第一篇：電子信息英語專業英語詞組專業英語b篇翻譯

Translated by何瑩婷，版權沒有，翻印不究。有錯誤歡迎指正:)Unit3 27-2In the binary system of representation the base is 2, and only two numerals 0 and 1 are required to represent a number.The numerals 0 and 1 have the same meaning as in the decimal system, but a different interpretation is placed on the position occupied by a digit.In the binary system the individual digits represent the coefficients of powers of two rather than ten as in the decimal system.For example, the decimal number 19 is written in the binary representation as 10011 since

10011=1×24+0×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=16+0+0+2+1=19

A short list of equivalent numbers in decimal and binary notation is given in Table 3.2.

二進制示數系統中的基數是二，且只有0和1兩個數被用以示數。0和1在這里與在十進制中具有一樣的意義，但每個數位表示的不一樣。二進制系統中每個數字表示二的冪系數，而十進制中表示十的冪系數。例如，十進制數19在二進制中表示為10011因為 10011=1×24+0×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=16+0+0+2+1=19 二進制和十進制數相等數字見表3.2.27-3A general method for converting from a decimal to a binary number is indicated in Table 3.3.The procedure is the following.Place the decimal number(in this illustration, 19)on the extreme right.Next divide by 2 and place the quotient(9)to the left and indicate the remainder(1)directly below it.Repeat this process(for the next column 9÷2 =4 and a remainder of 1)until a quotient of 0 is obtained.The array of 1’s and 0’s in the second row is the binary representation of the origin decimal number.In this example, decimal 19=10011 binary.

十進制轉換成二進制的一般方法如圖3.3。過程如下：把十進制數（圖中的19）放在最右端，接下來除以2，把商（9）放在左邊并直接在其下方標明余數（1）。重復這個步驟（下一列為9÷2=4余1），直到商為0截止。第二行中的1和0就是原始十進制數的二進制表示。此例中，十進制19=二進制10011.28-1A binary digit(a 1 or a 0)is called a bit.A group of bits that has the same significance is called a byte, word, or code.For example, to represent the 10 numerals(0, 1, 2, …, 9)and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36 different combinations of 1’s and 0’s.Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bite are required in order to accommodate all the alphanumeric characters.In this sense a bite is sometimes referred to as a character and a group of one or more characters as a word.

一位二進制數（一個1或0)叫做比特。一組具有相同意義的比特叫做字節，詞，或代碼。例如，表示10個數字（0,1,2，...9）和26個英文字母要用到36種不同的1和0的組合。因為25<36<26，那么表示所有這些字母數字字符組最少需要6比特每字節。這種情況下一字節有時候被稱為一個字符和一個或多個字符組成的字符串。

29-1The parameters of a physical device(for example, VCE·sat of a transistor)are not identical from sample to sample, and they also vary with temperature.Furthermore, ripple or voltage spikes may exist in the power supply or ground leads, and other sources of unwanted signals, called noise, may be present in the circuit.For these reasons the digital levels are not specified precisely, but as indicated by the shaded region in Figure 3.6, each state is defined by a voltage range about a designated level, such as 4±1 V and 0.2±0.2 V.

每個實體器件樣本的參數(如晶體管的VCE·sat)是不完全相同的，它們還會隨溫度變化。而且，電源或地線可能存在電壓脈動或電壓峰值，其他干擾信號——噪聲也可能出現在電路中。由于這些原因，數字電平沒有明確的規定，但如圖3.6中陰影所示，將每個狀態定義為指定電平的電壓范圍，例如4±1 V 和 0.2±0.2 V。

Unit4 37-1The materials that make up our universe are composed of over one hundred basic and individual types of matter called elements.Ninety-two of these elements occur naturally and the remainders are man-made.Each element has a separate identify of its own, that is, no two elements have the same physical and chemical properties, nor can an element be subdivided by ordinary physical and chemical means into simple elements.[1] Examples of elements are gold, mercury and oxygen.構成宇宙的物質是由一百多種基本的不同類型的物質——元素組成的。其中92種元素是天然形成的，其他的則是人造的。每種元素都各有其自己的標識，也就是說，元素的物理和化學特性是獨一無二的，一種元素也不可以用物理和化學手段再分成簡單的元素。例如金，汞和氧元素。

37-3Electrons whirl around nuclei in much the same manner that the planets of our solar system travel around the sun.The difference between an atom of one element and that of another is in the number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus.[2] All the elements in the universe, and therefore all matter, is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.電子圍繞原子核旋轉，其方式類似于太陽系中行星圍繞太陽旋轉。一種元素的原子和另一種元素的原子的差別在于其原子核中的質子數和中子數。宇宙中的所有元素，也就是說所有的物質，都是由質子，中子和電子組成的。

37-4There must be force of attraction between a nucleus and the electrons surrounding it, otherwise the electrons would fly off into space, in order to understand its nature, we find it helpful to call this force a charge.The charge of the nucleus is defined as positive, and the opposite charge of the electron, negative.In view of the fact that opposites attract, the force between the nucleus and the rotating electron around it prevents the electron from flying off into space.在原子核與其周圍的電子間必然存在著吸引力，否則電子將會飛離原子核，為了理解它的性質，我們把這種力稱為電荷。原子核電荷定義為正電荷，電子的電荷則相反，為負電荷。鑒于異性相吸，原子核和圍繞其旋轉的電子間的力阻止了電子飛離到空間中。

38-last para Impurities may be added to pure semiconductors.This results in semiconductor materials, which may either have an excess of free electrons or a deficiency of orbital electrons.When an excess of electrons is present we call the material N-type;when lack of orbital electrons occurs, we call the material P-type.Both N-type and P-type semiconductors are made by treated materials.such as germanium and silicon with impurities，such as arsenic and indium.The addition of impurities to semiconductors is called doping.雜質被加入到純的半導體中。這會導致半導體材料中有過剩的自由電子或軌道電子缺失。有過剩電子時材料被稱為n型；缺失軌道電子時材料被稱為p型。N型和P型半導體都由加工材料制成。例如有雜質的鍺和硅，砷和銦。往半導體中加入的雜質添加物叫摻雜質。

Unit5 50-2At first, these disk drives used 14 inch disks, but now they use 5 1/4 inch, 3 1/2 inch,2 1/2 inch, and 1 4/5 inch diameters.In contrast to the floppy disk drive, hard disk drives hold from 80 megabytes to gigabytes and terabytes of information.When purchasing a hard disk, consider storage capacity and seek time, a measure of a hard disk’s access speed.The smaller the numbers, the faster the disk.In the past, 65 milliseconds was the standard access time, but today the standard is less than 7 milliseconds.起初，這些磁盤驅動采用14英寸磁盤，但現在采用的是5 1/4英寸，2 1/2英寸和1 4/5直徑的磁盤。與軟盤驅動截然不同的是，硬盤驅動保存著兆字節到千兆字節、萬兆字節的信息。購買硬盤時要考慮存儲容量和尋道時間及存取速度。這些數字越小，磁盤就運行得越快。在過去，標準存取時間為65毫秒，而現在的標準為低于7毫秒。

50-3Storing data on hard disks is similar to storing data on diskettes.In order to read or write data on the surface of the spinning disk platter, the disk drives are designed with access arms, or actuators.[1] The access arms, or actuators, contain one or more read/write heads per disk surface.As the disk rotates at a high rate of speed, usually 3,600 revolution per minute, the read/write heads move across its surface.These read/write heads float on a cushion of air and do not actually touch the surface of the disk.[2] The distance between the head and the surface varies from approximately ten to twenty millionths of an inch.If some form of contamination is introduced or if the alignment of the read/write heads is altered by something accidentally jarring the computer, the disk head can collide and damage the disk surface, causing a loss of data.This event is known as a head crash.Because of the time needed to repair the disk and to reconstruct the data that was lost, head crashes can be extremely costly to users in terms of both time and money.硬盤上的數據存儲與軟盤上的類似。為了在旋轉的磁盤盤片表面讀寫數據，磁盤驅動器被設計成具有存取和傳動裝置。存取和傳動裝置由每個盤片表面的一個或多個讀寫頭構成。當盤片以通常為3600轉每分的速度高速旋轉時，讀寫頭移過盤片表面。這些讀寫頭在高壓氣流上漂浮，移動時并不與盤片表面真正接觸。讀寫頭與盤片表面的距離約為一萬到兩千萬分之一英寸。如果有污染物介入，或讀寫頭隊列被電腦的意外震動改變，讀寫頭會碰撞并損壞盤片表面，引起數據丟失。這種情況叫做磁頭碰撞。由于修復磁盤并重建數據需要一定的時間，磁頭碰撞會花費用戶相當多的金錢和時間。

50-5The sector method for physically organizing data on disks divides each track on the disk surface into individual storage areas called sectors.Each sectors can contain a specified number of bytes.Data is referenced by indicating the surface, track, and sector where the data is stored.用扇區方式物理地在磁盤上組織數據是將盤片表面分成獨立的存儲區域，稱之為扇區。每個扇區能包含特定字節數。數據通過指示存儲著數據的盤片表面，軌道和扇區來引用。

51-6Most optical disks are prerecorded and cannot be modified by the user.These disks are used for applications such as an auto parts catalog where the information is changed only occasionally, such as once a year, and a new updated optical disk is created.[3] Optical disk devices that provide for one-time recording are called WORM devices, an acronym for write once, read many.Erasable optical disk drives are just starting to be used.The most common erasable optical drives use magneto-optical technology, in which a magnetic field changes the polarity of a spot on the disk that has been heated by a laser.[4] 大多數光盤是事先錄好的，且不能被用戶修改。這種光盤用于信息量大，不需要經常更改信息內容的場合。例如，一個汽車零件目錄，其中的信息是經過一段時間（比如一年）才更新一次，需要更新時再制作一張新的光盤就可以了。只能刻錄一次的光盤設備叫WORM設備，是write once, read many的縮寫。可擦寫光盤設備剛開始被使用。最常見的可擦寫光盤驅動采用磁光技術，在這種技術中，磁場改變了磁盤上被激光加熱的點的極性。

Unite6 65-1 PCM is dependent on three separate operations: sampling, quantizing, and coding.Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones.[1] In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality maybe conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded, as a sequence of 8 binary digits.[2] Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(kHz)is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz.[3] Practical equipments, however, normally use a sampling rate of 8 kHz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64 kHz.Figure 6.2 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes.

脈沖編碼調制依靠三個獨立的運作：采樣，量化，編碼。近年來，人們對這三個環節的實現提出了許多不同的方案，我們將對其中一些主要的方案進行討論。在這些討論中，我們會看到話路中的語音信號是如何轉換成一個幅值序列的，而每個幅值又被編碼，即以8位二進制數的序列表示。而且我們將證明，為了變換頻率范圍為300hz-3.4khz的話路信號，理論上的最小采樣頻率為6.8khz。但實際的設備通常采用8 kHz的采樣速度，而如果采用8位每樣本的值，則會出現重復速率為64 kHz的脈沖流。采樣，量化和編碼過程如圖6.2所示。

67-2Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments.Noise can be introduced into transmission path in many different ways;perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself.It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place;however, this is not always the case.For example, the signal received from a satellite, located in far outer space, is very weak and is at a level only slightly above that of the noise.[4]

Alternative examples may be found within terrestrial systems where, although the message signal is strong, so is the noise power.數字傳輸是克服噪聲環境的一種有力方式。噪聲會以多種不同方式引入傳輸路徑。也許是附近的閃電，汽車點火裝置的火花，或者是通信設備中熱的低電平噪聲。確實信號與噪聲信號間的關系稱為信噪比，這是通信工程師最感興趣的問題。基本上說，若信號相對噪聲占的比重很大，這條信息將得到完美傳輸。但事實并不總是這樣。比如，從位于遙遠太空中的衛星接收到的信號極其微弱，其電平僅比噪聲稍高一點。另一個例子是地面系統，盡管信息信號強，但噪聲功率也強。

67-3If we consider binary transmission, the complete information about a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse.By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape, or level of the transmitted signal;parameters that are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path.[5] Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digita1 transmission.

要是我們考慮二進制傳輸，完整的信息總會通過簡單地檢測脈沖的有無獲得。相比之下，許多其他形式的傳輸系統利用被傳信號的波形或電平高低來傳送信息，而這些參數又極易受到傳輸路徑中噪聲和衰耗的影響。因此選擇數字傳輸對克服噪聲環境有固有的優勢。

67-4So far in this discussion we have assumed that each voice channel has a separate coder, the unit that converts sampled amplitude values to a set of pulses;and decoder, the unit that performs the reverse operation.This need not be so, and systems are in operation where a single codec(i.e., coder and its associated decoder)is shared between 24, 30, or even 120 separate channels.A high-speed electronic switch is used to present the analog information signal of each channel, taken in turn, to the codec.The codec is then arranged to sequentially sample the amplitude value, and code this value into the 8-digit sequence.Thus the output to the codec may be seen as a sequence of 8 pulses relating to channel 1, then channel 2, and so on.This unit is called a time division multiplexer(TDM), and 15 illustrated in Figure 6.3.The multiplexing principle that is used is known as word interleaving.Since the words, or 8-digit sequences, are interleaved in time.目前我們在這個討論中假定每個話路有單獨的編碼器，也就是將采樣幅值轉換成脈沖序列的單元；并有單獨的解碼器，也就是執行相反操作的單元。其實并不需要這樣，系統靠單一的編譯碼器（編碼器和其關聯的解碼器）運行，它有24，30,甚至120個單獨的信道。高速電子開關用以表示每個信道的模擬信息信號，并把信號依次送入編譯碼器。而后編譯碼器順序地進行幅值采樣，并把幅值編排成8位碼序列。這樣編譯碼器的輸出看起來就像一串關于信道1，信道2等的8位脈沖序列。這個單元叫做時分多路器。圖6.3說明了15個信道的時分多路器工作原理。采用的分路原理叫字交叉。因為每個字或8位碼序列是在一段時間內交叉存取的。

第二篇：專業英語 翻譯

1.Design means features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamentation applicable to an article, being features that, in the finished article, can be judged by the eye, but does not include method or principle if construction.1 設計意味著形狀的特征，結構，圖案或裝飾，用于一個物品中，成為一種特征，在完成的物品中，可以通過眼睛來判斷，但不包括形成方法或原則。

2.Design is the activity that makes the living environment more suitable for people,it is also the tool by which the technologies, manufacture ability, market needs and resources can be transferred into the useful results and products.設計是一種能讓生活環境更適宜人類生存的活動，也是一種可以將科學技術、制造能力、市場需求和資源轉換為有用的結果和產品的工具。Design is the area of human experience, skill and knowledge that reflects mains concernwith the appreciation of his surroundings in the light of his materials and spiritual need, in particular, it relates with configuration, composition, meaning, value and purpose in man-made phenomena.3設計是人類的體驗、技能和知識的結合體，源于設計者對其周遭環境的欣賞，按照其當時擁有的材料和精神需求，反映了一些主要問題，特別是在人為現象中，設計與外形結構、組成成分、含義、價值和目的都有關系。

4Design is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.4 設計是一種創造、開發新的觀念與規范的專業服務，即在用戶和制造商的共同利益的基礎上，優化產品和系統的功能、價值和外觀。

5.Design is an activity that uses wide range of experience, knowledge, and skills to find the best solution to a problem, within certain constrains.一定的約束。設計是一種活動，它廣泛運用經驗，知識，和技能，在一定的約束下，去尋找解決問題的最佳方法。

6.Design is far more than just problem-solving.It involves the whole process of producing a solution, from conception to evaluation.概念 評價。設計不僅僅是解決問題，它包括一個從概念到評估全過程的解決方法。

7.Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects多方面的品質目標, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles.7 設計是一種創造性的活動，旨在建立多方面的品質目標，過程，服務和全部生命周期中的系統。

8．Design is concerned with the whole process from identifying a problem, through to creating a solution and then testing it.設計與發現問題，解決方案以及對其試驗的整個過程密切相關。

When applied to fine and applied arts, engineering, and other such creative efforts, design is both a noun and a verb.當設計應用于精美的或者實用型的藝術、工程或其他類似的創造性工作時，它既是一個

名詞，又是一個動詞。Red activates your pituitary gland, increasing your heart rate and causing you to breathe more rapidly.This visceral response makes red aggressive, energetic, provocative and attention-grabbing.Count on red to evoke a passionate response, albeit not always a favorable one.For example, red can represent danger or indebtedness.9 紅色，激活了你的腦下垂體，增加了你的心率，加速了你的呼吸。這些生理上的反應也賦予了紅色以攻擊性、活力、刺激并引人注目。雖然紅色并非總是最惹人喜愛的顏色，但憑借紅色仍可喚起充滿激情的回應。例如，紅色可以用來表征危險或債務。It's important to remember that colors can have different meanings in different parts of the world.If your business operates globally, make sure you research the color selections for your brand to ensure your colors accurately communicate your brand image in international markets.10 我們應當銘記，各種色彩在世界的不同地區有著不同的含義。如果你在從事全球性的貿易，一定要充分調研自家品牌的色彩選擇，確保選用的顏色在國際市場上能夠準確傳達品牌形象。

11.Blue is frequently used to promote products and services related to cleanliness and purity — cleaning liquids and water purification filters — air and sky for airlines, airports, and air conditioners, or water and sea such as bottled waters and ocean voyages.11.藍色是經常被用來促進產品和服務，清潔和純潔性清潔液體和水凈化過濾器-空氣，天空與航空公司，機場，和空調，或水和海水如瓶裝水和大洋航行。

Rococo 洛可可Baroque style 巴洛克風格 Romantic painting浪漫主義畫派Realism現實主義Abstract 抽象派

secondary colors:間色（綠橙紫）

primary colors:原色

complementary colors:補色

in-house 內部的the definition of design management 設計管理的定義

design project management設計項目管理

Sustainable design 可持續設計

Green design 綠色設計

Attribute屬性，品質

cutting-edge前沿的end-user 終端用戶

humanity 人，人性

prototype原型

usability可用性

human centered design 以人為本的設計

briefn.概要, 摘要

The design process設計過程

Observation and adaptation觀察法和改良設計

ideas from drawing從圖紙的想法

Brainstorming 頭腦風暴

Checklists 調查問卷法

human body measurement 人體測量

a procedural flow chart 程序流程圖

time schedule 時間表

sustainable design(green design)可持續設計

古希臘文化是西方文明的發源地。而且，古希臘設計也是西方設計的起源。特別是它的建筑藝術深深影響了西方建筑2000多年。

到了漢代，傳統祭祀器皿的制造已經停止，青銅用于制造實用品或者奢侈品。到了唐代，金，銀，鍍金青銅幾乎完全取代了銅，可能因為與中亞和西亞的人的接觸，那里貴重的金屬材料很久前就被重視了。

第三篇：2010級電子信息專業英語卷子

一．FPGA：現場可編程門陣列

ASSP: 專用標準器件

VHDL: 極高速集成電路硬件描述語言

ADSL: 非對稱數字用戶環線

DMM: 數字萬用表

AFG: 任意函數發生器

RTOS: 實時操作系統

WLAN: 無線局域網

MPEG: 運動圖象專家組

DCT: 離散余弦變換

二.定制類：Custom Class

采樣保持電路：Sample and hold circuit

知識產權：Intellectual Property

集成開發工具：Integrated development tool

機頂盒：STB(Set Top Box)

功率耗散：Power dissipation

半導體制造商：Foundry

直接序列擴頻: Direct sequence spread spectrum

量化步長：Quantifying step size

向下（后）兼容：Backward compatible

二．1.An operating system vendor that takes the real-time behavior product seriously will usually

publish a datasheet providing the minim average and maximum number of clock cycles required by each system.如果操作系統提供商能夠認真看待其產品的實時性能的話，那么它一般會通過數據手冊公布每個系統調用所需時鐘周期數的最小值，平均值和最大值。

三．1.因為其靈活性，FPGA廣泛用于ASIC仿真、互聯邏輯集成，或者用作那些功能繁多、標準不斷變化的應用的解決方案。

Known for their flexibility, FPGAs were widely used for ASIC emulation, glue-logic consolidation, or as a solution for applications with volatility and changing standards.2.片上系統是數字化應用及微電子技術迅速發展的產物，是下一代基于數字信號處理產品的主要發展方向之一。它把一種應用系統集成在一個芯片上。通常，為滿足系統的性能要求和提高功率效率，會把數字信號處理器和微控制單元的多處理器處理平臺集成在一起。SOC(System on Chip)is the product of digital application and the rapid development of microelectronics technology, and it is one of the main development directions of next-generation DSP-based products.It integrates an application system on a single chip.In general, in order to meet the system performance requirements and improve power efficiency, DSP and MCU will be integrated to multi-processor platforms.3.“專用集成電路”不是微處理器這樣的通用芯片，而是一種為特殊用途設計的定制芯片。和通用CPU相比，使用專用集成電路可以提高性能。因為專用集成電路是使用硬連線完勝距離工作的，并不需要為取指令和解釋指令付出開銷。

An ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit)is a chip that is custom designed for a specific application rather than a general-purpose chip such as a microprocessor.The use of ASICs improves performance over general-purpose CPUs.Because ASIC are “hardwired” to do a specific job and do not incur the overhead of fetching and interpreting stored instructions.

第四篇：電子信息專業英語要點總結

重點詞匯

1.TDM——Time Division Multiplexing 時分復用

FDM CDM 2.PCM——Pulse Code Modulation 脈沖編碼調制

3.PCI——Peripheral Component Interconnect 周邊元件連接口 4.IDE——Integrated Drive Electronics 集成驅動器電路 5.AGP——Accelerated Graphic Port 加速圖形接口 6.USB——Universal Serial Bus通用串行接口

7.HDL——Hardware Description Language 硬件描述語言 8.PLD——Programmable Logic Device 可編程邏輯器件 9.FPGA——Field Programmable Gate Array 現場可編程門陣列 10.ASIC——Application—Specific Integrated Circuit專用集成電路 11.DSP——Digital Signal Processor 數字信號處理器 12.SoC——System-on-Chip 片上系統 13.Learnning curve 學習曲線

14.IEEE——Institute of Electrical and Electrics Engineers 電氣與電子工程師學會

15.sample and hold circuit 采樣與保持電路 16.price/performance ratio 性能價格比 17.harvard architecture 哈佛結構 18.looping scheme 循環機制

19.FFT——Fast Fourier transform 快速傅里葉變換 20.PCB——Printed Circuit Board 印刷電路板 21.SPS——Sample Per Second 每秒樣本數 22.block diagram 方框圖 23.Dolby Stereo 杜比立體聲 24.transmission bandwidth 傳輸帶寬 25.signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比 漢譯英句子

1.“信道”這個術語通常是指頻分多址系統中的一個頻率，時分多址系統中的一個時隙，碼分多址系統中的一個代碼或混合系統中的頻率，時隙，代碼中的某中組合。

The generic term channel is normally used to denote a frequency in FDMA system,a time slot in TDMA system,and a code in CDMA system or a combination of these in a mixed system.2.第三代系統的目的在于為用戶提供一個支持語音，數據，多媒體和視頻服務的無隙網絡，而不論用戶在網絡中的什么位置。

The third-generation systems aim to provide a seamless network that can provide users voice,data，multimedia,and video services regardless of their location on the network.3.邏輯綜合是將電子線路的高級描述轉換為一張邏輯門極其互連列表(即“網表”)的過程。邏輯綜合程序都能理解Verilog和VHDL的某個子集。

Logic synthesis is the conversion of a high-level electronic circuit description into a list of logic gates and their interconnections,called the “netlis”.Every logic synthesis program understands some subset of Verilog and VHDL.4.“復雜可編程邏輯器件”是一種在邏輯模塊之間具有可編程互連的可編程邏輯器件。多數復雜可編程邏輯器件是基于電可擦寫可編程只讀存儲器和閃存的。

CPLD(Complex PLD)is a programmable logic device that includes a reprogrammable interconnect between the logic blocks.CPLDs are mostly EEPROM and flash based.1

5.數字信號處理器(DSP)是無數家用和商用系統的關鍵部分，其應用領域與日俱增。因此，DSP正在成為技術專家和工程師專業知識的重要組成部分之一。

Digital signal processing is an essential element of countless home and business systems.Its domain can only increase as time proceeds.Thus, DSP is becoming an essential area of expertise for technologists and engineers.6.信號(如聲音，光和電壓)是攜帶信息的變化。模擬信號是現實世界中的信號。模擬信號在每個時間點上都有定義，其幅度的取值是無限的。

Signals ,like sound,light,or voltage,are information-bearing variations.Analog signals are real-world signals.They are defined at every point in time and may take an infinite number of possible amplitudes.英譯漢句子

1.Using better compression algorithms, it is possible to get the speech down to 4kbps , in which case six users can be stuffed into a frame, as illustrated in Figure 11.(b).From the operator's perspective , being able to squeeze three to six times as many D-AMPS user is a huge win and explains much of the popularity of PCS.如果使用更好的壓縮算法，還可以把語音數據率降至4kbps；這樣的話，一幀就可以容納6位用戶了。在運營商看來，“3—6位D—AMPS用戶只需占用相當于1位AMPS用戶所需的帶寬”是巨大的成功，而且在很大程度上解釋了“個人通信業務”（PCS,Personal Communication Service）普及的原因。

2.CDMA is completely different from AMPS ,D-AMPS, and GSM.Instead of dividing the allowed frequency range into a few hundred narrow channels, CDMA allows each station to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the time.Multiple simultaneous transmissions are separated using coding theory.CDMA also relaxes the assumption that colliding frames are totally garbled.Instead , it assumes that multiple signals add linearly.CDMA和AMPS、D—AMPS及GSM完全不同。CDMA沒有將可用頻帶分割為幾百個窄帶信道，而是允許信號在整個頻譜范圍內傳送。利用編碼原理，CDMA可以將多個同時傳送的信號分離開來。在CDMA中，“相遇數據幀會造成數據混淆”的想法不存在了——CDMA認為多路信號之間是線性相加的。3.Motherboard-This is the main circuit board that all of the other internal components connect to.The CPU and memory are usually on the motherboard.Other systems may be found directly on the motherboard or connected to it through a secondary connection.For example , a sound card can be built into the motherboard or connected through PCI.主板：所有其他內部組件都和主板連接。通常，CPU和內部都位于主板上。其他組件可能直接位于主板上，也可能通過某種方式連接到主板上。例如，聲卡可以置于主板上，也可以通過PCI總線連接到主板上。

4.In practical terms , this means that one or two layers of metal interconnect must be designed.Since an integrated circuit requires seven or more processing stages , all the processing steps other than the final metalization can be completed in advance.Because the uncommitted gate arrays can be produced in volume ,the cost of each device is relatively small.從實現角度看，就是要設計一層或兩層的金屬互連線。集成電路的制造流程分為七個步驟（或更多），除去最后一步“金屬化”(metallization)之外，其他步驟都可以提前完成。由于門陣列可以大量生產，所以單個器件成本就比較低。

5.Physical layer communications : FPGAs have long used to implement the glue logic that interfaces between physical layer communication chips and high-level networking protocol layers.The fact that today's high-end FPGAs can contain multiple high-speed transceivers means that communications and networking functions can be consolidated into a single device.物理層通信：長久以來，FPGA用于實現通信芯片和高級網絡協議之間的“膠連”邏輯。實際上，今 2

天的高端FPGA可以容納多個高速無線收發器——即可將通信和網絡功能固化于單個器件中。

6.One of the most important applications of VHDL is to capture the performance specification for a circuit , in the form of what is commonly referred to as a test bench.Test benches are VHDL descriptions of circuit stimuli and corresponding expected outputs that verify the behavior of a circuit over time.Test benches should be an integral part of any VHDL project and should be created in tandem with other descriptions of the circuit.VHDL最重要的應用之一是以所謂“測試平臺”（test bench）的形式記錄電路的性能指標。“測試平臺”是驗證電路時域行為的激勵源及相應期望輸出的VHDL描述。在VHDL工程項目中，“測試平臺”是必不可少的，應該和其他電路描述一同創建。

7.A digital signal is a numerical representation of the analog signal.It may be easier and cost effective to process these signals in the digital world.In the real world ,we can convert these signals into digital signals through the analog-to-digital converter ,process the signals,and if needed ,bring the signals back out to the analog world through the digital-to-analog converter.數字信號是模擬信號的數值表示。在數字世界里，對這些信號進行處理可能會更容易、成本更低。在現實世界中我們可以通過“模數轉換”將信號轉換為數字信號，然后對信號進行處理；如果需要的話，用“數模轉換器”將信號轉換回到模擬世界中去。

8.Keep in mind that the distinction between DSPs and other microprocessors is not always a clear line.For instance ,look at how Intel describes the MMX technology addition to its Pentium processor : “Intel engineers have added 57 powerful new instructions specifically designed to manipulate and process video，audio and graphical data efficiently.These instructions are oriented to the highly parallel , repetitive sequences often found in multimedia operations.”

別忘了:DSPs和其他微處理器的界限并不是很清晰。例如，讓我們看一看inte是如何描述其奔騰處理器新增的MMX技術的：“為了高效操作和處理視頻、音頻和圖形數據，intel工程師新增了57條功能強大的指令。這些指令面向的是多媒體操作中經常出現的、高度并行和重復的程序。”

9.In practical application , these are certainly many other factors to consider when evaluating analog versus digital filters ,or analog versus digital signal processing in general.Most modern signal processing systems use a combination of analog and digital techniques in order to accomplish the desired function and take advantage of the best of both the analog and the digital world.在實際應用中，在評價模擬濾波器和數字濾波器（或模擬信號處理和數字信號處理）的時候，坑定還要考慮許多其他因素。為了實現期望的功能和充分利用兩種技術各自的優勢，多數現代信號處理系統都采用了模擬技術和數字技術相結合的方式。

10.Audiophiles demand the utmost sound quality , and all that factors are treated as secondary.If you had to describe the mindest in the world , it would be : overkill.Rather than just matching the abilities of the human ear ,these systems are designed to exceed the limits of hearing.It's the only way to be sure that the reproduced music is pristine.Digital audio was brought to the world by the compact laser disc, or CD.This was a revolution in music;the sound quality of the CD system far exceeds older systems, such as records and tapes

高保真音響愛好者對聲音質量的要求極高，所有其他因素都被視為次要的。假如要用一個詞來描述這種心理活動的話，那就是“過分”。高保真音響系統不是設計得剛好滿足人類的聽覺需求，而是超越了人類的聽覺極限，這是唯一能夠確保再現音樂無任何失真的辦法。CD帶給世人數字音頻的享受。這是音樂領域里的巨大變化，CD系統的音質遠遠超過了傳統的唱片磁帶。

11.Then the sample are processed in groups of 1152(about 26 msec worth).Each group is first passed through 32 digital filters to get 32 frequency bands.At the same time the input is fed into a psychoacoustic model in order to determine the masked frequencies.Next each of the 32 frequency bands is further transformed to provide a finer spectral resolution.在這之后，樣本以1152(約26ms)為一組進行處理。每組樣本首先通過32個數字濾波器，從而得到32 3

個頻帶。同時，輸入信號進入心理聲學模型以決定被屏蔽的頻率。下一步，32頻帶中的每個頻帶中的每個頻率進一步變換得到更好的頻譜分辨率。

第五篇：專業英語(電子信息與通信工程)

Electroics電子學battery電池

lSI大規模集成電路 ultraviolet紫外線radiation輻射LED發光二級管capacitor電容

integratedcircuit集成電路 wireless telegraph無線電報 passive devices無源器件 電流current二極管diodes

半導體semiconductor真空管vacuum tube 印刷電路printed circuit 高清電視 high definition tv電阻器resistorAmpere 安培Conductivity傳導體 magnetic cor磁芯insulator絕緣體dielectric電解質

thevenin’s theore戴維定理negative termin負極charge電荷

inductance感應系數 polarity極性電感inductor節點hode

等效電阻equivalent resistance

疊加定理superpower theorem

Semiconductor半導體 number system計數制IC集成電路 commutative Law分配率 binary二進制inverter交換器negative否認的sequential時序的雙極型bipolar晶體管transistor N溝道N channel

線性化line

布爾代數boolean algera真值表the table解發器flip-flop

組合邏輯電路combinationallogla circuit 積和式sum-of-products Parasitic capacitance寄生電容

channel bandwidt通道帶寬half-duplex半雙工

spurious frequenc寄生頻率 input match輸入匹配 tuning range調制范圍the baseband amplifier基帶放大器

noise figure噪聲系數 minimum detectable signal最小可檢測信號靈敏度sensitivity 諧波harmonics

阻抗匹配impedance match 本機振蕩the local csillator 過載特性overload characteristics

信道channel

高斯白噪聲white cnaussian noise

中頻inter medium

基帶信號basebandsignal Signal and syste信號與系統 aeronautics and astronautics航空航天

continuous-time signals連續時間信號

signal energy and power信號與功能

total energy總能量 complex number復數 infinite time interval無限時間范圍

average power平均能量 physical system物理系統 automotive vehicl機動車輛

信號處理signal processing 電路設計circuit design離散時間信號discrete-time signal

非零常數nonzerv constant 獨立變量independent variables

瞬時功率instaneous power 無限能量infinite energy相互作用的子系統interconnection-of-subsystems

圖像增強

image-enhancement