第一篇：2013電大英語3形成性考核冊作業答案
成績：
開放英語（3）
形 成 性 考 核 冊
專業：
學號：
姓名：
河北廣播電視大學開放教育學院（請按照順序打印，并左側裝訂）
開放英語（3）作業1（Units 1—6）
本作業由四部分組成，第一部分：交際用語；第二部分：英語知識運用；第三部分：閱讀理解；第四部分：寫作。建議在90分鐘內完成本作業。寫作部分要求用筆寫在給定的位置上。每次作業滿分為100分。
第一部分：交際用語（每題2分，共10分）
一、閱讀下面的小對話，從A,B,C,D 四個選項中選出一個能填入空白處的最佳選項。1.---May I help you,madam?---_________D____________.A.Sorry, I have no idea
B.Yes,I know what to buy C.You‘d better give me a hand
D.Yes, I‘d like 2 kilos of orange 2.---May I know your address?-----_____________A________.A.Sure.Here you are
B.I have no idea C.It‘s far from here
D.Sorry, I‘ve forgottern 3.---Well, Mary, how are you?---____________C__________.A.I‘m good
B.I‘m pleased C.I‘m fine
D.I‘m nice 4.---I don‘t like the spots programs on Sundays.---______________B_______________________.A.So do I
B.Neither do I C.So am I
D.Neither am I 5.—Will you go on a picnic with us tommorrow?---________________B______________________.A.Yes, but I‘ ll have English classes B.Sorry, I have an appointment with Dr.Brown C.I‘m afraid I have no idea D.Neither am I
第二部分：英語知識運用（40分）
二、選擇填空
閱讀下面的句子和對話，從從A,B,C,D 四個選項中選出一個能填入空白處的最佳選項。（每題2分，共20分）
6.It happened___D_____a winter night.A.at
B.in
C.by
D.on
7.I know it isn‘t important but I can‘t help____B_about it.A.but to think
B.thinking
C.to think
D.think 8.That‘s all settled.It ___D___talked about.A.shouldn‘t
B.mustn‘t be
C.can‘t
D.needn‘t be 9.Her parents died when she was very young, so she was _A____by her aunt.A.brought up
B.brought out
C.grown up
D.grown 10.__B___he said is quite right.A.That
B.What
C.How
D.Why 11.Don‘t worry.There is ___C___room for all your books here.A.more
B.much
C.enough
D.some 12.---What‘s happened to Tom?-----____D____ to hospital.A.He‘s taken
B.He‘ll be taken
C.He‘ll take
D.He‘ s been taken 13.----I don‘t suppose he will attend the meeting, ___B___? A.won‘t he
B.will he
C.do I
D.don‘t I 14.----____A__fine weather it is!A.What
B.What a
C.How
D.How a
15.Not only I but also Jane and Mary _B___tired of having one examination after another.A.is
B.are
C.am
D.be
三、完型填空
閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給的Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ四個選項中選出能填入相應空白處的最佳選項。（每題２分，共２０分）Peter Blake is a successful businnessman, but he__16_C___ to be very poor.He had nowhere to live and___17__B__working in a plub when he__18__B_to start his own business.Peter had always __19_D___interested in plants and flowers, ___20_A_he decided to set up a company ___21_B___ cared for plants in big offices.At first he worked on his __22_A___, but soon he took___23_C__two people to help him.The company has been growing __24_B__for the last ten years.Peter is now very rich, __25_A__he complains that now he doesn‘t work with plants but with a computer every day!16)
17)
18)
19)A.would
B.----
C.used
D.use A.did
B.was
C.been
D.has been A.had deciede
B.decided
C.was deciding
D.has decided A.was
B.had
C.being
D.been
20)
A.so
B.but
C.------
D.although 21).A.who
B.which
C.whose
D.-------22).A.own
B.self
C.-----
D.himself 23).A.up
B.over
C.on
D.in 24).A.——
B.up
C.over
D.into 25).A.therefore
B.so
C.but
D.moreover 第三部分 閱讀理解(共計30分，每小題2分)
四、閱讀下列短文，從A、B、C、D四個選項中選出一個正確答案，并標在答題紙的相應位置。(每題2分，共20分)短文理解l
An Extraordinary Change of Direction Molly Wilson had been a dancer and a mother for many years when she decided to sail round the world to raise money for charity.As a child she had trained as a ballet dancer, but at 15 she had grown too tall for classical ballet, so she became a member of a pop dance team.She got married, and after she had children she retired from show business to bring them up.They grew up,and when they were 18 they left home.She says, “When I decided to do the round-the-world race, my husband thought Iwas bored because the children had left home.He was also worried because Ihad never sailed before.I was not bored, but Ihad met some people who told me about the race.They had taken part in it, but they had only done one section,say,from New Zealand to Australia.Iwanted to do the whole ten-month journey.Before Molly left she did a lot of training, but it hadn't prepared her for the worst weather which they experienced.She tells one story.”One night the sea was very rough and it was very cold.I had gone downstais when a huge wave smashed into the boat and injured two men on the deck.One of the men couldn;t move because he had broken his leg.They were taken to hospital by helicopter.That was the worst time.“ By the end of October last year,she had raised more than ￡50,000 for chanity.She says, ”sometimes I ask myself, what did I do? How did I do it? But then Ithink, it's the same as being a dancer.Before I left on the trip,I had trained hard.Ihad got very fit and had prepared myself completely.Then on the trip Iwas simply a gook team member."
26.What does the word ―extraordinary‖ mean in the title?
B A.Very ordinary.B.Very unusual and surprising.C.Not special.D.Extreme.27.The sentence ―… my husband throught I was bored …‖ in Para.4 meant that my husband thought I felt ______D_______.A.dissatisfied because I had nothing better to do at home B.annoyed because I had to wait long for my children to come back home C.happy because I could do something I was interested in instead of taking care of children D.sad because all the children left me when they grew up 28.The word ―section‖ in Para.4 most probably means here _______C________.A.group of people B.part of the training C.part of the route of sail D.part of the job 29.Which of the following is nearest(closet)in meaning to ―rough‖ in the sentence ―One night the sea was very rough …‖ in Para.5?
C A.not exact B.difficult C.not smooth because of huge waves D.pleasant 30.The last paragraph suggest that _______A_______.A.the qualities she needed for the trip were the same as those for a dancer B.many years of dancing had already prepared her for the sail completely, so she needn‘t do naything before the journey C.she should be kind to other team members during the trip D.she should not forget dancing during the trip 短文理解 2 In the last 500 years, nothing about people—not their clothes, ideas, or languages – has changed as much as what they eat.The original chocolate drink was made from the seeds of the cocoa tree by South American Indians.The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500‘s.And although it was very expensive, it quickly became fashionable.In London shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places.Some still exist today.The potato is also from the New World.Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe, where it soon was widely grown.Ireland became so dependent on it that thousands of Irish people starved when the crop failed during the ―Potato Famine‖ of 1845-6, and thousands more were forced to emigrate to America.There are many other foods that have traveled from South America to the Old World.But some others went in the opposite direction.Brazil is now the World‘s largest
grower of coffee, and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries.But it is native to Ethiopia.It is first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400‘s.According to an Arabic legend, coffee was discovered when a goatherd named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush.He tried one and experienced the ―wide-awake‖ feeling that one-third of the world‘s population now starts the day with.31.According to the passage, which of the following has changed the most in the last 500 years? ___A___ A.Food
C.Potato D.Coffee B.Chocolate
32.―Some‖ in ―Some still exist today‖ refers to ________C___.A.some cocoa trees
C.some shops
D.some South American Indians B.some chocolate drinks 33.Thousands of Irish people starved during the ―Potato Famine‖ because _____D______.A.they were so dependent on the potato that they refused to eat anything else.B.they were forced to emigrate to America C.the weather conditions in Ireland were not suitable for growing the potato D.the potato harvest was bad 34.Coffee originally came from ___A____.A.Brazil C.Ethiopia
B.Colombia
D.Arabia 35.The Arabic legend is used to prove that _____C____.A.coffee was first discovered by Kaldi B.coffee was first discovered by Kaldi‘s goats
C.coffee was first discovered in South American countries D.coffee drinks were first made by Arabs
五、閱讀下列短文，并根據短文內容判斷其后的句子是正確（T），錯誤（F），還是文章中沒有涉及相關信息（NG）。（每題2分，共10分）短文理解3 Lily is 70 years old and she takes care of her 91-year-old mother.She told us about caring for her mother.I wake up early every day, it‘s usually about 6.30 am, and wait until I hear Tilly, my mum, moving about.Then I make her a cup of tea.At about half past seven she gets up and we have breakfast together.We normally just have toast, but on Sundays we always have bacon and eggs.After breakfast she reads the newspaper, then she sits by the window and waves to the neighbours as they walk by.She hardly ever goes out but she is very proud of her personal appearance, so she goes to the hairdresser once a month.She doesn‘t liker being left on her own for very long, so I always arrange for a neighbour to come and sit with her when I go out.Now and again, my friend and neighbour, Joan, comes to spend the day with her, and I can go and have lunch with another friend, May, who lives in town.I have a brother, Syd.He comes to stay two or three times a year.He is very good and keeps in touch, but he lives 300 miles away.Once a year, he collects mum and takes her to stay with him in London for a week.She doesn‘t really like going because it‘s a long journey, but I need the rest.Sally, the nurse, comes to see mum regularly.My next-door neighbour, Jack, often calls in.In the evening we usually watch TV and we sometimes play cards.Mum is fantastic for her age.But I can never decide to go anywhere spontaneously.I always have to plan it, so I feel a bit trapped.But what is the alternative? An old people‘ home? I couldn‘t do that to my mother? 36.Lily wakes before her mother.(T)37.Joan sometimes spends the day with Lily‘s mother.(T)38.Tilly is satisfied with her hairdresser.(T)39.Lily‘s brother comes to visit every three weeks.(F)40.Lily and her mother play cards more than they watch TV.(NG)第四部分：寫作（20分）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on the changes in your life.You should write at least 80 words and could base your writing bu using the hints given below.利用所給提示寫一篇短文，說明你生活中的變化。
There have been many changes in my life/ be better off/preserved pickles cramped and gloomy room to big and bright flat/ getting around
Changes in Life 開放英語（3）作業2（Units 7—12）
本作業由四部分組成，第一部分：交際用語；第二部分：英語知識運用；第三部分：閱讀理解；第四部分：寫作。建議在90分鐘內完成本作業。寫作部分要求用筆寫在給定的位置上。每次作業滿分為100分。
第一部分: 交際用語(每題2分, 共10分)
一、閱讀下面的小對話，從A, B, C, D四個選項中選出一個能填入空白處的最佳選項。1.-Nice weather, isn‘t it?
--________C________.A.I‘m not sure B.Your know it well C.Yes, it is D.Yes, it isn‘t
2.__What about going for a walk?----__________A___________.A.Why not? A good idea B.That‘s all right C.So, do I D.Walking is good to you 3.----Would you mind if I open the window for a better view?-----___________________C________.A.That‘s fine, thank you B.Yes, please C.Take a seat D.Of course not 4.--Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest supermarket?----____________D___________.A.It‘s not very far from here B.The supermarket is very large C.The goods there are very expensive D.Sorry, sir.I‘m a stranger here myself 5.--What‘s the problem, Harry?-----________D__________.A.No problem B.No trouble at all C.Thank you for asking me about it D.I can‘t remember where I left my glasses 第二部分：英語知識運用（40分）
二、選擇填空
閱讀下面的句子和對話，從A, B, C, D四個選項中選出一個能填入空白處的最佳選項。小題2分，共20分）
6.---Which do you like better, real movies _____D__ cartoons?-----I prefer cartoons_____real movies.A.and, than B.or, than
C.and, and
D.or, to 7.What a fool I have been!Why ____B___ I think of that before? A.don‘t B.didn‘t
C.not
D.do 8.Time is money!We should _____B___ our time.A.be fit for
B.make good use of C.play a part of
D.take the place of 9.You must explain _____C___ how they succeeded ___________ the experiment.A.of us, for
B.at us, at
C.to us, in
D.for us, to 10.Of all the stories here, I like this one ______C_.It‘s not interesting at all.A.spoken, written
B.speaking, written C.speaking, writing
D.speak, write 11.We must make a difference between _____A__ language and _________ language.A.spoken, written
B.speaking, written C.speaking, writing
D.speak, write 12.I think all these are main points _____A____ much attention.A.being worthy of
B.worthy of C.which worth
D.which worthy of 13.They __B____ the train until it disappeared in the distance.A.saw B.watched
C.noticed
D.observed 8
（每14.——Can I get you a cup of tea? ——____A________.A.that‘s very nice of you B.with pleasure C.you can, please D.thank you for the tea 15.Mary forgot _____B____ a letter to her mother, so she wrote to her just now.A.writing
B.to write D.to have written C.having wrote
三、完型填空
閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出能填入相應空白處的最佳選項，并在答題紙上寫出所選的字母符號。（每題2分，共20分）
A study has shown that fitness is the key _16__A_ long life, irrespective of body shape __17_C____ even smoking habits.Researchers discovered that people who exercise live longer than _18___D_, even if they are overweight and smoke.The study found that _D_19__fit of the 6,000 middle-aged men in the study were five times more likely to die within six years of the start of the research than the fittest.This was true __20___B_ the men had heart problems, smoked or were overweight.Scientists concluded that it was better ___21B___and active than skinny and sedentary.Dr Ken cooper, a fitness expert, said, ― You are better off smoking a packet of cigarettes a day and exercising regularly than___ 22_A__a non-smoker and sedentary.‖ Although he adds, ― But don‘t misunderstand me.I am not endorsing ____23_C__, I am trying to tell you how dangerous it is to be sedentary.‖ The British Government is putting pressure ____24_A____ manufacturers to reduce high levels of sugar in food and to restrict the hard-sell of junk food to children in order to improve the nation‘s health.But the new study suggests the Government should encourage more people ____25__C__.16.A.for 17.A.or
B.of
C.to
D.in D.either
B.and
C.but
18.A.those who does not
B.these who do not
C.these that do not
D.those who do not 19.A.the little 20.A.that
B.less
C.least
D.the least
D.when
B.whether or not
B.to be fat
C.if or not
C.to do C.to be 21.A.being fat
22.A.being
23.A.smoke
D.doing
D.is
D.smoked
B.be
B.to smoke
C.smoking 24.A.on
B.in
C.to
D.for 25.A.exercise B.exercising C.to exercise
D.exercised 第三部分：閱讀理解（30分）
四、閱讀下列短文，從A、B、C、D四個選項中選擇一個正確答案，并在答題紙上寫出所選的字母符號。（每題2分，共20分）短文理解1
PAT the Dog Did you know there are some very special dogs doing good work in our hospital wards? These are PAT(Pets As Therapy)dogs.Doctors and nurses are recognizing the benefits of pets more and more – particularly for children, people with mental illnesses and elderly people who are separated from their own pets or have had to give up their pets.Stroking and playing with a pet is a calming experience and something to look forward to.One hospital reported that a man with a mental illness, who hadn‘t spoken for years, first stroked and played with a visiting dog and then started talking to it.Today, around 4,500 dogs and 50 cats and their volunteer owners are at work in the UK bringing comfort and pleasure to over 100,000 people in hospital.There are many other ―working dogs‖.There are guard dogs, police dogs, hunting dogs and dogs for the blind.Disabled people benefit greatly.Take the case of Alan Smythe, who has to visit hospital every month.Some things are difficult for him because he is in a wheelchair.But his life has altered dramatically since he got a god, Tess, from the charity ―Dogs for the Disabled‖.―She helps me to get dressed, and she brings me my socks and shoes.She fetches the newspaper from the shop, and she passes me the phone when it rings.I feel so much better too.It‘s like having a really good friend.She comes with me to hospital.Once, she saved my life.I am a diabetic and one day my blood sugar level dropped, and when I was going into a coma she went next door and she alerted my neighbour.He gave me an insulin injection.‖
26.Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage? B A.All the dogs are allowed into the hospitals to visit the patients.B.Only some special dogs can help the patients feel better.C.Doctors and nurses doubt if pets can bring comfort to the patients.D.Doctors and nurses are aware pets will bring benefits to all the patients.27.Pets are particularly beneficial to the following EXCEPT ___C____.A.children B.people with mental illness C.the elderly people who live alone D.the elderly people who have to live apart from their pets 28.The first sentence of Para.2 suggests _____D___.A.touching and playing with a pet makes people nervous and anxious B.pets can make people become quiet and attentive C.people feel uncomfortable when they touch and play with a pet D.people feel relaxed and hopeful when they touch and play with a pet 29.The dog helps Alan do the following EXCEPT ____D____.A.She helps her get dressed B.She accompanies her to the hospital C.She gets the newspaper for her D.She picks up the phone for her 30.The sentence ―when I was going to a comma‖ means that ______D__.A.when I got hungry B.when I felt asleep C.when I became unconscious D.when I fell down on the floor 短文理解 2 A funny thing happened on the way to the communication revolution: we stopped talking to each other.I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his mobile phone rang, interrupting our conversation.There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and – poof!I was cut off as if I had become absent from the conversation.The part was filled with people talking on their cell phones.They were passing people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pat their dogs.It seems that the limitless electronic voice is preferred to human contact.The telephone used to connect you to the absent.Now it makes people feel absent.Recently I was in a car with three friends.The driver hushed the rest of us because he could not hear the person on the other end of his cell phone.There we were, four friends driving down the high way, unable to talk to each other because of the small thing designed to make communication easier.Why is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel? Every advance in communications technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction.With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone.If my mom has a question, I just leave the answer on her machine.11 As almost every contact between human beings gets automatic, the emotional distance index goes up.Pumping gas at the station? Why say good-morning to the assistant when you can swipe your credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact? Making a deposit at the bank? Why talk to the clerk who lives in the neighborhood when you can put your card into the ATM? More and more, I find myself hiding behind e-mail to do a job meant for conversation or being relieved that voice mail picked up because I didn‘t really have time to talk.The technology devoted to helping me keep in touch is making me lonelier.I own a mobile phone, an ATM card, a voice-mail telephone, and an e-mail account.Giving them up isn‘t a choice.They are great for what they are intended to do.It‘s their unintended results that make me upset.What good is all this gee-whiz technology if there is no one in the room to hear you crying out ―Gee whiz‖?
31.The author‘s experience of walking in a park with a friend recently made him feel ____B____.A.unhappy B.funny
C.sunny
D.wonderful 32.According to the author, human contact in a park means ______D_.A.looking at each other and saying hello when passing B.noticing their babies and stopping to pat their dogs C.talking on the mobile phone and getting connected with the other people D.both A and B 33.According to the author, the more connected we get in communications technology, the ___ __C__ we are.A.more automatic
B.easier C.more disconnected D.closer 34.What are the examples the author gives to explain his idea that every advance in communications technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction?
D A.With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another.B.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone.C.If his mom has a question, he just leaves the answer on her machine.D.All of the above 35.What is the unintended result of communication technology, according to the author? B A.It makes communication easier and conversation possible everywhere/ B.It actually creates a distance between people instead of bringing them together.C.It makes every contact between human beings automatic and makes people feel connected.D.It makes human contacts limitless with electronic voices everywhere.五、閱讀下列短文，并根據短文內容判斷其后的句子是正確（T），錯誤（F），還是文字中沒有涉及相關信息（NG）。（每題2分，共10分）短文理解3 The ancient Olympic Games were part of a religious festival in honour of the Greek god Zeus, the father of all Greek gods and goddesses.The festival and games were held in Olympia, a religious sanctuary.The athletes came to Olympia from all parts of the Greek world, from as far as Spain in the west and Turkey in the east.The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 766 BC when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won a 200-metre-long race.They took place for a period of 617 years until the last games were held in AD 393.In the ancient games, athletes received prizes worth large amounts of money.In fact the word ―athlete‖ is an ancient Greek word, meaning ―one who competes for a prize‖.Although women did not compete in the games, there was a separate festival held at the same time in honour of Hera, wife of Zeus.At this festival unmarried girls competed in foot races.The marathon was not an event of the ancient Olympic Games.The marathon is a modern event that was first introduced in the Olympic Games in 1896.It was named after a village called Marathon where the Persians were defeated by a small Greek army.The news of the victory was brought to Athens by soldier, who ran the 26 miles from the village of Marathon to the capital.26 miles was therefore adopted as the distance of the modern marathon race.The Olympic flag was introduced in 1908 and carries the symbol of five linked rings.Which represent the five continents---Africa, America, Asia, Australasia and Europe.The Olympic flame was first carried in the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles.There was no torch relay in the ancient Olympic Games.The first torch relay in the modern Olympic Games was staged in Berlin in 1936.36.The ancient Greeks held the first Olympic Games in 617 BC.（F）37.The ancient Greeks held the Olympic Games for 393 years.（F）
38.They did not allow women to compete in the ancient Olympic Games.（T）39.They first used the Olympic flag in 1908.（T）
40.Both the Olympic Games and the Marathon Race are very popular for old and young people in many countries of the world.（NG）第四部分：寫作（20分）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on the changes in your life.You should write at least 80 words and could base your writing bu using the hints given below.It is necessary to keep a balanced diet/ had better/it is important to do regular exercises /it is essential to keep high mood/ renew our spirits and release our stress/be bound to keep healthy
How to Keep Healthy 開放英語（3）作業3
（Units 13—18）
本作業由四部分組成，第一部分：交際用語；第二部分：英語知識運用；第三部分：閱讀理解；第四部分：寫作。建議在90分鐘內完成本作業。寫作部分要求用筆寫在給定的位置上。每次作業滿分為100分。
第一部分: 交際用語(每題2分, 共10分)
一、閱讀下面的小對話，從A, B, C, D四個選項中選出一個能填入空白處的最佳選項。1.——— Hello, May I talk to the headmaster now? ——______A__________.A.sorry, he is busy at the moment B.No, you can‘t C.Sorry, you can‘t D.I don‘t know
2.—— Would you like to have dinner with us this evening?-----—______C______.A.Ok, but I have to go to a meeting now B.No, I can‘t
C.Sorry, but this evening I have to go to the airport to meet my parents D.I don‘t know
3.——Oh, sorry to bother you.—— _______A___.A.That‘s okay
B.No, you can‘t
C.That‘s good.D.Oh, I don‘t know 4.--——Can you turn down the radio, please? ——__________B____.A.Oh, I know B.I‘m sorry, I didn‘t realize it was that loud C.I‘ll keep it down next time D.Please forgive me 5.——Woulde you like to see the memu? ——______A______.A.No, thanks, I already know what to order B.Your menu is very clear C.I hear the food here is tasty D.The setting is very comfortable 第二部分：英語知識運用（40分）
二、選擇填空
閱讀下面的句子和對話，從A, B, C, D四個選項中選出一個能填入空白處的最佳選項。（每小題2分，共20分）
6.I prefer classic music ____D___ pop music.A.than B.on
C.with
D.to 7.All the team members tried their best.We lost the game, _A____.A.however B.therefore
C.since
D.as 8.When we were having a meeting, the diector ____B___ the bad news by telephone.A.was telling B.was told C.could tell D.would tell 9.Silk ___B_____ by Chinese for thousands of yours now.A.has used B.has been use
C.was used D.is used 10.You __B___ to lock the door at night.A.should B.ought
C.must
D.shall 11.Before I got to the cinema, the film ___A______.A.had begun B.has begun
C.is begun
D.was beginning 12.The patient acted on the doctor‘s ____B___ and finally recovered.A.advices
B.advice
C.advise
D.advises 13.A lecture hall is __C_____ where students attend lectures.A.there B.which
C.one
D.that 14.I‘m tired.I _____B__ working very hard.A.have
B.have been
C.had
D.has 15.Let me ____B____ the case carefully before I draw a conclusion.A.look up
三、完型填空
閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出能填入相應空白處的最佳選項，并在答題紙上寫出所選的字母符號。（每題2分，共20分）B.look into
C.look after D.look out 15 Although international travel is usually an ___16B__ and pleasant experience, travellers should take steps to ensure that their health does not suffer either ____17__C____ their time ________ the air or _________ their time abroad.Before you go, check with your doctor or local travel clinic ____18_C__ injections are necessary for the areas you are travelling ___19__C_.Allow sufficient time to have these injections before you ____20_C__ because they may take time to become effective.Be sure that the information on health is up-to-date.Check on the Internet if you are not sure.Don‘t go to bed late the day ____21_D___ you fly.Your body has a natural daily sleep pattern.It takes time to adjust to a new time one.There are many different ____22__A_ of jet lag: you may not be able to sleep, you may not want to eat or you may feel sick and tired.You may not be able to concentrate for some days after you arrive.There are several things you can do to ___23___D___ the effects of jet lag:---Do your __24__C__ to relax during the flight---Sleep as much as you can on the flight.Use a mild sleeping pill if necessary.---Drink as much water as you can.---Don‘t drink alcohol and caffeine.---Take mild sleeping pills ___25__D___ the first few days in the new thime zone if you need them.16.A.excited B.exciting
C.excitted
D.excitting 17.A.of, on, of
B.of, in, of
C.from, in, from
D.from, on, from 18.A.where 19.A.---
B.---B.in
C.which C.to
D.that D.at 20.A.will leave
B.is leaving
21.A.after
22.A.effects 23.A.short
24.A.good
25.A.at B.in
C.leave
C.on
D.have left
D.before
B.effect
B.shorten B.better
C.affect
C.less
D.affects
D.lessen
D most
D.on
C.best
C.of
B.for
第三部分：閱讀理解（30分）
四、閱讀下列短文，從A、B、C、D四個選項中選擇一個正確答案，并在答題紙上寫出所選的字母符號。（每題2分，共20分）短文理解1 People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pullution.Pollution is caused either by man‘s release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance, such as oil from oil tankers into the sea.Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts.In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste.Food comes wrapped up three of four times in packages that all have to be disposed of;drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which can‘t be reused.This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in terms of glass, metal and paper.Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also to throw away much of what we do buy.Pollution and waste combine to be a problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess use and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.26.The main cause of pollution is ____A__.A.the release of artificial or natural substances into the environment B.the production of new industrial goods C.increased amounts of a natural substance D.our ever-increasing population 27.Much of the pollution could be controlled if only _C____.A.people would pay more attention to the problem B.governments would take effective measures C.all sides concerned would make more efforts D.farmers would use less artificial fertilizers 28.Food packages, bottles and tins for drinks can cause ___B______.A.air and water pollution B.both a litter problem and a waste of resources C.to pay for the service D.to produce the receipt 29.Which of the following can not help solving the problem of pollution?
B A.Cutting out unnecessary buying B.Eating C.Reduce excess use D.Carefully dispose our daily products 30.What does the underlined word ? litter‖ mean in paragraph 2?
C A.not many B.serious problem C.bits of waste things D.industrial pollution 短文理解2 Benjamin Disraeli, the famous nineteenth century prime minister, said, ―London is not a city, it it a nation.‖ Today this is an understatement;London, with its vast range of different ethnic groups, is a world.Certainly, London is the most culturally diverse city in the world.The city was founded by the Romans and since then new arrivals have constantly added to its character and prosperity.Within 10 years 40% of Londoners will be from ethnic origin, but most of them will have been born in Britain.Children of Caribbean—Chinese marriages will go to school with children of Russian—Irish couples.None of them will be English but all of them will be Londoners.Most of Britain‘s ethnic minority residents live in the capital, speaking over 300 languages.Nearly all of the African population and many of the Caribbean population of Britain live in London(83% and 58% respectively);39% of the Chinese population of Britain and 36% of the Asian population of London.There are an estimated 330,000 refugees and asylum seekers living in London, with most recent arrivals coming from Eastern Europe, North Africa and Kurdistan.Young people, in particular, are skilled at dealing with a large number of different and hybrid cultures.They themselves often have several different ethnic identities since their parents and grandparents may come from several different backgrounds and their friends and partners do also.They are ― skilled cross-cultural travellers‘ without leaving their home-town.31.Why does the writer think that Bejamin Disraeli‘s statement is an understatement?___D____ A.part of the world B.even larger than some coutries in the world C.not a nation at all D.a miniature world thanks to its great cultural diversity 32.London is regarded as the most culturally diverse city in the world due to the following facts EXCEPT that ____D___.A.within 10 years 40% Londoners will be from ethnic minority groups B.most of Britain‘s ethnic minority groups live in London speaking over 300 languages.C.London accommodates about 330,000 refugees and asylum seekers from many other countries D.many young people are immigrants from different baqckgrounds 33.Ethnic minority groups will make up ____B__ of the London population in the future.A.36% B.40% C.39% D.36% 34.The last paragraph mainlu tells us in London _____D_____.A.young people are from different backgrounds B.young people are raised in a multicultural environment C.young people find it hard to adapt themselves to hybrid cultures D.young people feel at ease with a large number of diversified cultures 35.The passage mainly deals with ____C______.A.the advantage of hybrid cultures in London B.the composition of the population in London C.the cultural diversity in London D.the contribution make by the new arrivals to London
五、閱讀下列短文，并根據短文內容判斷其后的句子是正確（T），錯誤（F），還是文字中沒有涉及相關信息（NG）。（每題2分，共10分）短文理解3 Joan Evans was born in Liverpool, England in 1928, but she didn‘t live there very long.Her father was a soldier and was sent by the government to India.He took all his family with him, and they lived in Calcutta(加爾各答), in a house which the army gave them.Joan liked living in India.She liked the food and the warm weather.As a child, she would go to school in the morning, but in the afternoon, she used to go out riding on her horse.When she was 20, the British left India and family returned to Liverpool.Joan didn‘t want to returen with them, so she decided to get a job and stay in India.In the 1940‘s in India there were not many jobs that an English woman could do, so she decided to study to become a nurse and work in a hospital there.Joan finished her studies in 1950 and started working in a large hospital caring for sich children.She was a very good nurse because she was very kind and worked very hard.When she was working at the hospital, she met a doctor named Gupta.Joan and Gupta started going to restaurants and the cinema together, and soon decided to get married.Joan‘s family returned to India for the wedding.After two more years working in the hospital with Gupta, Joan decided that she wanted to be more to help the sick children in the city.She knew that the hospital only helped the children whose parents could pay for the medicine the children needed.Joan decided to start a charity(慈善團體)to help children whose parents didn‘t have enough money.19 The charity Joan started has now become the largest children‘s charity in India.It has helped over 40,000 children since it was set up in 1955.It has grown and now helps children in other cities as well as Calcutt.In 1992 the charity built its own hospital in Calcutta.Many people who are alive today owe their life to（把……歸功于）Joan‘s dreams.36.Joan‘s father bought a house in Calcutta.(F)37.It wasn‘t easy for Joan to find a job in India.(T)38.Joan had wanted to work with children since she was a little gir.(NG)39.Joan started the charity because she wanted a better job.(F)40.The charity helps children in several cities.(T)第四部分：寫作（20分）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on the changes in your life.You should write at least 80 words and could base your writing bu using the hints given below.Be engaged in long distance education/ web-based courses / join online discussion forums/send our homework to the tutor/solve the difficulties and puzzles in tutorial
My TV University Life 20
第二篇：電大心理學形成性考核冊作業答案
電大2010春漢文本科專業心理學形成性考核作業3參考答案
（第7—9章）
一、名詞解釋（每題2.5分，共25分）
1．自我實現需要
答：自我實現需要是馬斯洛需要層次論中最高層次的需要，是指人有發揮自己能力與實現自身理想和價值的需要。
2．成就動機
答：成就動機是指對自認重要或有價值的工作或活動，個人愿意去做并力求成功的一種內在推動力量，是個體克服困難、力求成功的內部動力。
3．權力動機
答：就是對權力的欲求，是一種強烈地影響別人或支配別人的欲望。
4．親和動機
答：是指個體愿意歸屬于一種團體，喜歡與人交往，希望得到別人的關心、友誼、愛情、支持、合作與贊賞。
5．智力G因素與S因素
答：英國心理學家斯皮爾曼根據人們完成智力作業時成績的相關程度，提出能力由兩種因素組成：一種是普通能力或普遍因素，簡稱G因素，它是人的基本心理潛能，是決定一個人能力高低的主要因素。另一種是特殊能力或特殊因素，簡稱S因素，它是保證人們完成某些特定的作業或活動所必需的。許多特殊因素與某種普遍因素結合在一起，就組成人的智力。
6．情境智力
答：有目的地適應環境、塑造環境和選擇新環境的能力，統稱為情境智力。
7．智商
答：智商也叫智力商數，常用IQ表示，是根據一種智力測驗的作業成績所計算出的分數，它代表了個體的智力年齡與實際年齡的關系。
8．人格
答：人格是個體在對人、對己、對事反應時所顯示出的特有模式，這個模式構成一個人思想、情感行行為的穩定而統一的心理品質。
9．認知風格
答：認知風格是指人們在對事物、現象或人進行認識過程中，個人所偏愛使用的加工信息方式，也叫認知方式。
10．氣質與性格
答：氣質是表現在心理活動的強度、速度、靈活性與指向性等方面的穩定的心理特征，即我們平常所說的脾氣、秉性。性格是一種與社會相關最密切的人格特征，表現了人們對現實和周圍世界的態度，并顯示在他的行為舉止中，主要體現在對自己、對別人、對事物的態度上和所采取的言行上。
二、簡答題（每題5分，共50分）
1．簡述馬斯洛需要層次理論的主要觀點。
答：馬斯洛的動機需要層次論認為動機歸納為五大類，即生理的需要、安全的需要、歸屬與愛的需要、尊重的需要和自我實現的需要。生理的需要是人類生存的最基本、最原始的本能需要。安全的需要是生理需要的延伸，在生理需要得到滿足后就產生安全需要。歸屬與愛的需要是指感情與歸屬上的需要，體現了人有明確的社會需要和人際關系需要。尊重的需要包括自我尊重和受人尊重兩種需要。自我實現的需要是最高層次的需要，是指人有發揮自己能力與實現自身理想和價值的需要。
2．什么是動機？動機和需要、誘因是怎樣的關系？
答：動機是引起和維持個體活動，并使活動朝向某一目標的內部動力。需要是引發動機的內在條件，誘因是引發動機的外在條件。
3．動機強度越大，行為效果越好嗎？用耶克斯——多的森定律來說明。
答：在一般情況下，動機強度和任務表現之間的關系是一個倒U曲線的關系，也稱為耶克斯—多德森法則。動機的強度需要有一個適宜的水平，動機過強或者過弱都不利于高效率地完成任務。一般來說，對于中等難度的任務來說，中等強度的動機最利于任務表現。而當任務非常難時，動機水平低一些會更有利于行為表現。
4．簡述有關能力或智力的主要理論（代表人物和主要觀點）。
答：（1）獨立因素說。代表人物桑代克，認為人的能力是由許多獨立的成分或因素構成的，不同能力和不同因素是彼此沒有關系的，能力的發展只是單個能力獨立的發展。（2）二因素說。英國心理學家斯皮爾曼提出能力由兩種因素組成：一種是普通能力或普遍因素，簡稱G因素。另一種是特殊能力或特殊因素，簡稱S因素。（3）智力多元理論。美國心理學家加德納提出，認為智力內涵是多元的，由7種相對獨立的智力成分所構成。每種智力都是一個單獨的功能系統，這些系統可以相互作用，產生外顯的智力行為。
5．使用智力測驗時應注意哪些問題？
答：在使用智力測驗時，應該意識到智力測驗可能存在的局限性，避免對測驗結果的濫用。（1）如果使用不當，往往會給一個兒童貼上標簽，這個標簽半將跟隨他終身，而實際上人的智力是一個動態發展的過程。（2）使用那種只給出單一智商值的測量可能不太恰當，因為人的智力有多種成分，單一的智商值不能分別表明一個人許多方面的能力。（3）有些智力測驗有很大的文化偏見，如一些題目可能更有利于城市的孩子而不利于農村的孩子。（3）許多因素會影響智力測驗的結果，如健康狀況、環境氛圍、心理狀態等。
6．如何理解能力的個體差異。
答：能力的個體差異主要表現在：（1）能力發展水平的差異。即在智力發展水平上，不同的個體所達到的最高水平并不相同。（2）能力表現早晚的差異。人的能力發展過程有不同形態有人早慧，有人大器晚成。能力表現早晚差異有三種模式，一是穩定發展，是大多數人的發展模式，二是早慧，年齡很小時就表現出才華，三是大器晚成。（3）能力結構的差異，每個人智力的結構總是會存在或多或少的區別。（4）能力的性別差異，主要表現在一些特殊能力方面。能力的個體差異是由遺傳因素、環境與教育、自身努力等先天與后天因素共同影響的結果。
7．簡述人格的概念及其基本特征。
答：人格是個體對人、對己、對事反應時所顯示出的特有模式，這個模式構成一個人思想、情感和行為的穩定而統一的心理品質。人的基本特征主要有獨特性、穩定性、統合性、功能性。
8．簡述人格的自我調控系統的成分及其作用。
答：自我調控系統是人格中的內控系統，它分為自我認知、自我體驗、自我控制三個子系統。其作用是對人格的各種萬分進行調控，保證人格的完整、統一與和諧。
9．簡述有關人格的主要理論（代表人物和主要觀點）。
答：（1）人格特質理論。主要代表人物是美國心理學家奧爾波特和卡特爾。奧爾波特把特質分為共性和個性兩類。共同物質是在某一社會文化形態下，大多數人或群體所具有的共同特質；個人特質是指個體身上所獨具的特質。卡特爾提出了16種相互獨立的根源特質。20世紀80年代末以來，人格研究者們在人格描述模式上達成了比較一致的共識，提出了現代“五因素”特質理論。這五種人格特質表現為神經質、外向性、開放性、宜人性、盡責性。（2）人格類型說。代表人物為德國心理學家施特恩。類型模式主要是用以描述一類人與另一類人之間的心理差異，他把類型概括為三種模式：單一型式；對立型模式；多元型模式。（3）人格維度說。人格維度是將人格特征差異放在一個連續變量上進行描述的方法。艾森克是人格維度說的重要代表人物，他提出了兩個基本的人格維度，即外傾—內傾、情緒穩定性。兩個維度構成四各人格類型：偏于內傾又情緒穩定的黏液質；偏于外傾又情緒不穩定的膽汁質；偏于內傾而情緒不穩定的抑郁質；偏于外傾而情緒穩定的多血質。
10．人格測量的方法有哪些？各有哪些特點與不足？
答：（1）測驗法。是在標準化的技術條件下，對受測者的行為和內部心理變化進行探察和鑒別的方法。其優點是題目數固定，題目內容具體而清楚，施測簡單，記分方便。缺點是因編制時缺乏客觀指標，不容易保證有效性；而且測驗內容多屬于情緒、態度等方面的問題，每個人對同一問題常因時空的改變而選擇不同答案；還難免出現反應的偏向。（2）投射法。是以人格的精神分析理論為依據，投射測驗一般是由若干個模棱兩可的刺激所組成，被試可任加解釋，使自己的動機、態度、感情以及性格等在不知不覺中反映出來，然后由主試將其反應加以分析，就可以推出若干人格特征。投射法主要有羅夏克墨漬測驗和主題統覺測驗。投射測驗的優點是彈性大，可在不限制被試的狀況下，任其隨意反應。其缺點有；一是評分缺乏客觀標準，對測驗結果難以進行解釋。二是對特定行為不能提供較好的預測。三是需要花費大量時間。（3）情境測驗。是將被試放在類似或模擬“真實”的標準情境中，通過觀察被試的實際表現以推測其能力、品行或人格的方法。情境測驗多用于測查人的實際能力，以及與工作要求相匹配的人格特征。具有較強的針對性和可信性。
三、論述題（共25分）
1．試述主要的工作動機理論，并結合實際談談如何運用工作動機理論激勵員工的工作動機。（9分）
答：工作動機理論主要有X理論、Y理論和雙因素理論。
X理論把人看作是“經濟人”，認為人的工作動機受外在刺激所驅使，人們工作是為了獲得經濟報酬。這種理論特別重視滿足職工及安全的需要，同時很重視懲罰，認為懲罰是最有效的管理工具。
Y理論認為，人是負責、有創造力的，人們工作不是為了外在的物質刺激，而是出于一種要將工作做好的內驅力。
雙因素理論認為，影響職工工作積極性的因素可分為兩類：保健因素和激勵因素。保健因素是那些造成職工不滿意感的因素，它們的改善能夠解除職工的不滿意感，但不能使職工感到滿意并激發起職工的積極性。激勵因素就是那些使職工感動滿意的因素，唯有它們的改善才能讓職工感到滿意，給職工以較高的激勵，調動積極性，提高勞動生產率。
根據動機理論，員工的工作動機受多種因素影響。激勵員工的工作動機不能單靠物質手段，應當物質與精神手段相結合，懲罰與獎勵相結合，既要改善企業政策、行政管理、工資發放、勞動保護、工作監督、人事關系等保健因素，又要改善工作表現機會、工作本身樂趣、工作成就感、對未來發展的期望、職務上的責任感等激勵因素。
2．聯系實際論述影響能力發展的因素（8分）
答：（1）遺傳因素。能力尤其是智力，具有遺傳性，父母智力水平高，其孩子很可能智力會相對較高。（2）環境與教育的因素。環境影響人，環境塑造人，包括產前環境、兒童早期環境能能力都有很大影響。胎兒生活在母體的環境中，這種環境對胎兒的生長發育及出生后智力的發展，都有重要的影響。許多研究表明，母親懷孕期間服藥、患病、大量吸煙、遭受過多的輻射、營養不良等，能造成染色體受損或影響胎兒細胞數量，使胎兒發育受到影響，甚至直接影響出生后嬰兒的智力發展。在兒童成長的整個過程中，智力的發展速度是不均衡的，往往是先快后慢。美國著名的心理學家布盧姆對近千人進行追蹤研究后，提出這樣的假說，即五歲前是兒童智力發展最為迅速的時期。日本學者木村久一提出了智慧發展的遞減規律，他認為，生下來就具有100分能力的人，如果一出生就得到最恰當的教育，那么就可以成為有100分能力的人；如從五歲才得到最恰當的教育，那么就只能具有80分能力；若從十歲才開始教育，就只能成為有60分能力的人。可見，發展能力要重視早期環境的作用。一個人能朝什么方向發展，發展水平的高低、速度的快慢，主要取決于后天的教育條件。家庭環境、生活方式，家庭成員的職業、文化修養、興趣、愛好以及家長對孩子的教育方法與態度，對兒童能力的形成與發展有極大的影響。如歌德小時候，歌德的父親就對他進行有計劃多方面的教育，經常帶他參觀城市建筑物，并講解城市的歷史，以培養他對美的欣賞和歷史的愛好；他的母親也常給他講故事，每講到關鍵之處便停下來，留給歌德去想象，待歌德說出自己的想法后，母親再繼續講。歌德從小就受到良好的家庭教育，這為他能成為世界著名的大詩人打下了基礎。在教育條件中，學校教育在學生能力發展中則起主導作用。學校教育是有計劃、有組織、有目的地對學生施加影響，因此，不但可以使學生掌握知識和技能，而且在學習和訓練的同時促進了其能力的發展。在教育教學中發展學生的能力并不是無條件的、絕對的、自發的，而是依賴教育教學內容的正確選擇、教學過程的合理安排、教學方法的恰當使用等。（3）自身努力。人的能力是在實踐活動中形成發展起來的。離開了解實踐活動，即使有良好的素質和環境，能力也得不到發展。能力的提高離不開個人的主觀努力，許多名人在總結自己的成功經驗時都非常強調主觀努力的結果。在個體努力過程中，諸如動機、勤奮、謙虛和堅強的毅力等都有助于能力的形成和發展。
能力是多種因素共同影響的結果。先天和后天的因素往往交織在一起，共同影響個體能力的發展過程和水平差異。
3．結合實例說明影響人格形成與發展的因素（8分）
答：影響人格形成與發展的因素很多，生理遺傳因素、家庭因素、童年經歷、學校教育、社會因素、自然環境等都對人格產生了不同程度的影響。簡言之，人格是在遺傳與環境交互作用下逐漸形成的。
（1）生物遺傳因素。雙生子的研究說明遺傳對人格具有重要影響。但遺傳因素對人格的作用程度卻因人格特征的不同而異。在個體發展中，人格是遺傳與環境交互作用的結果，遺傳因素影響人格的發展方向。
（2）家庭環境因素。社會遺傳因素主要表現為家庭對子女的教育作用，父母按照自己的意愿和方式教育孩子，使他們逐漸形成了某些人格特征。權威型教養方式下成長的孩子，容易形成消極、被動、依賴、服從、懦弱、做事缺乏主動性，甚至不誠實的人格特征。放縱型教養方式下成長的孩子，多表現為任性、幼稚、自私、野蠻、無禮、獨立性差、唯我獨尊、蠻橫胡鬧等。民主型教養方式下成長的孩子，容易形成比如活潑、快樂、直爽、自立、彬彬有禮、善于交往、容易合作、思想活躍等積極人格品質。
（3）早期童年經驗。早期童年經驗是影響人格發展的一個重要因素，幸福的童年有利于兒童向健康人格發展，不幸的童年也會引發兒童不良人格的形成。但兩者之間并不存在一一對應關系。早期兒童經驗是否對人格造成永久性影響也因人而異。
（4）學校教育因素。教師對學生人格的發展具有指導定向的作用。同伴群體對學生人格也具有巨大影響。班集體是學校的基本團體組織結構，班集體的特點、要求、輿論和評價對學生人格發展具有“棄惡揚善”的作用。
（5）社會文化因素。社會文化塑造了社會成員的人格特征，使其成員的人格結構朝著相似性的方向發展，而這種相似性又具有維系一個社會穩定的功能。這種共同的人格特征又使個人正好穩穩地“嵌入”整個文化形態里。
（6）自然物理因素。生態環境、氣候條件、空間擁擠程度等物理因素都會影響人格。
綜上所述，人格是先后天的合金，是遺傳與環境交互作用的結果。在人格的培育過程中，各個因素對人格的形成與發展起到了不同的作用。遺傳決定了人格發展的可能性，環境決定了人格發展的現實性，其中教育起到了關鍵性作用，自我調控系統是人格發展的內部決定因素。
第三篇：2011年電大英語形成性考核冊答案
? ? 卡號：20359263670032 密碼：628659
2010年秋開放英語(2)形成性考核冊參考答案
2010年秋開放英語(2)形成性考核冊參考答案
學前準備 參考答案 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.C.完成下面的記錄卡1，一起Unit 19 Unit 23這五個單元里你學習到的主要語法/功能總結一下：
三種時態之1：一般過去式（Unit 19）
從你學過的動詞中各找出兩個規則動詞和不規則動詞，寫出動詞原形和過去式： 規則動詞：talk talked listen listened不規則動詞：go went come came 寫出下面句子的否定句和疑問句：
Tom went to see his parents in the country.否定句：Tom didn't go to see his parents in the country.疑問句：Did Tom go to see his parents in the country ?
三種時態之2：用進行時、和表示將來（Unit 21）將下面三個句子翻譯成漢語：
Dave's picking up the van tomorrow.戴維明天要用貨車運貨。
I'm going to buy him a violin for his birthday.我打算買一把小提琴給他過生日。I'm tired.I'll take a taxi to there.我累了，我要坐出租車去那兒。舉例說明現在完成時的用法。He has lived there for ten years.I have read the book.三組近義詞的區分：（選擇正確答案）prefer和 rather（Unit 20）
----Would you like to go tk the ciema ?
-----I'd _____(rather，prefer√)to go tk the theatre.rent和hire（Unit 21）
I'm going to _____(rent√, hire)a flat.Play , do ,go與運動項目搭配時的區別（Unit 22）I _____(do√，Play ,go)Kung Fu every Friday.He likes to _____(do Play√ ,go)chess in his free time.兩個句型的用法：（翻譯下面的句子）not …until…（Unit 19）
他直到10點才起床。He didn't get up until ten o'clock.too和not enough（Unit 23）
A：這件襯衫太小了。This shirt is too small.B：不，我覺得夠大了。No,I think it is big enough.兩個評議功能：（各編寫一組小對話）
如何點餐Could we have ….? I'll have…（Unit 20）Could we have some tea ? I'll have some milk.0 提出建議How about …,Shall we …?Let's …（Unit 20）
How about seeing this one ?Why don't we go to a restaurant ? Shall we go to the theatre tonight ? 日積月累：在你的小筆記本上，積累下列語言點。
動詞后面可以直接跟動名詞（）作賓語，還有哪些動詞/詞組用法相似呢 ？ Like，love，consid，play 你在學習了形容詞的比較級和最高級，積累不規則變化的形容詞。
Good→ better→ best;bad→worse →worst;many /much→more →morst
開放英語作業1： 第一部分 交際用語
1.B 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.B 第二部分 詞匯與結構
6.C 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.B 11.B 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.B 16.A 17.C 18.C 19.C 20.C 21 B 22 A 23.C 24.B 25.C 第三部分 句 過型變換 26—30小題：根據括號里的提示或利用括號里的詞語改寫下列句子。
26.Tim didn’t stay in the meeting.He left the office.（用instead of將兩個句子連成一句）
Instead of staying in the meeting, Tom left the office.27.Where is the restaurant?（用He asked 改寫成間接特殊疑問句）He asked where the restaurant was.28.That cinema is very nice.The tickets are quite expensive.（用but將兩句連成一句）
That cinema is very nice, but the tickets are quite expensive.29.He’s gone to Shanghai.He’s negotiating a new contract.（用動詞不定式將兩句連成一句）
He’s gone to Shanghai to negotiate a new contract.30.He didn’t run fast.He didn’t catch the bus.（用enough… to 將兩句連成一句）He didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus.第四部分 閱讀理解
31.C 32.B 33.A 34.B 35.B 36.A 37.B 38.B 3.A.40.A第五部分 翻譯(l41.雖然這部電影非常令人愉快，但是太長了。42.桑迪穿了條黑色的長絲裙。43 我得在六點前到達機場。|44.我一定是把相機丟在商店里了。p!45.帳目現在有點亂，必須要在下個月清理好。: :學習記錄卡2 ::完成下面的記錄卡，一起來把到這個單元里你學習到的主要語法/功能總結下： 時態比較：現在完成時VS一般過去時(Unit 26,Unit 28)選擇合適的時態完成下列句子： I spoke(speak)with Max last night.Have you ever been(be)to China ? I have already seen(see)the film.注意和時間詞last night ,ever ,already相搭配的時態。時態連用：過去進行時+一般過去時(Unit 29)翻譯下面兩句話：
I was driving along the motorway when my car broke down.我在高速公路上驅車前行時，車子拋錨了。
While I was having a cup of tea ,someone stole my wallet.當我在喝茶時，有人偷了的錢包。
“兩者之一”、“兩者都”、“兩者都不”(Unit 25)“大” 從either/either of…/either…or;neither/neither of…/neither …nor…;both/bothof…/both…and…中選詞填空。The new web page can be either blue or red.新的網頁可以是藍色的，也可以是紅色的。Which of the two books do you like ? 兩本書你喜歡哪本？ neither of them ,thanks.兩本都不喜歡，謝謝。Both the Eiffel and the Concorde have email facilities.Eiffel和Concorde酒店都有收發電子郵件設備。“自己做”還是“讓別人做”(Unit 25)“大
翻譯下面含有have/get sth done句型的句子： I have the car serviced every three months.我每隔三個月讓人維修一次汽車。
I am getting the TV repaird tomorrow.明天我得修一下電視。寫出所有的反身代詞：
單數：myself yoursef limself herself itself 復數：ourselves yourselves themselves 介詞用來描述地理位置（Unit 25，Unit 29）、表示移動方向（(Unit 26）：（翻譯下面的句子）
The hotel is surrounded by fields and woods.這家旅店周圍是田地和樹林。
My home is far from the city centre.我家離市中心很遠。
He walks towards the window.他向窗戶走去。
The went down the road.他們沿著小路走下去。
Beijing is northwest of Chongqing.從天津駕車到北京一小時的路程。
Chengdu is northwest of Chongqing.成都在重慶的西北方向。
時間段和時間點：從by / until((Unit26)； before / after / while(Unit26)；for/ since(Unit27)中選詞填空
I'll finish my homework by 9 o'clock.I'm in a meeting until 1:00.He has lived in London for three years.We've become good friends since last summmer.Before they left ,they had a cooffe.After they landed ,they went to the conference.While they were eating ,they discussed the website.情態動詞表示推測、惋惜(Unit26)哪句語句最肯定？
He could be at home.He cant be at home.He must be at home.√
下面哪句話表示了“我本該把包放在家里了”這句話的意思： I could have put the bag at home.I should have put the bag at home.√ I must have put the bag at home.功能句 除了前面學到的用How about…,Why don't…,Shaii we …,Lets…提出建議，在Unit29晤面，你學到了用If I were you,Id(I would)+動詞原形這種委婉地提出建議的說話。你能用這個句型造個句子嗎？ If I were you.I,d got there.開放英語作業2：)S 第一部分 交際英語
(1.A 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.A 第二部分 詞匯與結構
6.C 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.B 21.B 22.A 23.B 24.C 25.C 第三部分 句型變換
26—30小題：根據括號里的提示或利用括號里的詞語改寫下列句子。
26.I went shopping.I needed a new pair of shoes.（用because將兩個句子連成一句）
I went shopping because I needed a new pair of shoes./ Because I needed a new pair of shoes, I went shopping.27.“Can you phone me later, Susan?” said David.（用ask, to 改寫句子）David asked Susan to phone him later.28.I’m a teacher and she is also a teacher.（用so改寫句子）I’m a teacher.So is she.29.She forgot about the meeting yesterday.（用What 針對the meeting改寫句子）What did she forget about yesterday? 30.His neighbor heard them.They make a noise.（用動詞ing 形式改寫成一句話）His neighbor heard them making a noise.第四部分 閱讀理解;31.B 32.C 33.C 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.B 38.B 39.A 40.A 第五部分 翻譯
41.我們有足夠的錢改進網站。42.你像你的母親或父親嗎？
43.我周五得從房子里搬出來，因為佛朗哥又招了一位房客。44.奧運會是世界上規模最大的體育賽事之一。
45.到時見了面咱們把這些日子發生的事聊一聊，會多開心啊。學習記錄卡3 完成下面的記錄卡,一起來把Unit31到Unit35這五個單元里你學習到的主要語法／功能總結一下：
被動語態的用法和構成（Unit32）把下面三個句子變成被動語態： Mary cleans the room every day.The room is cleaned every day by Mary.His neighbor stole the laptop.The laptop was stolen by his neighbour.They have contacted the police.The police have been contacted by them.與現在或將來情況相反的虛擬條件句（Unit33）
根據你自己的情況，寫一段話，用到If I …, I would… 句型。
Now I’m living in a small house.If I had enough money, I’d buy a bigger flat.間接引語的用法和構成（Unit 32）把下面三個句子變成間接引語：
Jim said, “I like swimming.” Jim said he liked swimming.Susan asked, “How do you like the party?” Susan asked me how I liked the party.“Have you got my bag?” she asked.She asked if I had got her bag.*注意直接引語中的人稱代詞、動詞時態以及疑問詞在間接引語中的轉換。定語從句（非限定性和限定性）（Unit 34／Unit 35）把下面的句子翻譯成漢語：
He bought the trousers that I chose for him.他買了我給他挑選的褲子。
This is the house where she lives.這就是她住的房子。
Our designer, who joined us last year, works very hard.我們的設計師工作很努力，他是去年加入我們的。反意疑問句（Unit 33）用反意疑問句完成下列句子。
She looks like her mother, doesn’t she.Let’s go to the cinema, shall we? You didn’t order the cheese, did you?
看到／聽到／感覺到…某事正在發生：see/hear/feel… sb doing sth(Unit32)試著翻譯下面的句子：
我看到她上了公共汽車。I saw her getting on the bus.動詞－ing 形式和動詞不定式 to do（Unit35）下面哪句對，哪句錯？
They haven’t got enough time to design the garden.（對）I asked him giving me the accounts tomorrow.（錯）更正：I asked him to give me the accounts tomorrow.She is not good at to repair the bicycle.(錯)更正：She is not good at repairing the bicycle.表示義務／責任／不允許／不必的have to, must和be allowed to, don’t have to的用法（Unit34）選詞填空：
I must go to bed early tonight.I’m so tired.I have to leave now.My sister is waiting for me.You mustn’t smoke here because they sell petrol.You don’t have to pay for that.It’s free.介詞詞組in spite of , apart from 和 except for（Unit 33）選詞填空：
In spite of the rain and the wind, he came on time.A part from Polly, they all frank red wine.對對方的說法表示同感 neither, nor, not… either, so（Unit 35）把下面的句子翻譯成英語： 我不抽煙，他也不抽煙。I don’t smoke, neither does he.Tim丟了相機，Marry也丟了相機。Tim lost his camera, so did Mary.日積月累：在你的筆記本上積累下面的語言點。開放英語（2）形成性考核冊作業3答案 第一部分 交際用語
1.A 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.A 第二部分 詞匯與結構
6.C 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.A 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.A 18.B 19.C 20.B 21.B 22.B 23.C 24.A 25.B 第三部分 句型變換 26—30小題：根據括號里的提示或利用括號里的詞語改寫下列句子。26.He stole the laptop.（改為被動語態）The laptop was stolen(by him).27.Tim didn’t go to work the next day.He cleared up the flat.（用instead of 將兩句合成一句）
Instead of going to work the next day, Tim cleared up the flat.28.“I can’t find my notebook,” she said.（改為間接引語）She said she couldn’t find her notebook.29.It was a place.He wanted to go there.（用where將兩句合成一句）It was a place where he wanted to go.30.Tim has lost his camera.I have lost my camera.（用so 將兩句合成一句）Tim has lost his camera and so have I.第四部分 閱讀理解
31.A 32.B 33.C 34.B 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.A 39.A 40.A 第五部分 翻譯 41.昨天我擦了窗戶.42.他過去常在星期天打籃球.43.他們在聚會上玩得很開心.44.她不喜歡游泳,她妹妹也是.45.我學英語三年了.開放英語（2）形成性考核冊期末自測答案 第一部分 交際用語
1.B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 第二部分 詞匯與結構
6.A 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.A 15.C 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.C 21.A 22.A 23.C 24.A 25.A 第三部分 句型變換
26—30小題：根據括號里的提示或利用括號里的詞語改寫下列句子，并將答案寫在答題紙上。
26.I was too hot.I couldn’t open the window.（用but將兩句連成一句）I was too hot, but I couldn’t open the window.27.Although it rained, the visit was a success.（用In spite of鍵兩句連成一句）In spite of the rain, the visit was a success.28.I’m tall and thin.My mother is too.（用so將兩句連成一句）I’m tall and thin.So is my mother.29.They are going to look after the cat.（用What針對 the cat改寫句子）What are they going to look after? 30.He disturbed the burglars.（用被動語態改寫句子）The burglars were disturbed(by him).第四部分 閱讀理解
31.B 32.B 33.A 34。B 35.A 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.A 40.B 第五部分 翻譯
41.他在北京西區的一個大學學習.42.他在他朋友房子里偶然看到了一幅古老的畫作.43.她要是中了彩票,她會買一幢大房子.44.這間公寓有些亂.45.這兩男孩都擅長唱歌.分享到搜狐微博
第四篇：電大小企業管理形成性考核冊作業答案
小企業管理作業
1當你學習完教材第1、第2、第3章之后，完成以下兩個任務：
一、教材的第一章從三個方面論述了小企業的基本特點，請你用實例加以說明。
要求：
1、認真閱讀教材第一章的相關內容，準確理解小企業所具有的基本特點。
2、通過網絡、報紙、雜志等各種手段，查找我國或者國外小企業的相關資料。至少選擇2個小企業的案例。
3、字數在1000左右。
二、創業計劃應該由誰來編制？一份好的創業計劃應該符合哪些要求？
要求：
1、通讀教材第三章的相關內容后在回答問題。
2、字數在500左右。
中小企業的基本特點
一、小型企業的基本特點
1．企業數量眾多，分布面廣
小企業是現代經濟的重要組成部分（占1000萬家的99%），是社會經濟發展的重要基礎。
2．體制靈活，組織精干
小型企業大都采取個人獨資或合伙式形式，生產決策、市場營銷、人力資源、組織結構、層次、管理人員等方面表現適應性強，經營手段靈活。
3．管理水平相對較低
從小企業總體上看，大部分小型企業缺乏有效的、完整的內部管理制度，經營也不夠規范。
4．產出規模小，競爭力較弱
資本總量小，生產規模和資本有機構成一般較低，生產設備相對落后，工藝陳舊，產品標準化程度低，技術含量和附加值較小，產業規模小。
5．“家族”色彩濃
目前，占小型企業主導地位的是民營企業，而民營企業大部分為??家族??企業，“親緣”關系較重。束縛了人才的引進和使用。
中國小企業的定義和數量
二、小企業的定義和標準。
小企業是相對于大企業而言的概念。小企業一般是指規模較小或處于創業和成長階段的企業，包括規模在規定標準以下的法人企業和自然人企業。中國過去劃分企業的標準主要根據銷售額和資產總額指標，并結合行業特點確定。2003年2月，新確定的小型企業標準增加了企業職工人數指標，小企業的人數在零售業為100以下，最高的建筑業為600人以下。
三、小企業案例
1、我國第一家由農民興辦的股份合作制企業——開弦弓絲廠
1928年,絲市沉寂,絲價疲軟,改良絲出于木制絲車,手工操作,水份不勻,斷頭較多,終無法與廠絲匹敵而致 滯銷.女蠶校及開弦弓村領導人深悟:“工欲善其事,必先利其器.”遂有建立合作社的動議.是年底,經女蠶校校長鄭辟疆,推廣部主任費達生及村領導人周保山,陳杏蓀等人的支持,于1929年2月成立“吳江縣震澤鎮開弦弓有限責任生絲精制運銷合作社”,報名者400余戶,共集資753股(每股20元)另外還向江蘇省農民銀行及震澤江豐農工銀行貸得4700元,用以籌建絲廠.4月,在村東購得建廠用地4畝(其中桑地2.6畝,低田1.4畝).奠基以前,還請戲班在空地上演戲,免費招待村民,以示慶祝,借此夯實地基, 節約工費.工期45天,建成廠房17間及樓房6間,耗建筑費9700元.同時挑選繅絲成績優秀的青年女子,施以2個多月的技術培訓,作好人員 準備.7月進入設備安裝及試車階段,共設坐繅車32臺,復搖車16臺,另有煮繭烘繭及鍋爐發電等設備,總設備費用2.1萬元.8月5日,汽笛長鳴,一縷黑煙裊裊升起,中國第一個農村機械絲廠誕生,全村觀呼雀躍,本村農民絲70余人進廠工作.開工初時,日產廠絲20市斤,投產2個月后產絲12擔,其中一等絲10擔,每擔售價1534元;二等
2擔,每擔售價1425元,據費達生女士回憶,所產廠絲分別售與上海緯成公司及華順綢莊.年終結算獲利10870元,社員獲得豐厚的紅利.翌年,又添置繅絲車及復搖車各5臺,全廠職工增至87人.小企業管理作業二
一、認真閱讀文字教材第五章，完成下列表中的內容。
創新企業
優勢：
1、在小企業的組織結構、經營范圍、人員設置等多方面，創業者可以根據實際需要進行構建。
2、在產品生產或者提供服務上面，企業可以突出自己的特色，樹立自己的品牌。
3、在經營場所選擇方面，創業者擁有主動權。
4、在產品銷售方面，企業可以開避廣闊的市場。
劣勢：
1、新企業、新技術、新產品，一切都是未知數，又沒有間接的經驗可以參考，經營風險較大。融資比較困難。
2、由于沒有經營業績，很難從銀行取得貸款。
3、新企業經濟效益不穩定，很能吸引人才。
4、一切從頭開始，企業內外各種關系都需要創業者去協調，雜志繁多，創業者常常被搞得疲憊不堪。必備條件：
1、擁有專利技術。
2、擁有工作經驗和一定量的客戶群。
3、獲得充足的創業資金。
特許經營
優勢（受許人方面）：
1、加盟一家實力雄厚和信譽高的特許經營企業，投資風險小，并且可以得到特許人金融方面的幫助。
2、受許人可以得到特許經營企業系統的管理培訓和指導。
3、受許人可以享受特許經營企業大規模廣告宣傳等各種促銷活動，使公眾熟悉的特許經營企業的服務商標、所有權、專利與外觀設計，有利于提高競爭力。
4、特許經營企業集中進貨，可隆低成本，保證貨源。
劣勢（受許人方面）：
1、經營方式上沒有自主權，受制于特許人，使其增長受限制。
2、受許人必須支付昂貴的特許經營費，利潤要按協議與特許人共享。
3、受許人必須接受經營企業統一的供貨價格。
4、一個特許經營加盟企業出現的問題，會連累所有企業。
特許經營的優點（特許人方面）：
1、每開設一家特許經營分店都可以收取特許經營費，而且還可以收取管理費，增加特許人的收入。
2、特許經營有利于提高特許經營在當地的知名度。
3、特許經營可以降低經營費用，集中精力提高企業的管理水平。
4、特許經營能經較快的速度、以較少的資金進行規模擴張，且最終回購成功的特許加盟分店的機會。缺點（特許人方面）：
1、對加盟企業沒有所有權，控制力度較弱。
2、一個加盟店的企業形象受損，會影響總店的信譽。
3、運作支持費用增加，為維持特許經營關系、進行核算及一些通常的服務，在授權特許經營中花費要比集權的組織花費更多。
特許經營所必須具備的條件？
特許經營，俗稱連鎖加盟，根據當前法律法規規定，必須具備下列條件才是合法的商業特許經營。
1、特許人必須是合法存續的企業，個人不得開展商業特許經營。
2、特許人必須擁有注冊商標、專利、專有技術、企業標志等經營資源；
3、特許人必須擁有為被特許人提供經營指導、技術支持和業務培訓的等服務的能力；
4、擁有至少兩個直營店，并且經營時間至少滿一年；
5、特許人應當在首次簽訂商業特許經營合同之日起十五日內向省級或者國家商務部門申請辦理備案；
6、特許人應當在訂立特許經營合同之日前至少30日，以書面形式向被特許人提供《商業特許經營管理條例》第二十二條規定的信息，并提供特許經營合同文本。
7、特許人向被特許人提供的信息應當真實、準確、完整，不得隱瞞有關信息，或者提供虛假信息。
8、法律法規規定的其他條件。
家族企業
優勢：
1、創業成本低。
2、企業內部易于建立較高的信任度。
3、創業者是企業主要的管理者，對核心技術和核心業務比較熟悉。
劣勢：
1、家族企業能吸納并留住家族以外的優秀人才。
2、家族企業在人事安排上常常因人設職。
必備條件：
1、明確家族成員的股權占有情況。
2、建立合理的董事會決策制度。
3、聘用專業化的管理隊伍。
4、逐步實現決策的民主化。
二、什么是差異化戰略？結合小企業的特點說明小企業實施差異化戰略的優勢。
小企業差異化戰略是指小企業對其生產或提供的產品和服務進行差異化以避開直接競爭，創造市場差別優勢。差異化戰略優點主要體現在以下幾個方面：
1．差異化戰略有助于小企業形成進入障礙。
2．差異化戰略有助于降低顧客的敏感程度。
3．差異化戰略有助于增強小企業的討價還價能力。
4．差異化戰略有助于小企業防止替代品的威脅。
小企業管理作業三
當你學習完教材第7、第8、第9章之后，完成以下任務：
請你為一家小型快餐店選擇一個合適的地址。
現在開什么店比較好呢?開一家小型快餐加盟店是一件很好的賺錢項目，但是想賺錢，選址是第一步，小型快餐店加盟選址都需要什么呢?
一、了解自己和顧客
知彼知已，百戰不殆。一個品牌要知道哪些地方適合開店，首先要了解自己，知道自己是誰，清楚產品、服務、環境和價格的組合在整個市場上處于什么水平，還要了解自己的目標顧客是誰，實際上更為哪些顧客所接受和偏愛。顧客特征中最關鍵的因素是購買力，它決定了一切。其次是年齡，少年兒童、中青年和中老年的消費習慣有很大差別。消費偏好也很重要，北方人愛吃面，南方人愛吃飯，留過學的人更容易接受西式食品等等。已開有店鋪的品牌可以直接從自己的顧客那里得到結論，尚未開店的新創品牌就要研究產品和定位相同或相似的品牌以得出結論。
二、了解競爭對手
競爭對手不僅是敵對關系，是店址的競爭者，也是選址時的參照物。要了解主要競爭對手的目標顧客有什么特征?重點在那些區域開店?選址策略是什么?他們在選址中有何成功與失敗之處?對于那些自己的產品、服務、環境和價格的組合與哪些競爭品牌更為相似，與哪些競爭品牌能形成互補關系?某一特定店址所在商圈內競爭對手的生存情況如何?
三、熟悉主要商圈
主要是研究重點城市的主要商圈的特征，了解商圈是以商業為主還是以商務為主，是市級商圈還是區域或社區商圈，商圈內的主要商業形態是什么，商圈輻射能力如何，餐飲競爭情況，客流的數量和特征等。結
合自身的市場定位，明確市場布局，明確哪些地方可以開店，哪些地方不能開店，尤其要確定應優先選址的重點區域。此外還要重點了解了解目標顧客在一個城市及全國的地域分布與活動規律，例如北京的外企白領主要在東三環附近的寫字樓上班，主要在中高檔百貨商場及秀水街等市場購物。選址就要找到目標顧客經常出沒的地方開店。
四、廣泛尋找店址信息
好店址難找，相信很多人都會對此有同感。必須掌握足夠數量的優質備選店址，才有可能進行優中選優。如果手頭只有別人挑剩下的不良店址，最后只能矮子里拔大個，不可能選到什么好店址。尋找店址信息最好是多管齊下，調動一切力量尋找優質店址。
知
五、店址調查
當找到一個看似不錯的店址，但沒辦法確定是否真正可行，此時需要進行選址調查。重點調查內容包括：確定店鋪可能的輻射范圍，輻射區內的人口數量與特征、競爭情況，商圈環境等內容。此外還要調查了解店址前的客流量、店址的可見度、便利性、攔截與互補等。
六、可行性分析
選址開店是一項風險很大的投資，可行性分析可以重點從收益和風險兩方面進行。收益分析是依據店址所能帶來的客源的質量和數量在當前的產品價格與服務速度之下預測能實現多少營業額，然后根據成本費用情況對盈利進行估算，根據投資總額測算投資回收期和回報率。風險分析主要是了解商圈發展、道路改造、人口數量與結構的變遷、競爭變化等因素可能對店鋪未來經營產生的影響，評估實現預期收益的可能性。
七、做出正確的決策
明確了店址未來的預期收益及實現收益的可能性與風險，就能一個店址是否可行做出判斷。但選址決策時還要參照開店目的、資金情況、發展戰略等因素，如果是為了迅速獲取利潤，就要求店址的各方面條件都很好，投資回收期很短;如果是為了推廣品牌，要求店址可見度高，客流量大，對回收期要求不高;如果是搶為了占市場，只要店址所處的商圈和位置較好，成熟度不高也沒關系，這要求企業有充實的資金支持。有了充分的選址調查和分析，做出正確的選址決策并非是難事。
小企業管理作業4
第五篇：電大監督學形成性考核冊作業答案
監督學形成性考核冊作業答案
作業1
題目：香港廉政公署的成功經驗有何借鑒意義？
香港廉政公署是世界著名的監察機構，在反腐肅貪方面成效顯著，當今香港是世界上廉潔度最高的地區之一。香港廉政公署不僅受到香港民眾的贊揚，也受到世界許多國家和地區的關注。世界上一些地方借香港的經驗建立相似的機構，澳大利亞于1989年在新南威爾士州設立了廉政公署。韓國于2002年成立與廉政公署相似的反腐敗委員會。燠門廉政公署的設立也借鑒了香港的成功經驗。
廉署的獨立性是其獲得成功的制度性原因。這種獨立性，具體可概括為四個方面，即機構獨立、人事獨立、財政獨立和辦案獨立。
1.機構獨立，指廉署不隸屬于任何一個政府部門，其最高官員“廉政專員”由香港最高行政長官直接任命；
2.人事獨立，即廉署專員有完全的人事權，署內職員采用聘用制，不是公務員，不受公務員敘用委員會管轄；
3.財政獨立，指廉署經費由香港最高行政首長批準后在政府預算中單列撥付，不受其他政府部門節制；
4.辦案獨立，指廉署有《廉政公署條例》《防止賄賂條例》《選舉(舞弊及非法行為)條例》等賦予的獨立調查權，包括搜查、扣押、拘捕、審訊等，必要時亦可使用武力，而抗拒或妨礙調查者則屬違法。
上述四個獨立性，使廉署從體制及運行上切斷了與可能形成掣肘的各部門的聯系，從而令反貪肅貪“一查到底”成為可能。
香港廉政公署是一個建立在三權分立、法治、民主監督社會的獨立行政機構，并依賴司法中立以及自身的行政獨立而存在。與中國內地的反貪污賄賂局中的內設政黨思想機構的模式、法院三權合作的執法方針性質大相徑庭，因此不能比較，不能用“類似內地的反貪污賄賂局”來形容ICAC。就是因為中國內地司法并不中立，反貪污賄賂局無法獨立于行政機構與政黨掣肘，無民主監督，因此無法存在各種“咨詢委員會”而受民眾監督，案件審判時當涉及權貴就無法公正中立不偏不倚，因此反貪污賄賂局才不能像ICAC那樣高效地執法，把中國變成像香港一樣廉潔。
作業2
運用監督學的基本原理和相關知識，結合實際（包括網絡、報刊報道等）撰寫一份調查報告。（1500左右）
關于黨內監督的調查報告
黨內監督是指黨內政治生活中，黨員之間、組織之間，黨員與組織之間按照黨章黨紀的有關規定，從思想、紀律等方面，對黨組織和黨員執行黨的路線、方針、政策和黨規黨紀情況的監督和督促。黨內監督的重點對象是黨的各級領導機關和領導干部，特別是各級領導班子主要負責人。搞好黨內監督，才能保證黨內民主，從而不斷地鞏固黨的執政地位。
黨內監督嚴格地說來是一種自覺的、主動的過程，是在黨內組織內部范圍內，依靠黨自身的力量實行的自我約束和完善，強調的是通過黨自身的力量解決自身的問題。黨內監督就其政治含義而言，它是一種預防的機制，是保持黨的先進性和純潔性、增強黨的凝聚力和戰斗力的重要手段。
加強黨內監督是反腐倡廉的關鍵環節。我們黨是執政黨，執政黨的黨內監督，關系到執政權力的正確行使，人民的根本和人心向背，黨的階段基礎和群眾基礎的不斷鞏固。提高黨的執政能力，很重要的是要通過加強黨內監督，保持黨的先進性和純潔性，增強黨的凝集力和戰斗力，提高黨的領導水平和執政能力。
同時，我們也應該看到，近幾年雖然黨內監督的力度不斷加大，也取得了實實在在的效果。但在黨內監督上，還存在著一些問題。
一是一些領導缺乏黨內平等的民主意識，自持位高權重，凌駕于黨組織之上，只許自己監督別人，不許別人監督自己。而腐敗現象又恰恰發生在這些領導干部的身上。
二是監督不了。一些領導干部往往是決策權、執行權和監督權集一身，“黨的領導”變成“個人領導”，最后的結果必然是“絕對的權力導致絕對的腐敗”。
三是無力監督。現行的紀檢監察機關是實行雙重領導體制，作為上級監督下級容易，而下級監督上級就很難。就出現人們常說的上級監督下級太遠，下級監督上級太難，同級監督太軟，法紀監督太晚，輿論監督太泛的現象。極易造成失監、失察、失真的現象，甚至出現所謂的監督“真空區域”。
四是監督渠道不暢。如在一些部門辦事公開透明度不高，權力運作、重大事項決策、干部選拔等工作公開性不強，公開范圍不廣泛，干部群眾獲取信息還存在不對稱問題，致使在行使知情權、參與權、選擇權方面受到限制。
針對上述所存在的問題，應采取積極的應對措施。
一是要加強宣傳教育，增強黨內監督意識，努力營造主動監督、樂于監督、支持保護監督的濃厚氛圍。
二是突出監督重點，強化監督的綜合效果。要突出黨的各級領導機關和領導干部，特別是領導隊伍負責人是黨內監督的重點，要通過合理的分權，強化內部制約，變“集權”為民主決策，杜絕少數大包大攬，個人說了算現象。同時要強化對腐敗多發部位、環節和重點領域的監督，積極探索、尋求規律，完善制度，防止因壟斷等而引發權力濫用問題。要在領導干部權力運行的全過程中實施監督，把事前事中事后監督有機地結合起來。
三是要完善監督體制，提高監督的內在權威。首先積極報開展巡視工作，實現巡視監督與信訪監督的相互結合，巡視情況與干部考察的相互勾通，巡視成果與廉政檔案的綜合利用，推進巡視工作的規范化。其次要積極探索建立以上級紀委監察機關領導為主，同級黨委領導為輔的體制，保證紀檢監察機關相對獨立地實施監督檢查權。同時要進一步擴大紀檢監察機關的職權范圍，改變紀委對科級以上領導干部的違紀只有初核權、沒有立案權的現狀，真正賦予紀檢監察機關對違紀案件獨立的立案權，檢查權和處分權，不斷增強紀檢監察工作的權威性、獨立性。
作業3
運用監督學的基本原理和相關知識，結合實際撰寫一篇小論文。（1000字左右）
把群眾監督當作聯系群眾的橋梁
緊緊依靠人民群眾，強化群眾監督，是黨的群眾路線在懲防腐敗中的重要體現。自2002年5月市城市管理行政執法局成立以來，按照市紀委、監察局、市人民政府糾風辦等部門的有關要求，市、區兩級行政執法局相繼建立了向社會公布開通群眾投訴舉報熱線、設立中隊執法政務公開欄、聘請由各界群眾代表組成的行風監督評議員等一系列群眾監督制度。兩年多來，在這些群眾監督舉措的保障下，廣大行政執法干部不斷開拓前進，積極改進自身不足，克服困難，勇于奉獻，為維護城市良好地生產、生活秩序做出了貢獻。但是，在行政執法工作中，如何充分發揮群眾監督作用，把群眾監督由被動接受向主動需要轉變，由單向監
督向雙向互動轉變，使群眾監督真正成為推動廣大行政執法干部依法行政、文明執法、勇于執法的動力，成為廣大行政執法干部展現政府形象的窗口，成為行政執法局深入宣傳城市管理法規的渠道，成為代表政府密切聯系群眾，為各族群眾排憂解難，更好地為市民服務的通途……這還有待我們進一步實踐、思考。
一、讓群眾監督成為提高行政執法隊伍自身“拒腐免疫力”的內在需要。
加強群眾監督既是黨對政府職能部門廉潔、勤政的外在要求，也是我們提高自身“拒腐免疫力”的內在需要。市行政執法隊伍建立兩年多來，通過群眾監督的各種渠道，我們不斷發現自身在工作中存在的各種問題。市、區兩級行政執法局在有關部門的配合下，對其中已經構成違紀、違規事實的執法干部進行了及時、有效地處理，對廣大執法干部起到了很好的警示教育作用，并促使我們及時從中反思，建立健全各項廉政、勤政制度，加強隊伍思想道德和職業教育，從而提高了自身“拒腐免疫力”。試想，如果沒有群眾監督的渠道，我們就不能及時發現問題，更談不上及時糾正和改進了。問題積少成多，性質積輕成重，其結果必將是嚴重的。因此，我們要自覺地把群眾監督視為提高自身“拒腐免疫力”的內在需要，需做是廣大人發群眾對行政執法干部最深切的愛護，真心實意地切實加強群眾監督，使群眾監督成為促進行政執法隊伍健康成長的重要力量。
二、把群眾監督變為深入宣傳城市管理法規的重要渠道。
群眾監督的各種渠道既是群眾反映問題、提出意見的渠道，也應當成為行政執法部門對各族群眾宣傳城市管理各項法規的生動課堂。我們在接受群眾監督的同時，也應充分利用這一時機，及時向群眾宣傳其所反映問題、意見中涉及的城市管理行政執法的職責、法規、程序等相關內容，變單向監督為雙向互動，消除誤解，轉化矛盾，讓群眾更多地了解城市管理行政執法這一新生事物，以點帶面地宣傳、教育群眾自覺維護城市管理的各項法規，從而提高市民群眾城管法規意識，更加理解、支持執法干部依法行政。
三、使群眾監督成為密切行政執法干部與市民群眾聯系溝通感情、相互理解、相互幫助的橋梁。
群眾監督的各種渠道是執法干部與群眾密切聯系的重要途徑。城管執法部門接受群眾監督的時刻也是與市民群眾溝通感情的重要時刻。在接受群眾監督時，每一位執法干部的言行舉動都是執法形象的體現，它直接影響著市民群眾對城管執法干部隊伍的思想感情。執法干部的熱情服務、文明執法帶來的不僅僅是群眾的交口稱贊，還有他們衷心的認可和內心的敬意，這種認可和敬意的積累會不斷地轉化為對行政執法工作的深深理解與熱情支持，它不僅密切了執法干部與市民群眾之間的雨水關系，也奠定了支持維護城市管理的堅實群眾基礎，從而為行政執法工作創設了良好的社會氛圍。群眾監督是座促進高效完成城市管理行政執法工作的“金橋”。我們應更充分地發掘和利用這座“金橋”，不斷帶動我市城市管理行政執法工作再上新臺階。
作業4
一、名詞解釋
1．監督：監督是指為維護公共利益，法定監督主體依法對國家機關及其公職人員行使公共權力的行為實施檢查、督導和懲戒的活動。
2．人民主權理論：人民主權理論是指在自然法與社會契約的基礎上，國家是人民讓渡自己的權利交由國家統一行使而產生的，因此國家只是人民主權的委托管理者，人民擁有最高主權并通過立法權來表達“公意”，對國家管理權力的行使進行監督與制約。
二、填空題
1．監督的內容是 被監督 對象行使公權力的各項活動。
2．監督是一種法制監督，以 為基礎而不是以監督主體的正義感、道德感為基礎。
3．無論腐敗行為表現為何種形式，其實質都是濫用謀求私人利益。
4、理論所提倡的一些基本原則對西方資產階級國家政權體系的產生和發展起了重要作用，是監督的最直接的理論依據之一。
5、政治原罪 是指在原罪的權力和原罪的人結合之后，人在奪取權力和行使權力的過程中會生出種種罪行。
6、中國古代 諫諍 制度的確立，是對君主廉政與勤政的有限度的監察。
7、人民代表大會的監督亦稱國家 機關的監督，簡稱人大監督。
8、監督是指人民代表大會對行政機關、審判機關和檢察機關及其組成人員履行法定職責業績、效率、效能情況進行的監督。
9、人民代表大會監督的內容是法律監督和 監督。
10、為了保障監察工作的順利開展，瑞典法律賦予監察專員充分的調查權、視察權、建議權和起訴權。
三、多項選擇題
1．人民代表大會監督的范圍包括（A、對行政機關進行的監督B、對司法機關的監督C、對本級人大常委會的監督D、對下級人大及其常委會的監督）。
2.根據《全國人民代表大會議事規則》和《監督法》等法律的規定，質詢的程序包括（A、質詢的提起C、質詢案的提交D、質詢案的答復）。
3．我國的權力監督主要包括（B、人民政協的監督C、司法機關的監督D、行政機關的監督）。
4．民主黨派監督的內容主要包括以下方面（A、國家憲法、法規和法規的實施情況B、中國共產黨和政府重要方針、政策的制定和貫徹執行情況C、中共黨委依法執政方）。面的情況D、中共黨員領導干部履行職責、為政清廉方面的情況
5．輿論監督的特征包括（A、人民性 B、公開性C、及時性 D、權威性）。
四、簡答題
1．簡述國際間反腐合作體系的基本架構與特點。
國際反腐敗合作組織的基本構架：
（一）國際反腐敗合作組織及其相關機構：（1）經合組織，全稱為經濟合作與發展組織。（2）透明國際，是一個非政府、非營利、無政治傾向的國際性民間組織，以推動國際與各國反腐敗為活動宗旨，是一個專以反腐敗為目的的民間組織。（3）國際金融組織的反腐敗行動，當今金融反腐敗問題越發突出，世界銀行、國際貨幣基金組織以及亞洲開發銀行等金融組織開始積極探索國際金融組織的反腐敗措施。（4）聯合國及其他地區性的反腐行動。
（二）國際反腐敗公約及相關文件；
（三）國際反腐敗會議；
（四）國際反腐敗制度建設。
特點：第一，加強反腐敗合作的組織建設和法律建設。第二，積極探索改革措施，注重預防腐敗。第三，綜合性反腐敗合作與專項性反腐敗合作相結合。第四，國際研討與交流成為國際反腐敗合作的交流平臺。
2．簡述政府財務審計。
政府財務審計是財務審計的一種，是指審計機關依法對國務院各部門、地方各級政府、地方各級政府職能部門的會計資料及其所反映的財政（財務）收支活動的真實性以及合法合規性所進行的審計。政府財務審計的主要方式是書面審查。被審計單位依照審計機關規定的時間和要求，如實提供會計憑證、賬冊。報表及有關會計資料，由審計機關派人到被審計單位審計或者由被審計單位報送審計。
3．簡述違法行政行為的認定。
第一，事實根據不合法。它包括這樣幾種情況：沒有事實根據；主要事實不真實；主要事實不完整或者不連貫；整個案件的主要事實沒有必要的證據支持，缺乏可信度；主要證據不真實；主要證據不充分；證據和案件事實之間缺乏相關性；獲取證據的方式和手段不合法。第二，適用法律錯誤。正確地適用法律是行政行為合法的必要條件。具體的錯誤有：應該適用此法卻適用了彼法，該適用此條款卻適用了彼條款；適用法律或法律條款不足，指應適用多部法律或多個條款時行政主體卻沒有完全適用；適用法律或法律條款時適用了無數的依據；適用了尚未生效的法律。
第三，程序違法。行政程序是指由行政行為的方式、步驟、時間和順序所構成的行為過程。根據其構成要素可以把程序違法的表現形式分為：步驟違法；方式違法；順序違法；期限違法。
第四，行政越權。在我國，行政越權是指行政機關實施的超越職權的行為。主要包括：行政主體擅自行使其他國家機關的法定權力；行政主體擅自行使其他行政主體的法定職權，可分為縱向越權和橫向越權，但都是行政系統內部的越權。
第五，內容違法。行政行為在內容上必須合乎法律上的規定，不得與法律規定相抵觸，否則即構成行政行為內容上的違法。
第六，濫用職權。主要表現有：因受不正當動機和目的支配致使行為背離法定目的和利益。不合法考慮致使行為結果失去正確性；任意無常，違反同一性和同等性；強人所難，違背客觀性；不正當的遲延和不作為；不正當的步驟或方式等。
第七，行政失職
認定行政違法的作用主要在于審查行政行為的合法性，目的在于監督行政機關依法行政和維護公共利益。行政違法行為的認定與行政責任二者聯系密切，行政責任不僅有監督作用，更主要的是為了保障公民、法人或者其他組織的合法權益，使其受到侵害的利益得以恢復或彌補。行政責任即行政違法責任，是對行政違法否定性評價內容的組成部分，它應始終與行政違法保持一種對應關系，否則，行政責任的存在就沒有意義。
五、論述題
1．什么是黨內監督？黨內監督有什么特征？
黨內監督是指監督主體依據《黨章》和黨的紀律在組織內部通過檢查、督促、評價、揭露、舉報、處理等方式作用于監督客體，以保證監督客體的行為在任何情況下都不違背黨的紀律的一種客觀有序的活動。
2、試述檢察機關在監督體系中的地位與作用。
檢察機關監督是檢察機關運用檢察權對國家機關及其工作人員是否依法行使職權進行的監督。根據憲法的有關規定，國家明確賦予各級各類人民檢察院以國家法律監督機關的職能。《中華人民共和國人民檢察院組織法》第四條規定：人民檢察院通過行使檢察權，鎮壓一切判國的，分裂國家的和其他反革命活動，打擊反革命分子和其他犯罪分子，維護國家統一，維護無產階級專政制度，維護社會主義法制，維護社會主義秩序、生產秩序、工作秩序、教學科研秩序和人民群眾生活秩序，保護社會主義全民所有的財產和勞動群眾集體所有的財產，保護公民私人所有的合法財產，保護公民的人身權利、民主權利和其他權利，保衛社會主義現代化建設的順利進行。
檢察機關監督的基本特征：（1）檢察機關的監督具有國家性和權威性；（2）檢察機關的法律監督具有專門性和獨立性；（3）檢察機關的法律監督具有規范性和合法性。（4）檢查機關的法律監督具有強制性。
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