第一篇：涉外合同的英語語言特色
摘要
實務中有不少涉外經濟合同糾紛是因各方對合同文字的理解不一而引起的,究其原因,主要是起草者對合同語言的特殊性缺乏應有的了解,結果導致合同語言的模糊性和不確定性。本文從詞法、句法及應用等三個層面對英文經貿合同語言的特殊性及其變化規律進行探討,以期能有助于對此類合同的閱讀和起草。
關鍵詞：涉外合同；語言特征；閱讀和起草
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ABSTRACT In practice, the occurrence of inconsistency in interpretation of the contract English has resulted in a good few cases of disputes.In essence, it is largely due to the draftsman's failure to have a deep-in understanding of the underlying features of the contract language, which might lead to the ambiguities and uncertainties of the contract wording.This paper tries to analyze the linguistic features of English business contracts at the morphological, syntactical and discourse levels respectively with a view to rendering a help in the reading and drafting the contracts.Keywords：contract English;language features;reading anddrafting
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Contents 1.Introduction......................................................................................................................1 2.Literature review..............................................................................................................2 2.1 Study of contract..............................................................................................................2 2.2 Study of legal English......................................................................................................3 2.3 Study of contract English.................................................................................................3 2.4 The study of the stylistic features of contract English in China......................................4 3.The language features of contract English.....................................................................6 3.1 The lexical features..........................................................................................................6 3.1.1 Formal words................................................................................................................6 3.1.2 Archaic Words...............................................................................................................7 3.1.3 Synonyms......................................................................................................................8 3.1.4 Abbreviations................................................................................................................8 3.2 The syntax features..........................................................................................................9 3.2.1 Active voice...................................................................................................................9 3.2.2 Present tense................................................................................................................10 3.2.3 Shall+verb...................................................................................................................10 3.3 The sentential features....................................................................................................11 3.3.1 Declarative sentences..................................................................................................11 3.3.2 Long sentences............................................................................................................12 3.3.3 Conditional clauses.....................................................................................................13 4.Implications....................................................................................................................15 4.1 Implication for reading contract English.......................................................................15 4.2 Implication for drafting contract....................................................................................16 5.Conclusion.......................................................................................................................17 Acknowledgements.............................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。References...........................................................................................................................18
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1.Introduction
Language is much more than merely a means of communication.It is also a way of signaling, consciously or unconsciously, that we come from a particular area, or belong to a certain social group.[1]51 Every field of expertise develops its own language features.[2]36 The language of English used in contracts, or contract English, is an important branch of legal English.Legal English means the language of the law of England, America, and some other countries whose official language is English.These common law system countries have a history about several hundred years to express law in English.Legal English is a type of legal language with overlap of linguistics and the science of law.[3]6
With China's carrying out the policy to promote reform and opening to the outside world, the establishment of market economy, the rapid development of our communication with foreign countries and China's entry to the WTO, there are more and more opportunities for us to communicate with those countries whose official language is English.When communicating with individuals, legal persons or other organizations from the English speaking countries, we often need to sign English contracts with them.Contract plays an important role in international economic and trade activities, as all achievements thereof will be finally embodied in it.How to correctly draft and understand contract language is of great importance to individuals and business organizations.There are a few books and papers dedicated to general principles of stylistic features of English for law, but none addresses questions of contract English in sufficient detail to be of significant practical use to the English contract learners in China.My dissertation attempts to present a comparatively detailed analysis of stylistic features of contract English with the expectation to better help contract learners or businessmen understand and draft English contract.中國最大的論文知識平臺www.tmdps.cn
2.Literature review 2.1 Study of contract
Contract English, like English as a whole, is not static.It has undergone and is still undergoing enormous changes.The definition of contracts given by Karla C.Shippey[4]155: A Commercial Contract, in simplest terms, is merely an agreement made by two or more parties for the purpose of transacting business.In the eye of scholars the word contract is used in common speech, which simply refers to a writing containing terms on which the parties have agreed.Contract is often used in a more technical sense to mean “a promise, or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes a duty.” Put quite simply, a contract is an agreement which the courts will enforce.[5]5
A contract, in the simplest definition, is a promise enforceable by law.The promise may be to do something or to refrain from doing something.The making of a contract requires the mutual assent of two or more persons, one of them ordinarily making an offer and another accepting.If one of the parties fails to keep the promise, the other is entitled to legal recourse against him.The law of contracts has to do with such questions as whether a contract exists, what the meaning of it is, whether a contract has been broken, and what compensation is due the injured party.[6]6 Many contracts use the word agreement in the title.In some contexts the two words, contract and agreement, are synonyms and can be used interchangeably.While contract and agreement may both be used to mean a formal and legally enforceable arrangement, agreement may also refer to an informal arrangement not supported by consideration, such as an agreement between friends to play tennis on Saturday morning.So an agreement is really the main ingredient of a contract.But it is not every agreement that becomes a contract.To be a contract, that agreement must be enforceable in taw.中國最大的論文知識平臺www.tmdps.cn
2.2 Study of legal English
When we move into the domain of legal English, we must consider another continuum, the so-called general English.What precisely is general English is difficult to define.The concept is often left unspecified and regarded as an implicit norm, apparently based on intuitive knowledge of what is common use.[7]12 Special English, of which legal English is one example, is often understood as being in some significant respects deviant from general English.That's to say, legal English is based on the general English with its own stylistic features.More recently, some linguists have begun to analyze certain language varieties in terms of sublanguages.One definition of this term is a “language used in a body of texts dealing with a circumscribed subject area in which the authors of the documents share a common vocabulary and common habits of word usage，The term carries with it the idea that the sublanguage is a subset, or part, of the language as a whole.Some characteristics that have been attributed to sublanguages include: they have a limited subject matter;(2)they contain lexical, syntactic, and semantic restrictions;(3)they allow ”deviant“ rules of grammar that are not acceptable in the standard language;and(4)certain constructions are unusually frequent.[1]142-143 Most of these features seem to apply to legal English so we can also say that legal English is a sublanguage of English.2.3 Study of contract English
Generally speaking, contract English is an important branch of legal English, which is the language of the contract of England, America, and some other countries whose official language is English.Since English is universally accepted as a commercial language, it is a usual practice in our foreign trade to conclude contracts in both English and Chinese languages;that is first to draft a contract in one language and then to render it into the other.There are a number of worthwhile guides to forensic linguistics in general, given their broad scope they are of great help to the English contract learners.Lord Mansfield[8]3, one of the most famous English judges, once observed that ”most of the
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disputes in the world arise from words“.He told us the significance of language.If one can command contract English quite well, it may be easier for him to read the English contract.It is highly possible that he could study and understand English contracts better than those who know little about contract English.A contract refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing.The language for contract is different from that for basic English or literature.In the Five Clocks, the American linguist Martin Joos[9]36 advances the five stylistic varieties in English: the Frozen Style, the Formal Style, the Consultative Style, the Casual Style and the Intimate Style.The style of Contract English can be considered as the first one, which is the Frozen Style because the language habits of the profession cause lawyers(contract drafters)to frequently choose one means of expression over other possibilities.There are a few books and papers dedicated to general principles of stylistic features of English for law, such as the field's main journal, Forensic Linguistics[8], books as Investigating English Style written by David Crystal[10] , The Elements of Legal Style written by Bryan, A.Garner[11], so on and so forth.2.4 The study of the stylistic features of contract English in China
For many years, the study of the stylistic features of contract English is limited.In our country, there are few books or articles talking about the language of contract.However,with China's carrying out the policy to promote reform and opening to the outside world and China's entry the WTO, there are more and more opportunities for us to communicate with those countries whose official language is English.When communicating with people or other organizations from the English speaking countries, we often need to sign English contracts with them.English contracts are becoming more and more important in our daily life.And people began to do more study on contract English.The language of contracts is not easy to understand.Wu Weiping [12] points out, “Most people know it difficult reading legal documents(in a narrow sense).In fact non-legal documents like contracts, trade brands are also difficult to read.” Due to the importance of contracts and difficulty of contractual language, more and more people have been turning their attention to them.Many school students, especially those majoring in business English are learning English of contracts and at the same time many scholars take profound interest in the study it.Many books and articles are
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published and provide assistance in students’ learning of the variety of English.Chen Jingying[13] describes the syntax features of the contract English.Hu Genshen[14] points out that many Latinate words are adopted in every possible case to replace synonyms of ordinary English to display formality and preciseness.Besides, Liao Yin[6] says that in business contracts, complicated prepositional phrases are often used insteadof ordinary ones.For example, the participants in the joint ventures shall commence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period.According to Fu Weiliang[15]，long sentences in English business contracts can define the rights and obligations of the concerned parties in an exact way, thus avoiding any possible misunderstanding and ambiguity.中國最大的論文知識平臺www.tmdps.cn
3.The language features of contract English English is now established as the leading international language.Legal English, as everybody knows, is playing a significant part in our Chinese people's life.With the development of the technology and economy and with the deepening of the policy of opening door to the outside world, frequent foreign exchanges and business transactions are increasing day by day between China and foreign countries.Inter-personal and inter-entity relations involved have to be defined and bound by contracts.In the business field, the staff concerned is required to execute the contract to cooperate with the foreign transactions.Thus, we can succeed in building our country into a prosperous one.One of the keys to the better command of contract is to acquire a deep and comprehensive realization of its stylistic features.Based on studies done by home and abroad researchers, the following part is trying to present a relatively comprehensive analyisis on the stylistic features of contract English.3.1 The lexical features
The goal of contract English is not the beautiful language, but the precise logic and professional statements, as well as clearly and rational thinking.The lexicon of contract English contracts is characterized by precision, formality and clarity.This part, based on the analysis of typical examples, attempts to explore English contracts from the aspects of formal words, archaic words, synonyms and abbreviations.3.1.1 Formal words
Formal words also called as literary words or learned words, mainly appearing in formal writings, such as theoretical works, formal addresses and legal documents.Compared with general English, contract English is very formal.There are a lot of formal words, which are rarely used in general English, but used in contract.Here we list just a small sampling:
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Formal Words
Informal Words Purchase
Buy Modify/alter
Change Terminate
End Proceed
Go Render
Make Commence
Start/begin Approximately
About Demonstrate
Show Notify
Tell
[16]322
In the following three sentences, commence, terminate, at the commence of, upon the completion of, with regard to, in the event of, prior to mean respectively: begin, end, at the beginning of, at the end of, about, in case of, before.The former words are more formal than the latter ones, which make the contract sound formal.(1)The Agreement shall commence on this day and automatically terminate upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of either of the parties hereto.(2)Party A shall pay to Party B forty per cent of the total price for work, i.e., two hundred and eighty thousand(280,000.00)U.S.dollars only at the commence of construction work of Party A's plant;and sixty per cent of the total price for work, i.e., four hundred and twenty thousand(420,000.00)U.S dollars only upon the completion of the work.(3)The participants in the Joint Venture shall commence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the Venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in written document signed by, all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current Period.3.1.2 Archaic Words
Contract English has long been featured by a prominent archaic trait: words composed by ”here“, ”there“ and ”where“ followed by one or several propositions.In these words, ”here“ means ”this“, ”there“ equals ”that“, while ”where“ refers to ”what“ or ”which“.For example: Archaic words
Modern meaning
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Hereafter
After this Hereby
By means of this/By that means Hereof
Of this Hereinafter
Later in this contract Thereafter
After that Thereinafter
In that part of contract Whereof
Of which Whereby
By what;by which[16]365-366 Look at the following sentence: The parties to the contract shall, in accordance with the principle of good faith, execute the rights and perform the obligations hereof.[17]42.The contract is not defensible and is in danger of leaks without ”hereof “.The word ”hereof “leads to economy of expression since it replaces the longer phrase ”of the contract“ in the example to modify and limit ”rights and obligations“.3.1.3 Synonyms
Using synonyms in legal English occurs very often.The purpose of this kind of use is not only to respect the tradition, but also to seek exactitude and completion of meaning.As it has been mentioned by many linguists, legal English adheres much to tradition.There are many more such synonymous pairs: terms and conditions, settle claims and debts, import duty and tax, customs and usages, missing and disappeared person, willful and malicious injury, elderly and aged, able covenants, libel and slander, goods and chattels, etc.For examples:(1)They declared the contract null and void.(2)The packing and wrapping expenses shall be borne by the buyer.3.1.4 Abbreviations
When draftsmen draft contract, they use lots of abbreviations in order to make full use of simple, quick and efficient method to rush at the commerce opportunity.Therefore, the use of abbreviations is becoming wilder and wilder and the scope is
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larger and larger.We can find abbreviations in everywhere such as politics, economy, trade, law, transportation, insurance for the sake of expressing more conveniently.Generally speaking, abbreviations are capitalized.In drafting contract, abbreviations prove to be helpful for spelling but at the same time cause the trouble in understanding.Abbreviations are typical features of business contract.In our samples, we have many:(1)The price shall be based on CIF basis.(CIF= Cost, Insurance, Freight)(2)In case by M/T or T/T.(M/T=metric ton)(T/T= telegraphic transfer)(3)On FOB-basis.(FOB= free on board)(4)W.P.A.(WRA= with particular average)(5)L/C.(L/C= letter of credit)
3.2 The syntax features 3.2.1 Active voice We can easily find that active voice is the dominance in foreign contract.In foreign contract, active voice is a very striking feature.Because contract is an agreement, enforceable by law between two or more people or groups.Foreign contract also serves to concentrate the minds of the parties in deciding a number of important things, such as who bears a particular risk, who should insure against that risk, who should perform some tasks and who should do other tasks, and so on.[16]235 It is required that the language has logical clarity and precise reasoning so as to be understood by the public.In order to achieve the conciseness, the business contract is generally expressed in a straightful way with lots of active voice.Active voice involves the speakers as 'private person' with their own thoughts, feelings and experiences, and not as 'public persons'.Active voice denotes the sense of unaffectedness, unequivocality, directness and powerfulness.For examples:(1)The sellers shall send together with the shipment one copy each of the above-mentioned documents.(2)Sellers agree to sell the undenmentioned goods on terms and conditions stipulated Below.(3)Whereas Party A agrees to sell to Party B products.(4)The ”effective date“ as used herein shall mean the date determined under Article 10
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hereof.Compared with the active voice, passive voice is not used as frequently as active voice.Passive voice is primarily non-personal or factual, it doesn't involve the speakers as 'private persons'.The emphasis is on the facts and events and not on the speaker's involvement in them.3.2.2 Present tense
In English, there are only two tenses: simple past and simple present.We commonly assume that the tense of a verb tells us when the action it refers to takes, took, or will take place.Present-tense implies a lack of distance between the narrator and the events.It is not true that the English present tense exclusively, even refers to events which are actually happening at the time of speaking or writing.The simple present tense is the most predominant tense of the 12 traditional verb tenses in business contract.This tense is used frequently in contract drafting.It is noticeable that the simple present tense is mainly utilized to denote the concept of ”timeless“ and ”generalizations“.[18]56 General statements suit for any particular time frame.In business contract, the present tense indicates that the law is always speaking.Many examples can be found in the samples:(1)The sellers shall present the following documents to the paying bank for negotiation.(2)Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused.(3)Party B desires to obtain such technical data.(4)The terms and conditions of this contract are breached by either party.3.2.3 Shall+verb
The word, shall, typically expresses the future.Traditionally, it is used only in the first person(I shall and we shall).A contract is a legal document that defines the rights and liabilities of the parties concerned.”Shall“ confers a duty to do an affirmative act.It implies a type of legal right or duty rather than the future tense or the modal meaning of volition.[19]22
Commonly, the modal ”shall+verb“ is used to express obligations, which serves to detail the obligations of one or more parties to a contract.In Chinese, 應該or 得is
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often used in defining the rights and liabilities,while in English ”shall+verb“ is often used.Of course there are other words such as should or will also have a similar meaning.However, shall is more compulsive and emphasized and means a legal liability.If one fails to fulfill something, it will result in a legal enforcement and remedy.Business contract tends to use the structure ”shall+verb“ more frequently.Like the following examples: 1)The persons employed Party A shall be responsible to the Manager of Party A.甲方雇傭的一切人員都必須向甲方的經理負責。
2)Party A shall, at most favorable prices, supply Party B with spare parts of the leased equipment.甲方應以最優惠的價格向乙方供應所租設備的備件。
3)This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.本合同簽字之日起開始生效。
4)The Seller shall have the right to increase the price of the goods specified in this contract at any time.賣方有權隨時提高本合同的貨物價格。
3.3 The sentential features 3.3.1 Declarative sentences
In terms of function, all sentences can be divided into four groups :(a)Declarative sentences: to make a statement, to state a factual event.(b)Interrogative sentences: to ask a question.(c)Imperative sentences: to give commands or instructions.(d)Exclamatory sentences: to show strong feelings towards something.[20]56
As we know, contract relates to agreements or promises it should be objective and show no personal emotions.Thus declarative sentences are used to make statements, give explanation and make judgments.They make up the most part of the total.In English contracts there is no necessity for inquiry, therefore interrogative and imperative sentences are seldom found.For examples:(1)This Agreement is made and entered into by and between ABC Co.and XYZ Co..(2)The L/C shall be valid until the 15th day after the shipment.中國最大的論文知識平臺www.tmdps.cn
(3)The Seller shall deliver the goods before July 31,1997.(4)The period of Lease is two years beginning from the date the Lessee accepts the
equipment on examination.3.3.2 Long sentences
Long sentences with complex structures can express complicated opinions.A mild variation in sentence length shows the writer's emotional state of mind and his objective way of narrating.[20] In contract, sentences trend to be extremely long.When people reading a contract, it's not easy for them to find many short sentences.There are two advantages to use long sentences in contract: First, the long sentences can make the contract more formal and logical.Second, long sentences with some adverbial or attributive clauses can be used to define the rights and obligations of the Parties.Therefore, a large number of information has been compressed into a single sentence, which accounts for its length and grammatical complexity.Look at the following sentence: In case that one or both parties are impossible to perform the duties provided herein on account of force majeure, the party(or Parties)in contingency shall inform the other party(or each other)of the case immediately and may, provided the case is duly verified by the competent-authorities, delay in performance of or not perform the relevant duties hereunder and may be partially or entirely exempted from the liability for breach of this agreement.[1]57
This sentence has 76 words, accounting for its length and grammatical complexity,it express a huge amount of information.At the very beginning, it is an adverbial clause introduced by in case that.The predicate of the principal clause is composed of three coordinate parts: shall inform...，and may...delay...or not perform…and may be...exempted from....In the adverbial clause, the past participle phrase provided herein is the attribute used to modify the duties.In the clause, the prepositional phrase on account of force majeure is used to express the cause.In addition, the second predicate followed by a conditional clause introduced by provided.All that is mentioned above proves that the long, complex sentence can express complicated meaning logically.[1]57-58
In contract, there are also short sentences which can express the idea precisely and clearly.So the combination of long and short sentences makes the language of
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contract vivid and full of change.3.3.3 Conditional clauses
Contracts are written documents indicating the agreement between the parties on their rights and obligations.Usually, there are various conditions when carry out these rights and obligations.Only these conditions are met can the rights and obligations be carried out.So many conditional clauses are used in contracts.There are usually four kinds of conditional clauses:(a)Condition of supposition: This type of clauses usually led by ”if“, ”should“, ”in case/in case of', “in the event of/that” to expressthe supposed conditions on which each party to the contract can enjoy the rights or should perform the obligations.The emphasis here for these kinds of sentences is on the main clause.If any products or any part of the products is not in compliance with the standards of quality as the result of the inspection, the Manufacturer shall supply the buyer free of charge with replacement for all parts not complying with the standards of quality.[16]394
經檢驗，發現產品的任何部分的質量不合格，制造商必須免費更換所有質貨物。
(b)Condition of prerequisite: This type of conditional clauses is usually led by “provided(that)” to indicate a kind of possibility.When translating such clauses into Chinese version, “provided(that)” is usually translated into “如果.........”.They express the specific condition whose existence is a precondition on which each party to a contract may carry out some activity.Thus the emphasis for these kinds of sentences is on the subordinate clauses which are more important.Looking the following sentence:
The Seller, provided that Buyer so agrees, may retain the whole or part of the said incomplete equipment, fabricated or unfabricated parts, work in process, and other material referred to in paragraph(D)of this Article the amount to be paid by the Buyer shall be reduced by a sum equal to the value of the property so retained.[16]403
如果買方同意，賣方可以部分或全部地保留上述未完成的設備、已加工好或未加工好的零件以及正在進行的工作和本條(D)款所述的其他材料，這將因此使買方少支付這部分貨物的費用。
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(c)Condition of exception: This type of conditional clauses are usually led by “except”, “with the exception that”, “in the absence of” and “unless”.They express that one party to a contract can be free from the restriction of some articles or clauses of the contract under some special conditions.From pragmatic viewpoint, such conditional clauses usually can complement the provisions and imply disjunctive meaning.Except for reason of force majure, the plant shall operate for more than 10 days in a month.[16]412
除因人力不可抗拒之原因外，工廠每月開工應多于10天。
(d)Condition of fact: clauses of this type are usually led by whereas, in consideration of and subject to to express some conditions that already exist.中國最大的論文知識平臺www.tmdps.cn
4.Implications
4.1 Implication for reading contract English
When reading the English contracts, many people feel that it is very difficult for them to understand completely.If they can know something about the language features of contract English, the following difficulties can be overcome.(1)Difficulty in reading the long English contract
Compared with Chinese contract, English contract is longer.English speaking countries are common law countries.In these countries the statutory laws are not as many as in China.In order to avoid the disputes or have the disputes satisfactorily solved in future, the rights and obligations of Parties are written in much greater detail in contract in common law countries than those in China, which makes the contract very long.The following two points can help people overcome the difficulty in reading long English contract:(i)To divide the contract into parts
When a long contract is divided into small parts, which will be comparatively easy to read and understand.As a complete and valid contract, in general, there are three components: the head, the body, and the tail.When we read a contract, it's very important for us to recognize the head and the tail because the body of the contract is located between the head and the tail, and the head and the tail of a contract, with their obvious characteristics, are very easy to find.(ii)To read the body of the contract clause by clause.The body of a contract is broken into sections, each of which may in turn consist of one or more subsection.Furthermore, one can subdivide the text of any section or
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subsection into “enumerated clauses.” Subdividing the body of a contract, taking the form of sentences as clause, makes it neat, much easier to read.In this way, we can read the contract step by step.(2)Difficulty in reading the long and complex sentences
The sentences in an English contract are very long and complex, some of which are written in several lines even several pages.To deal with this problem, there is no way out, just to analyze the components of the sentence patiently, to know the functions of different components, and to find where the principal clause is, where the subordinate clause is and what kind of subordinate clause it is, etc.(3)Difficulty in interpreting the archaic words
There are a great number of archaic words in contract.These archaic words, such as whereas, hereby, thereto, in witness whereof are very difficult to interpret even after we look them up in the dictionary.When we see this kind of words in contract, we should know that the use of these archaic words can avoid the repetition of something which has been mentioned above or before and makes the description more precisely.The detail information can refer to 3.1.2 of the thesis.4.2 Implication for drafting contract
In Davidson's book Precedents and Forms in Conveyancing, [21]70 he lists five principles in drafting contract.The forth one is “The ordinary and accustomed forms of documents and technical language should be used”.And “Legal language should be precise and accurate.Every phrase should have a clear meaning and all the phrases should be so connected as not to give rise to ambiguity.Aim at accuracy.Omit superfluous phrases.Give correct references and adhere strictly to the rules of grammar as by the use of apt words.” is the fifth one.[22]129-130
In Contract Law, Tay Swee Kian and Tang See Chim mentioned the two problems should be solved in drafting contract:
One is the use of long uncommon words or long sentences in contract.The other is the use of too many archaic words.They say, “Such archaic word or expressions as whereby，hereinafter that are not customarily used in everyday life should be replaced by words in current use.It is not wise to have too many of them.” [22]129-130
From my point of view, the long sentences, archaic words and technical terms are the features of contract English, without them the contract English is not different
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from the general English.Short sentences cannot always be used in legal documents because technical legal expressions may sometimes have to be used in preference to short sentences and the archaic words, if carefully but not superfluously used, can be an aid to exact expression.5.Conclusion
The language of legal English is generally complicated and technical, and, therefore, difficult for the people to understand.Contracts have no exception.The idea of making legal language easier to read and understand is not new.The lexicon features of business contracts can be summarized as adoption of formal words, usage of archaic words and synonyms.The syntax features of business contracts can be summarized as adoption of declarative sentences, long sentences, passive voice, and present tense.China, as a member country of the WTO, is playing an increasingly important role in international business.It is almost certain that the study of business contracts will become an important topic in China.In this thesis, apart from elaborating on the language features of English business contracts from the lexicon and syntax levels, the author proposes the criteria for understanding and drafting of English business contracts.中國最大的論文知識平臺www.tmdps.cn
References
[1] TIERSMA M.Legal language[M].Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.[2] GIBBONS J.Forensic Linguistics[M].Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003.[3] Garner A.The Elements of Legal Style[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.[4] KARLA S.A Short Course in International Contracts [M].California: World Trade Press, 2002.[5] MELLINKOFF D.The language of the law[M].Boston: Little Brown, 1963.[6] 廖英.合同與合同英語[M].杭州: 浙江大學出版社, 2004.[7] HILTUNEN R.Chapters on Legal English[M].Tiedakatemia: Academic, 1990.[8] GIBBONS J.Forensic Linguistics[M].Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003.[9] JOOS M.The Five Clocks[M].London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1961.[10] CRYSTAL D.Investigating English Style[M].London: Sweet&Maxwell Limited, 1997.[11] GARNER A.The Elements of Legal Style[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.[12] 吳偉平.語言與法律[M].上海: 上海外語教育出版社, 2002.[13] 陳靜英.外經貿合同的語言特點及篇章結構[[J].成都大學學報, 1998(2): 74.[14] 胡庚申.合同英語[M].天津: 天津科技翻譯出版公司, 2002.[15] 傅偉良.對外經濟合同英文寫作課程建設研究與實踐[M].北京第二外國語學院學報, 1999(5): 57-62.[16] 胡庚申.國際商務合同起草與翻譯[M].北京: 外文出版社, 2004.[17] 傅偉良.對外經濟合同英文寫作[M].北京: 石油工業出版社, 2000.[18] SIMON D, JONATHAN M.Contracts, Co-operation, and Competition: studies in economics, management, and law[M].London: Oxford University Press, 1997.[19] ADAMS A.Legal Usage in Drafting Corporate Agreements [M].Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.[20] 李蕾.外經貿合同的語言特點及篇章結構[J].外經貿合同語言特點及篇章成都大學學報（社科版）, 1998.[21] CHARLES D.Precedents and Forms in Conveyancing[M].London: W.Maxwell, 1876.[22] 葛亞軍.合同英語手冊[M].天津: 天津科技翻譯出版公司, 2002.中國最大的論文知識平臺www.tmdps.cn
第二篇：涉外英語合同的語言特色
涉外英語合同的語言特色
一、多用正式或法律上的用詞，比如：
At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.應乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技術人員幫助乙方安裝設備。assist 較 help 正式；
The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.所有人員不得參加伊拉克國內的任何政治活動。partake in 較 take part in 正式；
The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.雇主應該對有關人員給予正確技術指導。render 較 give 正式；
Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.甲方應將病人遣返中國并負責其返回廣州的旅費。repatriate 較 send back 正式；
This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.本合同受中國法律管轄，并按中國法律解釋。construe 較 explain, interpret 正式；
The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.雇主認為承包人委派的授權代表不合格時，可以反對并要求立即撤換。require較ask正式；公文體forthwith 較 at once 正式；
The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.董事長可以根據董事會過1/3董事的提議而召集臨時董事會議。convene, interim 都是正式用詞。
In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right.如一方想出售或轉讓其投資之全部或部分，另一方有優先購買權。法律用詞assign 較 transfer 正式.In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.加工貿易中，廠方無論是對原料還是成品都無所有權。法律用詞title 較 ownership 正式.The term “Effective date” means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.“生效期”指雙方合同簽字的日子。法律用詞execute 較 sign 正式.與口頭表述不同，合同是法律性的正式書面文件，使用正式的、法律的用詞是必要的。合同起草者應多加強這方面的學習。用詞方面(2)
二、多使用“here”，“there”，“where”等前綴：
hereafter = after this time;今后
hereby = by means/reason of this;特此 herein = in this;此中，于此
hereinafter = later in this contract;在下文 thereafter = afterwards;此后，后來
thereby = by that means;因此；由此；在那方面 therein = from that;在那里；在那點上
thereinafter = later in the same contract;以下；在下文 whereby = by what;by which;由是；憑那個 wherein = in what;in which;在哪里；在哪點上 ??
是不是有點頭昏眼花？初學時確實容易搞混，告訴你個小竅門，here 代表 this，there 代表 that，where 代表 what/which，就容易記多了。用詞方面(3)
三、多用“shall”代替“will”或“should”加強語氣和強制力。
This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.本合同簽字生效。This Contract shall be written in English in four copies.Each party shall keep two copies.本合同應以英文寫成，一式四份，雙方各持兩份。
合同中，shall并非單純表示將來時，而常用來表示法律上可強制執行的義務，具有約束力，宜譯為“應”、“應該”、“必須”； will無論語氣還是強制力要比shall弱，宜譯為“將”、“原”、“要”；should通常只用來表示語氣較強的假設、比如“萬一”。用語方面(1)
一、力求嚴謹，明白無誤：
The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this Contract.下列文件應被認為、讀作、解釋為本合同的組成部分；
This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.本合同只能按照雙方授權代表簽名蓋章的文件進行修改或增補；
All activities of ABC Co.shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of China.ABC公司的一切活動必須受中國的法律、法令和有關規章條例的管轄。
二、多用主動語態，少用被動語態：
Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.(不宜)乙方被甲方委托為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商；
Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.(適宜)甲方委托乙方為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商；
三、多用現在時，少用將來時，盡管很多條款規定的是合同簽訂以后的事項： Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events: 當有下列事件之一發生，被許可人提前90天向許可人發送書面通知后，可以終止合同：
Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is appointed;許可人無力償付債務或其破產清算人以被指定；
The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract;and 第二條規定的專利未在簽約后30天之內發布；
Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.許可人未能履行其合同義務。
四、直接表達方式用得多，間接表達方式用的較少：
This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full.（用得少）
本條款不適用于尚未全部償付的債券持有者。
This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full.（用得多）
本條款只適用于已全部償付的債券持有者。
五、盡量使用一個動詞，避免使用“動詞+名詞+介詞”的同意短語：
Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.甲方應于簽約后30天內指派其授權代表。宜用appoint代替 make an appointment of.Party A will give consideration to Party B's proposal of exclusive agency.甲方愿意考慮乙方獨家代理的建議。宜用consider代替give consideration to.六、下列特殊用語使用頻繁(1)： WHEREAS 鑒于
正式而重要的合同，尤其是英美法系的合同，多用它在前文中引出簽約背景和目的，起連詞作用： WHEREAS the Employer is desirous that manpower can be rendered available for the construction of High-Rise Residential Complex in Baghdad, Iraq;鑒于雇主欲請勞動力建造伊拉克巴格達的高層住宅綜合大樓；
WHEREAS the Contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the Works;鑒于承包人想為此工程提供勞動力；
WITNESS 證明
在合同前文中常用作首句的謂語動詞：
This Agreement, made by...WITNESSES WHEREAS..., it is agreed as follows: 本協議由??簽訂證明：鑒于??特此達成協議如下：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF 作為所協議事項的證據： 該短語常用于合同的結尾條款：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.作為所協議事項的證據，雙方授權代表于上面首次寫明的日期正式簽訂本協議一式兩份。
六、下列特殊用語使用頻繁(2)： IN CONSIDERATION OF 以??為約因/報酬
約因是英美法系的合同有效成立要件之一，沒有則合同不能依法強制履行。但是，大陸法系的合同則無此規定。
Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the covenants herein, contained, the parties hereto agree as follows: 茲以上述各點和契約所載條款為約因，訂約雙方協議如下：
In consideration of the payment to be made by Party A to Party B, Party B hereby covenants with Party A to complete the building in conformity with the provisions of the Contract.乙方特此立約向甲方保證按合同規定完成工程建設，以取得甲方所付的報酬。
NOW, THEREFORE 茲特 此短語用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協議事項的常用開頭語，并與其后hereby的結合。如果無HEREAS條款，則本短語可省略：
NOW, THEREFORE, it's hereby agreed and understood as follows； 茲特協議和諒解如下：
NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS 茲特立約為據
本句話也是用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協議事項。
PRESENTS = the present writings 是主語，WITNESS是謂語：
NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 茲特立約為據，并由訂約雙方協議如下：
IN THE PRESENCE OF 見證人
本短語只在有見證人時使用—在訂約雙方當事人簽名的下方由見證人簽名作證，一般是相關的律師（Attorney）或公證處（Notary Public）: IN THE PRESENCE OF the parties hereto have hereunder set their respective hands and seals: 作為協議事項的證據，訂約雙方各自簽名蓋章如下： For and on behalf the first Party（甲方代表）： The EMPLOYER（雇主）? Capacity（職位）?
In the Presence of（見證人）? Capacity（職位）? Address（地址）?
For and on behalf of the Second party（乙方代表）: The CONTRACTOR（承包人）? Capacity（職位）?
In the Presence of（見證人）? Capacity（職位）? Address（地址）?.
第三篇：淺談涉外合同英語特色
摘要
在國際經濟貿易活動中，商務合同是一種重要的法律文件依據,商貿英語已成為必不可少的語言交際工具,它也是英文經濟貿易合同的基點。國際商務合同的種類繁多，涉及面廣，內容復雜。這類合同都是涉外交易性質，有其自身的特點，即條理性、規范性和專業性。商務合同對翻譯的質量提出很高的要求，也增加了其難度。本文用大量的例句，對商務合同英語的準確性、嚴謹性、規范性做了淺顯的分析。并且簡單介紹了涉外合同英語嚴肅、正式與嚴謹、準確兩方面的特點，并從詞匯的角度論證古體詞與比較正式的詞語使沙外合同英語嚴肅、正式;成對詞、詞語重復則使涉外合同英語嚴謹、準確。
關鍵詞：涉外英語合同 專業 嚴謹 規范
目錄
前言.....................................................3 第一章 涉外合同英語結構特點..............................4 第二章 涉外合同英語的用詞特點............................5
（一）用詞正式........................................5
（二）用詞專業........................................6
（三）古詞語的使用....................................7
（四）外來語..........................................8
（五）關鍵性的詞常采用同(近)義詞連用，避免一詞多義....9
（六）同義詞和近義詞并列.............................9 第三章 涉外合同英語的用語特點...........................10
（一）多用主動語態，少用被動語態.....................10
（二）多用現在時，少用將來時，盡管很多條款規定的是合同簽訂以后的事項.........................................11
（三）直接表達方式用得多，間接表達方式用的較少.......11
（四）盡量使用一個動詞，避免使用“動詞+名詞+介詞”的同意短語.................................................12 第三章 涉外合同英語的句子特點...........................12
（一）句子冗長，結構復雜.............................12
（二）句子中狀語的位置...............................13 結語....................................................14 參考文獻................................................15
淺談涉外合同英語特色
前言
語言學界的功能主義認為，語言是人類的交際工具，是人類社會生活的一個部分。社會生活的復雜多樣性以及語言使用的環境的多樣性決定了語言并不是刻板、毫無變化和差別的統一體，而是一個包括多種語體的復合體。根據交際領域和社會功能的不同，英語可分為科技體英語、文學體英語、新聞報道體英語、廣告體英語、法律體英語、宗教體英語和公文體英語等等。著名的語言學家(J.ft.Firth)指出，“人類行為中有多少個專門系統，就有多少套語言，就有多少套同特殊的語言聯系在一起的社會行為”。每一套特殊的語言實際上就是一種不同的語體，不同的語體在句法、詞匯等方面有不同的特征。合同屬于法律性文獻。合同涉及公司企業間的合同契約、合資經營到個人間的租借房屋、參加人壽保險、賒購貨物等等，所有這些活動，都要有一種書面語言來記錄和規定，明確規定當事人雙方(或各方)的權利和義務。合同語言是執行這種社會職能的一種變體。在合同語言履行其社會職能的過程中，人們需要了解規定和義務的確切含義和范圍，也要防范有的人會出于某種考慮而有意曲解合同文書的含義，利用合同文書中某些詞匯的不確定性和模糊性來逃避職責、夸大權益。在合同文書中，全部內容和條款必須字面化、外部化，也就是說，合同文書的內容和條款須通過語言文字體現出來，因此，合同文書必須嚴謹，做到詞義準確，絲毫不允許詞義模棱兩可而產生歧義。同時，對于詞義準確、語義確鑿的刻意追求，形成了合同語言的嚴肅、正式，甚至保守。嚴肅、正式和嚴謹、準確就構成了合同文書的語體特征。本文擬簡單探討合同英語中如何通過詞匯來體現合同英語的嚴肅、正式與嚴謹、準確。第一章 涉外合同英語結構特點
合同類法律文件用以規定當事人的權利與義務，是預防與解決爭議的依據。合同英語行文慎密而準確，歷史悠久，深含法律文化底蘊。，中文的合同開頭一般先羅列當事人的名稱、姓名、住所或營業場所，然后是合同正文，結尾是當事人印章、授權代表簽字、職務及簽字日期。而英語合同一般以下面這類句式為開頭：
This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____（month），_______（year）by and between Party A（hereinafter called “ Party A ”）and Party B（hereinafter called “ Party B ”）
然后是開始陳述： WHEREAS?THEREFORE
? It is hereby agreed as follows： 或以：，WITNESSETH，WHEREAS?
NOW THEREFORE，for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein，the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows：，接著是正文，最后是證明部分：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their Hands the day and years first above written.，隨后還包括當事人和見證人的簽字。第二章 涉外合同英語的用詞特點
（一）用詞正式
合同英語系正式英語，與普通語體不同。合同英語中使用了不少很正式的詞匯，這些詞匯在普通語體的場合使用不多。
例如：，“因為”的短語多用“by virtue of “，遠遠多于”due to“一般不用”because of “；
“財務末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”；，“在??之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”；，“關于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或“relating to”，而不會用“about”；
“事實上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”；
“開始”用“commencement”，而不用“start”或“begin”； “停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”；
“何時開會并由某某主持”的表述為：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.其中“召開”不用“hold 或call”，而用“convene”； “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”，而用“preside”；
其他事項”用“miscellaneous”，而不用“other matters/events”； “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”；
“認為”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”； “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”，而不用“want to do”，“wish to do”。
例句：
1)This contract shall be governed and construed in accordance with the taws of China.本合同應受中國法律管轄，并按中國法律解釋。2)Party A shall pay to Party B forty per cent of the total price for work，t.e.，two hundred and eighty thousand(viz.2$0,000.00)U.S.dollars only at the commence of construction work of Party A’s plant，and sixty per cent of the total price for work，t.e.，four hundred and twenty thou-sand(viz.420,000.00)U.S.dollars only upon the eonnpletion of the work二甲方在建廠工程開始時，付給乙方工程總價百分之四十，即美元二十八萬元(280,000.00)整，在建廠工程完畢時，付給乙方工程總價百分之六十，即美元四十二萬元(420,000.00)整。3)The Buyer or the Chartering agent shall no聽the Seller by telegram or telex, 10 days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of shipment, of the contract number.買方或船務代理應在船只抵達裝貨港口前十天，用電報或電傳的方式將合同編號通知賣方。4)The term ”Effective date“ means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.“生效日”指訂約雙方簽署本協議的日子。
以上四個例子中的“construed”，”at the commence of“ , ”upon the completion of“ ,“ prior construed to” , “executed”的含義分別相當于“explained” , “at the beginning of” , “at the end of’和“before” , “signed”。但前者屬于比較正式的詞匯，在法律或合同文書中經常出現，而后者屬于普通詞匯，在普通文書中使用率效高。通過使用這些正式程度較高的詞匯，提高了合同文書的正式程度。
（二）用詞專業
合同用詞不以大眾是否理解和接受為轉移，它是合同語言準確表達的保障。如合同出現的“瑕疵”、“救濟”、“不可抗力”、“管轄”、“損毀”、“滅失”等就可能讓非行業人士費解，在英語以上表達分別為defect、remedy、force majeure/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss）。另外幾乎每個合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as，whereas，in witness whereof，for and on behalf of，hereby，thereof 等虛詞。這也是合同英語的一大特色。
其它例子還有：
“賠償”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”
“不動產轉讓”用“conveyance”，而不用“transfer of real estate” “房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“財產出租”用“lease of property” “停業”用“wind up a business”或“cease（名詞是cessation）a business”，而不用“end/stop a business”
專利許可中的“特許權使用費”只用“royalties”
還款或專利申請的“寬限期”英文“grace”，“當事人在破產中的和解”用“composition”
以實物出資為“investment in kind”
“依照合同相關規定”一般說“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不說“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”
“合同任何一方當事人不得轉讓本合同”英文表述為“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，選用“Neither party to the contract”較少。
（三）古詞語的使用
合同英語屬于一種比較正規和嚴肅的書面語體，正式程度很高，其用詞嚴謹，古體詞的使用率很高，例如: License Agreement This AGREEMENT, made and entered into this 5th day of 1998，by and between ABC Co.，Ltd.，a corporate organized and existing under the laws of Japan with its principal office at Tokyo(hereinafter called “Party A”)，and XYZ Co.，Ltd.，a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the state of California, having its principal office at Los Angeles(hereinafter called “Party B“)，WITNESSETH WHEREAS Party A has extensive experience and manufacturing information concerning the production of and owns various Patents of U.S.Nos.;WHEREAS Party B is interested in and desirous of obtaining a license to use Party A’s manufacturing information and know一how as well as a license under Party A' s patent rights;NOW ,THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the premises and the covenants here in after provided for and to be faithfully performed，the parties hereto agree as follows: 合同前文中的WITNESSETH 意為“證明”，它仍保留古英語第三人稱單數的詞尾形式，是合同英語力求嚴肅的一個表現。但合同英語最突出的古體形式是那些由here , there和where加上一個或幾個介詞構成的復合副詞，如上例中的hereinafter, hereto, therefore等。這些詞在其他語體中已經匿跡，只有在法律或合同中才大量出現。
Here+prep.這類詞有hereto, hereof, herein, hereinafter, hereinabove, hereunder等，here相當于this，指本文獻、合同或有關文件，因此，”hereto”相當于to this, “here of’相當于of this，依此類推。
合同英語中使用這些詞來指文書中的一部分或雙方，對于行文語義的準確性是十分必要的。古體副詞的大量使用提高了它的正式程度，也反映了它拘泥于傳統的守舊性。
（四）外來語
英語的法律詞匯中的外來語主要涉及法語和拉丁語。源自法語的，如verdict，warrant，statut，ranson等。是十一世紀諾曼底人征服英國后英語自法語法律詞匯中借用的。另外，基督教于公元597年傳入英國。因此拉丁語中的法律詞匯也隨之滲入到英語中。如basis．declaration。register，prior等。許多法語和拉丁語進入英語后在語音上和詞形上與英語同化，成為英語詞匯的組成部分．但還有一些法律詞匯未被同化，現在還常常用到，如force majeure(不可抗力)、saisie(查封、扣押)等來自法語；而ad diem(在指定日期)、statu quo(現狀)等來自拉丁語。實際上業內人士往往認為外來語、IEl體詞等的使用可使合同語言高貴而莊重。
（五）關鍵性的詞常采用同(近)義詞連用，避免一詞多義
1、Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.（不宜）
乙方被甲方委托為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商；
2、Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.（適宜）
（六）同義詞和近義詞并列
FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell，transfer，assign and set over to ______ all his right，tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______，19____ by and between the undersigned and ______，a copy of which is annexed hereto.在這里的同義詞和近義詞并列（如sell，transfer，assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。這是出于嚴謹和杜絕漏洞的考慮，有的也屬于合同用語的固定模式。如：
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”兩組分別屬于同義詞和相關詞并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein，the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows： 句中“for and in consideration of ”，“covenants and agreements”三組同義司和近義詞并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein.這里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一個意思都表示“依照本協議的條款規定”。合同條款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”
再例如：，“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思幾乎相同。
并列的詞還有：
Ships and vessels Support and maintenance Licenses and permits charges，fees，costs and expenses Any and all any duties，obligations or liabilities the partners，their heirs，successors and assigns Control and management of the partnership applicable laws，regulations，decrees，directives，and rules 第三章 涉外合同英語的用語特點
（一）多用主動語態，少用被動語態
1、Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.（不宜）
乙方被甲方委托為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商；
2、Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.（適宜）
（二）多用現在時，少用將來時，盡管很多條款規定的是合同簽訂以后的事項
1、Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events： 當有下列事件之一發生，被許可人提前90天向許可人發送書面通知后，可以終止合同：
2、Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is appointed； 許可人無力償付債務或其破產清算人以被指定；
3、The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract；第二條規定的專利未在簽約后30天之內發布；
4、Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.許可人未能履行其合同義務。
（三）直接表達方式用得多，間接表達方式用的較少
1、This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full.（用得少）
本條款只適用于已全部償付的債券持有者。
2、This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full.（用得多）
本條款不適用于尚未全部償付的債券持有者。
（四）盡量使用一個動詞，避免使用“動詞+名詞+介詞”的同意短語
1、Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.甲方應于簽約后30天內指派其授權代表。宜用appoint代替 make an appointment of.2、Party A will give consideration to Party B’s proposal of exclusive agency.甲方愿意考慮乙方獨家代理的建議。宜用consider代替give consideration to.第三章 涉外合同英語的句子特點
（一）句子冗長，結構復雜
合同具有法律屬性，用于規定合同各方的權利和義務以及其他相關事宜，對各方都具有法律約束力。因此，為避免產生任何誤解和歧義，同時又要考慮到各種不同情況和排除各種例外情形．必須邏輯嚴密、結構嚴謹、滴水不漏的表達各部分之間的關系。這使得合同英語的語句變得相應復雜冗長。長句多，遠遠超出英語句子的平均長度(174”單詞)。復合句多．包含很多的從句和修飾成分，結構上疊床架屋。有的句子相當長。往往一個句子就是一個段落。如：
Where servants，agents or subcontractors of the Company carry out work under the direction of the Client，the Client shall be fully responsible for。and indemnify and hold harmless the Company against any claim，loss or damage of any kind，whether arising in contract，in negligence，in equity or by statute or under any law connected in any way with the Services，Project or relationship established by this Agreement
譯文：公司員工、代理人或分包商在客戶指導下履行工作的，客戶對因公司員工、代理人或分包商的作為或不作為而造成的任何索賠、滅失及損毀，無論是基于合同、過失、衡平法、制定法而發生還是基于與服務、項目或本協議確立的關系相關的法律規定而發生，也無論程度大小，均應承擔全部責任，必須就此向公司賠償，并保證公司免于損失。
該句共69個詞，是以where；Jl導的條件狀語從句開始的。從句部分并不費解。而主句部分就不容易理解了。實際上主句的謂語有兩個．一是shall be fully responsible for。表示對句子的賓語部分應當承擔責任；二是must indemnify and hold harmless。表示對句子的賓語部分，必須賠償并保證其免于損失。剩下來的一大堆則是列出責任范圍(any claim，loss or damage of any kind)和賠償發生的依據(in contract，in negligence，in equity or by statute or under any law connected in any way with the Services，Projector relationship established by this Agreement)。
（二）句子中狀語的位置
合同英語的句子具有結構嚴謹、句式較長的特點．為了做到準確、嚴密、清楚、易解，句子中狀語的用法有其自己的一定規則，其位置與普通英語中的頻度副詞(如：often、sometimes、always、never、seldom)的位置相同，一般應放在shall、may等情態動詞之后，行為動詞之前。如果英語句子是復合句。主句的狀語位置與從句的狀語位置不同。主句的狀語應放在shall之后，動詞之前。如： 1)shareholders shall in accordance with the proportions of their capital contribution．exercise voting rights at shareholders’ meetings． 譯文：股東應按照出資比例于股東會會議行使表決權。此外。從句中狀語的位置與主句中狀語的位置不同。從句中的狀語通常位于連詞之后從句句子之前。如果把從句中狀語放在從句句末又在主句之前。那么勢必引起對合同條款理解的差異。從而可能導致合同爭議或糾紛。因此。把從句中的狀語放在連詞之后，可避免上述誤解。并使意思表達更加明確。如：
2)If，in the course of securities trading，an employee of a securities company violates trading rules under the instructions of the company or by taking advantage of his position，the securities company to which the employee belongs shall bear full liability therefore． 譯文：證券公司的從業人員在證券交易活動中。按其所屬的證券公司的指令或者利用職務違反交易規則的，有所屬的證券公司承擔全部責任。
作為法律文件，合同極具周密性，每一種情況，或條件、或要求、或例外及解決辦法都要盡可能考慮到。因而大量結構復雜、冗長重疊的狀語表達常常出現于合同語言中，成為合同草擬或翻譯的一大難點。準確的掌握各種狀語結構的位置。可使譯文表達最大限度地符合合同語言的行文規范。
結語
以上文字僅就合同英語幾個突出的文體特點作了粗淺探討，仍需進一步的積累和研究。筆者認為：與其他專業英語一樣，合同英語的實踐性很強。要寫出或譯出規范而專業的合同英語，不僅要掌握其文體方面的特征和規律。更需大量的實踐和不斷的總結。
參考文獻
方夢之文體與翻譯〔M).上海外語教育出版社.1998 方夢之.英語科技文體:范式與應用〔M〕.上海外語教育出版社.1998.侯維瑞.英語語體〔M〕.上海外語教育出版社.1998.劉季春，實用翻譯教程〔M〕.中山大學出版社.1998.徐有志.現代英語文體學〔M〕.河南大學出版社.1992.易治賢.涉外經濟合同英譯的重復法.中國科技翻譯〔J〕.1999，(2).魏華.淺談法律合同英語語言特點及翻譯（J）.甘肅科技縱橫, 2007,(06).孫雄剛.淺議商務英語的詞匯特色[J].瓊州學院學報, 2010,(03).李文濤.商務合同的翻譯探析[J].中國商貿, 2010,(10).汪洋.淺析商務合同英語的詞匯與句法翻譯技巧[J].科教文匯(上旬刊), 2009,(04).朱奕,王月紅.英語商務合同的文體特征及翻譯方法探析[J].才智, 2010,(01).孫春立.國際商務合同中三種意義上的翻譯[J].對外經貿實務, 2010,(01).黃始謀.漫談商務英語合同的翻譯和理解[J].商場現代化, 2007,(13).How to Make an English Contract，English contract for foreign instructors, Contract English，論文題目：淺談涉外合同英語特色
系 別：江蘇省聯合職業技術學院經貿系
專 業：國際商務
班 級：國商
姓 名：戴佳欣
學 號：
指導教師：梁宏州
完成時間： D063 23 2011年5月13日
第四篇：涉外合同
涉外合同按繁簡不同，盡管可以采取不同書面形式，如正式合同（Contract）、協議書（Agreement）、確認書（Confirmation）、備忘錄（Memorandum）、訂單（Order）等等，但是一般都包含如下幾個部分：
一、合同名稱（Title）
二、前文（Preamble）
1.訂約日期和地點
Date and place of signing
2.合同當事人及其國籍、主營業所或住所
Signing parties and their nationalities, principal place of business or residence addresses
3.當事人合法依據
Each party's authority，比如，該公司是“按當地法律正式組織而存在的”（a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of XXX）
4.訂約緣由/說明條款
Recitals or WHEREAS clause
三、本文（Body）
1.定義條款（Definition clause）
2.基本條款（Basic conditions）
3.一般條款（General terms and conditions）
a.合同有效期（Duration）
b.合同的終止（Termination）
c.不可抗力（Force Majeure）
d.合同的讓與（Assignment）
e.仲裁（Arbitration）
f.適用的法律（Governing law）
g.訴訟管轄（Jurisdiction）
h.通知手續（Notice）
i.合同修改（Amendment）
j.其它（Others）
四、結尾條款（WITNESS clause）
1.結尾語，包括份數、使用的文字和效力等（Concluding sentence）
2.簽名（Signature）
3.蓋印（Seal）
以上的格式和內容并非一成不變，當事人可以根據各自交易情況做出調整或增刪。
用詞方面
一、多用正式或法律上的用詞，比如：
· At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.應乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技術人員幫助乙方安裝設備。assist 較 help 正式；
· The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.所有人員不得參加伊拉克國內的任何政治活動。partake in 較 take part in 正式；
· The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.雇主應該對有關人員給予正確技術指導。render 較 give 正式；
· Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.甲方應將病人遣返中國并負責其返回廣州的旅費。repatriate 較 send back 正式；
· This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.本合同受中國法律管轄，并按中國法律解釋。construe 較 explain, interpret 正式；
· The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.雇主認為承包人委派的授權代表不合格時，可以反對并要求立即撤換。require較ask正式；公文體forthwith 較 at once 正式；
· The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.董事長可以根據董事會過1/3董事的提議而召集臨時董事會議。convene, interim 都是正式用詞。
· In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right.如一方想出售或轉讓其投資之全部或部分，另一方有優先購買權。法律用詞assign 較 transfer 正式.· In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.加工貿易中，廠方無論是對原料還是成品都無所有權。法律用詞title 較 ownership 正式.· The term “Effective date” means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.“生效期”指雙方合同簽字的日子。法律用詞execute 較 sign 正式.與口頭表述不同，合同是法律性的正式書面文件，使用正式的、法律的用詞是必要的。合同起草者應多加強這方面的學習。
二、多使用“here”，“there”，“where”等前綴：
hereafter = after this time;今后
hereby = by means/reason of this;特此
herein = in this;此中，于此
hereinafter = later in this contract;在下文
thereafter = afterwards;此后，后來
thereby = by that means;因此；由此；在那方面
therein = from that;在那里；在那點上
thereinafter = later in the same contract;以下；在下文
whereby = by what;by which;由是；憑那個
wherein = in what;in which;在哪里；在哪點上
……
是不是有點頭昏眼花？初學時確實容易搞混，告訴你個小竅門，here 代表 this，there 代表 that，where 代表 what/which，就容易記多了。
三、多用“shall”代替“will”或“should”加強語氣和強制力。
· This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.本合同簽字生效。
· This Contract shall be written in English in four copies.Each party shall keep two copies.本合同應以英文寫成，一式四份，雙方各持兩份。
合同中，shall并非單純表示將來時，而常用來表示法律上可強制執行的義務，具有約束力，宜譯為“應”、“應該”、“必須”； will無論語氣還是強制力要比shall弱，宜譯為“將”、“原”、“要”；should通常只用來表示語氣較強的假設、比如“萬一”。
用語方面
一、力求嚴謹，明白無誤：
· The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this Contract.下列文件應被認為、讀作、解釋為本合同的組成部分；
· This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.本合同只能按照雙方授權代表簽名蓋章的文件進行修改或增補；
· All activities of ABC Co.shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of China.ABC公司的一切活動必須受中國的法律、法令和有關規章條例的管轄。
二、多用主動語態，少用被動語態：
· Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.(不宜)
乙方被甲方委托為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商；
· Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.(適宜)
甲方委托乙方為在新加坡的獨家銷售代理商；
三、多用現在時，少用將來時，盡管很多條款規定的是合同簽訂以后的事項：
· Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events:
當有下列事件之一發生，被許可人提前90天向許可人發送書面通知后，可以終止合同：
1.Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is appointed;
許可人無力償付債務或其破產清算人以被指定；
2.The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract;and
第二條規定的專利未在簽約后30天之內發布；
3.Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.許可人未能履行其合同義務。
四、直接表達方式用得多，間接表達方式用的較少：
· This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full.（用得少）
本條款不適用于尚未全部償付的債券持有者。
· This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full.（用得多）
本條款只適用于已全部償付的債券持有者。
五、盡量使用一個動詞，避免使用“動詞+名詞+介詞”的同意短語：
· Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.甲方應于簽約后30天內指派其授權代表。宜用appoint代替 make an appointment of.· Party A will give consideration to Party B's proposal of exclusive agency.甲方愿意考慮乙方獨家代理的建議。宜用consider代替give consideration to.六、下列特殊用語使用頻繁：
1.WHEREAS 鑒于
正式而重要的合同，尤其是英美法系的合同，多用它在前文中引出簽約背景和目的，起連詞作用：
WHEREAS the Employer is desirous that manpower can be rendered available for the construction of High-Rise Residential Complex in Baghdad, Iraq;
鑒于雇主欲請勞動力建造伊拉克巴格達的高層住宅綜合大樓；
WHEREAS the Contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the Works;
鑒于承包人想為此工程提供勞動力；
2.WITNESS 證明
在合同前文中常用作首句的謂語動詞：
This Agreement, made by ……
WITNESSES
WHEREAS……, it is agreed as follows:
本協議由……簽訂證明：鑒于……特此達成協議如下：
3.IN WITNESS WHEREOF 作為所協議事項的證據：
該短語常用于合同的結尾條款：
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written.作為所協議事項的證據，雙方授權代表于上面首次寫明的日期正式簽訂本協議一式兩份。
4.IN CONSIDERATION OF 以……為約因/報酬
約因是英美法系的合同有效成立要件之一，沒有則合同不能依法強制履行。但是，大陸法系的合同則無此規定。
Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the covenants herein, contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:
茲以上述各點和契約所載條款為約因，訂約雙方協議如下：
In consideration of the payment to be made by Party A to Party B, Party B hereby covenants with Party A to complete the building in conformity with the provisions of the Contract.乙方特此立約向甲方保證按合同規定完成工程建設，以取得甲方所付的報酬。
5.NOW, THEREFORE 茲特
此短語用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協議事項的常用開頭語，并與其后hereby的結合。如果無HEREAS條款，則本短語可省略：
NOW, THEREFORE, it's hereby agreed and understood as follows；
茲特協議和諒解如下：
6.NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS 茲特立約為據
本句話也是用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協議事項。
PRESENTS = the present writings 是主語，WITNESS是謂語：
NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:
茲特立約為據，并由訂約雙方協議如下：
7.IN THE PRESENCE OF 見證人
本短語只在有見證人時使用-在訂約雙方當事人簽名的下方由見證人簽名作證，一般是相關的律師（Attorney）或公證處（Notary Public）:
IN THE PRESENCE OF the parties hereto have hereunder set their respective hands and seals:
作為協議事項的證據，訂約雙方各自簽名蓋章如下：
For and on behalf the first Party（甲方代表）：
The EMPLOYER（雇主）…
Capacity（職位）…
In the Presence of（見證人）…
Capacity（職位）…
Address（地址）…
For and on behalf of the Second party（乙方代表）:
The CONTRACTOR（承包人）…
Capacity（職位）…
In the Presence of（見證人）…
Capacity（職位）…
Address（地址）….涉外合同的其他表達方式
涉外合同還采用下列表達方式，使其更加完整、簡潔、醒目、結構嚴謹、主次分明：
1.采用大小標題、分章、分條、分款、分項書寫。
2.使用附錄（Annex）、一覽表（Schedule）等形式詳列某些必要的細節作為合同的組成部分。
3.在合同前文之后使用定義（Definition）條款-把合同中反復出現的用語加以界定意義并賦予簡稱，既避免解釋上的分歧，又能使合同簡潔：
Article 1: Definitions
1.1 The Terms as used herein shall have the following meanings: 1.1.1 The term “Products” means the products specified in Annex 2.1.1.2 The term “components” means any assembled or unassembled parts of the Products.4.合同某些需要強調的部分用大寫字母書寫以資醒目；
This AGREEMENT … WITNESSES that WHEREAS … and WHEREAS … NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of it is hereby agreed as follows:
5.用“括號+簡稱”的方式把合同中反復出現的重要詞語簡化，以達到準確、簡潔的目的：
Foreign Advance Broadcasting Ltd of Amsterdam, Holland(hereinafter called 'LICENSOR“)and China Broadcasting Products Factory(hereinafter called ”LICENSEE“)agree to sign this Contract with the terms and conditions as follows:
6.用”數字+文字“的方式把合同中某些重要的金額、數量、期限等加以強調，以資醒目：
US $ 4500(Say US.Dollars Four Thousand Five Hundred only)
INVESTOR will assist CHINESE, PARTY to construct a paper mill in Guangdong Province, China, with a planned capacity of One Million(1000000)metric tons per year.9
涉外合同撰寫人員的其他注意事項：
一、要能草擬多樣的涉外合同：
· 要能寫各種標的的合同，如以資金、技術、勞務、信息、運輸等為標的的合同；
· 要能寫各種貿易方式的合同-不但會寫單項貿易合同，也要會寫包括多項貿易方式的合同，如包括商品購買、技術轉 讓、安裝維修培訓服務在內的整套設備進口合同。
· 要能草擬符合各國法律要求的合同-較為復雜的英美法系的合同；較為簡單的大陸法系的合同；有所差別的社會主義 法系的合同。
二、正確理解和使用合同的形式:
涉外合同訂立的形式有口頭和書面兩種，使用哪一種要看國家法律的規定。鑒于我國涉外經濟法第七條規定涉外合 同需以書面形式訂立，所以通過信函、電報、傳真達成的協議，也要簽訂確認書，才會受到我國法律的保護。
三、簡化合同格式和內容:
堅持使用書面合同的原則的同時，可以根據實際情況簡化合同格式和內容，簡化的原則如下：
· 貿易方式較簡單的交易，可使用簡便的表格式合同-將常用合同項目預先印成表格，然后把協商同意的內容逐項填入表中，送請對方核對簽字；
· 與大陸法系國家或其他國家的商人簽約，沒必要使用英美法系合同前文中的訂約緣由條款。比如，可將”This Agreement, made …… WHEREAS …… and WHEREAS …… NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of …… it is hereby agreed as follows:“的冗長文句簡化為：”This Agreement is made …… It is mutually agreed as follows:“
· 有了”簽約地點“，一般可省去”適用法律“和”訴訟管轄“條款；
· ”通知手續“和”完整條款“，若不是重要正式合同，可省略；
· 已有雙方合法代表親筆簽字，合同可以不再蓋印；
· 注意：合同的基本條款不能省略；不要因簡化而忽略了合同的合法性、全面性、明確性和嚴密性。
四、合同用詞和用語的改革:
與基礎英語相比，合同的詞語較復雜、繁冗、晦澀、難讀。因此，國外，特 別是美國要求法律文件的格式和語言應 當現代化的呼聲愈來愈強烈。Robert E.Swindle早在美國1980年出版的The Business Communicator一書中就寫到：” …… legal and quasilegal documents can and are being written in everyday language.Several leading companies are rewriting their legal forms voluntarily, and the State of New York recently passed a law requiring that businesses write consumer contracts in nontechnical language.Additionally, the President of the United States has directed all administrative agencies to write future regulations in what he termed plain English for a change."
作為非英美發系的非英語國家，我們應該怎麼應對？Steven認為，萬事都有個漸變的過程，長年累月沉淀下來的習慣不是一下就能改變的。所以我們首先還是應該先通曉傳統的英語合同格式和用語，在精通的基礎上，才能談得上根據實際情況進行進一步的格式和用語方面的改革，否則，一切都是經不起推敲的。
第五篇：合同英語特色介紹
上海市建筑業勞動合同
（推薦文本2008版 —— 適用于無固定期限）
甲方（用人單位）名稱：
法定代表人：
注冊地址：
聯系電話：
辦公地址：
聯系電話：
乙方（勞動者）姓名：
身份證號：
身份證住址：
聯系電話：
在滬住址：
根據《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》和國家有關規定，甲乙雙方遵循合法、公平、平等自愿、協商一致、誠實信用的原則，訂立本勞動合同。
一．勞動合同的類別、期限和試用期
1.合同類別：無固定期限，自_____年____月____日起。
2.試用期：自_____年____月____日起，至_____年____月____日止。
二．工作崗位、職務、工作地點和工作時間
1.乙方工作崗位：____________，擔任職務：____________。
2.工作地點：______________________________________________。
3.在符合規定的條件下，或經雙方協商一致后，甲方可對乙方的工作崗位、職務及工作地點進行調整。雙方應對調整情況進行書面確認，作為本合同附件。
4.甲方根據國家有關工時方面的規定，結合甲方的生產需要，合理安排乙方的工作時間，并確保乙方平均每周至少休息1天。
三．勞動報酬和支付方式
1.甲方根據本單位的工資分配制度，確定乙方正常工作時間的基本工資執行第___項：
①月工資：______元/月。
②日工資：____元/日，待工工資：____元/日。雙方未約定待工工資的，待工日執行日工資標準。
其中試用期基本工資為：① _________元/月。② ____元/日，待工工資：____元/日。
2.甲方根據本單位的工資分配制度，可另行書面約定績效工資的計算方法和支付方式，作為本合同附件。甲方應對乙方的工作進行考核，并按 1
時支付乙方的績效工資。
3.甲方安排乙方加班的，按照國家有關規定向乙方支付加班費。
4.甲方按月結算乙方工資，并在下一個月___日前以貨幣形式支付，由乙方簽字確認。工資發放清單由甲方存檔保管。
5.甲方根據乙方的工作年限、工作表現、崗位變化、職務變化等情況，適時調整乙方的工資，調整情況應得到乙方的確認，并作為本合同的附件。
6.甲方確保乙方的勞動報酬不低于國家有關最低工資標準的規定和集體合同規定的標準。
四．甲方的權利和義務
1.甲方依法制定完善的規章制度，實施對乙方的管理。甲方應當將有關規章制度告知乙方。
2.甲方和工會組織或職工代表簽訂的集體合同，適用于乙方。
3.甲方為乙方提供符合規定的勞動防護用品和其他勞動條件，并按照國家建筑施工安全生產的規定，在施工現場采取必要的安全措施，為乙方創造安全工作的環境。
4.甲方按照國家有關規定對女職工和未成年工實行特殊勞動保護。
5.甲方按規定為乙方創造崗位培訓的條件，對乙方進行安全生產、職業技能、遵紀守法、道德文明等方面的教育。乙方參加甲方安排的培訓活動視同出勤，甲方不得克扣乙方的基本工資。
6.甲方為乙方繳納法定的社會保險，甲方確保乙方在本合同有效期內不漏保。
7.甲方根據有關規定為乙方進入施工現場工作創造必要條件，辦理好各項手續。
8.甲方對乙方的出勤、工作、違紀等情況做好記錄，作為獎罰乙方的依據。
五．乙方的權利和義務
1.乙方應當自覺遵守有關法律、法規和甲方依法制定的規章制度，嚴格遵守安全操作規程，服從甲方的管理，按時完成規定的工作數量，達到規定的質量標準。
2.乙方應當積極參加甲方安排的崗位培訓活動，不斷提高各方面素質。
3.乙方對甲方管理人員違章指揮、強令冒險作業的，有權拒絕工作。乙方對危害生命安全和身體健康的勞動條件，有權對甲方提出批評、檢舉和控告。
六．勞動合同的解除和終止
1.終止本合同，應當符合法律、法規的相關規定。
2.雙方協商一致，可以解除本合同。甲乙雙方單方面解除本合同，應當符合法律、法規的相關規定。
3.解除、終止勞動合同時，甲方應當出具解除、終止勞動合同的證明書。
4.合同解除或終止時，甲方應當結清乙方的工資。符合經濟補償條件的，甲方應當按規定向乙方支付經濟補償金。
七．勞動爭議處理
甲乙雙方在履行本勞動合同時發生爭議的，可先協商解決；不愿協商或者協商不成的，可在規定的時限內向當地（工作地點或者甲方工商注冊地）勞動爭議仲裁委員會申請仲裁。對仲裁裁決不服的，可以自收到仲裁裁決書之日起十五日內向當地人民法院提起訴訟。
八．其他約定
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
九．其它
1.本合同與國家法律法規及有關規定相違背的內容，依照國家法律法規及有關規定執行。
2.本合同及附件均一式2份，甲乙雙方各執1份。自甲乙雙方簽字、蓋章之日起生效。
甲方（蓋章）：乙方（簽字）：
法定代表人或者
委托代理人簽字：
簽約日期：年月日
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