第一篇:英語翻譯復習資料(寫寫幫整理)
English-Chinese Translation for International Business 商務英語翻譯
A good command of translation contributes to your success in life.Man learns nothing except by pain or shame.Anything is possible with a willing heart devoted to hard work.Your determination is the gateway to success.Lecture one Introduction to the course 1.Course Syllabus
——Course Title
——Course hourage & credit
——Aims of the Course
——Format of teaching
——Course book
——Course requirements
——Suggested readings
Chapter 1 翻譯的基本知識
1.1.翻譯的界定
“將用一種語言或者一套語言符號所表達的內容用另一種語言或者一套語言符號進行轉換的行為或過程。——————《大英百科全書》
“用一種等值的語言的文本材料去替換另一種語言的文本材料”——————卡特福德
“翻譯是兩個語言社會(language-community)之間的交際過程和交際工具,它的目的是促進本語言社會的政治、經濟和文化進步,它的任務是要把原作中包含的現實世界的邏輯映像,完好無損地從一種語言移注到另一種語言中去”——————張今(1987 主就文學翻譯)
翻譯是思想交流的橋梁和接力。————范仲英(1994:12)i to turn from one language into another ————The Oxford English Dictionary
to turn into one's own or another language ————韋氏新編國際英語詞典 “把一種語言文字的意義用另一種語言文字表達出來”————《辭海》《漢語大詞典》
翻譯是一種跨語言、跨文化的信息與情感交流過程。它通過把一種語言表達的信息用另一種語言再現出來的方式幫助譯語使用者了解原作者意欲傳達的信息內容并獲得與原語使用者大致相同的感受,以達到幫助操不同語言的交際者進行信息與情感交流的目的。翻譯是把一種語言表達的意義用另一種語言傳達出來,以達到溝通思想情感、傳播文化知識、促進社會文明、特別是推動譯語文化興旺昌盛的目的。1.2 翻譯的類型:
(1)從涉及語言來分,分為:語內翻譯、語際翻譯;
(如古語譯為現代漢語,方言譯為民族語言等)(2)從活動方式而言,分為:口譯,筆譯。
(口譯分為連續傳譯、同聲傳譯)
(3)從翻譯材料的文體而言,可分為:應用文體,科技文體、論述文體、新聞文體等。(4)就處理方式而言,翻譯可分為:全譯、節譯、摘譯、編譯和譯述等。1.3翻譯的標準: 嚴復:“信·達·雅 ”
(1898)
信:忠實原文;達:通順明白; 雅:準確簡練。尤金奈達:忠實,流暢。王永泰:“翻譯標準不宜苛求全面統一,應視不同文體而定”。
商務英語文體應該采取什么樣的標準呢?
商務英語文體涵蓋各種招商簡介、商務廣告、進出口業務文獻、電子商務文獻、外貿英語應用文、備忘錄、會議記錄、意向書、商務合同和協議書等。
因此,商務英語文體的翻譯標準應該根據文體不同,而在信達雅這三個要素上有所側重。1.4 翻譯的過程 理解、表達 如何正確理解?
譯者要做到:能夠從各種角度(比如句法分析法、語義分析法、語體分析法、語用分析法、語篇分析法、文化分析法等等)對原作進行深入細致的分析。如何充分表達? 譯者必須具有:
①較高的譯入語素養;②靈活的翻譯技巧;③豐富的文化知識;④勤于苦練、勤于思考的學習精神;⑤善于總結前人和自己的翻譯經驗;⑥嚴謹、細致、求實的工作作風。1.5 翻譯的方法 美國著名翻譯家奈達:“翻譯即翻譯意義”。
①直譯法;
②意譯法。
直譯:不但還原原文內容,亦保留原文形式、比如原文所使用修辭、原文的民族特色等等。意譯:不拘泥于原文形式、風格等,只是傳達出原文的意義。
例(1): Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.直譯:砸鏡子不能使丑八怪變漂亮,也不能使社會問題煙消霧散。意譯:砸鏡子并不能解決實際問題。
例(2)I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.直譯:我把青春獻給海洋,我回家的時候便把老年給了我的妻子。
意譯:我把青春獻給海洋,等我回到家里見到妻子的時候,已經是白發蒼蒼了。直譯或意譯兩者沒有優劣,相互補充、相得益彰。1.6 中國翻譯簡史(略)
Chapter 2 商務英語和商務英語翻譯
2.1 商務英語的界定
商務英語應包括語言知識、交際機能、專業知識、管理技能和文化背景等核心內容(向嫣紅,2000:21)
商務活動包括技術引進、對外貿易、招商引資、對外勞務承包與合同、國際金融、涉外保險、國際旅游、海外投資、國際運輸等等,在涉及這些活動中所使用的英語統稱為商務英語。2.2 商務英語的語言特點
(1):商務英語承載著商務理論和實踐,它的語言形式、詞匯以及內容與專業密切相關。(2):商務英語的用詞明白易懂、正式規范、簡短達意、語言平實。(見書P12)
(3):句子結構通常較為復雜,句式規范,文體正式,尤其是在招標文件或合同中更是如此。(4):陳述事物具體、明確,戒籠統、抽象。(5):在商務用語中,禮貌是重要的語言特點。2.3 商務英語翻譯
忠實(faithfulness)
忠實原文,保持與原文等值;
地道(idiomaticness)符合商務文獻的語言規范和行文規定;
統一(consistency)采用的譯名、概念、術語等在任何時候應保持統一,不能隨意譯名。動詞
動詞 1.分類
動詞根據其功能可以分為四類:實義動詞(Notional Verb)、系動詞(Link Verb)、助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)、情態動詞(Modal Verb)。
1.1實義動詞
即行為動詞,表示動作的動詞。根據其后是否帶有賓語,實義動詞分為及物動詞(Transitive Verb)和不及物動詞(Intransitive Verb)兩種,縮寫形式分別為vt.和vi.。如: He smiles.The fish swims in the water.He bought a book.1.2 系動詞
亦稱聯系動詞(Link Verb),作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,后邊必須跟表語(亦稱補語),構成系表結構,說明主語的狀況、性質、特征等情況。如be, seem, appear, feel, smell, sound, get等。
系動詞后需接名詞或形容詞做表語。他看起來很累。He looks tired.1.3 助動詞
協助主要動詞構成謂語動詞詞組的詞叫助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)。最常用的助動詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
助動詞自身沒有詞義,不可單獨使用,助動詞協助主要動詞實現一定功能,如:與否定副詞not合用,構成否定句,表示時態,表示語態,構成疑問句。如: 我不喜歡冬天。
I don't like winter.你喜歡大學生活嗎?
Do you like college life? 他的確知道那件事。
He did know that.我看過那部電影。
I have seen that film.1.4 情態動詞
情態動詞本身有一定的詞義,但要與動詞原形或其被動語態一起使用,給謂語動詞增添情態色彩,表示說話人對有關行為或事物的態度和看法,認為其可能、應該或必要等。
情態動詞包括will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better等。情態動詞后接定詞原形。
另外,情態動詞不受主詞的人稱和數的限制。而且,兩個情態助動詞不能連用。如: 他將能夠及時完成此事。
(誤)He will can finish it......He can finish it.He will finish it.2.時態
根據動作發生的時間和所處的狀態,英語謂語動詞可有不同時態,用動詞的不同形態表示。英語有16種時態。
按照動作發生在過去、現在還是將來,有一般現在時,一般過去時和一般將來時。2.1 一般現在時
可以表示一般性、經常性或習慣性的動作或狀態,常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。如:我們八點鐘開始上課。
We begin our lesson at eight o’ clock.也可以表示一般事實,客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實。如: 太陽從東方升起。
The sun rises in the east.在湘潭,冬天很冷。
In Xiangtan, it is rather cold in winter.一般現在時還可以表示現在時刻的狀態,說明主語的能力、性格、特征、愛好等。如: 他會游泳。
He can swim.她喜歡舞蹈。She likes dancing.肯定句、否定句及疑問句:
肯定句:主語+謂語(+賓語+其他成分)
否定句:主語+ 助動詞+not+謂語+賓語+其他成分
疑問句:系動詞/助動詞+主語+其他(謂語等)如:太陽從東方升起。The sun rises in the east.The sun does not rise in the east.Does the sun rise in the east? 練習:用所給詞的適當形式填空。Jenny ____ in an office.Her parents ____in a hospital.(work)2 One of the boys_____ a black hat.(have)3 We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.(not)He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.(rise;set)5 Wang Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.(like;listen)6 Jenny____ English every evening.(study)引言
詞法翻譯一般涉及詞義的選擇、增益翻譯法、凝練翻譯法、詞義引申翻譯法等。本課程重點從英漢語言差異的視角來探討商務英語翻譯中各種詞法翻譯。商務英語翻譯的原則 ABCF A accuracy
B brevity
C clarity
F flexibility 商務英語翻譯原則之一:accuracy(準確)
例(1)Finance ministers and business leaders at the world Economic Forum are showing surprisingly little concern over the soaring euro and the tumbling dollar.譯文一:在世界經濟論壇中,各國財政部長及產業界領袖對于飆漲的歐元及下挫的美元表現出驚訝與關心。
譯文二:在(瑞士達沃斯舉行的)世界經濟論壇上,各國財政部長以及產業界領袖們對于一直在飆升的歐元以及不斷下挫的美元表現出令人吃驚的冷漠態度。
漢語中只有通過詞匯手段來傳達英語中通常以形式手段來傳達的意義。比如漢語的詞匯手段“一直在”“不斷”;而英語則用形式手段“ing” 商務英語翻譯原則之二: brevity(簡潔)英語有句諺語:Brevity is the soul of wisdom.簡潔:不是指在文字表述中所使用的字數越少就意味著越簡潔。就翻譯而言,簡潔是指在充分表達并不損失原文意義的情況下使用盡可能少的字數的表達。
例(2)as part of the plan to bolster its financial standing, the struggling life insurer will seek capital injection of about 100million dollars from financial institutions.譯文一:這家經營有困難的壽險公司,將從金融機構尋求現金增資一億美元,作為計劃提升財務狀況的一部分。譯文二:作為計劃提升財務狀況的一部分,這家在競爭中求生存的壽險公司將從金融機構尋求約一億美元的資本注入。
商務英語翻譯原則之三:Clarity(明晰)明晰即是譯文表達得體到位,在最佳的位置上放置了最佳的詞語。例(3)(p12-14)商務英語翻譯原則之四:Flexibility(靈活)靈活即掌握善變的技巧,善變則通,善變則達。
例(4)We continue to make essential investments in our drive for more competitive products and services, delivered on ever shorter cycles.譯文一:尋求于更短時間內推出更具競爭力產品和服務的驅使之下,我們持續進行重要的投資。
譯文二:由于一心想著要提供周期更短、競爭力更強的產品和服務,我們就不斷地進行著各種基礎的投資。“drive”:“驅使”、“由于一心想著要”
“continue to”: “持續”、“不斷進行” 試譯一部分標語商務廣告
(1)Spoil yourself but not your figure.盡情享受,苗條如故。/好口福不發福。
(2)Every time a good time.(麥當勞廣告)
分分秒秒歡樂逍遙。/每一次光臨,都是好心情。
(3)Gold lion for men only.金利來,男人的世界。
(4)In touch with tomorrow take Toshiba, take the world.(5)Apple thinks different.蘋果電腦,不同凡“想” 注意下列詞語在商務英語中的常用意義
①security: “證券”②interest: “利息”③accept: “承兌”④distributor: “經銷商” ⑤balance: “余額”⑥operator: “經營者”
⑦royalty: the amount of the minimum royalty paid by the Company to Licensor will be credited against the payment of running royalty accruing under this agreement.(該公司支付給許可方的最低特許權使用費的總金額將從根據本協議而增值的變動專利權稅支付款項中扣除)“使用費”
⑧In kind: “以貨代款
trade in“以舊物折價換物” draw:“開立(票據)” Consideration:“報酬金”
bill:“匯票”
Acceptance:“承兌” Draft:“匯票”
Document:“憑證、單據”
Negotiate:“議付” collect:“到付”confirmed:“保兌的” honour:“兌付”
principal:“委托人” quotations:“報價” offer:“發盤” “報盤” commission:“傭金”
divulge:泄露(機密等)
Credit information “信用調查資料”
Credit references “信用參考資料”
Financial standing “財務狀況”Bolster “支撐、援助” Capital expansion pattern“資本注入” Life insurer “壽險公司”Financial institutions“金融機構”
Make full allowance for“充分考慮到”
Pursuant to “依據”
Serial number“序列號” Stipulate“訂定”
Shipment “裝船、出貨”
a named vessel“記名貨船”
Loading on board “裝船”
The bill of loading “提單”The date of issurance“簽發日期”
第三單元 詞義的選擇 3.1 Practice It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system.Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.Floating policy is of great importance for export trade;it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g.where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.3.2 Translation Methods(1)注意區分詞語使用的是常用意義還是專業意義 例(1)
The claim concerning the quality of the commodity shall be lodged within 30 days after arrival of the cargo at the port of destination.claim:在普通英語中,為“聲稱”、“要求”;
但在國際貿易中,具有“索賠”的專業意義;同“lodge”搭配“lodge a claim”使用。(2)一詞多義時,根據句子的前言后語來確定其意義
例(2)Deposits are, so to speak, unsecured credit held by the
people and kept at financial institutions.這么說來,存款是人們手中持有的并放在金融機構里的沒有擔保的債權。例(3)He bought the furniture on credit.他是靠賒賬買下那件家具的。例(4)There is no financial risk in selling to East European countries on credit.向東歐各國賒銷是沒有財務風險的。(3)選擇詞義時,注意詞義的感情色彩 例(5)
A foreign business representative, neither overly sympathetic toward China nor overly disposed against it, would need to be convinced on a number of scores before he could responsibly commit his firm to taking an equity position in a Chinese enterprise.譯文:一名外國企業代表,如果對中國既無過分好感,又無過分惡意的話,要動真格地實施向一家中國企業投資入股,就往往需要有一系列評估數據來幫助他作出最終決定。Sympathetic:的外延意義有“同情的”、“諒解的”、“贊同的”“合意的”,將其中任何一個放在譯文中都不妥,因為其感情色彩不是很充分。(4)選擇詞義時,注意詞語的語體色彩 詞語的語體色彩就是指詞語的正式程度。英語的詞語通常分為五種語體:
Hyperformal-formal-normal-informal-hyperinformal 漢語的詞語通常分為三種語體:書面體、普通體和口語體。例(6)
The home of your dreams awaits you behind this door.Whether your taste be a country manor estate or a penthouse in the sky, you will find the following pages filled with the world’s most elegant residences.譯文:打開這扇門,您就可以領略到您那夢寐以求的家。不管您期冀的是鄉間宅第,還是摩天大樓的頂屋,接下來的幾頁刊印的全是世界上最高雅的住宅供您選擇。(5)選擇詞義時,所選詞語要符合邏輯和所描寫的客觀世界
語言主要是用來描寫客觀世界的。因此,任何語言表達都必須符合邏輯、符合對客觀世界的描述,否則就會語意不通,給交際帶來困難。例(7)
Assuming the laboratory tests go well, and you can quote us a competitive price, we’d certainly be able to place more substantial orders on a regular basis.譯文:若實驗室檢測合格,且你們給我們的報價具有競爭力,我們一定會定期大量訂貨。go well:基本意思是“進展順利”、“沒出差錯”,在這里,明顯關注的是檢測結果而非檢測過程。
(6)選擇詞義時,要注意前言后語搭配得當
每一種語言都有其獨特的搭配方式 例(8)
China’s top industrial regulator said on Tuesday that the country is unlikely to see a “double dip” in its economy in the second half of this year.譯文:中國最高產業監管機構本周二表示,今年下半年,中國不可能出現經濟“二次探底”的情況。
(7)選擇詞義時,注意增益,使得譯文表達更為充分、流暢
增益(amplification)即“使之更加充分”之意
增益翻譯,不是改變原文之意而增加額外信息,而是為了使譯文更加“忠實于”原文,更加符合目的語的表達而添加一些成分。例(9)
The change in plan resulted from a misjudgment on the part of the firm’s top management on what the company’s employees and business partners wanted.譯文:對計劃做出變更,這是由于公司的最高管理層對公司的雇員及其商業伙伴到底需要什么作出了錯誤的判斷。
(8)選擇詞義時,注意凝練,使得譯文簡潔 凝練翻譯法的目的是使譯文更加簡潔,符合目的語語法習慣和語言習慣。可省掉在原文中必需而譯文中可隱含的詞語或成分。例(10)
Should the buyers have to lodge a claim against the sellers, it must be done within 30 days after the arrival of the tanker at the port of destination.譯文:若買方向賣方提出索賠,需在油輪抵達目的港后30天內提出(9)選擇詞義時,注意引申,使得譯文達意
引申翻譯法通常在詞匯層面進行,可分為抽象化引申和具體化引申兩種。例(11)
In order to protect vested interests and interfere with the entry of new businesses, some public interest corporations began setting their own standards and obliged private companies to undergo inspections and receive certifications.譯文: 為了保護既得利益/干預新興企業的加入,一些公眾利益公司著手制定自己的標準,迫使眾多私人企業接受各種審查/獲取各種認證。分析: undergo通常為“經歷”、“經受”、“遭受”之意,很明顯這樣一來無法與inspections(各種審查)搭配使用,這時需要將前者引申為“接受”才搭配恰當。3.3 不同譯文鑒賞
Most notably, China has avoided the large output declines and severe macroeconomic instability that have tended to characterize the transition experiences in central and eastern Europe and Soviet Union.譯文一:最值得注意的是,中國避免了發生大滑坡和宏觀經濟的嚴重不穩定性,生產的大滑坡和宏觀經濟的嚴重不穩定性曾經是中、東歐以及蘇聯經濟過渡時期的特點。譯文二:最值得注意的是,中國已經避免了出產量的大面積衰退以及在宏觀經濟方面的嚴重不穩定性,而這種情況可謂正是中歐、東歐以及蘇聯在歷經過渡時期的特點。3.4 翻譯練習(P36-37)第四單元 增益翻譯法 4.1 課前練筆
The integration of computer systems is indispensable in unifying documentation and also for such tasks as the placing of orders with factories, product delivery and information management.4.2 翻譯方法講解
在翻譯過程中,由于所涉及的兩種語言之間存在著語法結構、思維方式、搭配習慣、修辭手段、文化背景等方面的差異,對于在一種語言中所表達的思想或概念,在使用另一種語言對其進行表達時,有可能需要增添一些必要成分才能使譯文所表達的思想更為充分。
如:前面練習中的documentation,常作“文件、證明文件、文件編制、單據”來解,但如果將這些解放置句中,會發現均不符合上下文語境。對此,我們可依據上下文語境,結合增益翻譯法,將其由“文件編制”增益譯為“文件編制格式”
★增益翻譯法增益的成分應是句中必不可少的成分,而非畫蛇添足。增益的類別
(1)語法結構性增益
在英語中,動詞的時態、形容詞的比較級、副詞的比較級、被動語態等,通常通過詞語本身的屈折變化來體現,但在漢語中卻無法依靠詞語的屈折變化來體現這些語法因素,因而這時候,就很需要通過增添詞語的方式來體現其語法因素的含義。例:
The network operating system is designed to centralize management of administrative procedures, including such transactions as salaries, allowances, and leave applications.譯文: 網絡作業系統是為集中幾種管理行政程序而設計的,這些程序包括薪金的發放、津貼的兌現、假期的申請等業務。(2)行文方式性增益
這類增益多為因思維方式差異或篇章在行文過程中的銜接需要、邏輯關系、句內隱含的邏輯關系等而增添的句子成分。
例: The new trade initiative, announced by Bush in a commencement address at the University of South Carolina, will foster goodwill in the Middle East.譯文:布什總統在南卡羅來納州大學畢業典禮上所提出的新的貿易倡議,會拉近中東地區人們對他的親近感。(3)語義性增益
簡單來說,當不能從目標語言中找出與原語言語義、功能對等的詞的時候,需要應用到語義性增益。
例:To extend direct customer support, we launched the largest retraining and redeployment program in our history.譯文:為了擴大對顧客直接支持的力度,我們啟動了歷史上規模最大的重新培訓計劃和重新部署計劃。(4)修辭性增益
在忠實原文的前提下,為使譯文更連貫暢通,會增加一些起連貫作用的詞、描述詞、語氣助詞、概括詞、重疊詞等。例: The success or failure of terrestrial digital broadcasting hinges on the prices of television sets and the development of new services.譯文:地球上數碼電視廣播的成敗取決于各種電視機的銷售價格和各種新型服務的開發。(5)背景信息性增益
為幫助讀者充分理解原文的背景文化信息,減輕讀者的閱讀負擔,避免讀者產生誤會,而做的適當背景信息性增益。如:公司的駐地、產品的生產國或產地等。
例: OPEC has had to accept what it was told from the start but chose not to believe: that non-OPEC co-operation would not be forthcoming.譯文:現在,石油輸出國組織(歐佩克)不得不接受人們一開始就告訴它的這樣一個事實,即非歐佩克產油國是不會合作的。但歐佩克不愿相信這個事實。OPEC:The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.(6)重復作為增益的手段
重復是一種修辭手段。有三個功用:一是強調;二是排比對稱;三是促進清晰、明確。實際上,英文往往避免重復,但凡有可能,盡可能使用相同意義或部分相同的其它詞語、短語等來避免重復。漢語亦是如此,但漢語中適當運用重復會給人感覺更好,起到反復強調、排比對稱、不斷深化的作用。
例:This assistance can ensure that the financial and other aid given to Greece shall be used effectively in creating a stable and self –sustaining economy and in improving its public administration.譯文:這種援助可以確保給希臘所提供的財政救助及其他救助將有效地用于創建一種既穩定又自立的經濟體,有效地用于改善希臘的公共行政管理。4.3 譯文鑒賞 4.4 翻譯練習
增詞譯法和減詞譯法 Amplification and Omission 增詞譯法:
增詞譯法主要用于三種情況:
一、為了語法的需要。如增加英語中表達可數名詞復數形式的量詞、表達時態的助詞、表達語氣的助詞等。如:
1.Note that the terms “CIF” and “CFO” require explanation.譯文:請注意,“CIF”和“CFO”這兩個術語需要加以解釋。(增加表示名詞復數的詞)
二、為了表達的清晰和明確。如增加抽象名詞后的詞、增加不及物動詞后的賓語、增補原文中省略的部分,增補原文中表示邏輯關系的詞等。
1.Both sides are willing to hold face-to-face talks in order to ease tension in Iraq.譯文:雙方都愿意舉行面對面的會談以緩和伊拉克的緊張局勢。(增加抽象名詞后的具體名詞)
2.Days after days she came to her work---sweeping, scrubbing, and cleaning.譯文:她每天來干活---掃地,擦地板,收拾房間。(增加不及物動詞后的賓語)第五單元 凝練翻譯法 5.1 翻譯理論介紹 凝練翻譯法:
“凝練”即緊湊簡練,“緊湊”即“密切連接,中間沒有多余的東西或空隙”。“簡練”的意思是“(措辭)簡要;精練”。簡而言之,就是做到“文約而意豐”。凝練譯法又叫減詞譯法:
★減詞是指將原文中需要、而譯文中又不需要的詞語省去。
★減省的詞語應是那些在譯文中保留下來反而使行文累贅嚕嗦、且不合漢語語言表達習慣的詞語。
★凝練或減詞一般用于以下兩種情況:一是從語法角度進行減省;二是從修飾角度進行減省。
5.2 翻譯方法講解
一、從語法角度進行減省 英漢兩種語言在語法上差異較大,例如:
★英語有冠詞,而漢語卻沒有;★英語重形合、連接詞較多,漢語重意合、連接詞較少; ★英語中介詞豐富,漢語中介詞則較少; ★英語中經常使用代詞,尤其是經常使用人稱代詞、關系代詞等,而漢語中代詞則用得較少;
因此,英譯漢時可根據具體情況將冠詞、連接詞、介詞、代詞略去,使譯文練達曉暢。例如:1.We are a state-operated corporation handling light industrial products.譯文:我們是經營輕工業產品的國營公司。(省略冠詞)
2.Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.譯文:倉庫重地,嚴禁吸煙。(省略介詞)3.As this item is handled by our Shanghai Office, please get in touch with them directly.譯文:此項商品是上海公司經營,請與他們直接聯系。(省略連詞)4.If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
譯文:冬天來了,春天還會遠嗎?(省略連詞)5.When we made delivery to the buyers, they refused it on seeing the damaged condition.譯文:我們向買方交貨時,他們見到殘損情況拒絕收貨。
6.We believe we can persuade users to divert their purchases to Chinese products.譯文:我們相信能說服用戶轉而購買中國產品。
7.He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.譯文:他聳聳肩,搖搖頭,兩眼看天,一句話不說。8.It is time for lunch.譯文:該到吃飯的時間了。
9.It was he who telephoned me yesterday.譯文:是他昨天給我來的電話。(省略代詞)
10.When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.譯文:氣壓低,沸點就低。(省略動詞)
11.If you write to him, the response would be absolute silence and void.譯文:你寫信給他,永遠是石沉大海。(省略連詞)
13.Use your head, and you’ll find a way.譯文:動動腦子,你就有辦法了。(省略連詞)14.Stainless steel possesses good hardness and high strength.譯文:不銹鋼硬度大,強度高。
15.He deserves not the sweet that will not taste the sour.譯文:不吃苦中苦,難得甜上甜。
16.He sat down and began talking incessantly.譯文:他坐下滔滔不絕地講個沒完。17.The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environment protection.譯文:中國政府歷來重視環境保護工作。
二、從修飾角度進行減省
有些詞語在英語里是必不可少的,但在漢語中卻并非如此,如直譯成漢語則往往顯得累贅嚕嗦。為了使譯文簡潔曉暢、“文約而意豐”,這樣的詞語必須省去或是精簡。例如:
1.I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.譯文:我要去見一個素不相識的陌生人,向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的,一直等到下一班船到來,把我帶到我要去的港口為止──想到這兒,我真有點不好意思了。2.To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.譯文:學習不容易,使用更加不容易。5.4 不同譯文鑒賞,見書上P51-52 5.5 書上翻譯練習。見書p53-54 第六單元 詞類轉換翻譯法
conversion 6.2 結合實例做具體分析 1)將英語中的名詞轉譯成漢語的動詞、形容詞或副詞 英語中有些名詞具有動詞意味,或由形容詞派生而成抽象名詞,或名詞后加不定冠詞做表語,或由介詞+名詞短語構成狀語,這時常將名詞漢譯作動詞、形容詞或副詞。
1)The custom-made object, now restricted to the rich, will be within everyone’s reach.目前這種定做的產品只有富人才能享受,而將來人人都能買得起。(n-v)2)A fire in the neighbor’s house can easily bring disaster to everyone.一家失火,四鄰遭殃。(n-v 3)As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他對這座城市非常陌生,所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。(n-adj)4)The blockage was a success.封鎖很成功。
5.It is our great pleasure to note that China has made great progress in economy.我們很高興地看到,中國的經濟已經有了很大發展。(n-adv)2)將英語動詞轉譯成漢語名詞或副詞
英語中的動詞,有很多是由名詞派生而來,漢語里常找不到相應的動詞,或由于語言表達的習慣差異,漢譯時往往譯成名詞或副詞。
1)The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.我在聚會上見到的那個人,外表和談吐都像美國人。(v-n)
2)I succeeded in persuading him.我成功地說服了他。(v-adv)
3)Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.這些材料的特點是:絕緣性好,耐磨性強。(v-n)
4)The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.譯文:設計的目的在于自動操作,調節方便,維護簡易,生產率高。(v-n)5)Formality has always characterized their relationship.譯文:他們之間的關系始終有一個特點,就是 以禮相待。6)隨著 中國加入世貿組織和北京成功地 獲得了2008年奧運會的主辦權,學習英語顯得比任何時候都重要。譯文:With China’s entry to the WTO and Beijing’s successful bid for the 2008 Olympic Games, learning English is more important than ever before.3)將英語形容詞轉譯成漢語副詞、動詞或名詞
英語很多形容詞由名詞、動詞轉化而來,根據不同的結構,漢譯時往往轉譯為副詞、動詞或名詞。表示心理狀態的形容詞,在系動詞后作表語時,往往可以譯成動詞。
1)He then acted as a reluctant interpreter.他當時并非情愿地當了一次翻譯。(a-adv)2)David was eloquent, and elegant—but soft.大衛有口才,有風度,但很軟弱。(a-n)3)There is an increasing interest in the large-scale use of solar energy all over the world.世界各地對大規模利用太陽能越來越感興趣。(a-adv)4)Faulty construction was responsible for the crash of the bridge.低劣的施工引起了這座大橋的倒塌。(a-v)5)The developed countries are rich in skilled work force and capital resources, so they can concentrate on producing many technology-intensive products such as computers, aircrafts, and so on.譯文:發達國家擁有大量的熟練勞動力和資本,所以它們能集中生產很多技術密集型的產品,比如計算機、飛機等。(a-v)6)Jack is trying to convince the police that he is ignorant of the event.譯文:杰克極力向警察證明自己不知道這件事。(a-v)7)The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is.譯文:鋼的含碳量越高,強度和硬度就越大。(a-n)8)Doctors are not sure they can save his life.譯文:醫生們不敢肯定他們救得了他的命。9)The Wilde family were religious.譯文:王爾德全家都是虔誠的教徒。4)將英語副詞轉譯成漢語名詞、動詞或形容詞
英語中, 充當狀語的副詞常是由名詞、動詞或形容詞等派生而來,漢語中往往不易找到相應的副詞,因此,漢譯時往往轉譯成名詞、動詞或形容詞。而漢譯英時則反之。
1)Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world.It is very active chemically.譯文:氧是物質世界的重要元素之一。它的化學性很活潑。
2)There seems to be no other competitive techniques which can measure range as well or as rapidly as can a laser.譯文:就測量的精度和速度而言,似乎還沒有其他技術能與激光相比。(adv-n)3)The real victory is not over one’s fellow runners but over one’s own body.譯文:真正的勝利不是勝過其他賽手,而是勝過自己的體力。(adv-v)4)Sometimes we have had to pay dearly for mistakes.譯文:有時我們不得不為錯誤付出昂貴的代價。(adv-a)5)In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.譯文:在這種情況下,爐溫就升高。6)Her lecture in Beijing University impressed students deeply.譯文:她在北京大學的演講給學生們留下了很深的印象。(adv-a)7)所有學生都應當德智體全面發展。
譯文:All the students should develop morally, intellectually, and physically 6.3 介詞的翻譯
英語介詞數量龐大,另外,英語中不少動詞的現在分詞,如concerning, regarding等,也可用作介詞,再加上大量的介詞短語如owing to,in accordance with等,無論在數量上還是使用范圍與頻度上都遠遠超過漢語介詞。漢譯時可采用多種方法。
對于可用直接保留下來的介詞,常采用直譯。對于只起連接作用的介詞,翻譯時常省略。同動詞搭配成動詞詞組或自身含有動詞意味的介詞,則可根據其含義和功能,轉譯成動詞。而用來作狀語的介詞(短語),則常翻譯作形容詞或副詞。具體翻譯應根據具體情況處理。1)He has gained his master’s degree from Harvard’s School of Education and is finally off welfare.他已獲得了哈佛大學教育學院的碩士學位,并終于擺脫了救濟。
2)Now, complaints are heard in all parts of that country.該國目前怨聲載道。
3)The president took the foreign guests around the campus.校長帶著外賓參觀校園。4)That’s all the documents there is to it.那就是與此有關的所有文件。5)With all his shortcomings he is respected by others.他盡管有許多缺點,但仍受人尊敬。
6)Man’s warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some warmth.人的血液是熱的,如果得不到一定的熱量,人就難以在海水中生活。
2.There is much discussion today about whether economic growth is desirable.目前,人們經常討論經濟增長是否令人滿意這一問題。
3.Both the management and the workers in this company are for cutting down the cost of production.公司管理層和員工都贊成降低生產成本。4.For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa– where U.S.tobacco exports increased by more than 27% in 1994.例如,美國煙草工業就力圖在中東和北非推銷香煙,在這些地區,美國煙草出口量在1994年增加了27%以上。
5.We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this plan and firmly determined to accomplish it.我們深信這一計劃是正確的,并有堅定的決心完成這一計劃。
6.Time Warner will pay TCI 360 million for Southern Satellite company.時代華納愿付給TCI3.6億美元購買南方衛星這家公司。
7)There is a popular belief among consumers that goods are no longer in high quality as before.消費者們普遍認為物品的質量大不如前了。
8.The sight of the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games filled me with special longing.看著奧運會的開幕式,我特別神往。
9.Independence is a necessity in her life.她在生活中必須自立。
10.Sorry, I can’t teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.對不起,我不會教你游泳,我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。
11.The selling plan may become available during the next year.銷售計劃可能明年出臺。12.革命不是請客吃飯。
Revolution is not a dinner party.13.絕對不許違反這個原則。
No violation of this principle can be tolerated.14.中國成功地爆炸了第一顆原子彈,在全世界引起了巨大的反響。
China’s successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world.15.該廠產品的主要特點是工藝精湛,經久耐用。
The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and endurable application.16.共產黨員應該吃苦在前,享受在后。
Communists should be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.17.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.讀一點世界史,對學習時事是有幫助的。
18.On the walk through the city they saw breadlines.在走過市區的時候,她們看見領救濟食物的人排著長隊。19.He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒是不抽煙,但他爸爸卻一支又一支不停地抽。
20.He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。
21.地球的形狀像一個大球。
The earth is shaped like a big ball.22.他看到她很驚訝。
He looked at her in surprise.23.我讀過你的小說但是沒料到你這么年輕。
After having read your novel, I expected that you would be older.6.4 不同譯文鑒賞 見書P59 6.5 商務詞匯摘譯簡析 6.6 翻譯練習見書P60-62 Chapter 7 詞義引申翻譯法
7.1 翻譯理論講解
根據原文中某個詞語的基本意義而在譯文中根據譯文表達需要和行文需要而衍生出新義的方法,在翻譯教學和翻譯研究中稱之為詞義引申翻譯法。分類:
1)從詞義角度看,引申可分為抽象化引申和具體化引申兩種。
抽象化引申:原文中某些字面意義明確具體的詞,采用漢語中的含義抽象、概括的詞語來表達。
具體化引申:原文本是用代表抽象概念或屬性的詞來表示一種具體事物時,在譯文中用具體化的事物來表達
2)從句法層面來看,引申又可分為根據邏輯需要而進行的引申、根據語用需要而進行的引申和根據修辭需要而進行的引申。
英語單詞的意義非常依賴語境或上下文。英語中有諸如“要知道一個詞的意思就要看他周圍是什么詞”,“詞本無義,義隨人生;”
3)從翻譯的角度看,如果一個譯者非常善于運用引申翻譯法,就說明該譯者有著較為豐富的翻譯實踐經驗和較為高超的語言能力和翻譯能力。
(所以說,這單元的例句句句經典,句句需要牢記在心,以備有時候拿出來撐撐門面)7.2 課前練筆
Not all mergers, however, are the result of global economic trends, political change or technological innovation.BMW’s takeover of the struggling UK car manufacturer whilst extending BMW’s product range.參考譯文:
然而,并非所有的合并都是經濟全球化趨勢、政治變化或者技術革新所帶來的結果。德國寶馬汽車公司接管了羅福汽車集團,這給這個在掙扎中求生存的英國汽車制造公司注入了急需的資金,同時也拓展了寶馬汽車公司本身的產品范圍。7.3 翻譯方法講解
引申:邏輯引申、語用引申、修辭性引申和詞義概念范圍的調整
1、邏輯引申:
不能直譯,只能根據上下文邏輯關系,對原文由表及里,選用確切的詞句,將內容實質準確地表達出來。
例:——Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease.譯文:我們唯一的理念就是:對于購買者的需求有求必應,生產可靠性更高、質量更優的產品,讓他們使用時特別方便,操作時特別輕松。
例:——International trade occurs when a country does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.譯文:當一個國家對于某一特定商品沒有足夠的量來滿足其需要時,就需要有國際貿易。
2、語用引申(就是把言外之意,弦外之音翻譯出來)
--The EEC’s Common Agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding 13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.歐洲經濟共同體的農業共同政策早已不合時宜了,它要使英國家庭平均每周在食品開銷上多支出13.50英鎊。例:——These days, the U.S.economy isn’t “graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,” frets Charles C.Leighton, “That’s a real concern.”
譯文:近來,美國經濟“未培養出足夠的科學家來滿足今后幾十年發展的需要,” 查爾斯C.萊頓抱怨說,“這才是真正需要關注的問題。”
3、修辭性引申
為使譯文增色,除真實再現原文中所包含的內容外,還得講究修辭。
例:——It is very much like communicating with an accurate robot who has a very small vocabulary and who takes everything literally.譯文:那很像同一個一絲不茍的機器人講話那樣,機器人只有很少的詞匯,而且事事刻板。例:
----The most successful manufacturers make it their business to understand consumer psychology—how to use design, both in marketing and production, to make their products “speak” to the consumer.最成功的制造商總是把了解消費者心理,即在營銷和生產中如何運用設計來讓產品向消費者“表達情感”,作為職責。
4、詞義概念范圍的調整(擴大或縮小)
這種引申有三個層次:近似、深化、升華。
近似引申,即接近本義,但不為本義所限的引申;
深化引申,指賦予新義,但與本義在字面上尚有蛛絲馬跡的聯系;
升華引申,則出自本義但在字面上遠離本義。
例:----In their rush, these companies have neglected the hardest part of doing business in China;the people part.The result is that many have jeopardized their performance in the long run.這些公司在一擁而入中忽略了在中國經營最艱巨的問題,即人的問題,結果許多公司嚴重損害了他們的遠期經營業績。
例:---The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency;it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence.譯文: 計算機是人類的能力有可能產生巨大的飛躍;它拓展了人類從事實踐工作甚至理論工作的智慧。
7.4 不同譯文鑒賞
見書P68-69 7.5 翻譯練習
8.1 課前練筆
Extremely keen competition between American and Japanese vehicle manufacturers in the American market has compelled us to bring down the price for the time being.Banks’ efforts toward corporate restructuring, such as reducing their employees’ high salaries and consolidating and eliminating branches, are far from adequate.參考譯文:
1)美國汽車制造商同日本汽車制造商在美國市場上競爭異常激烈,這迫使我方將價格暫時降下來。
2)各家銀行對公司進行了重組,如減少雇員的高工資,整合或撤銷不同的分公司等,但這些努力還都遠遠難以湊效。8.2 翻譯理論介紹及講解
英語和漢語的基本句子結構都是“主+謂+賓”。
主語是句子的主體,在全句中起著主導作用,整個句子都是為說明主語而發展的,翻譯時抓住了主語就等于找到了主要矛盾。
但是,由于英漢兩種語言在思維方式、文化傳統及語法結構等方面都存在差異,因而導致了兩種語言在主語上的差異。這種差異主要體現在:
英語是主語突出(Subject-prominent)的語言,英語里通常所說的主語是指語法主語; 從語法意義上講 ,英語的主語不可或缺 ,且只能由名詞/名詞短語或主格代詞擔當,其它詞類做主語必須轉化成名詞性質的短語 ,如不定式、動名詞形式;
從語義上講,主語可以是施事,也可以是受事。充當主語的,可以是有生命名詞和無生命的名詞。無生命的或不能主動發出動作的名詞主語常稱為“物稱主語”或“無靈主語”。句子通常是“主語+謂語”結構。
而漢語則是主題突出的(Topic-prominent)語言。在以人為本的漢語中則較少使用無生命的名詞充當主語,多用人稱主語。句子多是“主題+述體”結構。總結而言,英漢語主語差異體現在: 1)英語主語明確,漢語主語隱含。
如:
1、近來忙于其他事務,未能早些復信,深感抱歉。
I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.
2.英語常用物稱主語,漢語常用人稱主語。
如:
2、The thought of returning filled him with fear.他一想到要返回去,心里就害怕.3、What has happened to you?
你出了什么事啦? 3.英語主語抽象,漢語主語具體。如:
4、The happiness, the superior advantages of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.(W.Thackeray:Vanity Fair)麗貝卡看見她周圍的小姐那么有福氣,享受種種優越的權利,卻有說不出的眼紅。
因此,英漢兩種語言對譯時,常需要轉換主語,主要包括:主語對譯、改變原句主語或添加主語、將英語主謂結構譯成漢語無主句、譯成漢語的“主題-述題”結構。
1)主語對譯。多數情況下,英語和漢語的主語是相對應的,翻譯時可直接將原文的主語譯為譯文的主語。
如:
5、找工作時外表的吸引力由于人們交流的短暫而顯得比過去更重要。
Appearance attraction is more important in the job-market than ever before owing to the shorter communications.6、He owed his success to luck more than to capacity.他把自己的成功歸于運氣,而不是能力。
7、His illness left him weak.疾病使他虛弱。
8、Illness deprives him of life.疾病奪走了他的生命。
9、Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot.良好教養能打開最佳學歷所打不開的門。
2)改變原句主語或添加主語。
當英漢句子主謂結構不能對應時,為了符合譯入語的習慣,需要改變原文主語,或在譯文中添加主語。這種情況多為無生命名詞作主語的英語句子如:
10、From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.一踏上中華人民共和國國土,我們就隨時隨地受到關懷與照顧。
11、That night sleep eluded him.那天夜里他沒睡好。
12、His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.他疲憊不堪,天氣也越來越熱。他于是下了決心,一碰到舒適的陰涼處,就坐下休息。
13、語言這個東西不是隨便可以學好的,非下苦功不可。
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
14、The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors.由于天氣寒冷刺骨,人人都已躲進了室內。
15、Losing his wallet made him feel low.因為丟了錢包他悶悶不樂的。
16、Investigation led us to the above conclusion.經過調查,我們得出了上述結論。
17、發現了錯誤,一定要改正。
Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
18、看樹看果實,看人看作為。A tree is known by its fruit,and a man is known by his actions.
19、The secrets of air travel had escaped the genius of the world’s greatest scholars for thousands of years.數千年來,世界上最偉大的天才學者也未能發現空中飛行的奧秘。三將英語主謂結構譯成漢語無主句
特別是當英語用it, that, what等作抽象主語,譯成漢語時省略主語,譯成無主句。而翻譯漢語的無主句時,要添加恰當的主語。
如:20.That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.眾所周知,地球繞著太陽轉。
21.What happened?
發生了什么事?
22.Mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy by means of a generator.利用發電機可以把機械能轉變成電能。23.It’s blowing hard.起大風了。
24.No one was in the room:only the ticking of a clock could be heard.
屋內悄無一人,只聽見鐘在滴答滴答地走。
25.Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved.必須調整高等院校的專業設置,改進教學方法。26.You are called at this late hour just to discuss the matter.這么晚找你來,就是為了討論這件事。
四、英語中的主謂結構與漢語的“主題+述題”結構轉換
英語句子重主語,多是主語-謂語型結構;漢語重主題,多是主題-述題結構。翻譯時要注意結構的合理轉換:英語的主語不一定能做漢語的主題;漢語的主題不一定能做英語的主語。27.A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.有一種方言,這間房間里的每一個語言學家都懂。
28.You don’t grow the grain you eat and you don’t make the clothes you wear.你吃的糧食不是你自己種的,你穿的衣服不是你自己做的。
29.I’ve been wondering about something.有件事我一直很納悶。30.I have already read this book.這本書我已經看過了。
31.You see this dark black cloud hovering over the surface of the earth? 在地球表面有一片深黑色的云層漂浮不定,大家看到了嗎?
英語中還有些特殊的結構,如被動句、存在句及無靈主語結構等,與漢語有較大差異。譯成漢語時須將主語做些調整。
如:32.There are many students queuing for the meal at the canteen.飯堂里很多學生在排隊打飯。
以see, find, witness等作謂語的句子。See P83 出于思維和語言表達習慣,英語里常用時間、地點名詞作主語,而在翻譯成漢語時則根據漢語思維和表達習慣,將其轉譯為時間、地點狀語。
如:33.The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.(P.Bromhead:Life in Modern America)從1840至1880這四十年中,近一千萬移民移居美國。
34.1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.1949年中華人民共和國成立了。35.Rome witnessed many great historic events.在羅馬城發生過許多偉大歷史性事件。談談你的體會? 練習:
1.History knows only two kinds of war, just and unjust.歷史上的戰爭,只有正義的和非正義的兩類。
2.It was a matter of disagreement how the Company should promote the new product.關于公司如何促銷這一新產品,尚未形成一致意見。
3.Wrong must be righted when they are discovered.發現了錯誤一定要更正。4.一九**年十月中國爆炸了第一顆原子彈,使世界大為震驚。
In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world.5.The constant change of the course of the Yangtze River in history helped to form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.在歷史上,由于長江不斷改道,在武漢地區形成了眾多的湖泊。
6.要把不斷改善人民生活作為處理改革、發展、穩定關系的重要結合點。
Continued improvement of people’s lives must be regarded as an important link in balancing reform, development and stability.7.Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中國加強合作,符合美國的利益。
8.突然鉆出一只狗,追著她咬,幾乎把她嚇糊涂了。
A dog rushed out to chase after her,scaring her almost out of her wits.9.My duty forbids me to fly from danger.職責所在,我不能臨陣脫逃.10.A dark stain on the carpet caught his eyes.他突然發現地毯上有個深色斑點。
11.In terms of America’s investment in China, I need to stress that over 150 out of the 500 biggest corporations in the United States have investment in China.美國在華投資,需要強調的一點是,美國500家大企業當中有150多家在中國投資。12.The shortest cut would take us five hours to get there.抄近路也要5 小時才能到那里。13.Anger choked his words.他氣得話也說不出來。
14.A lot of troubles visited the poor family
這個貧困的家庭遇到不少麻煩。
15.Through reading one can acquire knowledge.讀書可以獲取知識。16.They never met without quarrelling.他們總是一見面就吵架。
17.Shortage of suitable land in the urban areas has made it necessary to build most new public housing in the suburbs.由于市區缺乏合適的土地,大部分公共房屋必須在郊區興建。
18.上海將花20年左右的時間建設成為一個現代化的多功能的國際大都市。
We will spend some two decades transforming Shanghai into a modern, multi-functional international cosmopolis.19.宗教不得干預政治。
It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.20.從1994年起,中國大陸吸引外資的數量僅次于美國列居世界第二,成為世界上吸引外商直接投資最多的發展中國家。
Since 1994, the amount of foreign investment China has attracted has ranked second in the world trailing the U.S.A., making China the only country that lures the most direct foreign investment among the developing countries.21.Many troubles visited the poor old man last year.去年這個可憐的老人碰到了不少麻煩。22.The sight of those pictures always reminds me of my hometown.一見到這些照片我就想起了我的家鄉。
總之,在句子主語的問題上,英語句子主語同漢語句子主語的主要差別在于: 1)“英語較常用物稱表達法,即不用人稱來敘述,而讓事物以客觀的口氣呈現出來”,“漢語較常用人稱主語表達,往往注意‘什么人怎么樣了’”。
如:23.----Concerns have been raised over the ability of internet banking services to verify the identity of new depositors or to guarantee the security of customer transactions.譯文:就網上銀行服務是否有能力證實新存款人的身份或者是否有能力確保客戶交易安全這一問題,已經受到人們的高度關注。
2)英語使用“無靈主語”(即使用表示抽象概念、心理感覺、事物名稱或時間地點等的名詞充當主語),同“有靈動詞”(即表示人或社會團體的動作和行為的動詞,如see, find, bring, give, escape等)搭配使用的句式非常之多。
相比之下,漢人的思維,人或社會團體才有這類有意識、有意志的行為,因而,漢語中有靈動詞常與表人稱的名詞搭配。
3)英語中使用非人稱代詞“it”做主語的情況非常之多 ①它用作先行詞,代替真正的主語或賓語。
例:It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.(我從來也沒有想到她這么不誠實。)②它用作虛義詞,所代替的主語是難以言明的現象或情形。
例:It is only half an hour’s walk from here to the campus.(只要走半個小時就可以從這里走到校園。)
③可用作強調詞,漢譯時往往無法譯出。
例:It is here that we first met each other.(我們是在這里初次見面的。)8.3 不同譯文鑒賞;見書P78
8.4 翻譯練習,見書 9.1 課前練筆
Budgets that can be rolled over to successive fiscal years, or whose purposes can be altered from year to year, will be mainly used to promote research and development activities as well as projects to improve infrastructure.參考譯文:
可以轉入到各個連續財政年度的預算,或者其目的可以年復一年地予以變更的預算,將主要用于促進各種研發項目和研發活動的開展,以便提升基礎服務措施。9.2 翻譯方法講解
英漢兩種語言中都有主動句和被動句。主動句的主要結構是“主語-謂語-賓語”,這在英漢語言中是一致的。然而,兩種語言的被動句結構有較大差異;英語主要通過動詞詞形變化來表示被動語態,即“be+動詞過去分詞”。而漢語中表達被動意義的主要方式是由標志詞表示被動結構,如“被、受、遭、挨、叫、讓”等。由于英語被動語態比主動語態的主觀色彩少得多,因此英語的經貿類、科技類和學術類文本中大量使用被動語態句。
漢語被動句的使用范圍小得多,這主要在于: 第一,漢語中許多動詞既可表主動意義,又可表被動意義,無所謂主動句和被動句。
第二,漢語是意合語言,句子構成不注重形式的整合,即使不用被動標志詞也可以表達被動意義;第三,漢語大量使用無主語的句子。
因此,在英漢翻譯中會有很多主被動的轉換,尤其是英語的被動句譯為漢語主動句。歸納來講,英語的被動語態翻譯可分兩種情況處理:
一、譯成被動結構,二、譯成主動結構。1.譯成被動結構
英語被動句如果重在表述被動的動作,在翻譯時將原文譯為漢語的被動結構。漢語被動結構可分典型被動句、變形被動句、當然被動句和把字句。
(一)譯為典型被動句
1.Our quotation has been accepted by the Mexican importer, which will led to further business.我方的報價已被墨西哥進口公司接受,這將會帶來更多的生意。
2.Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我們隨時都會被出入機場的敵機發現。
3.The recommendation will be regarded as void unless it bears the official seal of the institution that issues it.除非推薦書上蓋有簽發單位的正式印章,否則該推薦書將被視為無效。
(二)譯成變體被動句
漢語被動語態結構非常靈活,除“被”能表示被動意義外,還有很多其他詞和詞組可以表示被動意義,如:“使、讓、挨、稱、得、給、叫、受、由、遭、得到、得以、加以、使得、受到、有待、予以、遭到、為?所?、以?而?等”。翻譯是如果被字結構已經使用過多,或敘述角度不順,或不必說出施動者時可使用變體被動句。
1.But little of this vast body of law is implemented in the Member States.然而,這一大套法律在會員國中很少得到執行。
2.Bespoke suits are created by skilled tailors and artisans to fit your every inch.定做的西裝是由技藝高超的手藝人按照你的尺寸量身定做的。
3.Chairman Hu was received with great honor and much kindness when he paid a visit to America.胡主席在美國訪問期間受到美方隆重和盛情的接待。4.The proposal will be examined by a special committee.這項提議將由一個特別委員會加以審查。
5.As soon as all the facts have been found out, we can begin to formulate a theory.一旦所有的事實為人們所發現,理論即可形成。
(三)譯成當然被動句
漢語中有一類被動句,形式上與主動句沒有區別;而實際上, 主語卻是謂語動詞的受動者, 整個句子表達的是被動意義。
這種句子, 稱之為寓被動意義于主動形式的“當然被動句”。如:“機器修好了”,“會議取消了”等。這種譯法,原文結構變化不大但很合乎漢語表達習慣。
1.In case of non-delivery, letters must be returned to the senders.函件無法投遞時務必退還原寄件人。
2.The company has to pay a heavy rent for the land if it is located in the shopping center of the town.如果該公司位于城鎮的商業區,就得繳付昂貴的土地租金。
3.Money, which is generally considered to be made up of banknotes, coins and savings, is used to pay for or buy a commodity and/or service.通常認為貨幣由紙幣、輔幣和銀行存款組成,用于購買商品和服務。
(四)譯成“把”字句 “把”字句是漢語中一種比較特殊的表被動意義的句式。英語中有些被動句漢譯時可采用以下句型:
施動者+把?
施動者+使?
施動者+給+受動者+主動式謂語+其他。如:1.The famous Yuzhenggong Temple was practically destroyed by a big fire.一場大火把著名的玉真宮幾乎完全毀掉了。
2.Radioactive waste must be carefully stored until it can safely be disposed of.在安全處理放射性廢料之前,一定要把它仔細儲存起來。此外,還有it作形式主語的被動句,這類被動句通常有其固定的表達法。如:
It is universally accepted that?
(人們)普遍認為? It has been illustrated that
據說明,據圖示?
另外,一些含有by詞組的英語被動句,可以譯成“的字結構主語+是”的判斷句或陳述句。如: The idea was suggested by him.提出這個想法的是他。
二、譯成主動結構
英語被動結構的句子譯成漢語主動句包括以下幾種情況
(一)保留主語譯為主動句;
(二)更換主語譯為主動句;
(三)補充主語譯為主動句;
(四)譯為無主語句;
(五)譯成判斷句。
(一)保留主語譯為主動句
如果原文中動詞的過去分詞形式是表示狀態或結果,而不是行為本身時,常采用“受事主語+謂語動詞”的句式。如:
1.The whole country was armed against foreign invaders in a few days.幾天之內,整個國家就武裝起來了,準備抵抗外來侵略者。
2.Tariffs are often protective, and are designed to carry out a particular economic policy.關稅往往具有保護性質,并用以貫徹具體的經濟政策。
3.All of the people affected by a project must be given genuine control over the decisions that govern its planning and operation.一個項目的策劃和運營必須加以控制,這種控制權應當真正地掌握在與此項目有關的所有的人 手中。
4.Water can be changed from a liquid into a gas.水能從液體變成氣體。
5.Prices of California wine labels have been squeezed by rivals from the likes of Chile and Argentina.由于來自智利和阿根廷紅酒的競爭,美國加利福尼亞洲各種品牌的紅酒不得不壓低價格。
(二)更換主語譯為主動句
如在譯文中保留原文的主語不利于譯文的表達,可將原句中的某個適當的成分轉譯成主語。如:
1.McDonald’s can be found in more than 100 countries including India and Israel.全球有100多個國家有麥當勞,包括在印度和以色列。
2.The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter.下一章提供了有關的數字資料。
3.Those towering peaks are to be scaled by the most daring.那些高聳的山峰只有最勇敢的人才能攀登。
(三)補充主語譯為主動句
如果原文并未指出動作的施動者,漢語譯文可根據上下文,把意會的行為主體提出作為主語。這常用于一些以it作形式主語的被動句中。如: It is noted/viewed/stated/reported/well known that?
1.Government involvement is generally considered to be detrimental to competition and the optimal allocation of the factors of production.人們普遍認為政府干預只會對競爭不利,只會有損于生產要素的最佳配置。2.The transformative power of the Internet has been felt unevenly.對因特網的變革能力,人們的感受并不一樣。
(四)譯為無主語句 如果原文中的被動不是強調動作或接受動作的,而是描述什么地方發生、存在或消失了什么事物的,或表示觀點、提出要求的,通常譯為漢語的無主語句式,很多已經形成了固定短語。如:
It has been discussed/illustrated/told that ?
1.If a patent has been applied for but has not yet been granted, the manufacture may print “applied for” or “patent pending”.在已經申請專利但未授予專利之前,制造者可以印上“已申請專利”或“專利待授”等字樣。2.If any disagreement arises, the said treaty shall be applied.如有異議,使用該條約的規定。
(五)譯成判斷句
英語中許多被動句只是以被動語態的形式來描述事物的過程、性質和狀態,實際上與英語的系表結構相似,常譯為漢語的非被動形式。如:
1.The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美國的學分制是1872年在哈佛大學首先實施的。2.It is said that, poets are born, but orators are made.人們說,詩人是天生的,而演說家則是后天造就的。漢英翻譯中的語態轉譯
3.我們過去十年所做的努力就要化為烏有了。
All the work we have done in the last ten years is about to be destroyed.4.霧遮沒了正對著后窗的一帶山峰。
The mountain peaks opposite to the back window were veiled in fog.5.應當堅定不移地執行改革開放的基本國策。
Efforts should be made to firmly carry out the basic state policy of reform and opening up to the outside world.6.還沒有決定采用哪個計劃,所以我們只能等待。
It has not been decided which plan to be adopted, therefore, we have no choice but to wait.7.其實,大家心中都很清楚,即使在最繁榮時期,也總有人挨餓。
As a matter of fact, it has long been known that even during the most prosperous period, there have been people without enough to eat.8.有人看見他趁大家午睡的時候悄悄溜出了房間。
He was seen to slip out of the house when the others were having an afternoon nap.9.有些地方教師住房仍然不足,教育工作者的工資經常被拖欠。
Housing for teachers is still inadequate in some areas, and teachers’ pay is often in arrears.10.If a foreign auditor registered in other country is necessary to be employed to undertake annual financial checking and examination, Party A shall give its consent.All the expenses thereof shall be borne by Party B.如果需要聘請其他國家的審計師對年度的財務進行審查,甲方應予以同意。其所需費用乙方負擔。
9.3 不同譯文鑒賞,見書P84
9.4 翻譯練習,見書P85-87 英語從句的翻譯
10.1 課前練筆
The bank of Japan has begun studying the possibility of extending the period for repurchasing government bonds, a system(under which it purchases government bonds from financial institutions)(on condition that they would be repurchased by the financial institutions after a certa 主從復合句;定語從句,狀語從句 參考譯文:
日本央行已經開始研究延長回購政府債券期限的可能性。回購政府債券已經形成一種制度。在此制度下,日本央行從金融機構購買政府債券,但前提是,這些債券在經過一段時間之后將由金融機構進行回購。
英語句子有很多類型的從句:主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、狀語從句(可以表條件、時間、原因、讓步、結果等)和定語從句。
其中主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句屬于名詞性從句,在句中扮演著相當于名詞的角色。
狀語從句屬于副詞性從句,在句中做狀語。定語從句屬于形容詞性從句,因為定語從句是用來修飾充當先行詞的成分。除了修飾與被修飾關系外,還可以表條件、時間、原因、讓步、結果等各種關系。因此,傳統語法將其稱之為定語從句不太嚴謹,現代英語語法稱其為“關系分句”。10.2 翻譯方法講解 主語從句的翻譯
定義: 顧名思義,在主從復合句中充當主語的從句。
分類:1)連接詞引導的主語從句;
2)“it”作形式主語的真正主語置于句末的主從復合句
例(1)What you should pay attention to is that claim must be made within the term of validity stipulated in the contract(generally within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination.)譯文:貴方應注意的是,索賠必須在合同所規定的有效期內(即通常所說的在貨物到達目的地之后的三十日內)提出。
例(2)It is a matter of regret that we do not have a stock of sufficient quantity to supply you at present.譯文:目前,我公司存貨不足,無法滿足向你方的供貨,著實令人遺憾。例(3)If facilities are not adequate or proper, it is possible that your goods will have to sit in the harbor, and this will cause demurrage and other added costs.譯文:如果設施準備的不足或配備得不恰當,很有可能貴方的貨物就會滯留在港口,這會導致滯留費和其他附加費用的增加。
例(4)It has also been observed that in many countries it is difficult for a foreign company to obtain not only the import license, but also duty relief.譯文:人們也已經注意到,在許多國家,一家外國公司不僅獲取出口許可證困難,而且獲取關稅減免也很困難。10.2.2 賓語從句的翻譯
通常是指置于動詞或介詞之后充當賓語的從句。這類賓語從句通常由連接詞“that” “what” “how” “who”
“when”等引導,漢譯時按照在原文所處位置進行翻譯。
例(5)We sincerely hope that you can do something to advance our time of shipment, since time of delivery is very important to us.譯文:我方真心希望貴方能將我方貨物裝運的時間提前,因為交貨時間對我們來說非常重要。例(6)Since we haven’t received your email, we take it for granted that you have already collected your goods.譯文:既然我方沒有收到你方的電子郵件,我方理所當然地認為你方已經提取了貨物。
還有一種在“be”“feel”等之類的連系動詞之后使用表示知覺、欲望、想法、感情等心理狀態的形容詞(包括confident, angry, afraid, sure, certain, ignorant, concerned, sorry, ashamed, glad, delighted, careful, cautious, doubtful, aware, thankful, graceful, anxious, able),構成系表結構,其后再接一個由“that”引導的從句。
語法學界有稱之為“原因狀語從句”,理由是:這類由“that”引導的從句所表示的是前面的表示心理狀態的形容詞的誘發的原因。
另一些人認為這類由“that”引導的從句是賓語從句,理由是:這類形容詞往往可以轉譯成漢語里的動詞,故其后的從句可以看做是賓語從句。例(7)We feel sure that a fair comparison in quality between our products and similar articles from other sources will convince you of the reasonableness of our quotations.譯文:我們堅信,只要將我方產品質量同其他來源的類似產品質量好好地比較,你就會發現,我方的報價合情合理。10.2.3 表語從句的翻譯
英語有表語從句是因為英語有系表結構。通常系表結構是“be+形容詞”,但若連系動詞之后所接的不是形容詞而是由“that”引導的從句時,該從句即是表語從句。對于這類從句的漢譯,通常是按照英語句子的順序進行翻譯。
例(8)The question is whether the goods are to be repacked at Bangkok since the charges for special packing are excluded from our price.譯文:現在的問題是,既然特別包裝的費用沒有包含在我方的價格內,這批貨物是否一定要在曼谷進行重新包裝。
例(9)The key extended function of an Extranet is, as the name implies, that the geographical dispersed dedicated networks(whether LAN or WAN)can be connected through the Internet.譯文:公司外聯網,顧名思義,其主要拓展功能即是通過國際互聯網將處在不同地理位置的專用網絡(不論是局域網還是廣域網)連接在一起。10.2.4 同位語從句的翻譯 其內容和句子成分非常完備、對某個籠統概念的先行詞的內容予以具體化的,僅僅只能由“”引導的從句,叫做同位語從句。
能夠帶同位語的先行詞有fact, idea, news, suggestion, order, conviction, hope, opinion, indication, information, understanding, reason, allegation, option, message, conclusion, prospect等等。
在翻譯商貿英語中的同位語從句的三種處理方式: 一是先譯同位語從句,再譯出先行詞。
二是將先行詞通過詞類轉換翻譯法譯成漢語中的動詞,再將該先行詞之后由“that”引導的同位語從句翻譯成漢語中的主謂結構,充當動詞的賓語。三是將同位語從句中的“that”翻譯成“即”,“也就是說”,或者使用冒號“:”,表示同前面的先行詞表達的內容是同一內容。
例(10)The fact that we are the largest suppliers of wollen underwear in this country is in itself evidence of the good value of our products.譯文:我們是該國羊毛衫的最大供應商,這一事實本身就證明了我方產品質量上乘。例(11)Your allegation suggests nothing but your imagination which is groundless that the damage of the goods would have been attributed to improper packaging methods.譯文:貴方宣稱,貨物損壞了,完全是由于包裝方法不當引起的。這純粹是貴方的想象,根本沒有任何依據。
例(12)We established formal relations between our two countries on the understanding that we would develop our friendship on the basis of peaceful co-existence, mutual respect and equality and mutual benefit.譯文:我們兩國建立了正式的關系是基于這樣一種認識,即我們將在和平共處、相互尊重和平等互利的基礎上發展我們的友誼。
例(13)I will share with the President my conclusion that our two countries are destined to grow together for our mutual benefit and for the benefit of all mankind.譯文:我要報告給總統我的結論,即為了我們兩國人民的利益,為了全人類的福祉,我們雙方一定會同舟共濟。10.2.5 狀語從句的翻譯
英語的狀語從句可根據不同的含義分為時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、條件狀語從句、結果狀語從句、方式狀語從句、比較狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、讓步狀語從句九種。
英漢語有四種狀語從句的語序基本一致,他們是:結果、方式、比較和目的。這些狀語從句必須出現或多半出現在主句之后。
例(14)The development of a market economy is possible only when there is a free movement of people, goods and capital.譯文:只有在人員、貨物和資本自由流動的情況之下,才有可能發展市場經濟。例(15)
對狀語從句的翻譯可以歸納為以下三種: 1)不改變原句邏輯語義的順譯法;
2)根據其邏輯語義轉譯成其他狀語從句的轉譯法; 3)兩種譯法的綜合使用。1)順譯法
當英語中的狀語從句的位置剛好符合漢語的敘事順序,可以直接按原文順序翻譯。如: 1.If the beast of inflation escapes, the increase in interest rates needed to recapture it will then have to be bigger.如果通貨膨脹爆發,為了控制它將不得不進一步提高利率。
2.It is important to sound interested, helpful and alert when you answer the phone.接電話時要使聲音聽起來關注、熱情、敏捷,這是非常重要的。
3.An efficient translator should capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word translation of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstanding.稱職的譯員在翻譯廣告時應抓住其全面信息,因為逐字逐句地翻譯原文幾乎無法表達愿意,而且還常會造成誤解。
4.As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我們不灰心,我們就能找到客服困難的辦法。2)轉譯法
根據從句的邏輯語義,改變原句的語序,結構,或轉譯成其他狀語從句,如: 1.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者,事竟成.(地點狀語-條件)
2.Put on your fur coat when you feel cold.如果感覺冷,就把皮衣穿上.(條件狀語)3.The materials are excellent for use where the value of the work pieces is not high.如果零件價值不高,使用這些材料是最好不過的了。
4.There is never peace where men are greedy.只要人是貪婪的,就永遠不會有和平。5.He walks when he might take a taxi.盡管他可以乘出租車,但他還是步行。6.Walk into the office quietly when you are late for work.如果你上班遲到了,就悄悄地走進辦公室。
7.許多年后,有人請愛因斯坦給一些青年學生解釋他的相對論原理。他說:“你要是跟一個漂亮的姑娘在一起待上兩個小時,你會覺得只待了一分鐘。但你如果在灼熱的火爐上待一分鐘,你就覺得待了兩個小時。這就是相對論。”
譯文:
Later in life, when Einstein was asked to explain his law of relativity to a group of young students, he said, “When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, you think it’s only a minute.But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it’s two hours.That is relativity.” 3)綜合譯法
有些狀語從句在譯成漢語時并不單采用一種譯法,而是幾種方法并用。如: 1.We should state the facts as they are.我們應該如實地陳述事實。(換序、轉譯)
2.When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous(冷漠的).孩子們長大之后就希望獨立生活,如果你還像他們年幼時那樣關心他們,你就會成為他們的累贅,除非他們特別麻木不仁。(順譯、換序)練習
1.The days were short, for it was now December.現在是十二月,白日短了。2.When it is wet, the buses are crowded.下雨天公車總是很擁擠。
3.If the technical documents are found lost, damaged or mutilated(毀傷)during air transportation, Party B shall supply Party A free of charge with a second set of the documents within the shortest possible time but not later than thirty days after it has received from Party A the written notice.若技術資料在空運中丟失、損壞、缺損或短缺,乙方須于收到甲方的書面通知后30天內盡快免費向甲方重新郵寄該技術資料一套。
4.How can you expect your children to be truthful when you yourself tell lies? 如果你自己講假話,又怎能期待你的孩子說真話呢?
5.There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening.塵土很大,我們看不清發生了什么事。
6.If a balloon could be made large enough, he speculated, then maybe a nonstop flight could be made to Europe.他推測,如果能制造一個很大的氣球,也許能夠中途不停地飛到歐洲。7.All living things, whether they are animals or plants, are made up of cells.一切生物,不管是動物還是植物,都是由細胞組成的 10.2.6 定語從句的翻譯 10.2.7 名詞性從句的翻譯
1.It is unsurprising that this kind of innovation, which spread in scale and scope as the cost of computing came down, should have lowered the wages of the unskilled.隨著計算機設備成本的下降,這種大范圍和大幅度的革新會削減非熟練工人的工資,這不足為奇。
2.We used to believe that some groups of people---because of circumstances---couldn’t help doing what they did.Now I think everyone must take responsibility for what they do.我們過去一向認為,有些人為生活所迫,不得已而做出那樣的事。現在我覺得每個人都必須對自己的所作所為負責,不能有任何借口。
10.3 不同譯文鑒賞,見書P97
10.4 翻譯練習,見書98-100 Chapter 11 依據句意的變通翻譯法
Lectured by Aurora Shen 11.1 課前練筆
After witnessing the uninterrupted ascent of the U.S.economy over the past decade without any sharp rises in wage costs or inflation, many Americans thought their economy had developed into a so-called “new economy”.參考譯文:
在見證了過去十年中美國經濟持續上升而工資成本或通貨膨脹未見急劇增加之后,很多美國人就認為,美國經濟已經演進成一種所謂的“新經濟”了。11.2 翻譯方法講解 例示中的表否定意義的“uninterrupted”被譯成了具有肯定意義的“持續”,這樣與其后的“上升”搭配。這種翻譯法在翻譯教學與研究中叫做反說正譯翻譯法。
何為“變通”——“在保證原文整體意義不變的前提下對局部的靈活處理,或者說是在不能采用常規手段實現對應轉換的情況下,而擺脫常規、采取不同程度和形式的代償手段”(劉宓慶,2008:185)。
必須要說明的是,變通不是不忠實于原文,正是在翻譯過程中采取了變通手段,使得譯文在精神實質上更加忠實于原文,從而避免了因追求形式上的所謂“忠實”而導致的語義不清、凝滯晦澀的文字的出現。“當然,變通并非隨意發揮,變通方法的使用必須以傳達原文的精神實質為目的。”(劉宓慶,2008:185)(一:詞匯層面的變通手段或變通翻譯法)簡要回顧:
增益翻譯法、凝練翻譯法、詞類轉換翻譯法、同義引申翻譯法
例(1)The dollar buying increased Japan’s foreign exchange reserves by 50 percent on a year-on-year basis.譯文:與去年同期的數字相比,美元的購入給日本增加了50% 的外匯儲備。例(2)As a good corporate citizen, the Company actively contributes to each community in which it conducts business.譯文:作為一個好的市民企業,該公司在其所經營業務的每一個社區都在做著積極的貢獻。
二:句法層面的變通手段
正說反譯翻譯法、反說正譯翻譯法、視角轉換翻譯法、級轉移翻譯法、語序轉換翻譯法(倒裝語序向自然語序)
(一)正說反譯、反說正譯翻譯法
1、正說與反說之間的轉換:是陳述方式的轉換。
2、作用機制:是在概念命名、話題表達、情態表達、強調分布時的角度、側重面、著眼點及特征選擇或描摹方式等方面存在差異,故在翻譯時,以符合目的語的表達習慣或目的語民族的思維方式,或者順應目的語的文化習俗。
3、例示: 英:“self-service banking”
漢:“自助銀行服務”
(正說)英: “self-service bookstand”
漢:“無人售書攤/處”(反說)前者著眼于主觀行為過程;后者重在對客觀現狀的描述。
正說或者反說,在不同語言中,可以微妙而精確地傳遞出說話人的思想傾向或者立場,以控制語氣的強弱輕重和分量。
翻譯時,要恰當采取正說反譯或反說正譯的翻譯方法,運用最適合于譯語習慣的表達方式來傳達原文信息。
英語否定表達有: “never”, “no”, “not”, “non-”, “un-”, “im-”, “in-”, “ir-”, “-less”, “de-”, “dis-”, “mal-”等。漢語否定表達有:“不”、“沒”、“無”、“未”、“甭”、“別”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”、“否”、“絕不”、“毫無”、“否則”、“并非”、“沒有”、“未嘗”等。例如:
——Huge investment costs, such as those for developing environment-friendly technology, have made it difficult for an automaker to survive competition(正說)on its own.譯文:高額投資成本,如開發環境保護技術等,使得汽車制造商難以靠自身在競爭中立于不敗之地(詞義引申+反譯翻譯法融合)。
——Authors of books and magazines have been denied(正說)lending rights in light of the fact that small book rental stores have contributed to the development of the nation’s publishing industry.譯文:鑒于各家小型出租書店對國內出版業做出了貢獻這一事實,法律不允許(反譯)書籍和雜志的作者們享有借閱權。
——One of the intentions of the government to introduce various regulation measures is to discourage excessive competition.譯文:政府出臺不同管制措施的意圖之一就是防止過度競爭。
分析:discourage本意為:“不鼓勵”,漢語習慣于表達成“防止”。(反說正譯)
——The government should not hesitate to intervene in the currency market through bold yen-selling and dollar-buying operations.譯文:政府應該通過大膽的日元賣出和美元買進的運作方式及時干預匯兌市場。
分析: should not hesitate to本意為:“不猶豫”,此處漢語表達成“及時”更順乎習慣。(反說正譯)
(二)、視角轉換翻譯法(時空站位)古有詩云:“橫看成嶺側成峰,遠近高低各不同,不識廬山真面目,只緣身在此山中。”
人們在描述事物時,往往需要選擇何處著眼。
{不同民族,因地域、文化、習俗、思維方式等方面的差異,其各自在觀察事物和認識事物的視角和方式上就會出現差異。}
敘述視角包括:肯定與否定、因果關系、時空站位等等。例如:
——In spite of the mass migration of workers from China’s vast interior to the coast, pay for factory workers has been rising at double-digit rates for several years.For managers, the situation is worse still.譯文:盡管農民工大規模地從中國遼闊的內地涌向東南沿海地區,但多少年來,工人的工資一直是以兩位數字的速度在增長。而對于管理人員而言,工資增長的速度就更厲害了。——Problems arising from the declining birthrate and graying of the population were recognized nearly half a century ago.譯文:半個世紀以前,人們就已注意到出生率下降和人口老齡化所帶來的各種問題。——Acceleration of the disposal of bad loans has been criticized as causing the current economic plight, with falling stock prices and financial uncertainty.譯文:一直以來,人們批評對不良貸款的加速處理是造成當前股票持續下跌、金融沒有穩定性、經濟出現困難的根本原因。
——The conviction was going in economic and financial circles that the Union would have withstood the recession more successfully if the single currency had existed.To this end, Eurozone members must also make significant progress towards convergence of their economies.譯文:經濟圈和金融界越來越相信,如果已經有了單一貨幣的話,歐盟就能更成功地抵御因衰退而帶來的影響。為了這個目標,歐元區的成員也必須致力于更高程度的經濟共通性。——Unemployment in America(as of mid-1990)was running near 5.25 percent.That is somewhat higher than used to be considered full employment, but it is not a serious figure in the aggregate.譯文:1990年年中美國的失業率近5.25%。按以往的標準,這個比例偏高,沒有達到充分就業。但就整體來說問題并不嚴重。
分析:這里將原文中的動詞部分抽到句子的外面進行翻譯,使之成為漢語中的外位成分。此翻譯方法使譯文如行云流水,通順、地道,毫無翻譯痕跡。
(三)、級轉移翻譯法 級:如“詞素”、“詞匯”、“短語”、“小句”、“句子”等均屬于不同的“級”。英語原文的“詞素”、“詞匯”、“短語”、“小句”、“句子”不一定能分別找到漢語的“詞素”、“詞匯”、“短語”、“小句”、“句子”一一相對應。
多數情況是:英語中的詞素要用漢語的詞匯來與之對應;
英語中的句子要用漢語的小句來與之對應;英語中的短語要用漢語的詞匯來與之對應。這種不同的“級”轉換叫做“級轉移”(rank shift)。例如:
——Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society.譯文:然而,顯而易見的是,成百上千萬從不認為自己是違法人員,更不用說是犯罪的美國人,對于旨在保護和養育他們社會的法律條款,卻越來越肆意妄為地進行曲解,這真令人心痛。
分析:首先,這是把詞匯對應翻譯成句子;
本詞匯義為“痛心地明顯的” 先翻譯為句子:“顯而易見的是,”譯文充分表明了作者對這一現象所感到的痛心疾首,又使譯文語言自然流暢。
——The clocks do not strike thirteen, but Orwell’s quasi-scientific ideas about Thought Police, Newspeak, and memory holes are already chillingly familiar.譯文:時鐘尚未敲打十三點,但奧威爾那滿腦子的有關“思想警察”、“官樣文章”以及記憶之洞等種種準科學的概念,已為大眾所熟知,但卻令人不寒而栗。
分析:這里如果按原文順序譯相當棘手;
現在把chillingly familiar拆開,先翻譯familiar,再翻譯chillingly,結果譯文就順當了。再如:
——We recognize that China’s long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.譯文:我們認識到,中國的長期現代化計劃以發展經濟為重點,這是可以理解的,也是必要的。
(四)、語序轉換翻譯法 自然語序
倒裝語序
倒裝語序
自然語序 由于英語中大量使用倒裝句,而漢語較少使用;
因此英譯漢時,常將英語的倒裝語序轉換為自然語序。
如: ——Should the sellers fail to effect delivery on time as stipulated in this Contract owing to causes other than Force Majeure as provided for in Clause V of the Contract, the Buyers shall have the right to cancel the relative quantity of the Contract.譯文:若因本合同第五款所規定的不可抗力因素之外的其它原因,賣方未能及時按照本合同要求交貨,則買方有權取消本合同中的相應數額。
從例子來看,商務英語中采用倒裝語序的情況多出現在合同的條件句中,此時的條件句省略了連詞“if”。例:Enclosed here please find a full range of catalogues covering the textile accessories inquired in your letter dated August 16.譯文:隨函附上貴方八月十六日來函中有關紡織品詢價的全套價目單。譯文鑒賞
翻譯練習
Chapter 12 語序調整翻譯法
Lectured by Aurora Shen 12.1 課前練筆
A small enterprise may have a very simple, centralized organization with a single manager, but if the enterprise grows beyond a certain limit, the manager will be unable to effectively supervise everyone and will have to appoint subordinate managers.參考譯文:小型企業可設立一個僅有一名管理人員的非常簡單而集權的機構,但若該企業的發展速度超過了一定限度,該管理人員就難以有效監管每一位員工,因而就不得不任命多名下屬管理人員。
Title with respect to each shipment of the products shall pass from the seller to the purchaser when the seller negotiates relative documents and receives proceeds from the negotiating bank for such shipment, with effect retrospect to the time of such shipment.參考譯文:當賣方就每次的貨物裝船向票據承兌銀行提交相關資料并從承兌銀行提取貨款時,每一批貨物裝船的所有權就由賣方轉移到了買方,其效力可追溯到該次貨物裝船之時。12.2 英漢兩種語言在順序上的差異
(一)在詞序上的差異
(二)在句序上的差異
(一)英漢兩種語言在詞序上的差異 1)主語和謂語之詞序差異
英語多用倒裝句,疑問句也是倒裝;即謂語在前、主語在后。漢語則是大多主語在前、謂語在后。
2)賓語之詞序差異
英語的賓語位置靈活,可位于句首、句中或句末。
漢語的賓語一般只出現在及物動詞之后,只在強調賓語時,才提到及物動詞之前。
英語的疑問句中,往往把賓語放在句首,后面依次接助動詞、主語、謂語。
但是漢語的疑問句語序依然是:主語+謂語+賓語 3)定語之詞序差異 英語的定語位置可前、可后、和中間。漢語的定語則通常位于被定語所修飾的中心名詞之前。
英語中,多個定語時之排列順序為:
限定詞—描繪形容詞—表示大小、新舊的形容詞—表示顏色的形容詞—表示類別的形容詞—表示類別的名詞(作修飾語)+名詞中心詞 漢語中,多個定語時排列順序為:
表示領屬關系的詞語—表示時間、處所的詞語—指示代詞或量詞短語—動詞性詞語和主謂短語—形容詞性詞語+表示性質、類別或范圍的名詞、動詞 4)狀語之詞序差異
英語句子往往先說結果,再說明原因和條件;
漢語句子則先說明條件和原因,之后再討論結果。
英語中除表示頻率的詞,如:often, always, usually, sometimes等和表示程度的副詞,如:quite, almost, fully等需置于動詞之前外,其余充當狀語的副詞,都置于動詞之后。
英譯漢時,需將這些大部分置于后的副詞置于動詞之前。
英語的狀語排列順序為:方式、地點、時間;漢語的狀語排列正相反:時間、地點、方式。
(二)英漢兩種語言在句序上的差異 1)并列句句序之異同
英語: 常見結構“簡單句+等立連詞或并列連詞(如 “and”、“or”、“but”等)+簡單句” 漢語:基本同上。
2)復合句句序之異同(復合句是一個主句加一個或一個以上的從句而構成的句子。)英語:有六大不同類型的從句。
英語的主語從句
一個單獨的漢語分句 英語的表語從句
一般與漢語語序完全一致 英語的賓語從句
將其置于及物動詞之后充當賓語
英語的定語從句
可用陳述詞組成分或分句表示,英語關系代詞可在漢語譯文中省略 英語的狀語從句
把時間、地點、讓步、條件、原因等狀語成分
置于句首或謂語之前,結果等狀語置于主句之后
英語的同位語從句
簡短的同位語如身份、職業、稱號等往往提前
較長的獨立成句,譯“即、也就是說和:”等 12.3 最難點:長句的翻譯 ★長句翻譯兩個基本點:
1、對原文的準確理解
2、在譯文當中要予以恰如其分的表達 ★四個步驟把握:
1、扼要擬出全句的輪廓;
2、根據上下文和全句的內容領會其要旨;
3、辨清全句的主從結構;
4、找出各句之間的從屬關系。★分析的幾個過程:
1、找出整個句子的主句;
2、找出主句中的主語、謂語;
3、理清主句與從句、從句與從句等修飾語與被修飾語之間的關系;
4、掌握各層次內容,按照邏輯順序把句子的各個部分內容連接成一個完整的話語串。★表達的三部曲:
1、試將每個劃開的單句逐一翻譯;
2、將翻譯出的句子進行調整和組合;
3、對譯文進行加工潤色。
★對英語長句處理的幾種翻譯方法:
1、順序翻譯法(按原文句子結構的順序翻譯)(相對而言)
2、按照漢語的邏輯順序進行翻譯
3、拆分翻譯法
4、融合翻譯法 例如:
——The economy could sink into a double-dip recession due to the clouds hanging over the U.S.economy and rising deflationary pressures that will accompany the accelerated of non-performing loans.譯文:由于美國經濟一直低迷不振,再加上伴隨著加速處理不良貸款而帶來的通縮壓力不斷增加,經濟可能會陷入雙谷衰退期。
——The new prosperity may represent a long, sustained plateau of brisk demand, plentiful jobs, and increased living standards.譯文:新的繁榮可能是一段較長時間的、持續的平穩狀態,其中有大量的需求、重組的就業機會,生活水平也得到了提高。12.4 語序調整翻譯法 1)順序翻譯法
例:There is a tendency for an organization of this type to be rather romantic;this place isn’t romantic ——it actually makes money.He is impressed equally by the open information policy, which circulates details of all meetings to employees, and the rapid growth.譯文:這種類型大的機構往往有著相當浪漫的氣息。但這個地方卻并不浪漫——它實際上是個賺錢的地方。他印象同樣深刻的是,公司采取了信息公開制度,很據該制度,所有會議的細節以及公司快速發展的細節都要一一傳達給員工。
分析:漢語表述上的細節處理,使譯文充分突出了所描述公司的所作所為及其理念。2)變序翻譯法
變序翻譯——對譯文句式進行重組。變序翻譯——在翻譯過程中,由于原文的語序無法在譯文中得到完全保留和再現,為符合目的語表達習慣和目的語民族思維模式而在譯文中對原文語序進行重新排列、依據目的語的邏輯順序、表達順序和行文方式進行組句。變序翻譯法的好處:
“由于徹底擺脫了原文的語序和句子形式的約束,因此,比較易于做到漢語行文流暢、自然、一氣呵成,有經驗的譯者還可以因此而使譯文平添文采”(劉宓慶,1995:188)
例(1)——International countertrade is a practice whereby a supplier commits contractually ——as a condition of sale ——to reciprocate and undertake certain specified commercial initiatives that compensate and benefit the buyer.譯文:國際對等貿易,作為一種銷售條件,是指供應方以合同方式,承諾對某些特別的、給購買方以補償和利益的商務提案予以回報和承辦的一種做法。例(2)P119 3)拆分翻譯法
如果一個句子無法照著原文句子結構的順序進行翻譯,譯者就可以考慮將原句的結構拆開,在不損害愿意的情況下按照漢語的表達習慣重新組合,以時間的先后順序、因果關系、假設與結果等邏輯關系相繼翻譯成一句或兩到三句意思連貫、內容完整的句子。
例——The security of buying the products of the world famous business companies was wonderful.譯文:購買世界知名企業公司的產品非常安全,這種安全的感覺奇妙無比。
例——And confidence is growing in the debt-restructuring progress, the infuriatingly slow and untidy effort that puts debtor nations on the international Monetary Fund’s stringent diet of hardnosed monetary policy, curtailed government spending, and fewer imports.譯文:人們在債務調整進程中的信心正不斷增強;人們在將各債務國置于國際貨幣基金組織的嚴厲貨幣政策之下所做出的令人氣憤地拖沓而散漫的努力的信心正不斷增強;人們在削減政府支出方面的信心正不斷增強;人們在更少量地進口外國產品方面的信心正不斷增強。例——The Tokyo metropolitan government has proposed negotiations on reaching a settlement in lawsuit filed by 17 banks seeking to abolish a local corporate tax formula based on business size.譯文:東京都政府已提議就一項訴訟案達成協議進行談判,該訴訟案由17家銀行提起,它們請求廢除以企業規模來確定當地公司稅費的計算方式。4)融合翻譯法
1、將英語原文中主句的先行詞同該先行詞后面的定語從句融合成一個主謂結構的句子;
2、將英語原文中的從句同主句融合成一個緊縮句
3、整合原文句子的信息按照漢語句子的行文方式先說明具體情況,在進行總說。優點:使漢語句子結構簡練、緊湊,表達通順、地道。
例:——The U.S.stock markets were attacked from the worst one-day crash in modern history on October 19th,1987, the day which has come to be known as Black Monday.譯文:美國的各股票市場于1987年10月19日遭遇到現代歷史上最嚴重的“一日暴跌”,這一天現已成為盡人皆知的“黑色星期一”。例:p121 12.5 不同譯文鑒賞,見書p122-123 12.6 翻譯練習,見書p125-126 商務英語語篇的特點及其翻譯要點 1)分類
商務英語語篇指在商務活動中使用的各種正式與非正式文件,包括商務信函(Business Correspondence)、備忘錄(Memorandum)、會議紀要(Synopsis of Minutes)、說明書(Specification)、廣告(Commercials)、報告(Report)、通知(Notice)、演講(Speech)、協議或合同(Agreement or Contract)以及各種單據與表格(Bills and Forms)等。
按照其語言表現形式,上述語篇可歸納為公文體、廣告體和論說體三種。
其中商務信函、備忘錄、會議紀要、說明書等主要表現為公文體形式;商業廣告主要表現為廣告體形式;報告、演講等主要表現為論說體形式。
(一)公文體
包括:商務信函、備忘錄、會議紀要、說明書等語篇。
商務公文的特點是行文以書面語為主,用詞正式、嚴謹、規范,句式結構復雜。漢譯時,要注意選用相應層面的語言,并注意理順句中復雜的邏輯關系。
(二)廣告體
英語廣告用詞多趨向于通俗化、口語化,簡潔、生動、富于鼓動性。
(三)論說體
商務英語論說體多出現在為推廣產品所做的報告或演講中。這類文體用詞正式、嚴謹,開頭結尾常用一些套語。2)特點
主要從詞匯、句法、語篇三個層面來簡要介紹商務語篇的文體特點。
(一)詞匯特征
1.專業詞匯數量可觀
專業詞匯包括專業術語、專有名詞和套語,如: bid 遞盤
counter-offer 還盤
Please be informed that
茲告知貴方?
D/D 匯票,即期匯票
More or less 溢短裝Investment in non-productive projects 非生產性投資 商務英語詞匯除了具有一般含義外,還具有特定的專業意義,需要根據文章內容確定準確譯文。如:
(1)Industrial averages were down.工業股票的平均價格在下跌。(2)Average is of two kinds: General Average and Particular Average.海損有兩種:一種是共同海損,另一種是單獨海損。
其次,商務英語中有些詞由于搭配的變化,意思也會不同。如: Straight B/L
記名提單
Direct B/L
直達提單
clean credit 光票信用證
documentary clean credit 無跟單信用證
如已有約定俗成譯法的,沿用舊譯;如無約定譯法,則要在準確理解原文詞義后靈活譯出 2 用詞簡潔
(商務英語用詞簡潔,言簡意賅)如:
Documents against payment
付款 交單
In your favor
以你方為受益人 All sales are final.貨物售出,概不退換。3.用詞較正式
商務英語語言由日常用語和專業用語兩部分組成。但是通常用詞較為正式,尤其是合同和法律文本英語,選詞更為嚴謹。如:
(1)At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.應乙方請求,甲方同意派遣技術人員幫助乙方安裝設備。4.廣泛使用縮略語 為了交流的快捷高效,商務英語中還大量使用縮略語。這些縮略語主要是一些國際機構的名稱以及某些商務活動和商務術語的首字母縮略翻譯時要能準確譯出。如:
EMU(European Monetary Union)歐洲貨幣聯盟
MFN(Most Favored Nation)最惠國
ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)東盟
(二)商務英語的句法特征
與普通英語相比,商務英語詞匯上豐富多彩,但句法上卻比較簡潔,明了。首先,句子長難句較多,同時追求句子的簡單。這是由于其嚴格性、精確性和邏輯性決定的。如:The goods are being reserved for you, and we are looking forward to your email confirming acceptance of our offer.我們將為你方預留貨物,希望收到你們的電子郵件確認我們的報盤。
To be fair, we are prepared to pay for the air freight, while you should be responsible for the other expenses, such as shifting the goods from the dock to the airport.為公平起見,我們愿意支付空運費,而其他的費用,如貨物從碼頭運往機場的費用,由你方支付。
第二,大量使用被動語態,以使行文明了。在漢語中,被動句的使用則非常有限。由于商務英語以敘述某一過程為主,敘事推理,強調客觀準確,如第一、二人稱使用過多,會給人造成主觀臆斷的印象。因此常用第三人稱敘述,采用被動語態。如:
If on the expiry of a contract, the term for a patent relating to the imported technology has yet to expire, the case shall be handled in accordance with the relevant provisions.合同期滿時,如引進技術所涉及的專利尚未期滿,應當按照有關規定辦理。合同等法律性語篇中,多使用長句、復合句、復雜句等句式,及被動句、倒裝句等特殊句型。另外,套語、套話使用頻繁。
(三)語篇風格的特征
總體上講,商務英語語篇具有完整、簡潔、具體、正確、清晰、禮貌和體諒等七大特征。其中,以行文嚴謹和措辭委婉最為突出。如:(1)This agreement is made and entered into in Shanghai on 18th may, 2008 by and between AAA(hereinafter referred to as the “Seller”)and BBB(hereinafter referred to as the “Buyer”).本協議由AAA(以下稱“賣方”)和BBB(以下稱“買方”)于2008年5月18日在上海簽訂。(2)In the event the Buyer does not furnish the Seller with shipping information on or before May 19, 2008, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract.若買方未在2008年5月19日或在此之前向賣方提供裝船通知,賣方可撤銷本合同。(3)Enclosed please find a copy of our price list.隨函附上我方的價目表一份,請查收。
(4)However, up to the present writing, we have not had the pleasure of hearing from you.然而,迄今為止未見貴方賜復。
三、商務英語語篇的翻譯要點 根據翻譯理論中功能對等的原則,商務英語語篇的翻譯不僅要做到準確傳遞原文的內容,還要再現原文的語氣、文體特征和專業特點,以達到相似的功能和交際目的。總體而言,要做到意義精確、簡練;語氣恰當、得體;表達地道、貼切;語篇嚴謹、規范。
根據前面所分析的商務英語語篇的三個層面上的特點,我們從這三個層面來分析商務英語語篇翻譯的特點。
(一)詞匯層面的準確無誤
準確是商務英語語篇翻譯的靈魂。準確不僅包括商務術語,還包括一詞多義現象和數字概念的準確。如:1.After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “ Partial Shipment and Transshipment Allowed.”
經仔細核對信用證后,茲要求貴方做如下修改:“允許分批和轉船.”
2.The shipping documents for the consignment are now with our bank and we shall be glad if you will arrange to collect them.貨運單據現存我行,請安排前來贖單。
3.Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).甲方(聘方)須每月付給乙方(受聘方)美元500元整。
4.In the event of force majeure or any other contingencies beyond our control, we shall not be held responsible for the late delivery or non-delivery of the goods.如發生不可抗力事件,或我方無法控制的任何其他意外事故,我方對遲交貨或不交貨概不負責。
(二)句法層面的簡潔、凝練、嚴密和莊重
商務英語語句具有簡潔、嚴密的特點,注重表達的準確性、時效性和邏輯性。因此,譯文也要明白曉暢,簡潔凝煉。
為了達到此目的,常在翻譯時采取以下手段: 1)運用漢語四字結構或文言句式。
漢語文化積淀下來的四言詞式和文言句式,言語簡練,寓意深刻,音律優美,富有文采。譯文中運用這些詞句結構可充分體現商務英語簡潔凝練的風格特征。如:(1)Work on small profit margins cannot grant open-account facilities.薄利經營,恕不賒賬。2)I venture to invite you to have a look at our stand, and you may rest assured that you will not be pressed to buy.本人冒昧地邀請貴方光顧我方展臺,購買與否,敬隨尊意(敬請隨意)。2)運用商務套語。
商務應用文書常以程式化的行文用語來傳遞所需表達的內容。在翻譯商務文體時套用這些表達可使譯文在體例、風格等方面與原文保持一致。
如:Notice is hereby given that FRIENDSHIP Ltd.will take all necessary measures against any party manufacturing and/or selling any garments bearing the trade mark of “FRIENDSHIP” without being authorized.茲通告,友誼公司將采取一切必要的措施,追究任何未經許可制造和/或銷售注有友誼商標的當事人。
(三)語篇層面的規范性、整體性及禮貌原則 翻譯時,譯者要熟悉商務活動中術語及語篇的表達模式與結構。確保譯文的專業性、整體性、禮貌性,并實現對等的交流功能。如:(1)I was wondering---Could you wait a little longer for our payment?
我不知道對于付款一事您能否延緩一段時間?
(2)Please give us a definite reply at your earliest convenience.請盡早給予我們明確的答復。(3)Please look into the matter immediately.懇請速查明此事。
(4)You are kindly requested to act accordingly as soon as possible.敬希速遵照執行。
(四)調整句子結構
有些商務應用文書不僅語言表達程式化,行文結構也呈格式化。英漢兩種版本的商務應用文書雖然表述的方法各異,但各有一定的格式可循。在翻譯時,可改變句子的結構或行文布局以使譯文符合商務應用文的體例和格式。
如:We inform you that your order has been dispatched
貴方所定貨物業已付運,特此奉告。
we acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 5th inst.(本月的)and regret to learn that you are unable to extend the subject L/C.本月五日來函收悉。獲悉貴方未能將標題所列之信用證予以延期,深感遺憾。練習:
1.We advise you that we shall establish ourselves as general agents under the title of Lockers’ Co..本公司將以洛克公司名義開設總代理店,特此奉達。
2.We hope this will go smoothly and you are able to conclude the contract soon.希望一切順利,并速簽合同。
3.Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December 15.本合同簽字之日一個月內,即不遲于12月15日,你方須將貨物裝船。
4.The contract stipulates that four-month’s notice be given by letter of the intention to terminate it.合同規定,如欲終止合同須提前4個月給予書面通知。
5.Both heavy-duty trucks(載重汽車)and platform trucks(平板車)enquired for in your fax under reply are not available for supply.貴方傳真所詢載重汽車和平板車只有一種有貨可供。6.Direct investment takes place when control follows the investment.This can amount to a small percentage of the equity of the company being acquired, perhaps even as little as 10 percent.投資以后,隨即參與管理,這就是直接投資。這種投資可以是企業可獲得股本的一小部分,甚至可少到10%。7.The corporate charter also authorizes the corporation to issue and sell shares of stock, or ownership in the corporation, to enable the corporation to raise money.公司章程還授權公司發行和銷售股票,轉讓公司所有權,以便為公司籌措資金。
8.This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.本合同由買賣雙方訂立,因此買賣雙方同意按照下面規定的條款購買以下商品。
英漢語篇的銜接與翻譯
一、銜接手段(cohesion)練習:
涉外商務信函的翻譯、涉外商務信函的分類
涉外商務信函是進出口業務進展情況的專業性書面記錄,是對涉外商務運作過程中使用的各種函件的總稱。
涉外商務信函具有公函的性質,涉及商務、外貿操作過程的各個方面。從文體正式程度和內容重要性的角度來看,涉外商務信函可以分為正式函件和便函兩種。
正式函件通常表明主題(Subject)并加蓋單位印章,篇幅較長,內容完整,主要用于交涉處理有實質內容的商務事項。便函用于處理一般性或禮節性事務,無需表明主題和加蓋單位印章。從內容和商務操作過程的角度來看,涉外商務信函可以分為以下幾類: ①建立業務關系函
用以擴大貿易業務,建立貿易關系。文字簡潔達意、真誠熱情、得體、禮貌、專業。②資信查詢函
用以查詢信用狀況和業務能力。③產品推銷函
推銷產品,刺激購買。文字簡練,語言通俗,具有較強感召力。
④詢盤函:
亦稱詢價或索盤,是雙方交易磋商的開始。分一般詢盤和具體詢盤。⑤報盤還盤函:
報盤函是買方對詢問價格等情況的復信。對報盤提出條件或修改的回函稱為還盤函。對還盤的還盤,稱為反還盤 ⑥訂購函:
對所購商品加以確認的書面函件。要求正確、清楚、無誤。⑦裝運函:就裝運事宜的書面函件。
⑧付款結算函、索賠函、保險函等。
根據信函功能,可分為請求、拒絕、投訴、道歉、建議、感謝、慰問、邀請、祝賀信等。翻譯時要明確函件的目的與功能,才能準確翻譯。商務信函的篇章結構
英文信函格式和篇章結構是比較固定的,只是商務信函更正式、嚴謹。一封正式完整的涉外商務信函可以包括12個部分:
1.信頭(Letterhead):包括發函人地址和發函日期.2.案號和日期(The reference and Date):為方便管理,貿易單位對函件制定的自定義分類編號,以便參詢。
3.封內地址(Inside Address):收函人地址 4.收函人姓名(Attention Line)5.稱呼(Salutation)6.事由(Subject Line)7.正文(Body)8.結束語(Complimentary Close)9.簽名(Signature):手寫體在上,打印體在下
10.姓名首字母(Initials):包括發函人和打字員姓名首字母 11.附件(Enclosure)12.附言(Postscript)其中,信頭、封內地址、稱呼、標題、正文、結束語和簽名為必備項,其他部分為可選項。也有信函省略標題。英語商務信函翻譯的標準
鑒于商務信函在貿易往來中的重要作用,商務信函的翻譯不僅要強調譯文在內容形式和文化上的準確,還要根據商務信函的風格和交際功能,注重風格與功能的對等。簡單而言,就是要做到形式規范,內容準確,措辭得體。由于中英文商務信函在格式上的差異,翻譯時要特別注意形式的規范處理。尤其要注意案頭(Reference)、收信人(Attention)、稱呼(Salutation)、結束禮詞(Complimentary Close)這四個細節的處理。案頭的翻譯
案頭其實就是一種自定義的分類編號。常翻譯為:編號、引證號、文檔號等。收信人的翻譯 常譯作“經辦人”或“煩交?辦理”。稱呼的翻譯
英語商務信函中常用“Dear”一詞,是表達友好或禮貌的套語,與私人信函中稱謂“my dear”不同。常將之譯為“尊敬的”,或不譯出,而在稱呼下一行加上“您好!”或“你們好!”,或直接譯作“敬啟者”。結束禮詞的翻譯
英語商務信函的結束語包括Best wishes和Yours sincerely之類的套語。前者是用來祝福的話語,可譯成“祝好”、“此致敬禮”等。后者也是商務信函中的客套結束語。常譯成漢語信中的套話“敬上”“謹上”等。商務信函的文體特點
商務信函在用詞上多使用正式詞匯,力求用詞簡潔樸素、準確具體。用句上力求嚴謹完整、委婉、體諒、禮貌、多用套語。1)詞匯使用特點
隨著社會發展不斷,商務信函英語日趨口語化,但仍多使用正式詞匯和中性詞匯,基本不用口語化詞匯,以體現其正式、規范的特點。如:
1.Because of their low price and the small profit margin we are working on, we will not be offering any trade discount on this consignment.鑒于本批商品價格低廉,利潤微薄,本公司抱歉無法給予任何折扣。
2.We will meet you half way by offering a discount of 5% in view of our long pleasant relations.鑒于我們之間長期愉快的業務關系,本公司將酌情考慮給予5%的折扣。
3.We are pleased to advice you that your order No.103 has been dispatched in accordance with your instruction.茲告知貴方:第103號訂單貨物已遵照貴方指示運出。
4.All offers and sales are subject to the terms and conditions printed on the reverse side hereof.所有報盤和銷售均以本報價單背面所印的條件為準。第二,商務信函用詞的另一特點就是表意準確,專業性強。主要表現在大量使用專業術語、行話、外來詞、縮略語及在商務語境中有特殊意義的詞。另外,為了概念和數量的準確表達,大量使用數量詞。
如:Trimming charges平倉費
insurance policy 保險單
1.The insurance policy covers us against breakage.這份保單給我們保了破碎險。
2.The duplicate shipping documents including bill of lading, invoice, packing list and inspection certification were airmailed to you today.包括提單、發票、裝箱單和檢驗證書在內的裝運單證副本今日航郵貴處。
3.Please draw a draft on us at thirty days’ sight.請向我方開具承兌30天后付款的匯票。4.The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.賣方須于6月15日前(包含6月15日)將貨物交給買方。
5.The market here for this product is active, and the best price we can offer is US $ 150 or over per long ton.該產品在本地的銷售看好,我方出價可達每長噸150美元或以上。第三,商務信函的主要功能是傳遞信息,因此除了必須使用專業術語等手段準確傳達自己的信息意圖外,還要求信函語言明白易懂、樸實平易、直達意圖,注重準確性、紀實性、簡潔性和實效性。
二、句式結構特點
(一)句式正規完整
商務信函英語是一種正式體書面英語,常使用長句、復合句、分詞短語、插入語、同位結構等,以表達多層次的復雜邏輯關系。如:
1.According to the Joint Venture Law of China, a joint venture shall take the form of a limited liability company and the profits and losses shall be shared by the parties to the venture in proportion to their contribution to the registered capital.依據中國《合資企業法》之規定,合資企業應該以有限責任公司的形式出現,由合資各方按照注冊資本的比例,利潤共享,風險共擔。
(二)用陳述句表示委婉的祈使意義
商務信函中常使用陳述句來表示自己的愿望,給對方的決定留有余地,語氣委婉、禮貌。如:It would be appreciated if you would let us know by returning your lowest possible price for the following goods on FOB London basis.請報下列商品倫敦船上交貨價之最低價。
(三)大量使用套語
商務信函的寫作具有固定的模式,常使用比較固定的語句。如:
We are in receipt of your letter, we acknowledge receipt of your letter, Regarding your letter of ?, in reply of your letter of?, to receive your positive/favorable reply, we are enclosing?, enclosed please find?.(四)使用倒裝句
Should there be any breakage, please do not hesitate to let us know.如有損壞,請速與我方聯系。禮貌、委婉語氣的準確把握
商務信函一般都注重信函的禮貌和各種各樣語氣的準確傳達,在翻譯時也應將原文禮貌委婉的語氣表現出來。比較下面不同表達方式語氣的差異: a.We cannot effect shipment because you did not send us your L/C.b.We shall be glad to effect shipment as soon as we receive your L/C.一旦收到貴方L/C我方將即刻辦理發貨。
a.A thorough examination showed that you must be responsible for this damage, because you packed them improperly.經全面檢查后表明損失確因貴公司包裝不善造成,對此包裝商應負其責。
b.A thorough examination showed that the damage was due to improper packing, for which the suppliers should be responsible.從禮貌角度看,商務信函中不用類似“We are surprised that you are not satisfied with the goods.”,而用“We are sorry to learn the goods did not satisfy you.”則有理想效果。無論撰寫還是翻譯中都應注意。
練習:
1.With reference to your letter of May 6, we are pleased to give an order for the following.根據貴方5月6日來函,我方了一訂購下列貨物。
2.Thank you for your letter of June 6 and we enclose our Order No.2245 for ladies’ shoes.感謝貴方6月6日來信,現寄上第2245號女鞋訂單。
3.This is a trial order.Please send us 35 sets only so that we may tap the market.If successful, we will give you large orders in the future.試訂35臺以開發市場。如若成功,隨后必有大量訂貨。商務信函的翻譯要點
一、翻譯時,應遵循準確規范、功能對等的原則。不僅包括詞語及語言結構上的準確,還有對信函內容的準確把握,語氣的完美再現,術語的規范表達等等。如:
1.Please be informed that, on account of the fluctuations of foreign exchanges the quotation is subject to change without previous notice.茲告知貴方,由于外匯的波動,報價隨時可能改變,不另行通知。
2.The product will find a good market in USA.此產品在美國會有很好的銷路。
3.Chinese tablecloths are very popular in Europe.We would like to work with you to market them in Canada.中國的桌布在歐洲很受歡迎。我們愿與貴方合作在加拿大銷售。
4.We have heard from China Council for the Promotion of International Trade that you are in the market for Electric Appliances.從中國國際貿易促進會獲悉,你們有意購買電器用品。5.We are looking forward to a favorable reply.等候貴方佳音。
6.The goods are to be shipped by the first available vessel to Hong Kong for transshipment to Paris and we shall be glad if you will make the necessary arrangements for this on a “Through Bill of Lading”.該貨需由第一艘可供裝貨的船裝運往香港,一邊轉運巴黎。請予以安排,并開具聯運提單。翻譯中應注意的事項
1.商務信函注重紀實,少用修辭,多數情況下可按原句結構直譯。
2.注意套語的翻譯。做到譯文莊重,禮貌。如稱呼和結束語的翻譯:英語商務信函中常用稱呼語“Dear”,是表達友好和禮貌之意,與私函中的用語不同,不宜翻作“親愛的?”。常譯為“尊敬的?”、“敬啟者”等。結束語Bestwishes”、”Yours sincerely”等可譯作“祝好”、“此致敬禮”、“敬上”、“謹上”等。此外,“收悉、承蒙、乞諒、見告”等詞也常使用。練習:
1.Thank you for your letter of July 5.we are obliged to Jones &.Co.for having recommended us to you.感謝貴方7月5日來函。非常感謝瓊斯公司向貴方推薦我們。
2.We take the liberty of writing to you with a view of building up business relations with your firm.我們冒昧來信,期望能與貴公司建立業務關系。
3.This is a trial order.Please send us 35 sets only so that we may tap the market.If successful, we will give you large orders in the future.試訂35臺以開發市場。如若成功,隨后必有大量訂貨。
4.We believe that you will accept our offer, which will be kept open against reply by wire.詳細你們會接受我方報價,此報價以電復為準。
5.We enclose our Shipping Instructions Form and shall be glad if you will fill this in and return it to us, together with a copy of the invoice for Customs Clearance abroad;we will then undertake all formalities on your behalf in accordance with our usual conditions.隨函附寄裝船指示單,請填妥后寄回。并附發票一份,供 國外結算用。其后一切手續均按通常條件為貴方代辦。
6.We have been put to considerable inconvenience by the long delay in delivery.We must insist on immediate delivery.Otherwise we shall be compelled to cancel the orders in accordance with the stipulations of the contract.因交貨長期延誤,我方遇到許多麻煩。我們堅持要求立即交貨,否則我們將不得不按合同規定取消訂單。
7.If you think our offer meets your requirements, please let us have your order at an early date, as supplies are limited.若我方報價能滿足貴公司需要,則請早日訂購,因為供貨數量有限。商務合同類語篇的翻譯 Outlines 1)商務合同句法層面的特點
2)商務合同篇章結構的特點 3)商務合同內容層面的特點
4)商務合同的翻譯要點 5)商務合同的翻譯步驟 6)練習
1)商務合同句法層面的特點
商務合同的作用在于明確陳述和規定不同當事人在有關活動中的權利和義務,因此句式常采用陳述句、完整長句,以準確界定這種權利和義務的關系,排除被曲解、誤解的可能。長句多附加成分,定語用來界定名詞性術語的內涵和外延,狀語界定履行權利和義務的條件、方式、地點、時間等。
(一)條件狀語從句的使用
常用的連接詞有:if, in case(that), in the event that, unless, provided that及should倒裝等。如:In the event the Buyer does not furnish the seller with shipping instructions on or before August 17, 2008, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract and demand the Buyer to pay any damages he has sustained on account of such failure of the Buyer to give such instructions.如買方在2008年8月17日或此前未向賣方發出裝運通知,則賣方可自行決定取消本合同,并要求買方賠償因未發出裝運通知而使其蒙受的一切損失。
常用的其他表條件狀語從句的方式有:
unless otherwise agreed in writing between the parties hereto 除雙方另有書面協議外
In case of any dispute arising regarding the quality of the merchandise received 如雙方就收到商品的質量發生爭議
(2)表示例外,常用except, with the exception that, in the absence of, unless, otherwise, etc.常翻譯作:在某種例外情況下,一方?(3)表示目的,常用in order to, so as to, so that/such that, etc.常譯作為了?,以便?
(二)定語從句的使用
多用which和as等關系代詞引導,較少用that引導。
如:In lieu of payments as provided for in Clause 4 above, the Joint Venture shall have the option of satisfying such obligation to pay by either.合營公司有權選擇使用下述任何一種支付辦法,取代上述第四條規定的支付辦法,以履行這一義務。
(三)多用名詞,少用動詞。這是涉外商務合同英語的名詞性風格。如:
The party in breach shall have thirty(30)days from receipt of a notice from the other Party specifying the breach to correct such breach if it is remediable.違約方應在收到另一方指明其違約行為的通知后三十(30)日內,糾正其違約行為(若該違約行為是可以糾正的)。
(四)被動語態的使用
與漢語相比,在英語里,尤其在合同等法律性文件里,被動語態使用得相當多。
如:Both Party A and Party B agree that a technology transfer agreement shall be signed between the Joint Venture Company and Party X(or a third party).甲、乙雙方同意,由合營公司與X方(或第三方)簽訂技術轉讓協議??
二、商務合同篇章結構的特點
乙、在篇章結構上,商務合同都遵循從總則到條款,先宏觀后微觀,從一般到特殊的順序特點。
每一份合同都像一部法律一樣構成一個嚴整的體系,而不是各個條款的簡單羅列。每份合同都可以分成約首、本文和約尾三個部分,各部分所包含的要件通常都比較固定,不可或缺。
一般來說,合同在篇章結構上具有程式化、規范化和條目化的特點,使得各部分的內容周密嚴謹地結合起來,達到期望的契約效力。
三、商務合同內容層面的特點(完整性和針對性
合同的三大部分構成內容完整的合同篇章,具有很強的針對性。
前言針對當事人的名稱及締約的目的和原則等內容;正文規定當事人的具體權利、義務、違約賠償、爭議解決、適用法律等條款;而約尾則專門針對合同的效力范圍、有效條件、語言效力等內容。合同的內容只與合同各方和相關人員有關,是針對特定事物、內容、項目等擬定的。如價格及支付條款只針對價格、支付及相關附帶費用方面的問題加以規定。如: 練習:
1.If either of the Parties fails to fulfill its obligations under this Contract, it shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting thereof.合同一方如未履行本合同的義務,則違約一方須賠償另一方因此而遭受的經濟損失。2.“Site” means the land and other places on, under, in or through which the Permanent Works or Temporary Works designed by the Engineer are to be executed.“現場”指建筑工程師設計的永久工程或臨建工程所需的土地和其他場所,包括地面、地下、工程范圍之內或途徑部分。3.All disputes in connection with this Contract or arising in the execution thereof shall first be settled amicably by negotiation.凡有關合同或因執行本合同所發生的一切爭執,雙方應以友好方式協商解決。
四、商務合同的翻譯要點
商務合同的翻譯應當遵循五個原則:使用莊嚴詞語的原則、準確性原則、精煉性原則、術語一致性原則和使用專業術語原則。
在翻譯時要首先透徹理解原文含義,準確把握原文內容與功能,然后忠實完整地再現原文內容及其功能。
★薩瓦里曾說過:文學翻譯如同繪畫,而科技翻譯則如攝影。前者需要創造,有發揮的空間;而后者則需如實反映原貌,講求真實。因此,在合同翻譯中要做到準確、規范、通順。其中準確嚴謹是最首要的原則。
(一)準確
準確包括對具有專業意義的術語、具有一般意義的通用詞匯以及對原文內容的準確理解與翻譯。如:
1.Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures, and there is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words is the amount payable.如應付金額同時用大小寫表示而兩者有差異時,應以大寫所表示的金額為準。
2.Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account after September 20.自9月20日后,甲方已無權接受任何訂單或收據。
3.Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract, the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.在不影響按適用法律或分包合同享有的任何權利的情況下,承包商有權扣留或暫緩支付承包商應付給分包商的全部或部分到期金額。
4.Payment: By irrevocable L/C at sight to reach the sellers 30 days before the time of shipment.The L/C shall be valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the date of shipment.支付:買方應當在裝船前30天將不可撤消的即期信用證開到賣方。信用證在中國議付的有效期至裝船后的第15天。
The remainder of the testator’s property should be divided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wife’s side and my niece.丙、How should we interpret the will correctly?
(二)規范
規范不僅指合同翻譯的語言要符合合同法律性文件的特點,也要符合合同本身文體的特點。
如:1.Total value: US $ 5,400,000.00(Say: US Dollars FIVE MILLION FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND only)
總價:5,400,000.00美元(大寫:伍佰肆拾萬美元)
2.The Licensor shall not be obliged to bring or defend any proceedings in relation to the Licensed Trademarks if the Licensee decides in its sole discretion to do so.如果被許可方自行決定就受許可商標提起訴訟或進行抗辯,許可方無義務就此提起訴訟或進行抗辯。
(三)通順
通順是指譯文應當符合中文的語法要求,使讀者看起來易懂,讀起來順口。這也是譯文清楚明白地傳達原文信息的條件。
五、商務合同的翻譯步驟
翻譯商務合同除了對雙語的要求及有一定的翻譯能力之外,還需要了解有關合同本身的專業知識和相關方面的知識。在翻譯過程中,通常遵循下列步驟:
1.通讀全文并研究結構,做到全面理解,掌握內涵并從宏觀上了解其總體精神和篇章結構。
2.在通讀全文的基礎上仔細研讀該合同的各個條款。
3.著手翻譯。
4.組織譯文并準確表達。在表達時要注意根據譯入語的表述習慣安排各條款譯文的排列順序。
5.在準確表達的前提下,力求使譯文的格式和文體符合合同的規范和要求。
總之,在翻譯過程中要遵循合同翻譯的五原則,使譯文準確嚴謹、通順規范,以充分體現商務合同的精確性和嚴肅性,避免糾紛。
六、練習
1.This CONTRACT is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers;whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods on the terms and conditions stated below.茲經買賣雙方同意,由買方購進、賣方售出下列貨物,并按下列條款簽訂本合同。本合同由買賣雙方訂立,因此買賣雙方同意按照下面規定的條款購買以下商品。2.The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.賣方須于6月15日前(含6月15日)向買方交貨。
3.The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee before June 15.賣方須于6月15日前(不含6月15日)向買方交貨。
4.This agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto.本協議以及本協議所規定的權利或義務,不經另一方同意不得擅自轉讓。
5.In witness whereof, the parties have executed this contract in duplicate by their duty authorized representatives on the date first above written.作為所協議事項的證據,雙方授權代表于約首所屬日期正式簽署本協議一式兩份。
6.Now these presents witness that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:?
茲特立約為據,并由約定雙方協議如下:?
Combination & Division 合譯與分譯
練習:
1.He was very clean.His mind was open.他為人單純而坦率。
2.The president now is on a poverty tour.總統目前正在訪問貧困地區.3.The Inauguration took place on a bright, cold, and windy day.就職典禮那天天氣晴朗,寒風凜冽.4.Thank you for your advice and counsel.謝謝您的忠告.5.I knew every spot where a murder or robbery had been committed or a ghost seen.什么地方發生過搶劫案或者兇殺案,什么地方有鬼魂出沒,我都知道得一清二楚.英漢語言對比與翻譯
我們從詞語、句法和語篇三個層次來了解英漢語言的差異及其翻譯要點。
一、英漢詞語對比與翻譯
(一)英漢詞義的關系
相比之下,漢語詞義嚴謹固定,詞的漢譯范圍比較窄,詞義對上下文的依賴性比較小。英語詞義靈活多變,詞的漢譯范圍比較寬,詞義對上下文的依賴性比較大,英語一次多以的現象較漢語更為普遍。
英語吸收的大量的外來詞,詞匯尤其是同義詞極其豐富。從詞義上來講,英漢詞義之間存在三種關系
“合”即指關系。小句之間的關系可顯可隱,如果關系是顯性的,便會在形式上清晰地嚴格地表現出來,稱為“形合” ;
如果關系是顯性的,便會在形式上清晰地嚴格地表現出來,稱為“形合” ;
如果關系是隱性的,好似無縫的天衣,稱為“意合”。
英語語句各成分的相互關系主要靠連接來實現,即句子的語法意義和邏輯關系通過各種外顯性的連接標記來實現。
這些連接手段和形式主要有:關系詞、連接詞、介詞、詞的各種形態變化等。各意群的結合都用適當的連接詞和介詞來表現相互關系,形式嚴謹但缺乏彈性。漢語句中各成分之間或句子之間的關系主要依靠語義的貫通,少用連接語,句中語義的合成通過無現行標記的動詞來實現,不受形態成分的約束,形式上彈性很大,并不一定用關系詞來明確交代期間關系,而是強調句子中各成分的邏輯事理順序,所以句法結構形式短小精悍。如:
The boy had his breakfast and went off to school.英文中“his”跟“The boy”前后照應,“and”將兩個承接的動作銜接起來,是英文形合的手段。
如緊扣原文逐字翻譯,則是: 男孩吃過他的早餐,然后上學去了 男孩吃過早飯上學去了。
在翻譯時我們要注意英語重形合,漢語重意合的特點。如:
A market analyst is a person with specialist knowledge of a specific market who often predicts what will happen and tries to explain what has happened.市場分析員是擁有某個特定市場專業知識,往往能預測市場并試圖對市場現象做出解釋的人。
但這兩種語言的特點也并非絕對。有時在翻譯時要相互借鑒,作出調整。如:The pursuit of science withdraws interest from external things.由于潛心科學研究,所以就對外界事物不再感興趣
第二篇:《商務英語翻譯》期末考試復習資料
《商務英語翻譯》期末考試復習資料
I.Answer the following four questions in English.(5’×4=20’)1.What is Business English? Business English must be seen in the overall context of English for Specific Purpose(ESP), as it shares the important elements of needs analysis, syllabus design, and materials selection and development which are common to all fields of work in ESP.As with other varieties of ESP, business English implies the definition of a specific language corpus and emphasis on particular kinds of communication in a specific context.2.What is register(語域)? Register consists of three elements: field(語場), tenor(語旨)and mode(語式).3.What is the main content of Business English Correspondence(商務英語函電)? Business English Correspondence includes establishing business relations(建立貿易關系);enquiries and replies(詢價及回復);quotations, sales letters, offers and counter offers(報價、推銷信、報盤及還盤);orders, acceptance and rejections(訂單、接受和回絕);sales confirmation and purchase contract(銷售確認書及購貨合同);payment(支付);packing(包裝);transport and insurance(裝運與保險);complaint, claim and settlement(申訴索賠和理賠)and so on.4.What do “7Cs” include?
7Cs: courtesy(禮貌), consideration(體諒), completeness(完整), clarity(清楚), conciseness(簡潔), concreteness(具體), correctness(正確).5.What are the Grice principles? Maxim of Quality(質的準則), Maxim of Quantity(量的準則), Maxim of Relation(關系準則), Maxim of manner(方式準則).6.What are the seven categories of advertisement translation strategies? ①Literal Translation(直譯)/ Semantic Translation(語義翻譯)/ Foreignization Translation(異化翻譯);② Free Translation(意譯)/ Flexible, Dynamic, or Functional Equivalence(靈活對等、動態對等、功能對等翻譯)/ Communicative Translation(傳意翻譯)/ Domestication Translation(歸化翻譯);③ Creative Translation(再創型翻譯/ 創譯);④ Supplementary Translation/ Over Translation(增補型翻譯);⑤ Condensed Translation(濃縮型翻譯);⑥ Zero Translation(不譯);⑦ Adaptation(編譯).7.What are the three types or forms of discourses according to Newmark? Expressive(表達型), informative(信息型)and vocative(呼喚型).II.Translate the following terms into English.(2’×10=20’)
D.D.;D/ D CN
demand draft consignment note
即期匯票 鐵路運單 C.H.EF DLD EOD f.F.A.P/ A P.O.R C.O.D F.A.fad.CR sae D/A TNC D/A D/D SC TC T.C.SC U/A B.C.C/I BOT TAT DP TOD CP.SKD
clearing house Exchange Fund deadline date every other day
fairs face amount payment of arrival payment on receipt cash on delivery fixed assets free delivery cash receipts
stamped addressed envelope
deposit account transnational company document against acceptance
documentary draft supplier credit tariff circular traveler’s check sales contract underwritting account
bank clearing certificate of insurance balance of trade truck-air-truck document against payment
time of delivery commercial paper separate knock-known
票據交換所 外匯基金 最后時限 每隔一日 定期集市 票面金額 貨到付款 貨到付款 貨到付款 顧定資產 免費送貨 現金收入 已貼郵票 存款帳戶 跨國公司 承兌交單 跟單匯票 賣方信貸 關稅通報 旅行支票 銷售合同 保險賬戶 銀行清算 保險憑證 貿易余額 陸空聯運 交單付款 發貨時間 商業票據 部分散件
第三篇:商務英語翻譯復習資料
商務英語翻譯復習資料
1.詞匯
1.CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席執行官
2.Customer Service Section客戶服務部
3.APEC(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)亞太經合組織
4.L/C(letter of credit)信用證
5.FOB(free on board)離岸價
6.packing list 裝箱單
7.export license出口許可證
8.commercial contract商業合同
9.non-firm offer虛盤
10.port of shipment裝運港
11.insurance policy 保單
12.confirmed letter of credit 保兌信用證
13.shipping documents 裝運單據
14.draft/bill of exchange 匯票
15.marks and nos.嘜頭及編號
1.COO(Chief Operating Officer)首席運營官
2.After-sales Dept.售后服務部
3.OPEC(organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)石油輸出國組織
4.import license 進口許可證
5.loan agreement 貸款協議
6.documentary L/C 跟單信用證
7.port of loading 裝貨港
8.insurance premium保費
9.to enter into a contract 簽訂合同
10.bill of lading 提單
11.L/C(letter of credit)信用證
12.draft/bill of exchange 匯票
13.marks and nos.嘜頭及編號
14.sight draft 即期匯票
15.international conventions and practice 國際慣例
2.句子翻譯
We shall give prompt and best attention to any inquiries and provide adequate information as well.譯文:任何詢盤我們都會迅速而完善地處理,并提供足夠的信息。
2.In compliance with your request, we are now making you the following offer, subject to your reply reaching us within ten days.譯文: 按照(應)你方要求,我方現作如下發盤,以你方的回復十日內到有效。
3.In the usual practice we would like to be paid by irrevocable L/C drawn at sight.譯文:我們通常要求的付款方式為即其不可撤銷信用證。
4.In witness whereof the number of original Bills of Lading stated above have been signed, one of which being accomplished, the others are to be void.譯文:茲證明以上所列份數的提單原件已簽發,只要其中一份得以完成,其余即行失效。
5.We herewith certify this message to be true and correct.譯文:茲證明本信息正確無誤。
1.We add our confirmation to this credit and undertake that drafts and documents drawn under and in strict conformity with the terms thereof will be honored on presentation.譯文:我方現對此信用證予以保兌,保證該信用證項下開具且與該信用證中所列條款完全一致的匯票和單證將在呈交時予以承兌。
2.The buyer has the right to cancel the contract unilaterally if the seller fails to ship the goods within the L/C validity.譯文:賣方如果未在信用證的有效期內完成交貨,買方有權單方面取消
合同。
3.Partial shipments shall be permitted upon presentation of a clean set ofshipping document.譯文:可以允許,但必須提交一套清潔裝運單據。
4.Payment by irrevocable letter of credit in US dollars on a United States bank, allowing partshipment, transshipment and house bills and valid for 90 days from order date.譯文:貨款由一家美國銀行開具的 以美元支付,允許分批裝運、轉運及公司匯票,自訂貨起90天有效。
5.We claim for shortage in weight and low quality on the consignment of wheat shipped per s.s
“Princess Victoria”
譯文:“維多利亞公主”號輪裝運的小麥短重和質量低劣,我方對此提出索賠。
6.We claim for shortage in weight and low quality on the consignment of wheat shipped per s.s
“Princess Victoria”
譯文:“維多利亞公主”號輪裝運的小麥短重和質量低劣,我方對此提出
7.Where no settlement can be reached, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration.譯文:得不到解決,應將爭議提交。
1.Watermelons are in.2.What impressed us most was the novel design of your products.3.The fittest survive.4.An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.5.Please let us know if our terms are acceptable.6.The new contract would be good for 5 years.7.Liberalization of international economic system was widely perceived as a way to avoid recurrence of a similar calamity.8.In reimbursement of these extra expenses, please draw on us.9.Before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will be in the custody of the customs and storage charges are for the importer’s account.10.An acquaintance of the local market is helpful to our promotion of products.3.段落翻譯:
1.Neither of the two parties can divulge the contents of the contract to a third party after the conclusion of the contract.簽約后,簽約雙方中任何一方不得將合同內容泄露給第三方。
2.This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.買賣雙方同意按下述條款購買出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。
3.The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, both texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text.本合同用英文和中文兩種文字寫成,一式四份。雙方執英文本和中文本各一式兩份,兩種文字具有同等效力。
4.The contract shall be valid for 10 years from the effective date of the contract, on the expiry of the validity term of contract, the contract shall automatically become null and void.譯文:本合同有效期從合同生效之日起共10年,有效期滿后,本合同自動失效。
5.Any failure or delay in the performance by either party hereto of its obligations under this Agreement shall not constitute a breach hereof or give rise to any claims for damages if and to the extent that it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party affected, including, but without limiting the generality of the forgoing, acts of governmental authority, acts of god, strikes or concerted acts of workmen, fires, floods, explosions, wars, riots, storms, earthquakes, accidents, acts of a public enemy, rebellion, insurrection, sabotage, epidemic, quarantine restrictions, shortages of labor, materials or supplies, failures by contractors or subcontractors, transportation embargoes, failures or delays in transportation, rules, regulations, orders or directives of any government or any state, subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof or the order of any court of competent jurisdiction.華為是全球領先的電信解決方案供應商,專注于提供客戶化的產品、服務和解決方案,旨在創造長遠價值和增長潛能。其產品和解決方案涵蓋移動、核心網、網絡和終端等領域。
華為在美國、德國、瑞典、俄羅斯、印度以及中國的北京、上海、南京和深圳等地設立了多個研發中心。截至2008年6月底,華為擁有員工87,502名,其中43%從事研發工作。(參考譯文)
Huawei is a global leader in providing solutions to telecommunications networks.The company is committed to providing customized products, services and solutions to create long|term value and growth potential for its customers.Huawei’s products and solutions encompass wireless products, core network products, network products, and terminals.Huawei’s global R&D centers are located in USA, Germany, Sweden, Russia and India in addition to those in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Shenzhen in China.At the end of June 2008, Huawei has over 87,502 employees, of whom 43% are dedicated to R&D.Any failure or delay in the performance by either party hereto of its obligations under this Agreement shall not constitute a breach hereof or give rise to any claims for damages if and to the extent that it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party affected, including, but without limiting the generality of the forgoing, acts of governmental authority, acts of god, strikes or concerted acts of workmen, fires, floods, explosions, wars, riots, storms, earthquakes, accidents, acts of a public enemy, rebellion, insurrection, sabotage, epidemic, quarantine restrictions, shortages of labor, materials or supplies, failures by contractors or subcontractors, transportation embargoes, failures or delays in transportation, rules, regulations, orders or directives of any government or any state, subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof or the order of any court of competent jurisdiction.本協議任何一方未能履行基本協議規定的義務或有所延誤,如果是由于發生該方無法控制的事件所造成的,則在此范圍內不構成對本協議的違反,也不得引起任何賠償損失的要求。這類事件在不局限于上述一般概念的前提下包括:政府的行為,自然界的行為,工人罷工或聯合行動、火災、水災、爆炸、戰爭、**、風暴、地震、事故,社會公敵的行為,叛亂,起義,破壞,傳染病,隔離控制,勞動力、原材料或物資短缺,承包者或分包者未履約,禁運、運輸方面未能履約或延誤,任何政府或國家、下屬各部門、機構或組織的條例、規定、命令或指示,任何有管轄權的法院的命令
第四篇:英語翻譯
英語1-4單元翻譯
第一單元.這個嬰兒還不會爬,更不用說走了。The baby can not crawl,let alone walk.2 威爾聲稱謀殺案發生時他正在與一群朋友吃飯,但是我認為他在說謊。Will claimed that he was having a dinner with his friend when the murder happended,but in my opinion he is lying.he told lie.3 一定程度上閱讀速度與閱讀技巧密切相關;有了閱讀技巧,你就可以更好的應對課外閱讀了。
To a certain extent ,the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills;and reading skills, you can better cope with outside class readingafter class reading.4 根據規則他們倆都可以參加比賽。
According to the ruleregulation, they both can take part inparticipate the game.5 有些人想當然的認為日語中的每一個詞在漢語中都有對應的詞語。Some people assume that each word in Japanese has an equivalent in Chinese /Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for very Japanese word 6 我已將所有的相關信息告知了警方。
We have already reported all relevant information to the police We have already passed all relevant information on the police 7 關于那件事你問我再多的問題也沒用,因為我是不會回答你的。It is no use asking me any more questions because I won’t answer 8 事先沒有仔細閱讀合同就簽了名是吉姆的錯誤。
Singing the contract without reading it carefully was a mistake on Jim’s part It was a mistake on Jim’s part to sign the contract without reading carefully 9 他們拒絕向我們提供所需要的全部信息。
They refused to provide us with all information that we needed 10 這起事故與三年前發生的一起事故極為相似。
This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago 11 這部影片是根據莎士比亞的戲劇改編的。
The film /movies is based on a play of William Shakespeare 如果你過你的英語和電腦技能都掌握得好,那么你在謀職時一定比別人更有優勢.You’ll surely /certainly have advantage over others in finding a job ,if you are good at /if you have a good command of both English and computer skills
第二單元 很多老師不贊同這種做法
Many /A lot of /A large number of teachers frowned on this practice 2 當我想從草地上穿過去的時候,有位老人在旁邊怒視著我。
When I was about to /was trying to cross /cut across the lawn , an old man glared at me.3 當我提到我的父親,她臉上總是露出來認識我的笑容。
When I mentioned my father, she showed a smile of recognition on her face 4 我的大孩子比較聽話,而小的那個非常倔。我現在還回想起小的孩子在中學畢業后是如何執意要出國讀書的。
My older child/My firstborn was quit obedient, whereas my younger child was very stubborn.I can still recall how the younger child insisted on going abroad to study after his graduation from middle school.5 當海嘯襲來時,許多東南亞國家遭受了巨大的損失。
Countries in South East Asia sustained great losses when the tsunami struck the area.6 每當做母親的那弟弟跟哥哥作比較,弟弟就要抗議。
Every time the mother tries to compare the younger brother with his elder brother, the younger one will protest 7 當他初到這個新學校的時候,發現自己與其他同學格格不入。
He found himself unable to fit in with his classmates when he first came to this school 8 她臉上氣急敗壞的表情實在把我嚇壞了。我再也不敢說個不字。The fury on her face terrified me.I dared not say no to her again.9 怪不得你最后闖出禍來,原來你從來不聽你父母的管教。No wonder you ended up in trouble.You never followed your parents’ advice.10 他發了整整兩年的時間才慢慢適應了這個新環境。It took him two years to adapt to the new environment
第三單元 威廉非常喜歡那個女孩,所以他盡力討好她,并且很有信心可以贏得她的心。William likes the girl very much /a lot so he tires his best to impress her and is optimistic to min her heart.2 他有創造性,對未來也有很好的判斷力,可就是喜歡秘而不宣。He is creative and has a good vision of the future, but he likes keep things to himself.3 他們來自一個貧窮的小山村,那里的人們遠離現代文明。
They come from a poor little village where people were shut off from modern civilization.4 我們要努力工作,爭取達到我們是定下的目標.We must work hard and make an effort to achieve the goals that we have set.5 我們應滿足于我們所擁有的一切,不該對周圍的事情過分吹毛求疵。We should learn to be content with all that we have and should not be too critical about things around us.6 他們經常代表學校參加辯論比賽;今晚我們將聚會慶祝他們的成功。They often represent our school in debating competitions;tonight we will throw a party to celebrate their success.7 通過讀書,他不僅開闊了視野,而且學會了不斷完善自己的人格。Through reading ,not only has he expanded his horizons,but he also has learned to keep improving his character.8 為了把那個女孩從火中救出,兩名警察犧牲了他們的生命。
Two policemen sacrificed their lives in order to save that girl from the fire.9 穩定的;無沖突的夫妻關系對家庭中的孩子有好處。
A stable relationship without conflict between husband and wife benefits the children in family.3
第四單元 我們一知道成績就互相聯系吧!
Let’s get in touch as soon as we know the result of the testexam 2 那音樂激起他強烈的思鄉之情。
The music aroused an intense feeling of homesickness in him.3 你已經工作一個上午了,該休息一下了
You’ve been working all morning---you;deserve a rest now.4 我剛躺下,電話鈴就響了。
I had no sooner lain down than the telephone rangNo sooner had I lain down than the telephone rang.5 醫生說我疲勞過度,勸我不要在接受更多的工作
My doctor says I’m too tired and has advised me not to take on any more work 6 珍妮自愿負責聚會后的清潔工作。
Jenny volunteered to clear up after the gathering.7 演講的題目提前一個星期宣布,但是演講者的名字不會提前告知。The subject of the talk is announced a week in advance, but the name of the speaker is not.8 你的考試成績沒有達到所要求的標準,換句話說,你考試不及格。Your performance in the exam did not reach the required standard----in other words, you failed.9 她病得很厲害,必須停止工作。She was so ill that she had to leave off work.10 現在沒辦法知道結果會怎樣,案子的決定權在法官手里,我們所能做的就是等待
There is no way to tell what is going to happen.The case is in the hands of the judge, and all we could do is to wait.4
第五篇:英語翻譯
翻譯:
在2011年7月,我加入了海航集團這個大家庭并成為海南新生信息有限公司北京分公司的一員,領導給我的職位是客戶服務主管,在這個短短的半年中,我嚴格要求自己并較好的執行自己本職的工作,有收獲,也有不足的地方,在公司領導的幫助下,我從一個對自己的工作一知半解,到現在我可以自己獨當一面,現將自己的工作狀況以及個人體會總結如下:工作介紹:
在這半年中,我們公司主要的工作重點都放在北京錦繡大地物流港,我們的工作主要是在錦繡大地開展第三方支付業務,海航在2011年5月16日全國首批取得 《中華人民共和國支付業務許可證》,在2011年1月24日獲得《支付系統安全認證證書》并以此為基礎開發科一個支付系統簡稱“新生支付”系統。通過這個系統為錦繡大地的商戶們提供代收代付服務等相關金融服務。
而我的工作主要為:對商戶以及公司客戶進行新生支付系統的了解推廣以及介紹,為商戶及公司申請新生支付賬號,對新生支付進行使用以及對錦繡大地的一些正在使用新生支付系統的公司進行操作上的培訓以及解答,給錦繡大地管理員進行錦繡大地結算卡的培訓與使用介紹。
① 新生支付業務了解及推廣
在我剛開始接觸新生支付系統的時候我只是通過從大新華易物流總部那個得到的相關資料對新生支付系統僅有初步的了解,之后我通過聯系易物流總部運營部的蘇珊周嘉華等人,對新生支付系統有了更深刻的了解,同時,錦繡大地的一些公司對新生支付也比較有興趣,這正好可以讓我在實際操作中了解新生支付以及對其進行推廣,在推廣過程中,我了解到了客戶的信息,并準備通過他們提交的信息為他們申請支付平臺的賬號。
② 新生賬號的申請
從向總部的相關人員咨詢中我了解到,只有申請到了新生平臺賬號才能在新生平臺進行業務的使用。申請賬號時需要備其以下資料:商戶信息調查表完整填寫,營業執照副本,稅務登記證,組織機構代碼證,法人身份證(都需要復印件),同時要簽訂協議并上報公文,在協議中,要明確的是結算時間,這個主要跟客戶在使用平臺時付款的到賬時間有關,一般為T+1。了更好更快的推廣新生支付平臺,我通過以上的要求在1個半月的時間里為錦繡大地的5家公司開了新生平臺賬號。
③ 新生支付平臺的使用培訓
在申請完新生支付平臺賬號后,我將幫助客戶進行賬號的注冊,登陸密碼和支付密碼啊的設定,之后就可以在使用了。一般的客戶主要在平臺上進行大額款項的往來、單比付款、批量付款。單筆付款主要是面向個人或者是一家公司,批量付款則是這個系統的一大優點,在一張excel表里可以把所有付款信息填入里面,無論多少人,多少公司都可以,這時,需要在設置另一個操作員的賬號,由于批量付款涉及金融較大,數量較多,所有對系統會在批量付款時需要業務復核。在這半年里,這5家公司通過批量付款進行過工資發放,退付款的發放等等,而且他們每天都在新生平臺進行金額的代收代付業務。
④ 錦繡大地結算卡
我們在錦繡大地推廣新生系統的同時,為了給商戶們帶來更便利的金融服務,我們推出了錦繡大地結算卡,這是一張預付費卡,可記名可掛失。商戶們可以通過這張卡在錦繡大地的結算中心進行現金存取,存支票,轉賬等業務。在領導把這張結算卡的主要功能給我們講解完后,在半個月的時間里,我們基本上把這張卡的功能全部了解了。在領導的要求下,我們分層給錦繡大地的管理員們進行培訓,之后找到每層的大商戶,分層分批次的跟他們進行結算卡的推廣。我們以錦繡大地聯合農副產品批發市場有限公司名,為其申請了新生平臺賬號,結算中心通過錦繡大地的新生平臺進行代收代付的業務。
感受與不足
在進入海航集團的這半年里我感受到了海航大家庭的溫暖,體會到了海航精神,體會到了“共同理想、共同信仰、共同追求、共同理念”,體會到海航將追求品質貫穿到每位海航人的每件工作中,以“誠信、業績、創新”為理念,賦予了“海航”這個符號高品質的形象,奠定了海航事業長青不凋的基石。在領導和同事的幫助下,自己成長了許多也成熟了許多,領導交給自己的任務,自己可以獨立完成,做到獨當一面。體會到了海航精神里面的為自己做點事,為他們做點事。
自己在很多方面都有不足的地方,首先我認為我對第三方支付的這個概念了解的不是很全面,而且對金融這方面的知識了解的不是很多,自己應該在周末和休息時間多學一些金融方面的知識,多看一些金融方面的書籍。海航是一個競爭力很強的企業,如果不學習不總結經驗早晚會被海航淘汰,在海航一定要多學習,多總結經驗和教訓,使自己不斷成長,這樣才能讓自己站得住腳。自己在工作中可能還是有些馬虎大意,這在以后工作中是一定不行的,自己所涉及的都是金額較大的工作,所以一定要認真。
今年馬上就要過去了,明天可能會有更多更有挑戰性的工作等著我來完成,我自己也很期待去鍛煉自己,讓自己變的更成熟穩重,可以幫助領導和同事排憂解難,自已一定要積極貫徹“海航十則”精神,團結同事,聽取別人的意見和建議,多學習,多總結經驗和教訓,為海航的發展多出一份力!
In July 2011, I joined the Haihang group,and become a new member of Hainan new information co., LTD., Beijing branch, my position is customer service director.During this short half a year, I am strict with myself and do my job, I have learnt a lot as well as shortcomings.Under the leadership of firm, I change from a girl knows nothing about business to a girl who can make it, now I will share my working conditions and personal experience with all of you, as follows:
Work Introduction:
During this half year, our company mainly focuses on the Beijing big country logistics port, our main task is to develop the third party payment business in the big country.Haihang first obtains the People's Republic of China payment business license in the May 16, 2011 ,and in 2011 January 24th it wins payment system security authentication certificate and, on this basis, developing a payment system called” the new payment system”.By which big businessmen in the country are able to conduct collect and pay service and other related financial services
My work is mainly as follows: introduce the new payment system to merchants and customers, help them to apply for new payment account, operate the training for the new-pay-users as well as to the big country of new payment system, and introduce the using methods for the to big country managers.(1)understanding and promotion for the new payment business
I just started to contact new payment system via the Xinhuayi logistics headquarters and the relevant information, with the help of ZhouJiaHua, Susan and other acquaintances, I have a deeper understanding of the new payment systems.Meanwhile, some companies are interested in new payment, in which I am able to promote it and have a picture of clients in the real operation, and prepare to submit for their payment platform account through their information
(2)Application for the new account
By the relevant consulting from the heads, I learned that only apply for the new platform account can use it for business.Apply for the account calls for the following material: complete merchant information questionnaire, duplicate of business license, tax registration
certificate, organization code certificate, legal person's ID card(all need copy), and at the same time they need to sign the agreement, and hand in it.What shall be clearly is the main settlement time, which customers in the use of platform payment should account the time, generally for T + 1.In order to promote new payment platform, I opened new platform account for 5 big companies through the above requirements in one and a half months.(3)training for the use of new payment platform
In the application for the new account payment platform, I will help customers account registration, password, then can be in use.The general
customers are mainly in the platform of the large amount of money than current, single payment, batch payment.Single payment mainly is for an individual or company, batch payment system is the one of the great strengths and, a piece of excel list can put all the payment information inside, no matter how many people and company, at this time, we need to set up another operator account, due to the batch payment involves more quantity, all of the system in batch payment need business review.During this half year, the five companies made salary, pay back the issue, and so on through the batch payment, and they everyday in the new platform for amount of collection and payment business.(4)the big country debit card
We promote new system, at the same time, in order to bring more financial services to traders, we have launched the big country debit card, this is a prepaid card, which can be registered and can report the lost.Traders of the settlement center can have cash access, deposit check, transfer, etc through the card in the big country.After the leader introduces the functions of this debit card, we have a good grasp of it in the coming half month.Under the leadership, we give the detailed training to managers and big fishes about the debit card.Our big country,agricultural and sideline products wholesale market co., LTD., applies for the new platform account, settlement center collects and pays business through the new platform.Feeling and shortage
During the half year in Haihang group, I felt the warm of this family, and realize the process of spirit, “same ideal, same beliefs, same pursuit, and same idea”, realize to the Haihang will pursue the quality through the process of each piece of work, take “the faith, performance,innovation” for the concept, shape “Haihang” the image of high quality, laid the solid foundation of the development.With the help of leadership and colleagues, I grow up and become mature.I am able to finish the task on myself which realize the spirit “one for all, all for one”.I have some shortcomings, to begin with, I don’t have a clear picture of third party payment and also lack for financial knowledge, I should spare the weekend time to do more reading and learn more about them.Haihang is a very competitive enterprise, without learning and summing up experiences one is easily be eliminated.In this company, I must learn the lessons to make myself grow up, only in this way I will earn a position here.I am careless sometimes in the work, which is not allowed because it is involved in the large amount of money, so I must serious.This year will be the past, more challenges are waiting for me, I, myself, also looking forward to exercise myself, and learn to be more mature.I can help leaders and colleagues to solve problems, and I do stick for the spirit, I will unify colleagues, take their suggestions and advise, learn to sum up experience and lessons to make a contribution to Haihang!