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個雞蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹

a five-year plan.一個五年計劃

5.不同國家的人的單復數

名稱 總稱(謂語用復數)一個人

兩個人

中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians

瑞士人 the Swiss

a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亞人 the Australians

an

Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian

two Italians

希臘人

the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國人

the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人

美國人

加拿大人 印度人

the Japanese a Japanese

two Japanese

the Americans an American two Americans

the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians

the Indians an Indian two Indians

英國人

the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人

the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德國人

the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名詞的格

在英語中有些名詞可以加“'s”來表示所有關系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下：

1）單數名詞詞尾加“'s”，復數名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。

2）若名詞已有復數詞尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。

3）凡不能加“'s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結構來表示所有關系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

4）在表示店鋪或教堂名字或某人的家時，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發店。

5）如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示“分別有”；只有一個's，則表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's room（兩間）

John and Mary's room（一間）

6）復合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。