第一篇：楊忠--語言學概論 課后綜合測試題及中文版答案

綜合測試題

（一）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets：(10 points)：

()1.General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()2.The total number of words stored in the brain is called morphology.()3.The sentence “The woman can’t bear children” is structurally ambiguous.()4.Categorization refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.()5.Metaphors can create similarities between the target domain and the source domain.()6.According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.()7.Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.()8.Modality can be categorized into probability and Usuality.()9.Age is not the learner factor that has been an issue in second language acquisition research.()10.Register, as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three dimensions: field, mode and tenor.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.____________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.creativity

B.arbitrariness

C.displacement

D.interchangeability 2.Syntactically, Japanese is ____________ language.A.analytic

B.isolating

C.synthetic

D.agglutinating 3.The general roles language plays are termed

A.metalanguages

B.metafunctions

C.metadiscourses

D.metagrammar 4.____________ is a process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix.A.Blending

B.Eponyms

C.Backformation

D.Clipping 5.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a ___________.A.suffix

B.prefix

C.morpheme

D.morph 6.__________ theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.A.Environmentalist

B.functionalist

C.nativist

D.both a and b 7.Words and phrases like now, yesterday, next week, in three day, etC.are called __________.A.person deixis

B.time deixis

C.place deixis

D.discourse deixis 8.Every syllable has a(n)__________, which is usually a vowel.A.nucleus

B.onset

C.code

D.rhyme 9.___________ is defined as the study of meaning.A.linguistics

B.semantics

C.morphology

D.pragmatics 10.A ___________ is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A.pidgin

B.creole

C.Esperanto

D.natural language

III.Match the terms in column A with the phrases in column B and put a, b…j into brackets:(10 points)A()1.Socialinguistics()2.Applied Linguistics()3.Morphology()4.Phonetics()5.Linguistics()6.Syntax()7.Psycholinguistics()8.Pragmatics()9.Phonology()10 Semantics B a.the analysis of sentence structure b.the analysis of meaning in context c.the analysis of meaning

d.the study of sound systems and patterns

e.the application of linguistic theories to other spheres f.the study of speech sounds

g.the study of the relationship between language and society h.the study of word structure i.the scientific study of language

j.the study of the relationship between language and mind

IV.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)they all share:(10 points)1.[t∫][dз]

2.[m] [n] [ɡ]

3.[f] [θ] [s ] [∫] [h]

4.[d] [n] [z] [l] [r]

5.[i:] [i] [u:] [u]

V.Consider the following words and fill in the form:(10 points)Words analyzed number of morphemes troublesome free morphemes

stepmother psycholinguistics understatement antidisestablishmentarianism

VI.Interpretate the following ambiguous sentences:(10 points)1.The duck is too hot to eat.(1)______________________________________(2)______________________________________ 2.Visiting friends can be boring.(1)______________________________________(2)______________________________________

VII.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.derivation

2.learner factors

VIII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)

1.What is the difference between “a red and a redcoat”? 2.What are the features of modern linguistics?

3.According to Austin, what does a speech act consist of?

綜合測試題

（二）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.According to M.A.K.Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and logical metafunction.()2.Duality is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.()3.Modality can be categorized into modalization and modulation according to Halliday.()4.Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.()5.Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning.()6.Second language acquisition is a complex process which involves social factors and learner factors.()7.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialets, sociodialects and registers.()8.Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()9.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.()10.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The language used to talk about language is called __________.A.language

B.metalanguage

C.natural language

D.artificial language 2.[+continuant] specifies ________________.A.all the fricatives

B.all the fricatives and glides C.all the fricatives and liquids

D.all the fricatives, liquids and glides 3._________ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words.A.Coinage

B.Blending

C.Acronmyms

D.Clipping 4.A __________ is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A.morpheme

B.word

C.phoneme

D.allophones 5.The word ―multinationality has ___________ morphemes.A.2

B.3

C.4

D.5 6._________ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use‖, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are ―varieties according to user‖.A.field

B.mode

C.tenor

D.register 7.__________ are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.A.back-channel signals

B.adjacency pairs C.pre-sequences

D.insertion sequences 8.The idea that people cooperate with each other in conversing is generalized by Grice(1975)as ____________.A.the principle of relevance

B.cooperative principle C.the politeness principle

D.the theory of prototypes 9.Beauty and siren both refer to a good-looking woman, but they differ in __________.A.affective meaning

B.style

C.collocation

D.register 10.―John explained the theory‖ is a ___________ process according to Halliday.A.material

B.mental

C.verbal

D.behavioral

III.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.Specially, there are four m__________ under cooperative principle generalized by Grice.2.M__________ is unanimously acknowledged by researchers and language teachers as an important factor in second language acquisition.3.A speech act consists of three dimensions.The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called l_____________ act.The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed i_____________ act.The act of bringing about an effect is known as p____________ act.4.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as m____________.5.C__________ is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.6.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called a___________，7.The term language a___________ refers to the natural process of children’ language development.8.A d___________ is a variety of a language that is distinctive from other regional varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.IV.Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence:(10 points)A()1.This vet is very famous in the town.()2.This classroom is large and bright..()3.He is watering flowers.()4.Orlon is a kind of cloth material.()5.Watt is the measurement unit of electricity.()6.EEC is an important organization in the world.()7.An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.()8.The road was enlarged last year.()9.Some young people have brunch quite often.B a.Conversion b.Derivation c.Blending d.Backformation e.Acronym

f.Compounding g.Coinage h.Eponym i.Clipping

V.Pick out the sound that does not belong to the group of the sounds according to the natural class of sounds.And then name the feature(s)that define the one picked out and the group of sounds:(10 points)For example: 1.[ 2.[ 3.[ 4.[ 5.[ [z] voiced/voiceless ____ ____ ____ ___________ [f] [θ] [z] [s] [m] [?] [l] [n] [p] [b] [m] [v] [w] [s] [z] [∫] [dз] [з] [i:] [i] [?] [u] [e] [i:] [?:] [e] [?] ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________ ] ____________] __________________________

VI.Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, ―He found his book on Wall Street‖:(10 points)

VII.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.language and linguistics 2.semantics and pragmatics

VII.Answer the following questions:(40%)

1.How do you understand creativity, one of the features of human language? 2.What do Taboo and Euphemism mean? What is the relationship between them? 3.What are the general roles language plays according to Halliday?

綜合測試題

（三）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.(10 points)()1.A morpheme is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.()2.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()3.The word ―went‖ contains two morphemes.()4.The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis(CA).()5.Euphemism refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of, or association with particular objects, action, or persons.()6.The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.()7.In English, the two liquids [l] and [r] are phonemes, but in Korean, they are allophones.()8.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the Subject and the Predicate.()9.Compounding is one type of word formation by combining both free morphemes and bound morphemes.()10.The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The followings are all features of language except __________.A.duality

B.productivity

C.changeability

D.displacement 2.The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is __________.A.synonymy

B.antonym

C.polysemy

D.homonymy 3.______ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A.Conversion

B.Abbreviation

C.Eponyms

D.Blending 4.Children all undergo ________ stages of language development.A.babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech B.babbling, two-word, telegraphic speech and the holophrastic C.babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech D.babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word

5.The followings are acknowledged as important factors in second language acquisition except _________.A.motivation

B.nationality

C.age

D.learning strategy 6.Speakers consider the matter of face for themselves and others.Based on this observation, Leech(1983)proposes _____________.A.the cooperative principle

B.the principle of relevance C.the politeness principle

D.speech acts 7.Minimal pairs can be exemplified by ____________.A.moon/noon

B.foot/food

C.she/sheet

D.sea/sea 8.The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ___________.A.distinctive features

B.non-distinctive features C.suprasegmental features

D.free variation 9.The ____________ function(sometimes also referred to as experiential function)is realized by the transitivity system of language.A.ideational

B.interpersonal

C.textual

D.logical 10.Free morphemes were traditionally called roots, and bound morphemes _________.A.prefixes

B.suffixes

C.affixes

D.inflectional morphemes

III.Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence:(10 points)A()1.Most children like drinking Coca-cola.()2.UNESCO is a branch United Nations.()3.The police machineguned the gang.()4.I like sandwiches very much.()5.There are a lot of fruits in the fridge.()6.Infotech is popular nowadays.()7.An editor is a person who edits a newspaper.()8.His stepmother is very kind to him.()9.The street was widened last year.B a.Conversion

b.Derivation

c.Blending

d.Backformation

e.Acronym

f.Compounding g.Coinage

h.Eponym

i.Clipping

IV.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.(10 points)1.labiodentals 2.interdentals 3.back vowels 4.high vowels

5.palatal affricates

V.Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracket.(10 points)A()1.The noise annoyed him.()2.The police caught him

()3.There are two books on the table.()4.John explained the theory to me.()5.He watches TV every day.()6.The conference is on Monday B a.Material process

b.Relational process

c.Mental process d.Verbal process

e.Behavioral process

f.Existential process

VI.Explain the following terms:(10 points)1.arbitrariness 2.voicing

VII.Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence, ―They can fish‖.(10 points)VIII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)1.2.What is the difference between a greenhouse and a greenhouse? What is conversion in terms of word formation? Illustrate it with examples.3.What are the components of metaphors?

綜合測試題

（四）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.English is a tone language.()2.Bound morphemes are always attached to free morphemes to form new words.()3.Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meanings.()4.Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.()5.Overgeneralization is found universal in second language acquisition.()6.According to M.A.K.Halliday, the three metafunctions of language are experiential metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and discourse metafunction.()7.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()8.There are two types of language in the world: natural language and artificial language.()9.Coinage is a process of inventing words based on existing morphemes.()10 Environmentalist theories hold that experience is of more importance than innate contributions in learning a second language.II.Multiple choice:(10 points)1.The word ―antidisestablishmentariaism‖ is composed of ______ morphemes.A.six

B.seven

C.eight

D.nine 2.__________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.A.Voicing

B.Voiced

C.Nasalization

D.Aspiration 3.Smog is a ___________ word.A.derived

B.clipped

C.blended

D.compound 4.The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance.This kind of motivation may be termed ____ motivation.A.instrumental

B.integrative

C.cognitive

D.none of them 5.[u:] possesses the features _____________.A.[+high][+back][+round][-tense]

B.[+high][-back][+round][+tense] C.[+high][+back][+round][+tense]

D.[-high][+back][+round][+tense] 6.English is an example of _________ languages.A.VSO

B.SVO

C.SOV

D.SVO 7.A ________ is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form.A.phoneme

B.phone

C.morpheme

D.morph 8.Free morphemes were traditionally called _________.A.affixes

B.prefix

C.suffix

D.root 9.The lexical sense relation between elephant and animal is __________.A.hyponymy

B.synonymy

C.antonymy

D.homonymy 10.Words like male and female, pass and fail, etc.are ________ antonyms.A.gradable

B.complementary

C.reversal

D.relative

III.Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B.And put the letter you choose in the bracketbefore the sentence.(10 points)A()1.John is talking to Jane.()2.Tom is the leader

()3.There is a cat on the bed.()4.The bad news astonished her.()5.Edward broke the window.()6.He waved his hands.B a.Material process

b.Relational process

c.Mental process d.Verbal process

e.Behavioral process

f.Existential process

IV.State what semantic property or properties are shared by the group of words.(10 points)For example: typewriter, ruler, notebook 1.king, bachelor, son 2.bull, rooster, stallion 3.pine, rose, elm 4.bravery, charity, devotion 5.car, bike, plane [ +stationary] ________________________ ________________________

V.Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s)in the words and the describe it.(10 points)

Example: far [a:] back low vowel

1.thread

2.beat

3.important

4.live

5.stop [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ]

VI.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences.(10 points)1.She can not bear children.(1)(2)(3)______________________________________________ 2.He hates old men and women.(1)(2)______________________________________________

VII.Explain the following terms with examples.(10 points)1.2.Compounding Free variation

VII.Answer the following questions?(30 points)1.2.What is the distinction between semantics and pragmatics? What are the four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence according to Hymes(1972)? 3.What are the three types of antonyms(lexical opposition)in English?

綜合測試題

（五）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(10 points)()1.Language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.()2.Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meaning.()3.The Swiss linguist Chomsky regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.()4.Language can be used to refer to things real or false, past, present or future.()5.Language is merely genetically transmitted from generation to generation.()6.We use language as symbolic code to represent the world around us.()7.The ideatonal function of language binds individuals together.()8.When we speak or write we usually confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences.()9.Language is mostly a natural phenomenon.()10.Applied linguistic is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.Ⅱ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Geographic Red Song Clock Psychopathy

Ⅲ.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.(5 points)Initial pit/bit

Medial rapid/rabid

Final cap/cab

Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1.2.3.4.5./k/-/g/ /m/-/n/ /l/-/r/ /b/-/v/ /b/-/m/

Ⅳ.Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process.(10 points)Column Ⅰ A.chairs B.wider C.looked D.Tom’s

Column Ⅱ A.reality B.movement C.malcontent D.stepmother Column Ⅲ A.blackboard B.greenhouse C.makeshift D.paintwork

(1)What morphological process is shown by Column Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ.(2)What is the morphological difference between a),b)and c),d)in Column Ⅱ.Ⅴ.Tell whether polarity or modality is expressed in the following sentences if modality, then identify the type(modalization or modulation).(10 points)1.I have not finished the task.2.He often comes to my office.3.I will show you how to make up the bed.4.He hardly came back to see his mother.5.The company ought to cut the price of the products.Ⅵ.Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/-WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/-PAN], [+/-POT], [+/-OVEN], [+/-SIEVE], etc.(10 points)boil: fry: steam: stew: bake:

Ⅶ.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved:(15 points)a).The professor’s appointment was shocking.b).The design has big squares and circles.c).The governor is a dirty street fighter.Ⅷ.What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?(5 points)a).The dress is lovely, isn’t it? b).The material is nice.Ⅸ.Draw two phrase structure trees representing the two meanings of the sentence the magician touched the child with the wand.Be sure you indicate which meaning goes with which tree.(10 points)

Ⅹ.Answer the following question:(20 points)1.What is the functioning of stress and intonation in English?

2.How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonology?

綜合測試題

（六）I.Indicate the statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:(20 points)()1.In the study of the first step is the task of auditory phonetics.()2.The sound source is the larynx.()3.The oral cavity contains most of the articulators, namely, the uvula, the velum the hard palate.()4.Sounds which are produced with the upper teeth touching the lower lip are labialdentals.()5.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.()6.Abbreviations are formed by putting together the final letters of some or all words in a phrase or title.()7.Eponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.()8.All members.of a speech community can send and take messages.()9.Traditional grammar was initially based on European language, particularly on Latin and German.()10.One of the important concepts of structural grammar is the concept of immediate constituent.()11.Pragmatics is the analysis of meaning in context.()12.The meanings communicated through language are or two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings

()13.An expression used by a speaker/writer to identify something is called deictic expression.()14.Chomsky theory of conversational implicature is regarded as a breakthrough in pragmatic study of language use.()15.Relevance is a relative notion.It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.()16.Modality can be categorized into modalization and intention.()17.Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the object and the finite.()18.Relational processes are linguistic processes that represent a relation being set up between two separate.()19.Mental processes are processes of sensing.()20.A TG grammar must account for all or only grammatical sentences.Ⅱ.Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes.(5 points)1.Retroactive 2.Befriended 3.Televise 4.Margin 5.Endearment

Ⅲ.Write the one proper description from the list under B for the italicized part of each word in A.(5 points)A

a.terrorized

b.uncivilized

c.terrorize

d.lukewarm

e.impossible B

(1)free root

(2)bound root

(3)inflectional suffix

(4)derivational suffix(5)inflectional prefix

(6)derivational prefix

(7)inflectional infix

(8)derivational infix

Ⅳ.Write out at least ten structure rules that each of the following rules abbreviate.(5 points)VP→V(NP)(PP)(Adv)NP→(Det)(Adj)N(PP)

Ⅴ.Draw phrase structure trees for the following sentences:(10 points)a)The man found the letter.b)The students put the books in the classroom.Ⅵ.Write the semantic feature shared by the given words.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Bull, rooster, bachelor, boy Milk, water, alcohol, oil Squash, tennis, cricket, fencing, boxing Idea, concept, love, clarity, democracy Pine, elm, willow, birch, poplar

Ⅶ.Each of the following words is a basic level term.Write its superordinate in the left blank and one of its subordinate in the right blank.(10 points)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.table willow cat blue dictionary painting driver verb chemistry juice

Ⅷ.The opposite of analytic is contradictory.A sentence that is false due to the meaning of its words alone is contradictory.Kings are female is an example.Write a C by the contradictory sentences and S for situational by sentences that are not contradictory.(10 points)1.My sister is a man.2.Witches are wicked.3.My sister is an only child.4.The evening star isn’t the morning star.5.The evening star isn’t the evening star.6.Babies are adults.7.Babies can lift one ton.8.Puppies are human.9.My bachelor friends are all married.10.My bachelor friends are all lonely.Ⅸ.Pig Latin is a common language game of English;but even Pig Latin has dialects, forms of the ―language game‖ with different rules.(10 points)

Consider the following data from three dialects of Pig Latin, each with its own rule applied to words beginning with vowels: Dialect 1 ―eat‖ ―arc‖ [itme] [arkme] Dialect 2 [ithe] [arkhe] Dialect 3 [ite] [arke]

⑴ State the rule that accounts for the Pig Latin forms in each dialect.Dialect 1: Dialect 2: Dialect 3: ⑵ How would you say honest, admire, and illegal in each dialect? Give the phonetic transcription of the Pig Latin forms.honest admire 1.1.2.2.3.3.Illegal 1.2.3.Ⅹ.Answer the following questions:(20 points)1.What is the function of phonological knowledge?

2.Exemplify the differences between anaphoric and cataphoric reference.綜合測試題

（七）Ⅰ.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.2.The term l a refers to the natural process of children’s language development.It is found that children all undergo certain stages of language development, namely the b 3.4.5.6.7.stage, holophrastic stage, , the two-word stage, and the telegraphic speech stage.The practice of error analysis is divided into i describing and explaining.S refers to the analysis of meaning.In the aspect of affective meaning, statesman is commending in sense while politician is d D synonyms are words which are similar in meaning but used in different dialects of the language.In order to avoid repetition the writer needs to use a s to replace a word used in the previous co-text when he/she wants to continue to address that idea.8.9.The sentence ―The bachelor is unmarried‖ is it t The domain to be conceptualized is called t domain.10.P event.Ⅱ.Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:(5 points)1.2.tense front mid vowel lateral liquid.domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source deixis specifies the locations relative to the speech

3.4.5.lax high back vowel voiced bilabial oral stop mid central lax vowel

Ⅲ.A phonetic symbol is actually a ―cover term‖ for a composite of distinct phonetic properties or features.Define each of the symbols below by marking a ―+‖or a ―-‖ for each given feature: a ―+‖, if the property is present, a ―-‖,if it is absent:(10 points)sou phone featu segme u ? Ou I u:

High Low Back Tense Round

Ⅳ.Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can:(10 points)(1)Minimal pair

(2)phoneme

Ⅴ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Weight Orange Veil Hair Team

Ⅵ.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions.(5 points)Initial pit/bit Medial rapid/rabid Final cap/cab

Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1.2.3.4.5./p/-/f/ /s/-/?/ /?/-/?/ /s/-/z/ /t/-/k/

Ⅶ.For each of the following sentences, draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules:(10 points)1.2.She speaks good Japanese.The problem would be solved by them.Ⅷ.Interprete the grammatical relations in the following sentences and then paraphrase them:(10 points)1.2.Girls are eager to please.Girls are easy to please.Ⅸ.Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the homophones:(5 points)style/stile ear/ear hear/here tale/tail bank/bank know/no hare/hair bear/bear soul/sole one/won

Ⅹ.Here are some Japanese words in phonetic transcription.[? ] is the voiceless palatal affricate that occurs in the English word church.[ts] is an alveolar affricate and should be taken as a single symbol.It is pronounced as the final sound(s)in cats.Japanese words(except for certain loan words)never contain the phonetic sequences.*[ti] or *[tu]:(20 points)1.Based on these data.Are [t], [ ? ],and [ts]in complementary distribution? 2.State the distribution---first in words, then using features---of these phones.3.Give a phonemic analysis of these data insofar as [t],[ ?],and[ts] are concerned.That is, identify the phonemes, and the allophones.4.Give the phonemic representation of the phonetically transcribed Japanese words given below.Assume phonemic and phonetic representations are the same except for [t],[ ?] ], and [ts].tatami_____ tsukue______ tsutsumu_______ ?izu

Tomoda?i_______ tetsudau______

Ⅺ.Exemplify The differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes:(10 points)

綜合測試題

（八）Ⅰ.Multiple Choice：(10 points)：

1.Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in their A.synchronic solidarity

B.systemic agreement C.finite sentences

D.instinctive method in length and 2.Language is a set(infinite)of sentences, each constructed out of a finite set of elements.A.infinite

B.finite

C.fixed

D.definite 3.The Swiss Linguist regarded the linguistic sign as composed of signifier(sound image)and signified(referent).A.Chomsky

B.de Saussure

C.Bloomfield

D.Halliday 4.Human languages can be used to describe themselves.The language used to talk about language is called

A.special language.B.local language C.metalanguage

D.human language 5.refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.A.Arbitrariness

B.Duality

C.Creativity

D.Displacement 6.A community language is one that is the mother tongue of an ethnic A.artificial

B.natural

C.family

D.western 7.The fundamental difference between a religious belief and a scientific theory is whether it is A.disciple

B.observable.C.verifiable

D.functional 8.may be defined as the scientific study of language.A.Morphology

B.Linguistics

C.Phonology

D.Phonetics 9.Linguistics is seen as a discipline closest, among humanities to________sciences.A.physical

B.natural

C.absolute

D.universal 10.The study of language in general is often termed general linguistics.It is based on the view that language is composed of three aspects: sound, and meaning.A.regularity

B.construct

C.structure

D.discipline

Ⅱ.True or False：(10 points)：

()1.Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to society.Language varies from region to region, from class to class.()2.The whole process of our talking is a chain of events: production of speech sounds → perception of speech sounds → speech sounds traveling in the air.()3.Out of the glottis, the air stream goes through the pharynx, the area of the throat between the larynx and the uvula.()4.Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation, manners of articulation, and vibrating.()5.Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called hierarchical classes.()6.Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.()7.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in allophones.()8.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()9.Distinctive features in one language must be distinctive in another.()10.Nasalization of English vowels is also rule-governed.Ⅲ.Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:(10 points)1.Every syllable has a n , which is usually a vowel.2.Native speakers of any language intuitively know what s put together.can be 3.Some sequences are not possible in English.The impossible sequences are systematic g.4.Features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called s f.5.Some morphemes like water, desire constitute words by themselves.They are f m_ when they are components of words.6.D forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.7.The ideational function(sometimes also referred to as experiential function)is realized by the t system of language.term.It is based on the 8.Associative meaning is actually an u associationist theory of psychology.9.Synonyms of different r in different spheres.are words similar in meaning but used 10.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called a initial expression called antecedent.and the Ⅳ.Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then describe it.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Hit Met Car Tool Football

Ⅴ.Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes.(5 points)1.2.Psychology Unpalatable 3.4.5.Holiday Grandmother Morphemic

Ⅵ.Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions:(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.voiceless labiodental fricative low front vowel palatal glide voiced interdental fricative voiceless alveolar fricative

Ⅶ.Write the semantic feature shared by the given words.(5 points)1.2.3.4.5.Spanner, hammer, saw, pliers, jack Rose, lotus, lilac, orchid, chrysanthemum Walk, run, jump, hop, skip Pencil, pen, chalk, rubber, ruler Cheerful, excited, drunk, sober, dizzy

Ⅷ.Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can：(15 ： points)(1)segmental phonemes

(2)free variations

(3)assimilation rule

Ⅸ.Draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules：(10 ： points)Behave yourself!

Ⅹ.What are the main types of utterances suggested by Searle?(15 points)

Ⅺ.What are the main components of the Standard Theory? How does each of them work in the whole process of generating and transforming sentences?(10 points)

綜合測試題

（九）I.Indicate the following statements true or false.Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.(30 points)

()1.Arbitrariness is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.()2.Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings.()3.If the relationship between speech sounds and meanings were motivated, the words in different languages that stand for the same thing would sound the same or similar.()4.According to Halliday, the ideational function is the function of language that people use as medium to get along in a community.()5.In modern linguistics, focus is on diachronic study of language, rather than on synchronic study of language.()6.All vowels are voiced.()7.The initial vowel in economics can be either [i:] or [e].The two vowels are in free variation.()8.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.()9.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.()10.The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.()11.The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.()12.Chinese is an agglutinating language.()13.Not all vowels are voiced.()14.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.()15.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()16.Pragmatics is concerned with conventional meaning.()17.The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage.()18.Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called polysemes.()19.A syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.()20.Interlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.II.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s)they share:(5 points)

Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless

1.[g] [z] [d]

2.[v] [h] [s]

3.[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]

4.[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]

5.[i:] [i] [u] [u:]

III.Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby.(10 points)

IV.What is deixis? Please give examples to show the different types of deixis.V.Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences:(10 points)a)

Those who went there quickly made a fortune.b)c)d)e)Flying planes can be dangerous.They can fish.The design is full of big squares and circles.I saw the couple in the cafeteria.VI.What maxim of the cooperative principle is violated by B? And what is the implicature?(5 points)

A: Don’t you think the hostess was abnormal? B: What another cup of coffee?

VII.What’s wrong with the following two sentences: 1)Bring this here.2)Take that there.Please give an explanation in English.(10 points)VIII.Answer the following questions:(30 points)

a)What are the advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis?

b)c)Give an example to show the components of metaphors.How do you distinguish homonyms from polysemes?

綜合測試題

（十）I.Multiple Choice(30 points)1.________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A.Duality

B.Arbitrariness

C.Creativity

D.Displacement 2.Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K.Halliday?

A.Ideational function

B.Interpersonal function C.Textual function.D.Logical function 3.The study of speech sounds is called ________.A.Phonetics

B.Articulatory phonetics

C.Phonology

D.Acoustic Phonetics 4.Every syllable has a(n)_______, which is usually a vowel.A.onset

B.nucleus

C.coda

D.rhyme 5.Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features? A.Stress

B.Intonation

C.Tone

D.Syllable 6.________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.A.Morphology

B.Syntax

C.Lexicon

D.Morpheme 7.Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.A.collocative

B.social

C.affective

D.reflected 8.______ refers to having the right to speak by turns.A.Adjacency pairs

B.Turn-talking C.Preferred second parts

D.Insertion sequences

9.British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language.A.functional

B.social

C.regional

D.Standard 10.______ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.A.Metalanguage

B.Interlanguage

C.Sign

D.Esperanto 11.In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.A.telegraphic

B.two-word

C.holophrastic

D.babbling 12.______ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use.‖ A.Register

B.Field

C.Mode

D.Tenor 13._____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A.Clipping

B.Blending

C.Eponym

D.Conversion 14.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A.one

B.two

C.three

D.four 15.Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.A.minimal pairs

B.minimal sets

C.allophones

D.phomes 16.Pragmatics analysis is concerned with ______.A.sentence meaning

B.utterance meaning C.listener meaning

D.speaker meaning 17.Analysis of ______ necessarily involves the interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.A.intentional meaning

B.conventional meaning C.syntactic meaning

D.semantic meaning 18.______ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.A.Sperber and Wilson’s principle of Relevance B.Leech’s theory of Politeness Principle C.Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle D.Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle

19.Krashen’s Monitor Theory belongs to ______.A.teaching theories

B.environmentalist theories C.functionalist theories

D.nativist theories 20.The sentence ―My father has deceased to join the heavenly choir.‖ is of ____ A.the formal style

B.the frozen style C.the casual style

D.the intimate style

II.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.(5 points)Example: vowel front high [i:] 1.bilabial nasal 2.voiced labiovelar glide 3.back high lax 4.literal liquid 5.voiced bilabial stop

III.Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences:(10 points)1.This is a beautiful girl’s dress.2.Tom hates his boss and so do I.3.They finally decided on the boat.4.Can you see the man with a pair of binoculars?

IV.Give the words in American English equivalent in meaning to the ones given from British English:(10 points)

a.lorry

b.lift

c.pavement

d.tin

e.sweets

V.What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature?(5 points)

A: The dress is lovely, isn’t it? B: The material is nice.VI.Draw tree diagrams for the following sentence:(5 points)The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VII.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?(10 points)

Column I

a.The White House b.a redcoat c.a bluebird

d.a lighthouse keeper Column II a white house

b.a red coat

c.a blue bird

d.a light housekeeper VIII.Explain the relation between bank1(the side of a river)and bank2(the financial institute).(5 points)

IX.Answer the following questions(30 points): 1.What are the features of metaphors?

2.How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?

3.What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?

各章習題答案 第一章習題答案

I.II.III.1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language.Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings.Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.4.The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions.According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously.They are the ideational metafunction, the Interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction.IV.1.Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man.Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity.2.Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics for a number of reasons:(1)Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing exists;1-5 T F F T T 1-5 a c a a b 6-10 6-10 FTTTF cbdac(2)Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in communication;(3)Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language;(4)Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language.3.Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1)Priority is given to spoken language;(2)Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language;(3)Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature;(4)Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented.Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.第二章習題答案

I.II.1—5 TFTTF 1—5 b d a c a bilabial voiced stop alveolar nasal stop III.1.[ b ] 2.[ n ] 3.[ w ] bilabial glide 4.[ v ] voiced labiodental fricative 5.[ t ] voiceless alveolar stop 6.[ i:] high front tense vowel 7.[? ] voiceless interdental 8.[u:] high back tense vowel 9.[? ] low front vowel 10 [?:] central tense vowel

IV.1.[b p m] 2.[d n] 3.[?] 4.[m] 5.[ ?: ?] 6.[s z] 7.[u: u] 8.[θ] 9.[j] 10 [ ]

V.1.voiceless alveolar 2.voiced stop 3.voiced fricatives 4.palatals 5.voiced bilabial 6.voiced velar 7.back tense vowels 8.back round vowels 9.front high vowels 10.sibilants VI.1.Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.2.Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.3.The unite of representation used to transcribe the speech sounds is called segment.4.Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes.VII.Manners of articulation refer to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.According to manners of articulation, consonants are classified into stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and gildes

第三章習題答案

I.1-5 T F F T T

II.1-5 b b c c d 6-10 c b d b d

III.1.Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.2.Two words that differ by only one sound in the same position are called minimal pairs.3.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.4.The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.The most widely found suprasegmental features are stress, intonation and tone.IV.1.Devoice a voiced consonant when it occurs after a voiceless consonant.2.A voiceless consonant becomes voiced when it occurs between two vowels.3.Voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur initially in a stressed syllable 4.vowels become nasalized when they occur before nasals.V.―hotdog‖ is a compound word and the stress is on the ―hot‖.A hotdog is a long cooked sausage.―hot dog‖ is a noun phrase and the stress is on ―dog‖.A hot dog refers to a dog that is hot.VI Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonetics and phonology are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but they two differ in perspectives.Phonetics, particularly articulatory phonetics, focuses on how speech sounds are produced, what phonetic features they have, and how to transcribe them.In phonetics, sound segments are assumed to be invariable;variations are overlooked.Phonology focuses on the following three fundamental question: What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds make up the list of ways in what context? What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?

第四章習題答案

Ⅰ.1.lexicon 2.orthography 3.morphology 4.morpheme 5.suppletives 6.free morphemes 7.bound morphemes 8.allomorphs 9.derivation 10.Clipping Ⅱ.1.b 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.d 6.b 7.a 8.c 9.c 10.c

Ⅲ.1.Compounding Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is another common way to form words.The over-whelming majority of English combination of words from two of the three classes—nouns, verb, and adjective, and adjectives, and they fall into the three classes, as shown below: Noun Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective bookshelf pickpocket greenhouse brainwash sleepwalk whitewash headstrong catchall bittersweet In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.Thus, greenhouse is a noun, whitewash is a verb.The leftmost morpheme takes the primary stress is on the word.Thus, a greenhouse is distinguished from a green house, in which the stress is on the house.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.A greenbottle is not a type of bottle;it is a kind of fly.And a sugar-daddy is not a sugar-coated father, but a woman’s lover who is both generous and too old for her.2.Conversion Conversion is one of word-formation process in English.It is done when a word changes its class without any change of its form.Typical cases of conversion include noun→verb, adjective→verb, verb→noun and adjective →noun.Sometimes, conversion can also be observed when an auxiliary verb, an adverb or a conjunction is used as a noun or a verb.e.g.Besides the usual household routine, she oversees the garden and beehives, bakes bread, cans and freezes, drives the kids to their music lessons, practices with them, takes organ lessons on her own, dose research and typing for me, writes an article herself now and then, tends the flower beds, stacks a little wood and delivers the eggs.His palms were sweating.He needed a towel to dry his grip.Their livelihood is involved, and the motor, for all its unpleasant smell, has helped increase the fisherman’s catch so that he can now afford to do away with the far worse outdoor toilet.Just before Christmas last year, my work took me to the office of a woman executive o This book is a must for student of history.The word is full of excuses, so don’t but me so many buts.They downed a few beers and began to sing loudly.第五章習題答案

Ⅰ.1.immediate constituent analysis.2.Syntax 3.syntactic category 4.subcategorization 5.circumstance 6.modalization modulaton

Ⅱ.NP Pro They(a)S VP V can NP N fish.NP Pro They(b)S VP Aux can V fish.Ⅲ.1.Cigars that people smoke can be nauseating it is nauseating to smoke cigars.2.It was on the plane that they made the decision.Ⅳ.1.modality(modalization)2.molarity 3.modality(modulation)4.polarity Ⅴ.1.material 2.relational 3.mental 4.behavioral 5.verbal 6.existential

第六章習題答案

Ⅰ.1.Semantics 2.Affective meaning 3.Synonyms 4.registers 5.antonyms 6.Gradable antonyms 7.Homonyms 8.polyseme 9.Hyponymy, superordinates 10.componential analysis

Ⅱ.1.b 2.a 3.c 4.d 5.b 6.c 7.a 8.b 9.c 10.d

Ⅲ.1.The two differ in register.2.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.3.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.4.The two are dialectal synonyms.5.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.6.The two differ in affective meaning, the former commendatory, the latter derogatory.7.The two differ in collocation Ⅳ.1.G 2.C 3.C 4.R 5.R 6.R Ⅴ.1.F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F

第七章習題答案 I.1.a)Pre-invitation b)Pre-request c)Pre-announcement 2.a)(Quality)The speaker is absolutely incorrect.b)c)d)(Quantity)The addressee does not know or finds it impossible to answer this question, since the question is too general.(Relation)The addressee does not think the hero acts well in the film.(Manner)The addressee thinks Regan is not the president people like very much, though he is not a feudist.3.a)I ,mine(person deixis);last Sunday(time deixis)b)c)in 1968(time deixis)d)e)These(discourse/text deixis)f)in the following chapter(discourse/text deixis)

4.Then is a distal expression which applies to both past and future time relative to the time of speaking.Then in Sentence a)refers to the past time;then in Sentence b)the future time.5.John said, ―I am planning to be here this evening.‖ Indirect speech: John said that he was planning to be there in that evening.From the direct speech to the indirect speech, the deictic elements have to be shifted from the proximal to the distal with the shifting of the context.II.1.Exclusive use of we:(Students to the teacher)Shall we go now? Here we refers to the speakers(students), not including the hearer(teacher).Inclusive use of we:(Student A to Student B)Shall we go now? Here we refers both the speaker and the hearer(Student A and Student B.2.Let us may be exclusive or inclusive, while let’s is inclusive.They should correspond to different types of tag question: Exclusive: Let us go to school, will you? Inclusive: Let us go to school, shall we? Let’s go to school, shall we?

3.Anaphoric reference: Mr.Smith sent me the book.I like it.Cataphoric reference: I could not believe it.My wallet was stolen by one of my close friends.4.A speech act consists of three dimensions: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.If your teacher says, ―I have run out of chalk‖ in the process of lecturing, the act of saying is locutionary, the act of demanding for chalk is illocutionary, and the effect the utterance brings about is perlocutionary(one of the students will go and get some chalk).5.Direct speech act: Close the door, please.(An imperative performs the function of command.)Indirect speech act: It’s cold here.(A declarative performs the function of request of closing the door.)6.A: Can I go out now, daddy?(Q1)B: Have you finished your assignment?(Q2)A: Yes.(A2)B: Yes.(A1)The middle pair(Q2-A2)is an insertion sequence.7.Dialogue with preferred second part: A: Can you help me? B: Sure.Dialogue with dis-preferred second part.A: Come over for some coffee later.B: Oh---eh---I’d love to---but you see---I---I’m supposed to get this finished---you know.Dis-preferred second parts are marked by more time and more language.III.Relevance is a relative notion.It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort.The greater the contextual effect, the greater the relevance.Processing effort is a negative factor: the greater the processing effort, the lower the relevance.IV.1.Indirect illocutions tend to be more polite,(a)because they increase the degree of optimality, and(b)because the more indirect an illocution is, the more diminished and tentative its force tends to be.2.The sentence is wrong.The right one might be either ―I am here.‖ Or ―I was there.‖ ―Am‖ is a proximal deictic element, while ―there‖ is a distal place deixis.They contradict with each other.第八章習題答案

I.1-5 A C B B D

II.6-10 A A D C D 11-16 A C D C B B 1.Linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language.Communicative competence accounts for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it.According to Hymes, there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge: 2)Whether(and to what degree)something is formally possible;3)Whether(and to what degree)something is feasible;4)Whether(and to what degree)something is appropriate;5)Whether(and to what degree)something is in fact done.2.The hypothesis has been interpreted in two ways.One is known as determinism.In this view our language determines our thinking.This strong version has been rejected as it runs counter to the fact that peoples of different cultural backgrounds can understand each other.The other interpretation, known as relativism, holds that culture affects the way we think through language, especially in our classification of the experienced world.3.The term pidgin is the label for the code used by people who speak different languages.A pidgin is not the native language of any group.It is confined to very limited communicative purposes, such as trade.Pidgins are mixed languages that are simplified syntactically and lexically.A creole is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.Creloes are not confined to certain functions of language nor reduced in syntax and lexis.4.The term dialect denotes a wider notion than the term accent.A dialect is a variety of a language that is distinctive from varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.The term accent is used for less drastic differences which are restricted to variation in pronunciation.第九章習題答案

I.1)2)3)4)interference overgeneralization simplification cross-association II.1.The practice of error analysis is divided into identifying, describing and explaining.Identifying errors is the first step of error analysis.To identify errors we have to compare the sentences produced by the learner with the corresponding sentences native speakers are likely to produce to express the same meanings.Describing errors, the second step of error analysis, is categorizing errors grammatically.Once errors are identified, they can be classified into categories.Explaining errors, the final step, is the task of tracing the source of errors.This task is more psychological than linguistic in essence.In terms of sources, errors are divided into interlingual errors and intralingual errors, based on whether they are caused by L1.2.Krashen’s Monitor Model consists of five hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning Distinction, Natural Order, Monitor, Input, and Affective Filter.3.The Acquisition-Learning Distinction is the cornerstone of Krashen’s theory.―Acquisition‖ occurs subconsciously as a result of participation in natural L2 communication.―Learning‖ is the result of conscious study of the formal system of the language.It is assumed that the two kinds of knowledge are stored in different areas of the LAD and thus play different roles in linguistic performance.― Acquired‖ knowledge serves as the source for automatic production of speech, whereas ―learnt‖ knowledge is available for use only in monitoring linguistic production.4.According to Krashen, the only way for people to acquire a language is by understanding messages or receiving comprehensible input.They move from i, their current level, to i+1, the next level along the natural order.That is to say, language is acquired by people’s comprehension of input that is slightly beyond their current level.People understand input containing i+1 because the situation, context, facial expressions, gestures, etC.will provide clues for comprehension.5.The acculturation theory originated in the late 1970s and was put forward by J.Schumann and R.Anderson.By acculturation they meant that individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge, and behaviour in order to function well in another culture.It involves not only the social adaptation but also psychological adaptation.Schumann thinks that second language acquisition is one of the aspects of acculturation and the relation between acculturation and the second language acquisition is that the degree of the former will control the degree of the latter.Normally successful acculturation will bring about successful second language acquisition while poor second language acculturation will produce poor second language acquisition.第十章習題答案

I.1-5 C D A B C II.1.The contribution in terms of applications to language teaching is easier to understand.The products of linguistic descriptions provide the input to syllabus design and material construction.It is hard to imagine that languages can ever be taught and learned as a component of education without reference to the out come of linguistic descriptions.The metalanguage, created by linguists in their analysis of the sound system, the lexicogrammar and the meaning of a language, makes it possible to talk about what to teach in language teaching.Pedagogic grammars and dictionaries are used by teachers and students as reference books.Indeed, it is hardly possible to define the content of teaching without linguistic descriptions.2.The implications of linguistics to foreign language teaching are less obvious but not less important.The insights gained by linguists into the nature of language and language learning may enlighten language-teaching professionals in thinking about what to teach and how to teach.Language teaching decisions have to be made at several levels---designing the content, determining the approach, selecting techniques and procedures, and assessing the effectiveness of teaching and learning.At the preparatory level the decisions are made by specialists.To make wise decisions, they need to draw information from linguistics and other relevant disciplines.They need to evaluate linguistic theories and see what implication a certain theory has for language teaching.At the operation level, the language teacher is faced with an abundance of variables.The teacher’s understanding of the nature of language and the process of language learning influences his/her thinking about what to teach and how to teach.Whether one is aware of it or not, a view pf language and language learning underlies one’s decisions about teaching.3.Syllabus is designed with reference to: 1)the social aim for teaching the language;2)information about the group of learners(their purpose, age, etC.);3)the amount of time allocated in the curriculum;4)theories of language and language acquisition.Linguistically, there are two fundamental questions in constructing a syllabus: What elements should be included? On what principle should they be sequenced?

4.The structural syllabus assumed that the elements should be defined with reference to certain formal items of linguistic description and that the sentence should be the basic teaching unit.It was supposed that if learners could accumulate knowledge of the underlying system of the language, they would be able to use the language in communication when occasions arise.The core component of a syllabus based on such theoretical assumptions is naturally sentence patterns, which are sequenced according to structural complexity.5.The structural syllabus has its advantage and defect.Its advantage is that it is, to some extent, economical.Learning a limited set of rules can lead to production of a very large number of sentences.Its serious defect lies in the fact that sentences are units of linguistic analysis but not of natural language use.Although learners may be able to construct grammatical sentences, they are often at a loss in real situations, wondering what is appropriate to say.6.In the early 1970s, the theory of communicative competence was proposed by Dll Hymes.Functional linguists and pragmatists began to exert a stronger influence in the study of language.Since then communicative views of language teaching have been the foundation of syllabus design.The central question for proponents of a communicative syllabus was: ―What does the learner need / want to do with the target language?‖ Syllabi began to appear in which content was specified, not only in terms of the grammatical element, but also in terms of the functional items students would need to master in order to communicate successfully.The starting point in designing a communicative syllabus is the analysis of learner’s needs.7.In communicative language teaching, the teacher needs to fulfill at least the roles of communicator, a model, a designer, an organizer, and a counselor.The teacher communicates with the students in the target language.His / her proficiency in the language is absolutely a pre-requisite in fulfilling the role of communicator.At the same time, he /she sets the students a model in using the target language.The teacher is also a designer of the tasks and activities that engage the students, and he / she is an organizer of there.Finally, h / she diagnoses students’ errors and problems in the process of learning and gives advice accordingly.8.The value of linguistics in the professional development of language teachers lies in these aspects: to increase the teacher’s understanding of the nature of language;to develop the teacher’s awareness of the complexity of language and language learning;to sensitize the teacher in identifying errors and diagnosing their sources;to help the teacher to monitor his / her own use of the target language.9.The grammar-translation method, the direct method, the reading method, the audiolingual method, the audiovisional method, total physical response, the silent way, the communicative approach and so on.綜合測試題答案

綜合測試題（綜合測試題

（一）答案

I.1-5 TFFTT 6-10 TTFFT II.1-5 a d b c c III.1-5 g e h j i

IV.1.affricates 4.voiced alveolars

V.6-10 c b a b b 6-10 a f b d c 2.nasals 3.voiceless fricatives 5.high vowels

Words analyzed troublesome stepmother psycholinguistics understatement

antidisestablishmentarianism

the number morphemes 2 2 4 3 7

of

free morphemes trouble mother lingui state establish

VI.1.(1)The duck is so hot that it can not be eaten.(2)The duck is so hot that it can not eat something.2.(1)The friends who are visiting can be boring.(2)To visit friends can be boring.VII.1.Derivation is one type of word formation.It forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.The majority of English suffixes change the part of speech when added to a free morpheme or a word, and most prefixes don not.2.Learner factors are the factors that are involved in second language acquisition.They generally include learners’ motivation, age and learning strategy.VII.1.―Redcoat is a compound word, while ―red coad‖ is a noun phrase.The stress of the word, redcoat, is on red, but the stress of the noun phrase, red coat, is on coat.Redcoat refers to British soldiers and a red coat means a coat whose color is red.2.Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1)Priority is given to spoken language.(2)Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language.(3)Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature.Linguists endeavour to state objectively the regularities of a language.They aim at finding out how a language is spoken;they do not attempt to tell people how it should be spoken.(4)Modern linguistics is theoretically than pedagogically oriented.Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can

account for language in general.3.Actions performed via speaking are called speech acts by Austin.A speech act consists of three dimensions:(1)The act of producing a meaningful linguistic expression is called locutionary act.(2)The act of communicating intention through utterance is termed illocutionary act.(3)The act of bringing about an effect is known as perlocutionary act.Of these dimensions, the most important is the illocutionary act.In linguistic communication people respond to an illocutionary act of an utterance, because it is the meaning intended

by the speaker.綜合測試題（綜合測試題

（二）答案

I.1-5 F F T T T 6-10 T T F T T II.1-5 b d b c c 6-10 d b b a c III.1.maxims 2.Motivation 3.locutionary illocutionary perlocutionary 4.mapping 5.clipping 6.allomorphs 7.acquisition 8.dialect IV.1-5 i f a g h 6-10 e d b c V 1.[l] liquid/nasals 2.[v] labiodental/bilabials 3.[dз] affricate/fricatives 4.[u] back/front 5.[?:] middle/low V.(a)(b)S S NP VP NP VP Pro V NP Pro VP NP NP PP V NP P N Past

participle Pro N P N Pro N

Past participle

He found his book on Wall Street.He found his book on Wall Street.VI.1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2.Semantics is defined as the study of meaning, and pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning in context.VII.1.Creativity is one of the features of human language.It refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.The grammatical rules and the words of a language are finite, but the sentences are infinite.Every speaker uses langue creatively.2.In sociolinguistics, taboo refers to a prohibition on the use of, mention of or association with particular objects, actions, or persons.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.Taboo and euphemism are actually two sides of the same coin.Taboos are usually expressed by their euphemistic expressions in our daily life.3.The general roles language plays are called metafunctions by Hallidy.There are three metafunctions:(1)Ideational function----we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved;(2)Interpersonal function----we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy.(3)Textual function----language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place.綜合測試題（綜合測試題

（三）答案

I.1-5 F T T T F 6-10 T T F F T II.1-5 c d a c b 6-10 c a c a c

III.1-5 g e a h i 6-10 cdfb IV.1[f v] 2[θ ?] 3 [u: u ɑ:] 4[i: i u: u] 5[ dз]

V.1-6 cafdeb VI.1.Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language.Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings.Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.2.Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.It is one of phonetic distinctive features that can distinguish meaning.According to voicing, consonants are classified into voiced consonants and voiceless consonants.VII.(a)(b)S S NP VP NP VP Pro V NP Pro Aux V N They can fish.They can fish.VIII.1.A greenhouse is a compound word and the stress is on the green, while a here house is a noun phrase and its stress is on house.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from the weather.A green house refers to a house whose color is green.2.Conversion is one types of English word formation.It is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.This happens more frequently between nouns and verbs.For example, to butter the bread, butter is converted from a noun into a verb.Look in take a look is a noun converted from a verb.3.Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors.That is to say all metaphors are composed of two domains.They allow us to understand one domain of experiences in terms of another.The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguistics as mapping.The source domain s concrete and familiar.The target domain is abstract and novel.綜合測試題（綜合測試題

（四）答案

1-5 FTTTT 6-10 FT T F T 1-5 d a c c c 6-10 d a d a b 1-6 d b f c a e 1.[+Human] [+Male] 2.[+Animal] [+Male] 3.[+Plant] 4.[+Abstract] 5.[Instrument] [+Traffic] V.1.[θ] voiceless interdental prictive 2.[i:] front high tense vowel 3.[m] bilabial nasal 4.[v] voiced labioldental fricative 5.[p] pvoiceless bilabial stop V.1.(1)She can not tolerate/endure/stand /put up with a child.(2)She is not able to give birth to a baby.(3)She can not carry/take a child.2.(1)He hates old men and all the women.(2)He hates both old men and old women.VII.I.II.III.IV.1.Compounding is one type of word formation.It combines free morphemes to form new words.The over-whelming majority of English compounds are the combination words from two of the three classes---nouns, verbs, and adjectives.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.For examples, greenhouse is a noun, and whitewash is a verb.2.If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Free variations of pronunciation of the same word usually occur in different dialects, which is quite common in most of the languages in the world.For example, British people usually pronounce the word economics as [ˊik?n miks] and American people say [ˊ ek?namiks].VIII.1.Semantics and pragmatics both are concerned with the study of meaning, but they study meanings from different perspectives.Generally peaking, semantics is defined as the study of meaning, and pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning in context.The meanings communicated through language are of two types: conventional meanings and intentional meanings.The former is studied in semantics and the latter in pragmatics.So semantics concentrates on meanings that come from linguistic knowledge, while pragmatics concentrates on meanings that people mean by their utterances rather that what they words, phrases and sentences mean by themselves.In other words, semantics is concerned with linguistic meaning, while pragmatic analysis is concerned with speaker meaning.2.Communicative competence is the most general term to account for both the tacit knowledge of langage and the ability to use it.According to Hymes(1972), there are four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence:(1)Whether(and to what degree)something is formally possible;(2)Whether(and to what degree)something is feasible;(3)Whether(and to what degree)something is appropriate;(4)Whether(and to what degree)something is in fact done.3.The three types of antonyms in English are gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and reversal antonyms.Gradable antonyms are pairs of words opposite to each other, but the positive of one word does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, or vice versa.For example, a person who is not rich is not necessary poor.Complementary antonyms are words opposite to each other and the positive of one implies the negative of the other.For examples, dead and alive, male and female.Reversal antonyms are words that denote the same relation or process from one or the other direction.For examples, push and pull, come and go.綜合測試題（綜合測試題

（五）答案

Ⅰ.1-5 T T F F F Ⅱ.1.2.3.4.5.6-10 TFFFT [f] voiceless labiodental fricative [r] alveolar retroflex liquid [η] velar nasal [k] voiceless velar stop [s] voiceless alveolar fricative Ⅲ.1.Could good 2.Might night 3.Led red 4.Best vest 5.Boss moss

Ⅳ.⑴.ColumnⅠ: inflection ColumnⅡ: derivation ColumnⅢ: compounding ⑵.In a)and b)the words are formed by suffixation;in c)and d), by prefixation

Ⅴ.1.Polarity 2.Modality(modalization)3.Modality(modulation)4.Polarity 5.Modality(modulation)

Ⅵ.boil: +FAT, +WATER, +POT fry: +FAT, +POT, +SIEVE steam: +WATER, +POT stew: +POT, +WATER, +FAT bake: +OVEV, +FAT

Ⅶ.a).The professor’s appointment was shocking.i.It was shocking that the professor was appointed.ii.The appointment made by the professor was shocking.b).The design has big squares and circles.i.The squares and circles in the design are big.ii.There are circles and big squares in the design.c).The governor is a dirty street fighter.i.The governor fights against dirty streets.ii.The governor fights unfairly in the streets.iii.The governor is a dirty individual who fights in the streets.Ⅷ.The maxim of agreement is observed.The implicature is that B doesn’t think the dress is lovely but B doesn’t want to contradict A.Ⅸ.a).The magician used the wand to touch the child

a).NP Det N V S VP NP PP

Det N

P NP Det N

The magician touched the child with the wand.b).The magician touched the child who was carrying the wand.b).NP Det N V S VP NP Det N P PP NP Det N

The magician touched the child with the wand.Ⅹ.1.Intonation and stress generally occur simultaneously in utterance.When intonation contour falls on a syllable, the nucleus is stressed and the vowel is naturally lengthened a bit.In the meantime, there is a little pause after the syllable.This simultaneous functioning of the features serves to highlight the information focus, or to eliminate ambiguity(double interpretations of the same phrase or sentence).Every component of a sentence contains some information.It may or may not be highlighted in speech, depending on the speaker’s intention and the situation.Intonation contour can indicate the information focus of the sentence.2.The study of speech sounds is called Phonetics.It includes articulatory phonetics, which focuses on the production of sounds;acoustic phonetics, which analyses the physical properties of speech sounds and auditory phonetics, which focuses on perceptive mechanism of speech sounds.Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.Phonetics is a part of phonology and provides the means for describing speech sounds;phonology is concerned with the ways in which these speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language.Phonetics is static, phonology is dynamic.綜合測試題（綜合測試題

（六）答案

Ⅰ.1-5 FTTTT 11-15 T T T F T Ⅱ.6-10 F T F F T 16-20 F F T T F 1.retro + act + ive 2.be + friend + ed 3.tele + vise 4.margin 5.en + dear + ment Ⅲ.Identify morphological elements a)3 b)1 c)4 d)2 e)6 Ⅳ.a)S → NP VP b)NP → Art Adj N PP c)NP → Art Adj N d)NP → Art N PP e)NP → Art N f)VP → V NP PP g)VP → V PP h)VP → V i)VP → V S’ j)PP → P NP Ⅴ.a).The man found the letter.S NP Art The N’ N men V found VP NP Art the N’ N letter

b).The students put the books in the classroom.S NP VP Art The

N’ N students

V put

NP Art the N’ N books

PP P in Art the NP N’ N

classroom

Ⅵ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅷ..1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅸ ⑴ MALE LIQUID SPORT ABSTRACT TREE Furniture ………… dining table tree ……………… weeping willow pet…………………Persian cat color……………… navy blue book ………………thesaurus fine art …………… oil painting worker …………… bus driver word ……………… link verb science …………… organic chemistry beverage……………orange juice C S C S C C C C C S

Dialect 1: Suffix [me] to any vowel-initial word.Dialect 2: Suffix [he] to any vowel-initial word.Dialect 3: Suffix [e] to any vowel-initial word.⑵ phonetic transcriptions honest 1.[an?stme] 2.[an?sthe] 3.[an?ste] admire 1.[?dmajrme] 2.[?dmajrhe] 3.[?dmajre]

illegal Ⅹ.1.1.[ilig?lme]

2.[ilig?lhe]

3.[ilig?le]

Function of phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds that form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign ―accent‖, to made up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to produce aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops in the appropriate context, to know what is or is not a sound in one’s language, and to know that different phonetic strings may represent the same morpheme.In discourse or text, deixis is used to keep track of who or what is being talked about more than once.The speaker /writer will use deixis to maintain reference, as in the following sentence: In the picture, a boy and a girl are planting a tree.She is holding it, and he is shoveling earth around it.She, he, it refer to already introduced referents, a girl, a boy, a tree.The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed anaphoric reference.The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called anaphor, and the initial expression called antecedent.The reversal of the antecedent-anaphor pattern is known as cataphora, Next sentence is an example of cataphoric reference.: I could hardly believe it.The student didn’t pass the exam.2.綜合測試題（綜合測試題

（七）答案

Ⅰ.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Ⅱ.⑴ [ei](2)[l](3)[u](4)[b](5)[?] Ⅲ.u + +

Ⅳ..(1)When two different words are identical in every way except for one phoneme which occurs in the same place, they are said to form a minimal pair.Pill and bill form a minimal pair in English.(2)The difference between pill and bill is signaled or shown by the fact that the initial sound of the first world is and the initial sound of the second word is.The sounds of the two words are identical except for the initial consonants.and are ,therefore, able to distinguish or contrast words in and are, therefore, able to distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning.They are distinctive sounds in English.Any such speech sound segments that can ? + ou + + i + u: + + + language acquision babbling identifying Semantics derogatoy Dialectal synonym tautology target Place distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are called phonemes.Ⅴ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅵ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ.1.She speaks good Japanese Pit Sake Chunk Chunk Take fit shake junk junk cake [w] labiovelar glide [d3 ] voiced palatal affricate [j] palatal glide [h] voiceless glottal fricative [i:] tense high front vowel

S NP Pron Aux T She Pres VP V NP Adj N

speak good Japanese

2.The problem would be solved by them.S NP2 Det N T Aux M VP V PP P NP1 Pron

Past Pref(be-en)The

Ⅷ.The surface structures of the two sentences seem to be the same, but the grammatical relationships in the deep structures of the two sentences are quite different.In the first sentence Girls want very much to please others.whereas in the second sentence, Someone finds it easy to please girls.Ⅸ.homonyms: ear/ear bank/bank homophones: the rest of the others

Ⅹ 1.[?]and [ ts ] are in complementary distribution.2.[t] occurs before back vowel [ a ],[ o ] and front vowel [ e] [?] is before front vowel [i] [ts] occurs before back vowel [u] 3../t/ is the phoneme.[t] [?] and [ts] are allophones.4../tatami/ /tukue/ /tutumu/ /tomodati/ /tetudau/ /tizu/ /uti/ /tita/ /kata/ /tegami/ /ato/ /tatemono/ /otoko/ /deguti/ /te/ /hiti/ /natu/ /turi/ Ⅺ Affixes in many language like English, may be classified into derivational and inflectional morphemes according to their linguistic nature.A derivational morpheme is an affix which is used to form a derivative, as re-in reread.It may change the class specification of the words to which they are added.For example, read +-able → readable(verb → adjective).There are also some derivational morphemes that do not cause a change in class status.For instance, the prefixes in-in im-+ possible → impossible(adjective → adjective).All derivational morphemes are bound and they must be attached to bases.An inflectional morpheme usually refers to an affix which is suffixed to stem rather than to a base.It dose not help to form a new word or change the class status of the word to which it is suffixed.It only serves as a grammatical marker showing grammatical meaning(or meanings)in sentences.All inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes indicating grammatical categories, such as tense, number, person, gender, case, aspect, mood, voice, and so on.Look at the following sentence, in which person, number, tense and aspect are marked by different inflectional morphemes, respectively.(a)I learn English.(b)She learns English.(c)He learned English.(d)They are learning English.In sentence(b)the –s at the end of the verb is an ―agreement‖ marker, indicating that the subject of the verb is the ―third-person‖, ―singular‖, ―present tense‖.The –ed in(c)and the –ing in(d)are inflectional morphemes required by the syntactic rules of English to show ―tense‖ and ―aspect‖, respectively.bear/bear problem solve by them

綜合測試題（綜合測試題

（八）答案

Ⅰ.1-5 A B B C C 6-10 B C B B C Ⅱ.1-5 F F T F F 6-10 T F T F T

Ⅲ.1.nucleus 2.sounds 3.gaps 4.suprasegmental features 5.free morphemes 6.Derivation 7.transitivity 8.umbrella 9.registers 10.anaphora

Ⅳ.1.[i] lax high front vowel 2.[e] mid front vowel 3.[a:] low back vowel 4.[u:] tense high back vowel 5.[u] lax back high vowel Ⅴ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅵ..1.2.3.4.5.Ⅶ.1.2.3.4.5.Ⅷ..1)Vowels and consonants are thought of as the segmental phonemes, of which utterances are composed.They may go one after another in sequences of speech sounds.Segmental phonemes are used to form syllables, morphemes, words and utterances.INSTRUMENT FLOWER MOTION STATIONERY STATE [f] [?] [j] [?] [s] psycho + logy un + palat + able holi + day grand + mother morph + em + ic 2)Two different forms, though different in pronunciation, may be identical in meaning.Some speakers in a dialect of English pronounce the word economics in one way and some speakers in another dialect in another way.The different pronunciation of economics is free variations.3)Assimilation in language is a common phonetic process in which two phonemes, usually adjacent to each other, become identical or similar, or acquire common characteristic, due to the influence of one upon the other when they occur in the sequential speech sounds.If the change affects the adjacent sounds the process is called contiguous or juxtapositional assimilation, e.g./z/ in news become [s] in newspaper.It is also composed of regressive assimilation, total, partial, assimilation, etc.Ⅸ.Apply the reflexive transformation rule and imperative transformation rule to form the following tree: S NP Φ V VP NP pron behave yourself

Ⅹ.Illocutionary acts may be various in form and function.Based on the nature of the illocutionary force or effect, Searle suggested the following five types of utterances: 1)Representative, which commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition, such as asserting, concluding e.g.―I think it is raining.‖ 2)Directives, which are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something, such as requesting, questioning, e.g.― I beg you to give me some advice.‖ 3)Commissives, which commit the speaker to some future action of undertaking some future promise, such as promising, offering, threatening, e.g.―I’ll beat you if you don’t behave yourself.‖ 4)Expressives, which express a psychological state, such as thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating, e.g.―I apologize to you for my late reply to you last letter.‖ 5)Declarations, which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra-linguistic institutions, such as declaring war, christening, firing from employment, e.g.As soon as the employer says to the employee ―you’re friend!‖, the latter immediately loses his job.Ⅺ..Some sentences may be just grammatically well-formed, but semantically they may be not acceptable or anomalous.For example, The colorless green ideas sleep furiously.By the Standard Theory the semantic component contains the rules that specify the semantic features of lexical items, which are necessary for the choice of appropriate lexical items from lexicon.Lexical items or words must be chosen and fitted in according to the selectional restriction rules.Chomsky and his followers have made quite a few revisions and amendments of their original theories and of the Standard Theory.Extended Standard Theory, Revised Extended Standard Theory, Governing and Binding Theory are

all the revised theories.綜合測試題（綜合測試題

（九）答案

I.1－5 F T T F F 6－10 T T T F F 11－15 T F F T T 16－20 F T F T T II.1.voiced 2.fricative 3.labial 4.alveolar 5.high, vowel

III.1)The stress of greenhouse is on green while that of green house is on house.Greenhouse is a compound word;green house is a noun phrase.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green.2)The stress of sleeping car is on sleeping while that of sleeping boy is on boy.A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep.A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping.IV.Deixis means ―pointing‖ via language.Person Deixis: we, I, him, it… Place Deixis: here, there… Time Deixis: now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, next week, last year, in three days… Discourse Deixis: in the previous section, in the next chapter, in the rest of this paper, in conclusion, this, that…

V.a)Those who quickly went there made a fortune.Those who went there made a fortune quickly.a)The planes which are flying can be dangerous.It’s dangerous to fly planes.b)They put fish into cans.They are able to fish.c)The design is full of big squares and big circles.The design is full of circles and big squares.d)I saw the couple who were in the cafeteria.In the cafeteria I saw the couple.VI.The maxim of relation is violated.The implicature is that B doesn’t want to gossip about the hostess.VII.The two sentences are both wrong.―This,‖ ―here,‖ ―that,‖ and ―there‖ are all deixis.―This‖ and ―here‖ are proximal deixis, while ―that‖ and ―there‖ are distal deixis.―Bring‖ means to carry something to the speaker;―take‖ means to carry something away from the speaker.The deixis in both sentences contradict with the two verbs.The correct sentences should be: 1)Bring that here.2)Take this there.VIII.a)The advantages of this approach to meaning analysis are obvious.Firstly, it is a breakthrough in the formal representation of meaning.Once formally represented, meaning components can be seen.Secondly, it reveals the impreciseness of the terminology in the traditional approach to meaning analysis.The limitations of componential analysis are also apparent.It cannot be applied to the analysis of all lexicons, but merely to words within the same semantic field.It is controversial whether semantic features are universal primes of word meanings in all languages.b)Metaphor is the mapping from the source domain to the target domain.The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping.For example, neck is a part of human body, while the neck in the compound bottleneck is metaphorically used.The properties of human neck(source domain)have been transferred to the neck of the bottle(target domain).c)Homonyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings.Words which have the same spelling but different meanings are called homographs, such as bow(v.)and bow(n., a weapon).Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones.Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are all homophones.Homonyms are listed as separate entries in a dictionary, because lexicographers see them as unrelated in sense.A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.Lexicographers make the distinction between homonyms and polysemes based on the intuition of native speakers as well as the etymology or history of words.綜合測試

（十）I.1－5 C D A B D 6－10 A A B C B 11－15 C A D B B 16－20 D A C D B II.a)[m] b)[w] c)[u] d)[l] e)[b] III.1.This is a dress for beautiful girls.This is a beautiful dress for girls.2.Tom hates his boss and I hate his boss too.Tom hates his boss and I hate my boss too.3.They finally made a decision on the boat.They finally chose the boat.4.Can you see the man who is carrying a pair of binoculars? Can you see the man through a pair of binoculars? IV.a.truck b.elevator C.sidewalk d.can e.candy V.(Relation)The addressee does not think the dress is beautiful.VI.S NP Det N PP Prep NP Det N V Prep VP PP NP Det N VII.a)The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government.A white house refers to a house which is painted white.b)A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat.A red coat means a coat whose color is red.c)A bluebird refers to a kind of bird.A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.d)A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse.A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light.VIII.The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy.IX.1.Metaphors have three main features: systematicity, creation of similarities, and imaginative rationality.Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature.Metaphor can create similarities between the two domains involved.This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves.But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective.Metaphors are characterized by imaginative rationality.They unite reasoning and imagination.Metaphors as a form of reasoning by analogy involve categorization, entailment and inference.By metaphors we understand one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing.2.The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional(geographical)dialects, sociolects(social dialects)and registers(functional varieties).The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form.A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes.Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to ―varieties according to use.‖ 3.Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world.London refers to or denotes the capital of Great Britain.The word dog denotes a kind of domestic animal.The referential theory, the simplest theory of meaning, claims that meaning is reference.Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind.So in addition to reference, there is another dimension of word meaning called sense.For example, when you hear the expression dog, you will naturally reflect on its features in addition to the kind of animal as the referent of the expression.Sense is mental representation, the association with something in the speaker/hearer's mind.Words like dragon, but, of and phrases like a round triangle have sense, but no referent.Words like dog, horse, car and gun have both referent and sense.

第二篇：《語言學概論》專項練習和綜合測試題.

《語言學概論》專項練習和綜合測試題

（王德壽根據中央電大胡老師發布資料整理）

一、根據下列漢語拼音字母寫出相應的國際音標

ü()o()b()z()k()q()r()x()p()ch()c()h()d()ng()sh()

三、用嚴式國際音標寫出下列音節中的拼音字母所代表的音位變體 ①寫出字母a的音位變體：guang()hua()qian()kuai()xuan()②寫出字母i的音位變體：bian()guai()shi()zi()ri()③寫出字母e的音位變體：guen()de()ueng()zhuei()ke()

四、用嚴式國際音標標寫下列韻母 iang()uei()uang()uen()ün()ao()uan()ing()ueng()uei()ian()uai()ang()üna()iou()

五、下列音節是根據漢語拼音方案的規則拼寫的，請用嚴式國際音標寫出來 xiang()guai()diu()wang()xuan()kun()jue()zhuang()chui()yuan()yang()ying()

六、用嚴式國際音標給下列漢字注音 1．新時代必須具有新思維。2．我們團結一心戰勝非典。3．我乒乓球健兒奪得了四枚金牌。4．待到山花爛漫時她在叢中笑。

九、指出下列詞語中的語素的類別

絕對 機會 恭候 地方 消費 老師 灑脫 歌手 電子 外語 電話 迅速 煤礦 和平民工 氧化 火化 啟發 蓋兒 迷惑

classmate power powerful practicable earthqueak secretary sensitive input examination everyone dismiss overcome teacher

十、指出下列合成詞的構造方式 自力 自立 自信 自己 月亮 明亮 雪亮 照實 照料 照耀

照直 照顧 圍棋 圍墻 圍裙 圍巾 圍脖 圍觀 圍聚 圍子 拖車 拖帶 拖拉 拖網 拖鞋 拖欠 姐妹 血紅 眼紅 臉紅 紙張 老手 騎手 左手 頭腦 頭發 頭馬 頭子 頭角 頭痛 投敵 投遞 投奔 投資 投放 投票 保存 保管 保底 保人

十一、指出下列詞的組合的類型

大家努力 偉大光榮 研究問題 美好生活 看不清楚 十分仔細 沖了進去 貫徹執行 急速前進 喜歡表演 提高覺悟 偵破案件

十二、分析下列句子的結構層次關系，如果有歧義，要作不同分析 1．咬死了獵人的狗 2．咬死了學校的狗

3．他去世的父親留下一大筆錢 4．他去世的時候大孩子才十歲 5．找到了叔叔的孩子穿著校服 6．他們終于在網吧找到了叔叔的孩子 7．熱愛全國人民的好總理 8．打死了敵人的哨兵 9．挖煤的工人很辛苦 10．挖煤的表層很危險

十三、變換下列多義句式，使其具有單義 1．看見的是王老五。2．大門沒有鎖。

3．周為和王新的老師來了。4．我知道，真正支持的是廠長。5．看來，我們還需要學習文件。6．小王什么人都熟悉。

7．非洲語言研究取得了很大突破。8．訪問美國歸來的科學家。

十四、把下列句子變換成不同的句子，使其具有句法同義關系 1．我買回來一輛自行車。

2．我們準時完成了上級交給我們的任務。3．她昨天不小心摔斷了胳膊。

4．突然而來的颶風刮翻了許多停在港灣的船只。

十五、指出下列句子中劃線詞語詞形變化所表示的語法意義和語法范疇

1．Sh bought many pensils.2．The housework is being done by her.3．Wangfeng is taller than Zhangmin.4．He works in the city.5．They give thair books to me.6．I have written a letter to my friends.十六、綜合自測題

一、舉例解釋下列名詞（每詞4分，共20分）1．組合關系 2．音位變體 3．詞干 4．拼音文字 5．詞語替換

二、填空（每空1分，共10分）

1．______的建立是語言學走上獨立發展道路的一個標志。2．通過______，我們可以使用句型造出許許多多的句子來。3．音位可分兩大類，例如漢語中的聲調是______。

4．根據在詞中的作用，語素可以分為三類，例如“I am going to buy some books”，其中單詞books中的語素“s”是______。

5．“漂亮的景色”和“景色漂亮”的語法意義不同，造成這種不同的語法手段是______。

6．英語動詞be有八種形式，其過去時的復數形式是______。7．詞義的引申有兩種方式，例如“病毒”，本義是指“比病菌小、多用電子顯微鏡才能看見的病原體”，引申義指計算機病毒，即破壞計算機系統的一種程序，這種引申方式是______。8．漢字的發展趨勢是______。

9．語言在不同行業、不同階層等社會因素方面發生變化，由此產生了______。10．詞義會不斷地發生變化，例如英語單詞deer，過去泛指動物，現在只表示鹿，這種意義變化的方式叫做______。

三、選擇題（每小題2分，共10分）

說明：每題只有一個正確答案，請將正確答案的字母序號填到題中橫線上。

1． 下列說法只有______是正確的。A． 拉斯克是歷史比較語言學的代表人物。B． 索緒爾的代表著作是《語言論》。

C． 語言的組合關系說明學習一種語言規則是可以類推的。D． 語言的任意性特點說明每個人都一改造語言規則的自由。

2．用嚴式國際音標給漢字注音，只有______組要用到音標a。A．裝腔王高笑 B．煙元面全捐 C．家牙打哈抓 D．蓋反外丹抬

3．分析句子“我們天天看見從東方的山峰后面升起來的太陽”，能得到的詞組成分是______。

A． 天天看見從東方的山峰后面。B． 我們天天看見。C． 升起來的太陽。D．東方的山峰后面。

4．下列各種說法只有______是正確的。A． 一個詞如果沒有能產性特點就不是基本詞。B． “光年 去年 前年 明年”可以構成義場。C． “團結”和“勾結”是同義詞，但二者的感情色彩不同。D． “打掃衛生”不符合組合規則，是病句。5．下列說法只有______是正確的。A． 雙語現象的最后結局是導致語言融合。B． 混合語不同于洋涇浜，它可以作為母語來學習。C． 語言要素的發展是不平衡的，語音變化最快

D． 詞語替換指一個意思可以使用相同相近意思的詞表達。

四、綜合分析題（共20分）

1、比較下列各組屬于普通話音位的異同。（6分）① i-y ② t-k ③ x-s

2、用嚴式國際音標給下面的漢字注音（4分）

說明：每個音節只要求寫出元音和輔音，聲調符號不用寫出來。

團結起來奪取勝利

3、找出下面的多義短語然后分析其結構層次和結構關系。（4分）打傷學校的老師 咬死林場的職工 羽毛球拍賣完了 山里來的歌唱家

4、指出下列句子中的詞語（畫線部分）的形態變化所表示的語法范疇。（3分）She gives them some pens.（劃線單詞為第2、3、5個）

5.、變換下面具有語法多義的句子，使其變成單義結構。（3分）

我們負責給這個公司培養四個實驗室技術員。

五、問答題（共40分）

1． 語言是社會現象還是自然現象？說說你的看法。（6分）2． 農民有農民的語言，地主有地主的語言，這是不是說語言有階級性？（6分）

3． 語法范疇有哪些特點？試舉一例說明。（8分）4． 什么是形態變化？包括哪些內容？舉例說明。（8分）5． 什么是詞義的概括性？有哪些表現形式？（6分）

6． 請解釋說明什么是語言發展的漸變性特點和不平衡性特點。（6分）

第三篇：語言學概論試題及答案

語言學概論試題及答案 第一部分 選擇題

一、單項選擇題

1．關于“語言”的定義，下列說法不正確的一項是B A．語言是一種社會現象 B．語言就是人們說出來的話

C．語言的客觀存在形式首先是有聲的口頭語言 D．語言是一個符號系統 2．關于“言語活動”、“語言”和“言語”三者之間的關系，下列說法不正確的一項是C A．“語言”等于“言語活動”減去“言語” B．“語言”是主要的，而“言語”是次要的 C．“言語”是“言語活動”中的社會部分 D．“語言”是從“言語活動”抽象出來的一個均質的系統 3．索緒爾創立的語言學可以稱為C A．傳統語言學 B．歷史比較語言學 C．結構主義語言學 D．社會語言學

4．從音質角度劃分出來的最小語音單位是B A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音節

5．[p‘]的發音特征是A A．雙唇送氣清塞音 B．雙唇不送氣清塞音 C．舌尖前送氣清塞音 D．舌尖前不送氣清塞音

6．下列各項中，都是不圓唇元音的一組是D A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．說話人根據表達需要有意識地加上去的句重音是D A．節律重音 B．語法重音 C．固定重音 D．強調重音

8．下列關于語匯的表述中，正確的一項是D A．語匯是有意義的能獨立使用的語言單位 B．語匯是最小的有意義的語言單位 C．語匯是固定詞組和熟語的總匯 D．語匯是一種語言中詞和語的總和

9．從詞的構造方式看，漢語“健兒”一詞屬于C A.單純詞 B．派生詞 C．復合詞 D．簡縮詞

10．下列各個漢語詞語中的“子”是詞根語素的是C A．籠子 B．鴿子 C．瓜子 D．日子

11．下列關于語法的表述中，不正確的一項是C A．語法是關于詞的構成變化和詞構成詞組和句子的規則 B．語法是說本族語的人的直覺知識和約定習慣 C.語法是與語音、語匯等要素互不相關的規則 D．語法是與語音、語匯等相比變化較慢的現象 12．在“這些書我看過了”這個語言片段中，“這些書”和“我看過了”的性質是 A．既是成分也是組合 B．是成分，不是組合 C．是組合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是組合

13．下列關于詞義模糊性的表述中，正確的一項是A A．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域模糊，中心區域明確 B．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域明確，中心區域模糊 C．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域、中心區域都模糊 D．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域可能模糊 14．“哈巴狗”和“獅子狗”指的是同一種狗，二者在詞義上的主要差別是C A．理性意義不同 B．語體色彩不同 C．形象色彩不同 D．語氣意義不同

15．下列各項中，含有降級述謂結構的是C A．他申請去北京進修 B．你去請他比較好

C．他取下了掛在墻上的地圖 D．他害怕老師批評他

16．下列各項中，甲和乙之間是預設關系的是B A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服 B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服

C．(甲)那個學生借給他一本《紅樓夢》——(乙)那個人借給他一本《紅樓夢》 D．(甲)那個學生借給他一本《紅樓夢》——(乙)那個學生借給他一本書 17．1956年我國推行漢字簡化方案，將繁體字改成簡體字，這屬于A A．正字法改革 B．字符類型改革 C．文字類型改革

D．字符類型和文字類型改革

18．漢語中的“基因”來自英語的gene，從該詞產生的方式看，“基因”屬于B A．純粹音譯詞 B．音譯兼意譯詞 C．意譯詞 D．仿譯詞

19.從語言的發展演變來看，語匯系統中最不易發生變化的是C A．通用語匯 B.常用語匯 C．基本語匯 D．專用語匯

20．關于社會方言的形成，下列說法不正確的一項是C A．社會方言大多是在語言的相互接觸中形成的 B．社會方言是隨著社會的社群分化而產生的 C．一種語言的內部有可能形成社會方言 D．一種方言的內部有可能形成社會方言

21．關于共同語的形成，下列說法不正確的一項是C A.并不意味著方言分歧已經消失 B．并不意味著方言分歧將會擴大 C.并不意味著方言最終將被取代 D．并不意味著語言已經實現統一

22．關于語言規范化的推行，下列說法不正確的一項是B A．主要由權威機構提出具體的規范意見 B．主要由權威機構強制推行

C．主要通過教育機構、大眾傳媒等渠道向社會推行 D．主要是一個積極引導社會公眾自覺遵守的過程

23．關于語言獲得的原因，下列學說中偏重于內部條件解釋的是B A．模仿說 B．天賦說 C．強化說

D．刺激反應說

24．基本上不能說話，但仍能聽懂別人說話，這種癥狀的失語癥是B A．失讀癥

B.布洛卡失語癥 C．失名癥

D．維爾尼克失語癥

25．關于“中介語”現象，下列說法不正確的一項是C A．“中介語”既不同于母語又不同于外語 B．“中介語”是不斷地從母語向外語靠近的語言形式 C．即使是較高級的“中介語”也不能用于交際 D．“中介語”越到外語學習后期發展就越慢 26．詞典最常見的分類是D A．語言詞典和歷史詞典 B．描寫詞典和歷史詞典 C．百科詞典和歷史詞典 D．百科詞典和語言詞典

二、多項選擇題

27．語流中有些音在發音上變弱，這種現象叫弱化。弱化的表現有ABE A．脫落

B．清輔音變成濁輔音 C．濁輔音變成清輔音 D．單元音變成復元音 E．單元音向央元音靠攏

28．下列各個漢語詞語中屬于復合詞的是 A．邏輯 B．幽默 B3

五、分析題

其他詞類成分_______________________________ 37.請結合實例說明語法的抽象性表現在哪些方面。

(1)所謂“抽象”即對具體的東西進行類的概括。語法規則就是對人們說的話中的單位、結構和關系的某種類的概括。

(2)語法單位類別的抽象。如以從詞的用法建立詞類為例。(3)語法關系類別的抽象。如以從結構形式建立語法結構為例。

(4)語法意義類別的抽象。如以從形態或格式建立時態意義、句式意義等為例。38.以實例說明義素分析的方法和主要步驟。(1)確定對比的范圍。一般來說，義素分析應該先從指稱事物最小類別成員的一組詞語開始，如有需要，再進一步擴大對比分析的范圍。分析“男人”的義素，可以先從“男人”與“女人”、“男孩”的對比開始，因為它們同屬于“人”這個最小類別。

(2)比較詞義的異同。對比的范圍確定之后：下一步就是運用對比分析的方法，找出不同詞義在語義成分上的共同點和不同點，也就是提取它們的共同義素和區別義素。比如要分析“男人、女人、男孩”的義素，可以首先比較這三個詞的意義，從中提取出共同義素[人]，然后將“男人”與“女人”比較，提取出區別義素[±男性]，再將“男人”和“男孩”比較，提取出區別義素[±成年]。利用這些共同義素和區別義素，不僅可以使這三個詞的意義互相區別開來，而且也可以使它們同其他的詞語相區別。通過對比分析，找出不同詞語的共同義素和區別義素，這是義素分析最關鍵的一步。

39.試從詞語構造方式（A）和詞類（B）兩個角度對下列重疊形式進行分類，分別填入各項中： 星星 猩猩 媽媽 剛剛 蟈蟈 個個 試試 大大方方 熱鬧熱鬧

A1疊音式單純詞猩猩? 蟈蟈

A2重疊式合成詞____星星? 媽媽剛剛? 大大方方_______________________ A3語法重疊形式_____個個? 試試?? 熱鬧熱鬧_ B1名詞性成分___________星星? 猩猩? 媽媽?? 蟈蟈________________ B2動詞性成分__試試? 熱鬧熱鬧?? ____________________________ B3

剛剛? 個個?? 大大方方

40.請指出下列兩個語言片段各有哪些不同的結構和意義，并從語音影響語法的角度分析說明。

Ａ想起來了

Ｂ我們三個人一組

(1)①A片段有兩種結構和意思：

A1是動賓結構，意思是“打算起床”； A2是動補結構，意思是“回想起”。

②語音對這個語言片段的結構和意義的影響在于： A1中“起來”要重讀，A2中“起來”要輕讀。(2)①B片段有兩種結構和意思： Bl“我們”是主語，“三個人一組”是謂語，意思是“我們有很多人，每三個人是一組”。B2“我們三個人”是主語，“一組”是謂語，意思是“我們一共三個人，只有一個組”。②語音對這個語言片段的結構和意義的影響在于 B１中在“我們”后停頓，B2中在“我們三個人”后停頓。

六、論述題

41.舉例說明為什么在描寫句子的語義結構時，常常要從謂詞入手，也就是把謂詞看作處于支配地位的核心成分。

(1)一個述謂結構可以有多少變元以及可以有何種性質的變元，都是由謂詞的語義規定的。比如“咳嗽”指一種生理活動，在這種活動中，只有行為發出者，而不會有另外的涉及對象，因而在由“咳嗽”充當謂詞的述謂結構中就只能有一個必有變元，而且這個變元只能是施事。“吃”的意思是“經咀嚼把食物咽下去”，在這種行為中，不僅要有一個行為發出者，而且一定還要有被“咽下去” 的東西，因而在由“吃”充當謂詞的述謂結構中就可以有兩個必有變元，而且這兩個變元一個是施事，一個是受事。

(2)一個述謂結構是由謂詞和變元組成的，既然變元的數量和性質都是由謂詞決定的，因而也可以說整個述謂結構的框架是由謂詞語義規定的。人們只要按照一個謂詞對變元數量和性質的要求，在述謂結構的框架中填入適當的變元，就可以產生一個句子的命題意義。這可以從人們理解省略句的事實中得到證明，比如問某人“你去不去北京”，某人回答“去”，任何人都會知道這個“去”雖然是一詞一句，但在語義上卻等于“我去北京”，人們之所以能夠在理解過程中將“去”的動作發出者和目的地補充出來，從而正確理解這句話的實際含義，就是因為“去”所規定的述謂結構框架起著引導的作用。42.結合實例說明語言接觸的具體表現形式。

(1)語言成分的借用與吸收。不同語言之間相互影響一般總是從引進借詞開始，語言成分的借用與吸收是語言接觸最常見的現象。

例如，公元11世紀起，說法語的日爾曼人曾長期占領和統治英格蘭，在長期的接觸和交往中，英語從法語中吸收了大量的語言成分。(2)出現雙語現象。使用不同語言的人如果在同一個社會雜居，還可能產生雙語現象。例如，我國廣西壯族自治區，由于壯族人長期和漢族人生活在一起，大部分壯族人都是壯語和漢語使用者，(3)出現語言轉用現象。在一定歷史條件及長期的發展過程中，不同民族的接觸和融合還會出現語言轉用現象。例如，我國的回族、滿族都基本上放棄了自己原有的語言而轉用了漢語。(4)出現語言的混合。①在不同語言頻繁接觸的地區，會出現語言混合現象。不同語言混合會產生“洋涇浜語’。例如，在舊上海外國商人聚居的地方出現的混雜著漢語成份的“洋涇浜英語”。②在一定的歷史條件下，洋涇浜語有可能轉變為“克里奧耳語”，成為某一社會主要的交際工具，并被當作母語來學習和使用。例如，廣泛使用于加勒比海地區的以法語為基礎的克里奧耳語。

------------------語言學概論試題參考答案

一、單項選擇題 1．B 2.C 3．C 4．B 5．A 6． D 7.D 8．D 9．C 10．C 11．C 113．A 14．C 15．C 16．B 17.A 18．B 19．C 20．A 21.C 22.B 23．B 24．B 25．C 26．D

二、多項選擇題 27．ABE 28．CD 29．AE 30．AE 31．BCE

三、名詞解釋

32．這種音節結構分析方法以元輔音為基本分析單位，把音節結構分為V、C—V、V—C、C—V-C等四種基本類型(其中的V代表元音，C代表輔音)。例如漢語普通話中的[i](一)、[t‘i](題)、[an](安)、[t‘an](談)等四個音節分別屬于上述四種基本類型。

33.語義指向是指句子中某個成分在語義上指向哪兒，或者說同哪個或哪些成分發生語義聯系。例如，補語位置上的成分，在語義上既可能指向主語，如“我吃飽了”中的“我”；也可能指向賓語，如“我吃光了碗里的飯”中的“碗里的飯”。2.A

34．意音文字指一部分字符是意符，一部分字符是音符的文字。如漢字就是意音文字，漢字中許多字符是直接表意的，而假借字則是假借意符直接表音、間接表意的音符。

35．語言規劃是指社會對語言文字問題所作出的有組織的、有意識的管理、調節和改進。例如，我國國家語言文字工作委員會所作的推廣普通話、文字改革、語言規范化、制定正確的民族語言政策等工作。

四、簡答題

36．(1)具體語言中的每個音位都可以分解為幾個區別特征，不同音位之間的對立實際上可以進一步分解為區別特征之間的對立，因此音位的辨義功能實際上是由區別特征來負擔的。(2)例如，漢語普通話里／k／／k‘／和／p／三個音位具有辨義功能，它們的語音特征分別是“舌根、閉塞、不送氣”、“舌根、閉塞、送氣”和“雙唇、閉塞、不送氣，”／k／通過“不送氣”和/k‘／相區別·，通過“舌根”和／p／相區別。因此，像“干”／kan51八“看”/k‘an51／和“辦”／pan51／等三個詞在語音形式上的區別可以歸結為這三個音位在區別特征上的對立。

37．(1)所謂“抽象”即對具體的東西進行類的概括。語法規則就是對人們說的話中的單位、結構和關系的某種類的概括。

(2)語法單位類別的抽象。如以從詞的用法建立詞類為例。(3)語法關系類別的抽象。如以從結構形式建立語法結構為例。

(4)語法意義類別的抽象。如以從形態或格式建立時態意義、句式意義等為例。

38．(1)確定對比的范圍。一般來說，義素分析應該先從指稱事物最小類別成員的一組詞語開始，如有需要，再進一步擴大對比分析的范圍。分析“男人”的義素，可以先從“男人”與“女人”、“男孩”的對比開始，因為它們同屬于“人”這個最小類別。

(2)比較詞義的異同。對比的范圍確定之后：下一步就是運用對比分析的方法，找出不同詞義在語義成分上的共同點和不同點，也就是提取它們的共同義素和區別義素。比如要分析“男人、女人、男孩”的義素，可以首先比較這三個詞的意義，從中提取出共同義素[人]，然后將“男人”與“女人”比較，提取出區別義素[±男性]，再將“男人”和“男孩”比較，提取出區別義素[±成年]。利用這些共同義素和區別義素，不僅可以使這三個詞的意義互相區別開來，而且也可以使它們同其他的詞語相區別。通過對比分析，找出不同詞語的共同義素和區別義素，這是義素分析最關鍵的一步。

五、分析題 39．

A1猩猩? 蟈蟈

A2星星? 媽媽剛剛? 大大方方 A3個個? 試試?? 熱鬧熱鬧 B1 星星? 猩猩? 媽媽?? 蟈蟈 B2試試? 熱鬧熱鬧?? B3剛剛? 個個?? 大大方方 40．(1)①A片段有兩種結構和意思： A1是動賓結構，意思是“打算起床”； A2是動補結構，意思是“回想起”。

②語音對這個語言片段的結構和意義的影響在于： A1中“起來”要重讀，A2中“起來”要輕讀。(2)①B片段有兩種結構和意思： Bl“我們”是主語，“三個人一組”是謂語，意思是“我們有很多人，每三個人是一組”。B2“我們三個人”是主語，“一組”是謂語，意思是“我們一共三個人，只有一個組”。②語音對這個語言片段的結構和意義的影響在于 B１中在“我們”后停頓，B2中在“我們三個人”后停頓。

六、論述題

41．(1)一個述謂結構可以有多少變元以及可以有何種性質的變元，都是由謂詞的語義規定的。比如“咳嗽”指一種生理活動，在這種活動中，只有行為發出者，而不會有另外的涉及對象，因而在由“咳嗽”充當謂詞的述謂結構中就只能有一個必有變元，而且這個變元只能是施事。“吃”的意思是“經咀嚼把食物咽下去”，在這種行為中，不僅要有一個行為發出者，而且一定還要有被“咽下去” 的東西，因而在由“吃”充當謂詞的述謂結構中就可以有兩個必有變元，而且這兩個變元一個是施事，一個是受事。

(2)一個述謂結構是由謂詞和變元組成的，既然變元的數量和性質都是由謂詞決定的，因而也可以說整個述謂結構的框架是由謂詞語義規定的。人們只要按照一個謂詞對變元數量和性質的要求，在述謂結構的框架中填入適當的變元，就可以產生一個句子的命題意義。這可以從人們理解省略句的事實中得到證明，比如問某人“你去不去北京”，某人回答“去”，任何人都會知道這個“去”雖然是一詞一句，但在語義上卻等于“我去北京”，人們之所以能夠在理解過程中將“去”的動作發出者和目的地補充出來，從而正確理解這句話的實際含義，就是因為“去”所規定的述謂結構框架起著引導的作用。

42．(1)語言成分的借用與吸收。不同語言之間相互影響一般總是從引進借詞開始，語言成分的借用與吸收是語言接觸最常見的現象。

例如，公元11世紀起，說法語的日爾曼人曾長期占領和統治英格蘭，在長期的接觸和交往中，英語從法語中吸收了大量的語言成分。

(2)出現雙語現象。使用不同語言的人如果在同一個社會雜居，還可能產生雙語現象。例如，我國廣西壯族自治區，由于壯族人長期和漢族人生活在一起，大部分壯族人都是壯語和漢語使用者，(3)出現語言轉用現象。在一定歷史條件及長期的發展過程中，不同民族的接觸和融合還會出現語言轉用現象。例如，我國的回族、滿族都基本上放棄了自己原有的語言而轉用了漢語。

第四篇：語言學概論試題(及部分答案)

語言學概論試題（及部分答案）

2004年10月15日

A語言學概論試題及答案

一、填空題、（每空1分，共15分）

1、（）的建立，使語言學擺脫了過去的附庸地位，成為一門獨立發展的科學。

2、語言符號的形式是（），語言符號的內容是（）

3、一個音節可以沒有起音和（），但決不可缺少（）。

5、附加在詞根上，一般表示附加性詞匯意義的語素叫（）。

6、交際的基本單位是（）。

7、語法手段可以分力兩大類型：（）和（）。

8、語言發展有兩個特點：（）和（）。

9、根據語言的親屬關系對語言的分類叫做（），也叫做（）。

10、文字起源于（）。

二、單選題（在本題的每一小題的備選答案中，只有一個答案是正確的，請把你認確答案的 題號，填入題干的括號內。多選不給分。每題1分，共15分）

1、社會語言學屬于（）

①理論語言學

②廣義應用語言學 ③普通語言學

④狹義應用語言學

2、元音［ ］的名稱是（）

①舌尖后高圓唇元音

②舌尖前高圓唇元音

③舌尖后高不圓唇元音

④舌尖前高不圓唇元音

3、下列漢字的讀音中，包含有三合元音的是（）

①郵

②歐

③玩

④農

4、漢語普通話音節結構（）

①最長由三個音素組成②最長由四個音素組成

③最長由五個音素組成④最短由兩個音素組成

5、下列詞中，屬于單純詞的是（）

①玻璃

②黑扳

③語言

④紅旗

6、下列詞中，屬于復臺詞的是（）

①傻子

②席子

③天子

④椅子

7、下列詞組中，屬于多義的是（）

①兩只學生送的花瓶

②兩位學生送的花瓶

③兩只學生送的花籃。

④兩個學生送的花籃

8、下列詞中粗體的成分，屬于同音關系的是（）

①杜魯門——杜絕

②負荊一負擔

③忽然－－突然

④花朵——浪花

9、英語的‘foot”（腳，單數）變為“feet”（腳，復數）運用的語法手段是（）

①附加 ②異根 ③內部屈折 ④重疊

10、漢語普通話中的：“卡通片”中的“卡”是一個（）

①語素 ②音節 ③前綴 ④詞

11、漢語中的：“了、著、過”在古代具有實實在在的詞匯意義，到現代變成只表語義的助詞，這屬于（）

①異化 ②類化 ③新語法范疇的形成 ④實詞虛化

12、下列語言中屬于粘著語的是（）

①苗語 ②越南語 ③俄語 ④日語

13、在一種語言內部劃腦言時，最主要的依據是（）

①語法

②語義

③語音 ④詞匯

14、下列詞的詞義，屬于詞義縮小的是（）

①“皮”原指獸皮

②“涕”原指眼淚

③“瓦”原指一切燒好的上器

④“江”原捐“長江”

15、人類幾種古老文字的原始字形，都是（）

①象形的②會意的 ③表音的④形聲的

三、多選題（在本題的每一小題的備選答案中，正確答案有三個或三個以上多請把為正確答

案的題號，填入題干的括號內。少選、多選不給分。每題2分，共20分）

1、根據舌位的高低，元音可分為（）

①高元音

②央元音

③半高元音

④半低元音

⑤低元音

2、下列漢字的讀音中多包含有輔音［飛］的有（）

①男

②拉

③拿

④攔

⑤驢

3、下列詞中帶有前綴的是（）

①老鼠

②畫家

③阿姨

④超越

⑤超現實主義

4、下列詞組叫，帶雙賓語的是（）

①托你一件事

②托你辦件事

③請你辦這件事

④借你五元錢 ⑤給你一本書

5、下列語素中，屬于枯著語素的是（）

①宏

②偉

③大

④樓

⑤機

6、卞列語言單位中，屬于派生詞的是（）

①律師

②鳥兒

③老婆

④苦頭

⑤文學家

7、下列詞中，處于同一個語義場的詞是（）

①桌子

②椅子

③沙發

④柜子

⑤鞋子

8、下列語言屬于印歐語系的是（）

①法語

②英語

③德語

④阿拉伯語

⑤維吾爾語

9、漢語屬于（）

①漢藏語系

②漢語族

③屈折語

④孤立語

⑤粘著語

10、下列文字中屬于表意文字的是（）

①漢字

②中美洲的馬雅文字

③古埃及的圣書字

④我國納西族的東巴文 ⑤古印度的法盧文

四、判斷題（下列各題，你認為正確的，請在題干的括號內打“√”，錯的打“×”。每題1分，共10分）

1、符號有視覺符號、聽覺和觸覺符號三種，語言是一種視覺符號。（）

2、有的輔音發音時聲帶也有顫動。（）

3、cv式的音節結構幾乎是一切語言所共有的（）

4、一般詞匯不是詞匯的基礎部分，它不可能上升為基本詞。（）

5、漢語詞“狗”和英語詞“dog”分別具有不同的感情色彩。（）

6、每個平面的語法單位不能再分類（）

7、“同學們”、“工人們”這些詞都表復數，與“同學”、“工人”；相對，因此，漢語也有“數”的范疇（）

8、語言的分化表現為兩個方面，一是同一語言分化出地區方言或不同語言，一是形成社會方言（）

9、“洋涇浜”語是我國特有的一種語言現象（）

10、表意文字筆畫簡化的發展趨勢比表音文字表現得尤為突出（）

五、名詞解釋題（每題2分，共10分）

1、聚合關系——

2、音標——

3、音位——

4、詞法范疇——

5、語言的類型分類——

六、分析題（10分）

1、用矩陳圖對下列詞進行義素分類。（4分）椅了 登子 長登 沙發

2、用層次分析法從大到小分析下列句子的結構，如有歧義，請作具體分析。（6分）

①這一切都是他一個人享用。

②學寫作可真不容易。

③發展民族的陶瓷文化。

④嚇了他一身冷汗。

⑤他們想要出租汽車。

七、問答題（每題10分，共20分）

1、簡述語言和言語的區別和聯系。

2、簡述詞綴與詞尾的區別。參考答案：

一、填空題

1、歷史比較語言學

2、表達一定內容的聲音<語音>、語義

3、收音、領音

4、只在某一方言區通用的詞

5、詞綴語素

6、句子

7、綜合手段、分析干段

8、漸變性、不平衡性

9、語言的譜系分類、語言的發生學分類

10、記事的圖畫

二、單選題 1② 4② 7④ 10② 13③ 2④ 5① 8① 11④ 14③ 3① 6③ 9③ 12④ 15①

三、多選題 1①③④⑤ ③⑤ 5①②⑤ 7①②③④ 9①②④ 2②③⑤3①4①④⑤ 6②③④⑤ 8①②③ 10①②③④ 四，判斷題 1× 3√ 5√ 7× 9× 2√ 4× 6× 8√ 10√

五、名詞解釋題

1、聚合關系——在語言結構的某一環節上能夠互相替換、具有某種相同作用的各個單位之間所形成的關系叫聚合關系。

2、音標——標寫音素的符號叫音標。

3、音位——是某種特定語言或方言里最“小的能區別語素或詞的語音形式和意義的語音集合體。

4、詞法范疇——由綜合手段（詞形變化）表現的語法意義概括起來就是詞法范疇。

5、語言的類型分類——根據詞的結構特點對世界的語言進行的分類叫語言的類型分類。

六、分析題（略）

七、論述題（14分）

1、答：語言和言語是不同的。語言是從社會的言語中概括出來的，因此是屬于全社會的。（2 分）言語總是具有某些個人的特點，但這種個人特點不能違反他所運用的語言的總規約。（2分）

語言和言語又有著密不可分的聯系。一方面，語言存在于言語之中，言語是語言的存在形式。研究語言必須從言語中獲得語料；（2分）另一方面，言語是運用語言的行為 和結果，言語只是以語言為規范，才能成為有條理、可理解的東西。（2分）總之，言語總是以語言的共同規則作為活動基礎，而語言則在言語運用中得以存在和發展。（2分）

2、答：區別有以下幾點：

①詞綴一般表示附加性的詞匯意義；（2分）而詞尾表示的純粹是語法意義。（2分）②詞綴有構成新詞的能力；（2分）而詞尾僅有改變一個詞的語法意義的作用，沒有構成新詞的能力。（2分）

③詞綴可以處于詞根之前，也可處于詞根中間或詞根之后；（1分）而詞尾則只能處于詞根（若有詞綴還包括詞綴）之后。（1分）

B語言學概論

第一部分 選擇題

一、單項選擇題

1．關于“語言”的定義，下列說法不正確的一項是 A．語言是一種社會現象 B．語言就是人們說出來的話

C．語言的客觀存在形式首先是有聲的口頭語言 D．語言是一個符號系統 2．關于“言語活動”、“語言”和“言語”三者之間的關系，下列說法不正確的一項是 A．“語言”等于“言語活動”減去“言語” B．“語言”是主要的，而“言語”是次要的 C．“言語”是“言語活動”中的社會部分 D．“語言”是從“言語活動”抽象出來的一個均質的系統 3．索緒爾創立的語言學可以稱為 A．傳統語言學 B．歷史比較語言學 C．結構主義語言學 D．社會語言學

4．從音質角度劃分出來的最小語音單位是 A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音節 5．[p‘]的發音特征是 A．雙唇送氣清塞音 C．舌尖前送氣清塞音 B．雙唇不送氣清塞音 D．舌尖前不送氣清塞音 6．下列各項中，都是不圓唇元音的一組是 A．[i，u] C．[A，y] B．[e，o] D．[?，a] 7．說話人根據表達需要有意識地加上去的句重音是 A．節律重音 B．語法重音 C．固定重音 D．強調重音 8．下列關于語匯的表述中，正確的一項是 A．語匯是有意義的能獨立使用的語言單位 B．語匯是最小的有意義的語言單位 C．語匯是固定詞組和熟語的總匯 D．語匯是一種語言中詞和語的總和

9．從詞的構造方式看，漢語“健兒”一詞屬于 A.單純詞 B．派生詞 C．復合詞 D．簡縮詞 10．下列各個漢語詞語中的“子”是詞根語素的是 A．籠子 B．鴿子 C．瓜子 D．日子 11．下列關于語法的表述中，不正確的一項是

A．語法是關于詞的構成變化和詞構成詞組和句子的規則 B．語法是說本族語的人的直覺知識和約定習慣 C.語法是與語音、語匯等要素互不相關的規則 D．語法是與語音、語匯等相比變化較慢的現象 12．在“這些書我看過了”這個語言片段中，“這些書”和“我看過了”的性質是 A．既是成分也是組合 B．是成分，不是組合 C．是組合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是組合

13．下列關于詞義模糊性的表述中，正確的一項是 A．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域模糊，中心區域明確 B．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域明確，中心區域模糊 C．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域、中心區域都模糊 D．詞義所指范圍邊緣區域可能模糊 14．“哈巴狗”和“獅子狗”指的是同一種狗，二者在詞義上的主要差別是 A．理性意義不同 B．語體色彩不同 C．形象色彩不同 D．語氣意義不同

15．下列各項中，含有降級述謂結構的是 A．他申請去北京進修 B．你去請他比較好

C．他取下了掛在墻上的地圖 D．他害怕老師批評他

16．下列各項中，甲和乙之間是預設關系的是 A．(甲)他有一件西服——(乙)他有一件衣服 B．(甲)他的西服破了——(乙)他有一件西服

C．(甲)那個學生借給他一本《紅樓夢》——(乙)那個人借給他一本《紅樓夢》 D．(甲)那個學生借給他一本《紅樓夢》——(乙)那個學生借給他一本書 17．1956年我國推行漢字簡化方案，將繁體字改成簡體字，這屬于 A．正字法改革 C．文字類型改革 B．字符類型改革 D．字符類型和文字類型改革 18．漢語中的“基因”來自英語的gene，從該詞產生的方式看，“基因”屬于 A．純粹音譯詞 C．意譯詞 B．音譯兼意譯詞 D．仿譯詞 19.從語言的發展演變來看，語匯系統中最不易發生變化的是 A．通用語匯 C．基本語匯 B.常用語匯 D．專用語匯 20．關于社會方言的形成，下列說法不正確的一項是 A．社會方言大多是在語言的相互接觸中形成的 B．社會方言是隨著社會的社群分化而產生的 C．一種語言的內部有可能形成社會方言 D．一種方言的內部有可能形成社會方言

21．關于共同語的形成，下列說法不正確的一項是 A.并不意味著方言分歧已經消失 B．并不意味著方言分歧將會擴大 C.并不意味著方言最終將被取代 D．并不意味著語言已經實現統一

22．關于語言規范化的推行，下列說法不正確的一項是 A．主要由權威機構提出具體的規范意見 B．主要由權威機構強制推行

C．主要通過教育機構、大眾傳媒等渠道向社會推行 D．主要是一個積極引導社會公眾自覺遵守的過程

23．關于語言獲得的原因，下列學說中偏重于內部條件解釋的是 A．模仿說 B．天賦說 C．強化說 D．刺激反應說 24．基本上不能說話，但仍能聽懂別人說話，這種癥狀的失語癥是 A．失讀癥 C．失名癥 B.布洛卡失語癥 D．維爾尼克失語癥25．關于“中介語”現象，下列說法不正確的一項是 A．“中介語”既不同于母語又不同于外語 B．“中介語”是不斷地從母語向外語靠近的語言形式 C．即使是較高級的“中介語”也不能用于交際 D．“中介語”越到外語學習后期發展就越慢 26．詞典最常見的分類是 A．語言詞典和歷史詞典 C．百科詞典和歷史詞典 B．描寫詞典和歷史詞典 D．百科詞典和語言詞典

二、多項選擇題

27．語流中有些音在發音上變弱，這種現象叫弱化。弱化的表現有 A．脫落 C．濁輔音變成清輔音 E．單元音向央元音靠攏 B．清輔音變成濁輔音 D．單元音變成復元音 28．下列各個漢語詞語中屬于復合詞的是 A．邏輯 B．幽默 C．寂寞 D．忘記 E．崎嶇 29．語體色彩最基本的類型有 A．口語色彩 C．公文語體色彩 E．書面語色彩 B．科技語體色彩 D．政論語體色彩 30．下列各項詞義引申中，采用借代方式的有 A．“領航”本指一種行為，后引申指實施這一行為的人 B．“脈絡”本指動脈和靜脈，后引申指條理或頭緒 C．“謎”本指謎語，后引申指尚未弄明白的事物 D．“面貌”本指相貌，后引申指事物所呈現的景象、狀態 E．“鋸”本指一種工具，后引申指憑借這一工具的行為

31．在“語言轉用”現象中，哪種語言能夠取代其他語言主要取決于 A．語言使用者在政治上的優勢地位 B．語言使用者在經濟上的優勢地位

C．語言使用者在文化發展水平上的優勢地位 D．語言使用者在生產資料占有上的優勢地位 E．語言使用者在人口數量上的優勢地位

第二部分 非選擇題

三、名詞解釋

32.音節結構的元輔音分析法 33.語義指向 34.意音文字 35.語言規劃

四、簡答題

36.舉例說明為什么說音位的辨義功能實際上是由區別特征負擔的。37.請結合實例說明語法的抽象性表現在哪些方面。38.以實例說明義素分析的方法和主要步驟。

五、分析題

39.試從詞語構造方式（A）和詞類（B）兩個角度對下列重疊形式進行分類，分別填入各項中： 星星 剛剛 試試 猩猩 蟈蟈 大大方方 媽媽 個個 熱鬧熱鬧 A1疊音式單純詞

A2重疊式合成詞___________________________ A3語法重疊形式______________________________ B1名詞性成分___________________________ B2動詞性成分______________________________ B3其他詞類成分_______________________________ 40.請指出下列兩個語言片段各有哪些不同的結構和意義，并從語音影響語法的角度分析說明。

Ａ想起來了

Ｂ我們三個人一組

六、論述題

41.舉例說明為什么在描寫句子的語義結構時，常常要從謂詞入手，也就是把謂詞看作處于支配地位的核心成分。

42.結合實例說明語言接觸的具體表現形式。語言學概論試題參考答案

一、單項選擇題

21.C 1．B 6． D 11．C 16．B 26．D2.C 7.D 12.A 17.A 22.B 3．C 8．D 13．A 18．B 23．B 4．B 9．C 14．C 19．C 24．B 5．A 10．C 15．C 20．A 25．C

二、多項選擇題 27．ABE 28．CD 29．AE 30．AE 31．BCE

三、名詞解釋

32．這種音節結構分析方法以元輔音為基本分析單位，把音節結構分為V、C—V、V—C、C—V-C等四種基本類型(其中的V代表元音，C代表輔音)。例如漢語普通話中的[i](一)、[t‘i](題)、[an](安)、[t‘an](談)等四個音節分別屬于上述四種基本類型。

33.語義指向是指句子中某個成分在語義上指向哪兒，或者說同哪個或哪些成分發生語義聯系。例如，補語位置上的成分，在語義上既可能指向主語，如“我吃飽了”中的“我”；也可能指向賓語，如“我吃光了碗里的飯”中的“碗里的飯”。

34．意音文字指一部分字符是意符，一部分字符是音符的文字。如漢字就是意音文字，漢字中許多字符是直接表意的，而假借字則是假借意符直接表音、間接表意的音符。

35．語言規劃是指社會對語言文字問題所作出的有組織的、有意識的管理、調節和改進。例如，我國國家語言文字工作委員會所作的推廣普通話、文字改革、語言規范化、制定正確的民族語言政策等工作。

四、簡答題

36．(1)具體語言中的每個音位都可以分解為幾個區別特征，不同音位之間的對立實際上可以進一步分解為區別特征之間的對立，因此音位的辨義功能實際上是由區別特征來負擔的。(2)例如，漢語普通話里／k／／k‘／和／p／三個音位具有辨義功能，它們的語音特征分別是“舌根、閉塞、不送氣”、“舌根、閉塞、送氣”和“雙唇、閉塞、不送氣，”／k／通過“不送氣”和/k‘／相區別·，通過“舌根”和／p／相區別。因此，像“干”／kan51八“看”/k‘an51／和“辦”／pan51／等三個詞在語音形式上的區別可以歸結為這三個音位在區別特征上的對立。

37．(1)所謂“抽象”即對具體的東西進行類的概括。語法規則就是對人們說的話中的單位、結構和關系的某種類的概括。

(2)語法單位類別的抽象。如以從詞的用法建立詞類為例。(3)語法關系類別的抽象。如以從結構形式建立語法結構為例。

(4)語法意義類別的抽象。如以從形態或格式建立時態意義、句式意義等為例。

38．(1)確定對比的范圍。一般來說，義素分析應該先從指稱事物最小類別成員的一組詞語開始，如有需要，再進一步擴大對比分析的范圍。分析“男人”的義素，可以先從“男人”與“女人”、“男孩”的對比開始，因為它們同屬于“人”這個最小類別。

(2)比較詞義的異同。對比的范圍確定之后：下一步就是運用對比分析的方法，找出不同詞義在語義成分上的共同點和不同點，也就是提取它們的共同義素和區別義素。比如要分析“男人、女人、男孩”的義素，可以首先比較這三個詞的意義，從中提取出共同義素[人]，然后將“男人”與“女人”比較，提取出區別義素[±男性]，再將“男人”和“男孩”比較，提取出區別義素[±成年]。利用這些共同義素和區別義素，不僅可以使這三個詞的意義互相區別開來，而且也可以使它們同其他的詞語相區別。通過對比分析，找出不同詞語的共同義素和區別義素，這是義素分析最關鍵的一步。

五、分析題 39．

A1猩猩

蟈蟈

A2星星

媽媽剛剛

大大方方 A3個個

試試

熱鬧熱鬧 B1 星星

猩猩

媽媽

蟈蟈 B2試試

熱鬧熱鬧

B3剛剛

個個

大大方方

40．(1)①A片段有兩種結構和意思： A1是動賓結構，意思是“打算起床”； A2是動補結構，意思是“回想起”。

②語音對這個語言片段的結構和意義的影響在于： A1中“起來”要重讀，A2中“起來”要輕讀。(2)①B片段有兩種結構和意思： Bl“我們”是主語，“三個人一組”是謂語，意思是“我們有很多人，每三個人是一組”。B2“我們三個人”是主語，“一組”是謂語，意思是“我們一共三個人，只有一個組”。②語音對這個語言片段的結構和意義的影響在于 B１中在“我們”后停頓，B2中在“我們三個人”后停頓。

六、論述題

41．(1)一個述謂結構可以有多少變元以及可以有何種性質的變元，都是由謂詞的語義規定的。比如“咳嗽”指一種生理活動，在這種活動中，只有行為發出者，而不會有另外的涉及對象，因而在由“咳嗽”充當謂詞的述謂結構中就只能有一個必有變元，而且這個變元只能是施事。“吃”的意思是“經咀嚼把食物咽下去”，在這種行為中，不僅要有一個行為發出者，而且一定還要有被“咽下去” 的東西，因而在由“吃”充當謂詞的述謂結構中就可以有兩個必有變元，而且這兩個變元一個是施事，一個是受事。

(2)一個述謂結構是由謂詞和變元組成的，既然變元的數量和性質都是由謂詞決定的，因而也可以說整個述謂結構的框架是由謂詞語義規定的。人們只要按照一個謂詞對變元數量和性質的要求，在述謂結構的框架中填入適當的變元，就可以產生一個句子的命題意義。這可以從人們理解省略句的事實中得到證明，比如問某人“你去不去北京”，某人回答“去”，任何人都會知道這個“去”雖然是一詞一句，但在語義上卻等于“我去北京”，人們之所以能夠在理解過程中將“去”的動作發出者和目的地補充出來，從而正確理解這句話的實際含義，就是因為“去”所規定的述謂結構框架起著引導的作用。

42．(1)語言成分的借用與吸收。不同語言之間相互影響一般總是從引進借詞開始，語言成分的借用與吸收是語言接觸最常見的現象。

例如，公元11世紀起，說法語的日爾曼人曾長期占領和統治英格蘭，在長期的接觸和交往中，英語從法語中吸收了大量的語言成分。

(2)出現雙語現象。使用不同語言的人如果在同一個社會雜居，還可能產生雙語現象。例如，我國廣西壯族自治區，由于壯族人長期和漢族人生活在一起，大部分壯族人都是壯語和漢語使用者，(3)出現語言轉用現象。在一定歷史條件及長期的發展過程中，不同民族的接觸和融合還會出現語言轉用現象。例如，我國的回族、滿族都基本上放棄了自己原有的語言而轉用了漢語。(4)出現語言的混合。①在不同語言頻繁接觸的地區，會出現語言混合現象。不同語言混合 會產生“洋涇浜語’。例如，在舊上海外國商人聚居的地方出現的混雜著漢語成份的“洋涇浜英語”。②在一定的歷史條件下，洋涇浜語有可能轉變為“克里奧耳語”，成為某一社會主要的交際工具，并被當作母語來學習和使用。例如，廣泛使用于加勒比海地區的以法語為基礎的克里奧耳語。

全國2009年1月高等教育自學考試

語言學概論試題 課程代碼：00541

一、單項選擇題（本大題共20小題。每小題1分，共20分）

在每小題列出的四個備選項中只有一個是符合題目要求的。請將其代碼填寫在題后的括號內。錯選、多選或未選均無分。4．舌位后高圓唇元音是（）A．[i] C．[y]

B．[u] D．[o] 5．漢語北京話的語流中，“慢慢兒”的實際讀音是[mai mar]，這種現象在語音學上叫（）A．異化 C．同化

B．弱化 D．強化

7．下列各項中全都屬于單純詞的是（）A．蜘蛛

沙發

teacher C．猩猩

仿佛

unhappy 8．喬姆斯基開創的語言學被稱為（）A．轉換生成語言學 C．歷史語言學

B．語言哲學 D．結構主義語言學 B．玻璃

芙蓉

dogs D．爸爸

桌子

worked 9．汽車司機行駛到路口，看見紅燈就會馬上停車，這是一種（）A．感性思維 C．發散思維

10．語言符號的任意性是指（）A．人們可以任意使用或創制語言符號

B．語言符號的物質實體和意義內容之間沒有必然聯系 C．利用語言可以任意給事物或現象命名

D．語言符號的語音形式和意義的關系可以任意改變 11．下面各組詞中全都屬于借詞的是（）A．獅子

超級市場

馬力 C．德律風

熱狗

黑匣子 12．聲音的高低決定于（）A．頻率的大小 C．氣流的強弱

B．邏輯思維 D．推理思維

B．葡萄

巧克力

克隆 D．鋼琴

塔

拷貝

B．聲波的形式

D．發音體振動的持續時間 13．兒童開始正確使用虛詞和掌握形態變化時，就進入兒童語言獲得過程中的（）A．單詞階段 C．簡單句階段

B．雙詞階段 D．復雜句階段

14．人腦中掌管人體運動平衡能力的部位是（）A．大腦 C．小腦

B．腦干 D．腦橋

15．語言最小的音義結合的語言單位是（）A．音素 C．義素

B．語素 D．位素

20．把語言學的理論和具體成果用來為社會實際生活中的某個領域服務的語言學分支學科是（）A．普通語言學 C．具體語言學

二、多項選擇題(本大題共5小題，每小題2分，共10分)在每小題列出的五個備選項中至少有兩個是符合題目要求的，請將其代碼填寫在題后的括號內。錯選、多選、少選或未選均無分。

五、簡答題（本大題共3小題，每小題6分，共18分）33．簡述國際音標的優點。34．詞綴和詞尾有什么不同？

35．漢語的語素、音節和漢字是一一對應的嗎？

六、論述題（本大題共2小題，每小題11分，共22分）36．舉例說明句法手段有哪幾種類型？ 37．舉例說明組合歧義有哪些主要類型？

B．應用語言學 D．描寫語言學

第五篇：00541語言學概論試卷及答案

第一部分選擇題

一、單項選擇題：本大題共20小題，每小題l分，共20分。在每小題列出的備選項

中只有一項是最符合題目要求的，請將其選出。1．下面各項屬于漢語北方方言的是A A．武漢話 B．溫州話 C．上海話 D．福州話 2．下面各項申屬于符號的是C A．炊煙 B．月暈而風 C．紅綠燈 D．打狗棍

3．下面各詞中的“子”屬于成詞語素的是C A．桌子 B．柱子 C．瓜子 D．鑷子 4．明確提出思維決定語言這一觀點的是B A．索緒爾 B．維戈茨基 C．保樸 D．皮亞杰 5．漢字“跑”是一個D A．指事字 B．象形字 C．會意字 D．形聲字

6．靠先天遺傳而得到的語言能力被稱為A A．語言獲得 B．語言參與 C．語言學習D．語言自覺

7．“你們殺死了一個李公樸，會有千百萬個李公樸站起來”采用的修辭手法是D A．比擬 B．夸張 C．比喻 D.借代

8．周代稱“翁婿”為“舅甥”反映出遠古就存在B A．群婚制度 B．族外婚制度 C．族內婚制度 D．血親婚制度 9．人腦中掌管語言的是A A．大腦左半球 B．大腦右半球 C．小腦 D．腦干

L0.兒童語言發展的非自控階段一般出現在嬰兒出生后的A A．前6個月 B.6個月到1歲 C．1歲到2歲 D．2歲以后 1．下面各項屬于“威爾尼克失語癥”患者的癥狀是C A．不能發音 B．不能說出詞語 C．聽不懂別人說話 D．昕不到別人說話 12．甲骨文“逐”的字形表現了商代的C A．種植活動 B.采集活動 C．狩獵活動 D．漁獵活動

13．“橫眉冷對千夫指，俯首甘為儒子牛”屬于對偶句中的B A．串對 B.反對 C．正對 D．流水對

14.一般認為大腦語言功能臨界期的最后期限是D A.5-6歲 B．7-8歲 C．9—10歲 D．12—13歲

15．關于兒童掌握母語的“強化說”來源于巴甫洛夫的B A．生物進化理論 B．條件反射理論 C．激勵理論 D．鈣化理論 16．文字起源于D A．結繩 B．手勢

C.實物記事 D．圖畫和契刻 17.格律詩的韻腳用字應當用A A.平聲字 B．上聲字 C．去聲字 D．入聲字

18．讓計算機能接受語言信號并做出回應動作或答復，這種技術屬于B A．語音合成 B．語音識別 C.自動翻譯 D．人工智能

19．著眼于語言的思維功能研究的語言外圍研究學科是D A．社會語言學 B．普通語言學 C．外圍語言學 D．心理語言學

20．秦始皇名“政”，秦代正月不叫正月而叫“端月”，這是為了C A．討吉祥 B．討口彩 C．避諱 D．避難堪

二、多項選擇題：本大題共5小題，每小題2分，共10分。在每小題列出的備選項中

至少有兩項是符合題目要求的，請將其選出，錯選、多選或少選均無分。21．下面各項中屬于詞的有BC A．吃敗仗 B．轉基因 C．幼兒園 D．小女兒 E．玩游戲

22。下面各對詞語中能出現在同一語法位置上的有ABD A。小說——蘋果 B．大——小 C．紅——紅色 D．寫——走 E．好——衣服

23．“老劉有三個孩子”的蘊含義可能有BCD A．老劉沒有孩子 B．老劉只有三個孩子 C．老劉有不止三個孩子 D．老劉有孩子 E．老劉沒有三個孩子

24．醫生安慰重病人說“沒什么大問題，好好回家休養”明顯違反了CE A．贊譽準則 B．慷慨準則 C．相關準則 D．一致準則 E．質量準則

25．下面各項屬于漢字字體演變不同階段的有ABCD A．甲骨文 B．金文 C．小篆 D．隸書 E．繁體

第二部分非選擇題

三、術語解釋題：本大題共4小題，每小題3分，共12分。26．反義詞

反義詞：一種語言中表達相反意義的不同詞語叫做反義詞。27．外來詞

外來詞：一種語言從外族語言中借用的詞叫做外來詞。28．言內語境 言內語境：言內語境表達中的前沿后或上下文，又稱上下語境。29．他源文字

他源文字：他源文字是借用其他文字產生和發展起來的文字。

四、分析題：本大題共2小題，每小題6分，共12分。30．找出下面這句話中的單純詞和合成詞。

姑媽蹣跚著走了過來。

答：單純詞：蹣跚、著、走、了

合成詞：媽媽、過來

30．以漢語為例，說明孤立語的主要特點。

答：一般認為漢語是孤立語的代表。其主要特點不是通過詞形變化來表示此的實體太，名詞的性數格等語法意義，而是由完備的助詞系統和嚴格的語序來表達相應的語法意義；漢語詞類和句法成分之間不存在形態與那樣的一一對應關系。

五、簡答題：本大題共2小題，每小題l0分，共20分。32．簡要說明多義詞和同音詞的差別。

答：多義詞的各個義項之間必須是有聯系的，是一個詞包含多個義項。

同音詞是詞形和讀音恰好相同二意義上無關聯的兩個或幾個詞語。

33．簡要說明語言演變的不平衡陛。

答：語言演變的不平衡性是指在語言內部的不同組成部分之間，以及在不同的地域之間，語言發展演變的速度和方向是不一致的。語言系統中變化最快的是詞匯，其次是語音，語法相當穩定。同一語言現象的發展速度、發展方向在不同地域也不一致。

六、論述題：本大題共2小題，每小題l3分，共26分。

34．什么是句法手段?說明下面的三對例子各是通過什么句法手段表現不同的語法意

義。

我的老師——我和老師

洗衣服——洗干凈

客人來了——來客人了

答：通過結構的變化表現語法意義的手段是句法手段。“我的老師---我和老師”通過使用不同虛詞分別表達領屬修飾關系和并列關系，“洗衣服---洗干凈”通過選擇不同詞類組合表達偏正關系和動補關系，“客人來了--來客人了”通過改變語序表達主謂關系和動賓關系。

35．從下面材料中分析漢語普通話兒化韻的作用。

頭——頭兒(領導)眼——眼兒(小孔)一點(一點鐘)——一點兒

畫——畫兒 善——蓋兒 活——活兒

米粒——米粒兒 門縫——門縫兒 小魚——小魚兒

答：漢語普通話兒化音韻在詞匯、語法、修辭上都有作用，可以區別詞義。例如“頭----頭兒（領導）”“眼---眼兒（小孔）”“一點（一點鐘）-----一點兒”； 改變詞性。例如“畫---畫兒”“蓋-----蓋兒”“活-----活兒”；

表達細小及可愛的感情色彩。例如“米粒兒、門縫兒、臉蛋兒、小魚兒”