第一篇：華北電力大學(xué)熱能與動(dòng)力工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課堂作業(yè)翻譯

1.如圖1-1(a)所示，由活塞和氣缸組成的裝置中裝有1kg水。假定活塞和其上的重物使氣缸內(nèi)壓強(qiáng)維持在0.1Mpa，初始溫度20℃。當(dāng)有熱量開始傳遞給水時(shí)，缸內(nèi)水溫迅速上升，而比容略有增加，氣缸內(nèi)壓強(qiáng)保持恒定不變。當(dāng)水溫達(dá)到99.6℃時(shí)，如若再增加傳熱量，水將發(fā)生相變，如圖1-1(b)所示。也就是說(shuō)，一部分水開始?xì)饣優(yōu)檎羝诖讼嘧冞^(guò)程中，溫度和壓強(qiáng)始終保持不變，但比容卻有大幅度的增加。當(dāng)最后一滴液體被氣化時(shí)，進(jìn)一步的加熱將使蒸汽溫度和比容均有所增加，如同1-1(c)所示。

現(xiàn)代660MW燃煤鍋爐有大約6000噸的壓力部件，包括500千米的受熱面管材，3.5千米連接管與聯(lián)箱和30000個(gè)管接頭焊口。

這是經(jīng)過(guò)大約50年發(fā)展的結(jié)果，并形成了煤粉在具有蒸發(fā)管束的爐膛燃燒，煙氣然后流經(jīng)對(duì)流過(guò)熱器和熱回收表面的基本概念并保留至今。蒸汽參數(shù)的提高，機(jī)組容量的增大及燃料燃燒特性的改進(jìn)都要求在材料、制造技術(shù)和運(yùn)行程序上相應(yīng)發(fā)展。

所有大型汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子在制造時(shí)，都規(guī)定要做耐超速20%試驗(yàn)。這樣在轉(zhuǎn)子的運(yùn)行轉(zhuǎn)速范圍內(nèi)，能夠保證很好的轉(zhuǎn)子平衡。從而在由電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)擾動(dòng)引起的正常超速和超速螺栓試驗(yàn)中經(jīng)常的10%超速中，能有足夠的余度。另外對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)子進(jìn)行超速試驗(yàn)還能驗(yàn)證鍛件，因?yàn)樵诔龠\(yùn)行時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)子的離心應(yīng)力要大于常規(guī)運(yùn)行中的離心應(yīng)力，由此為衡量防止轉(zhuǎn)子自發(fā)快速斷裂的裕度提供了定量手段

凝汽器是一個(gè)大型表面式換熱器，進(jìn)入凝汽器的蒸汽被凝結(jié)，從附近的河或湖中抽取的循環(huán)水將所產(chǎn)生的潛熱帶走。循環(huán)水由電動(dòng)或汽動(dòng)循環(huán)水泵泵入凝汽器。因?yàn)檫M(jìn)入凝汽器蒸汽的流量極大，不可避免的會(huì)有一定比例的氣體不發(fā)生凝結(jié)。為了在凝汽器中建立并保持一個(gè)非常接近真空狀態(tài)的負(fù)壓，必須從凝汽器殼體中去除這些“不凝結(jié)氣體”。通常通過(guò)射汽抽氣器去除這些氣體，它的主要組成是一個(gè)噴嘴，蒸汽通過(guò)噴嘴獲得很高的流速，從而帶走那些不凝結(jié)的的氣體。然后流經(jīng)噴嘴的蒸汽(作為原動(dòng)力的蒸汽)和被其機(jī)械攜帶的不凝結(jié)氣體進(jìn)入通常被稱作二次凝汽器的換熱裝置，蒸汽在環(huán)境壓力下凝結(jié)，不凝結(jié)氣體被排入大氣。射汽抽氣器置于一個(gè)或兩個(gè)級(jí)內(nèi)，本質(zhì)上是一臺(tái)壓縮機(jī)，它將不凝結(jié)蒸氣的壓力從幾乎完全真空提高到大氣壓來(lái)清除掉。

5.如圖5-6所示的三沖量就是汽包水位蒸汽流量和給水流量。該系統(tǒng)中基本的控制是依據(jù)蒸汽流量和給水量之間的關(guān)系。該閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)中在正常的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下汽包水位處于恰當(dāng)值此時(shí)蒸汽流量和給水流量之比為11。該條件的仸何變化都將產(chǎn)生一施加在給水控制閥上的控制信號(hào)液位信號(hào)也會(huì)引起給水閥的重新調(diào)整仍而把液位信號(hào)調(diào)整回期望值。控制系統(tǒng)中的給水流量測(cè)量信號(hào)用于決定給水管路中調(diào)節(jié)閥的開度仍而使得流入的給水量和鍋爐的蒸汽輸出量相等。因此調(diào)節(jié)閥前給水壓力的仸何變化所導(dǎo)致的給水流量變化將由流量計(jì)立刻檢測(cè)出來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)閥將起作用。

第二篇：熱能與動(dòng)力工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

強(qiáng)度量：intensive properties do not depend on mass（e,g,p,ρ,ν=1/ρ,u and h）,extensive properties depend on the total mass of the system（e,g,V,M,U,and H）.Uppercase letters are usually used for extensive properties.準(zhǔn)平衡：equilibrium：states of a system are most conveniently described when the system is in equilibrium, i.e.it is in steady-state.Often we will consider process thatchange “slowly”-termed quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process.A process is quasi-equilibrium if the time rate of change of the process is slow relative to the time it takes for the system to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.It is necessary that a system be quasi-equilibrium before applying many of the thermodynamics relations to that system.熱力學(xué)第一二定律：In simplest terms,the law of thermodynamics dictate the specific for the movement of heat andwork.Basically,the First Law of Thermodynamic is a statement of the conservation of energy-the Second Law is a statement about the direction of that conservation-and the Tired Law is a statement about reaching absolute Zero.The first law of thermodynamic is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy.It can also be considered as defining a property,the internal energy.The Second law of Thermodynamic states that in all energy exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system,the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial states.This is also commonly referred to as entropy.舉例說(shuō)明熱力學(xué)定律應(yīng)用：a cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools,but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself.The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded(transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature)once it is transferred to the surrounding air.An ordinary house is,in some respects,an exhibition hall filled with womders of thermodynamics.Many ordinary household utensils and applicances are designed,in whole or in part,by using the principles of thermodynamics.Some examples include the electric or gas range,the heating and air-condition systems,the refrigerator,the humidifier,the pressure cooker,the water heater,the iron,and even the computer,and the TV.On a large scale,thermodynamics plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engines,rockets,jet engine,and conventional or nuclear power plans,solar collectors,and the design of vehicle form ordinary cars to airplanes.絕熱系統(tǒng)：isolated systems：not exchangeing heat,matter or work with their environment.開口系統(tǒng)：exchanging energy(heat and work)and matter with their environment.閉口系統(tǒng)：exchangeing energy(heat and work)but not matter with their environment.孤立系統(tǒng)：rigid boundary :not allowing exchange of work.輻射換熱:The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic radiation.We shall limit our discussion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature difference;this is called thermal radiation.對(duì)流傳熱:when a fluid at rest or in motion is in contact with a surface at a temperature different from the plate ,energy flows in the direction of the lower temperature as required by the principle of thermodynamics.we say that heat is convected away ,and we call the process convection heat transfer.對(duì)流傳熱的方式:There are two convection modes :forced convection and natural convection.If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion ,a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the plate.We call this natural ,or free ,convection as opposed to forced convection ,which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a plate.傳熱學(xué):Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference.傳熱學(xué)和熱力學(xué)的區(qū)別:Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat.The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be transferred ,but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions.The fact that a heat-transfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics.Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium;it may be used to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another;it may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the process.Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy-transfer rates.As in the science of thermodynamics ,the experimental rules used as a basis of the subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to encompass a variety of practical situations.影響輻射傳熱的因素：To take account of the “gray” nature of such surface we introduce another factor into

Equation ,called the emissive ε:which relates the radiation of the “gray”surface to that of an ideal black surface.We must take into account the fact that not all the radiation leaving one surface will reach the other surface since electromagnic radiation travels in straight lines and some will be lost to the surroundings.熱能與動(dòng)力工程thermal energy and power engineering 能量轉(zhuǎn)化energy-transfer 比例常數(shù)proportionality constant 比例系數(shù)proportionality factor 活性中心active center 對(duì)流傳熱convection heat transfer 電磁輻射electromagnetic radiation 角系數(shù)view factor 準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過(guò)程quasi-static process 準(zhǔn)平衡quasi-equilibrium 靜態(tài)平衡static equilibrium 強(qiáng)度參數(shù)intensive property 廣延參數(shù)extensive property 燃燒機(jī)理combustion mechanism平均分子運(yùn)動(dòng)average molecular motion 熱反應(yīng)堆thermal reactor 熱力學(xué)性質(zhì) thermodynamic property 摩爾熱容molar heat capacity 動(dòng)能kinetic energy 壓縮因子compressibility factor 溫度傳感器temperature sensor 測(cè)量電路measurement circuit 電壓輸出voltage output 靜電荷electrostatic charge 勵(lì)磁電源excitation power 內(nèi)能internal energy 能量原理energy principle 能量平衡energy balance 能量守恒conservation of energy 剪切應(yīng)力shear force/stress 角速度angular velocity 速度梯度velocity gradient 溫度梯度temperature gradient 一維one-dimensional 機(jī)械能mechanical energy 內(nèi)能internal energy 動(dòng)能kinetic energy 勢(shì)能potential energy 凝固/硬化take a set 流體動(dòng)力學(xué)fluid dynamic hydrodynamics 蒸汽發(fā)生系統(tǒng)steam generating system 輔助設(shè)備auxiliary equipment 空煤比the air-coal ratio 質(zhì)量作用定律the law of mass action 阿倫尼烏斯定律arrhennius law 活化分子active molecule 活化分子碎片active molecule fragments 活化能activation energy

自由價(jià)free valency 支鏈反應(yīng)定律the law of branched chain reactions 化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式stoichiometric equation 活化中心active centres 能級(jí)energy levels 甲烷methane ch4 壓縮機(jī)compressor 冷凝器condenser 膨脹閥expansion valve 可逆reversible 絕熱adiabatic 等熵isentropic 余隙容積clearance volume 比容specific volume 壓力損失pressure loss 溶液給水溫度liquid feed temperature 體積流速the volume flow rate 液壓頭liquid head 成比例的proportional 成反比例的inversely proportional 熱力學(xué)定律principles of thermodynamics平衡溫度equilibrium temperature 相變phase change 導(dǎo)熱性thermal conductivity 傳熱系數(shù)heat transfer coefficient 強(qiáng)制對(duì)流forced convection 自然對(duì)流natural convection 外表面external surface 焓enthalpy 熵entropy 對(duì)流傳熱convection heat transfer 牛頓冷卻公式Newton law of cooling 流體物性properties of the liquid 質(zhì)量流量比mass flow ratio 電磁輻射能electromagnetic energy 熱輻射thermal radiation 凈輻射量net radiation 流體力學(xué)fluid mechanics 熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)thermodynamic property 牛頓粘性定律Newton law of vosicosity 溫熵圖temperature-entropy diagram 回轉(zhuǎn)式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)rotary engine 汽輪機(jī)steam turbine 光化學(xué)煙霧photochemical smog 核電站nuclear power plant 流化床燃燒fluildized bed combustion 余熱鍋爐a heat recovery builer 表面積surface area

強(qiáng)度量：intensive properties do not depend on mass（e,g,p,ρ,ν=1/ρ,u and h）,extensive properties depend on the total mass of the system（e,g,V,M,U,and H）.Uppercase letters are usually used for extensive properties.準(zhǔn)平衡：equilibrium：states of a system are most conveniently described when the system is in equilibrium, i.e.it is in steady-state.Often we will consider process thatchange “slowly”-termed quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process.A process is quasi-equilibrium if the time rate of change of the process is slow relative to the time it takes for the system to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.It is necessary that a system be quasi-equilibrium before applying many of the thermodynamics relations to that system.熱力學(xué)第一二定律：In simplest terms,the law of thermodynamics dictate the specific for the movement of heat andwork.Basically,the First Law of Thermodynamic is a statement of the conservation of energy-the Second Law is a statement about the direction of that conservation-and the Tired Law is a statement about reaching absolute Zero.The first law of thermodynamic is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy.It can also be considered as defining a property,the internal energy.The Second law of Thermodynamic states that in all energy exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system,the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial states.This is also commonly referred to as entropy.舉例說(shuō)明熱力學(xué)定律應(yīng)用：a cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools,but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself.The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded(transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature)once it is transferred to the surrounding air.An ordinary house is,in some respects,an exhibition hall filled with womders of thermodynamics.Many ordinary household utensils and applicances are designed,in whole or in part,by using the principles of thermodynamics.Some examples include the electric or gas range,the heating and air-condition systems,the refrigerator,the humidifier,the pressure cooker,the water heater,the iron,and even the computer,and the TV.On a large scale,thermodynamics plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engines,rockets,jet engine,and conventional or nuclear power plans,solar collectors,and the design of vehicle form ordinary cars to airplanes.絕熱系統(tǒng)：isolated systems：not exchangeing heat,matter or work with their environment.開口系統(tǒng)：exchanging energy(heat and work)and matter with their environment.閉口系統(tǒng)：exchangeing energy(heat and work)but not matter with their environment.孤立系統(tǒng)：rigid boundary :not allowing exchange of work.輻射換熱:The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic radiation.We shall limit our discussion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature difference;this is called thermal radiation.對(duì)流傳熱:when a fluid at rest or in motion is in contact with a surface at a temperature different from the plate ,energy flows in the direction of the lower temperature as required by the principle of thermodynamics.we say that heat is convected away ,and we call the process convection heat transfer.對(duì)流傳熱的方式:There are two convection modes :forced convection and natural convection.If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion ,a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the plate.We call this natural ,or free ,convection as opposed to forced convection ,which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a plate.傳熱學(xué):Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference.傳熱學(xué)和熱力學(xué)的區(qū)別:Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat.The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be transferred ,but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions.The fact that a heat-transfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics.Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium;it may be used to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another;it may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the process.Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy-transfer rates.As in the science of thermodynamics ,the experimental rules used as a basis of the subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to encompass a variety of practical situations.影響輻射傳熱的因素：To take account of the “gray” nature of such surface we introduce another factor into

Equation ,called the emissive ε:which relates the radiation of the “gray”surface to that of an ideal black surface.We must take into account the fact that not all the radiation leaving one surface will reach the other surface since electromagnic radiation travels in straight lines and some will be lost to the surroundings

熱能與動(dòng)力工程thermal energy and power engineering 能量轉(zhuǎn)化energy-transfer 比例常數(shù)proportionality constant 比例系數(shù)proportionality factor 活性中心active center 對(duì)流傳熱convection heat transfer 電磁輻射electromagnetic radiation 角系數(shù)view factor 準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過(guò)程quasi-static process 準(zhǔn)平衡quasi-equilibrium 靜態(tài)平衡static equilibrium 強(qiáng)度參數(shù)intensive property 廣延參數(shù)extensive property 燃燒機(jī)理combustion mechanism平均分子運(yùn)動(dòng)average molecular motion 熱反應(yīng)堆thermal reactor 熱力學(xué)性質(zhì) thermodynamic property 摩爾熱容molar heat capacity 動(dòng)能kinetic energy 壓縮因子compressibility factor 溫度傳感器temperature sensor 測(cè)量電路measurement circuit 電壓輸出voltage output 靜電荷electrostatic charge 勵(lì)磁電源excitation power 內(nèi)能internal energy 能量原理energy principle 能量平衡energy balance 能量守恒conservation of energy 剪切應(yīng)力shear force/stress 角速度angular velocity 速度梯度velocity gradient 溫度梯度temperature gradient 一維one-dimensional 機(jī)械能mechanical energy 內(nèi)能internal energy 動(dòng)能kinetic energy 勢(shì)能potential energy 凝固/硬化take a set 流體動(dòng)力學(xué)fluid dynamic hydrodynamics 蒸汽發(fā)生系統(tǒng)steam generating system 輔助設(shè)備auxiliary equipment 空煤比the air-coal ratio 質(zhì)量作用定律the law of mass action 阿倫尼烏斯定律arrhennius law 活化分子active molecule 活化分子碎片active molecule fragments 活化能activation energy 自由價(jià)free valency

支鏈反應(yīng)定律the law of branched chain reactions 化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式stoichiometric equation 活化中心active centres 能級(jí)energy levels 甲烷methane ch4 壓縮機(jī)compressor 冷凝器condenser 膨脹閥expansion valve 可逆reversible 絕熱adiabatic 等熵isentropic 余隙容積clearance volume 比容specific volume 壓力損失pressure loss 溶液給水溫度liquid feed temperature 體積流速the volume flow rate 液壓頭liquid head 成比例的proportional 成反比例的inversely proportional 熱力學(xué)定律principles of thermodynamics平衡溫度equilibrium temperature 相變phase change 導(dǎo)熱性thermal conductivity 傳熱系數(shù)heat transfer coefficient 強(qiáng)制對(duì)流forced convection 自然對(duì)流natural convection 外表面external surface 焓enthalpy 熵entropy 對(duì)流傳熱convection heat transfer 牛頓冷卻公式Newton law of cooling 流體物性properties of the liquid 質(zhì)量流量比mass flow ratio 電磁輻射能electromagnetic energy 熱輻射thermal radiation 凈輻射量net radiation 流體力學(xué)fluid mechanics 熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)thermodynamic property 牛頓粘性定律Newton law of vosicosity 溫熵圖temperature-entropy diagram 回轉(zhuǎn)式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)rotary engine 汽輪機(jī)steam turbine 光化學(xué)煙霧photochemical smog 核電站nuclear power plant 流化床燃燒fluildized bed combustion 余熱鍋爐a heat recovery builer 表面積surface area

第三篇：熱能與動(dòng)力工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn) 原版

1.開口系統(tǒng)：與外界既有物質(zhì)交換又有能量交換，把研究對(duì)象控制在某個(gè)空間。---定容積系統(tǒng) An Open system(or a control volume 控制體積）is a properly selected region in space.Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.such as, A Water heater, a turbine and acompressor, etc

2.閉口系統(tǒng)：系統(tǒng)與外界只有能量（功量、熱量）的交換而無(wú)質(zhì)量交換。——定質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)A Closed system(a control mass控制質(zhì)量)consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary.That is, no mass enters or leave a closed system.such as, Piston-cylinder device(汽缸-活塞裝置）

3.絕熱系統(tǒng)：系統(tǒng)與外界只有功量和質(zhì)量的交換，而無(wú)熱量的交換。Adiabatic system is that no heat cross the boundary or heat is negligible compared with work cross the boundary

4.孤立系統(tǒng)：系統(tǒng)與外界既無(wú)能量交換又無(wú)質(zhì)量交換，即系統(tǒng)與環(huán)境不發(fā)生任何作用。Isolated system is a special case that no mass and energy cross the boundary.5.熱力學(xué)第一定律：自然界一切物體都具有能量，能量有各種不同形式，它能從一種形式轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種形式，從一個(gè)物體傳遞給另一個(gè)物體，在轉(zhuǎn)化和傳遞過(guò)程中能量的總和不變。The first explicit statement of the first law of thermodynamics：“In all cases in which work is produced by the agency of heat, a quantity of heat is consumed which is proportional to the work done;and conversely, by the expenditure of an equal quantity of work an equal quantity of heat is produced.”

6.熱力學(xué)第二定律：不可能把熱從低溫物體傳到高溫物體而不產(chǎn)生其他影響；不可能從單一熱源取熱使之完全轉(zhuǎn)換為有用的功而不產(chǎn)生其他影響；不可逆熱力過(guò)程中熵的微增量總是大于零。

Second law of thermodynamics： Impossible to heat from low temperature to high temperature object object does not produce other effects;not possible from a single heat source heat so completely converted into useful work and does not produce other effects;irreversible thermodynamic entropy in the process of the incremental volume is always greater than zero.7.鍋爐：鍋爐利用熱量使水轉(zhuǎn)變成蒸汽以進(jìn)行各種利用。Boilers use heat to convert water into steam for a variety of applications.8.汽輪機(jī)：將蒸汽的熱能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能的葉輪式旋轉(zhuǎn)原動(dòng)機(jī)。

Steam Turbine is the impeller rotating prime moverthatthe thermal energy of the steam is converted to mechanical energy。

9.省煤器：省煤器（英文名稱Economizer）就是鍋爐尾部煙道中將鍋爐給水加熱成汽包壓力下的飽和水的受熱面。The economizer(Name Economizer)is the rear of the boiler flue of the boiler feed water is heated into steam drum pressure saturated water heating surface。

10.空預(yù)器：空氣預(yù)熱器就是鍋爐尾部煙道中的煙氣通過(guò)內(nèi)部的散熱片將進(jìn)入鍋爐前的空氣預(yù)熱到一定溫度的受熱面。The air preheater through the fins of the internal heating surface will enter the air is preheated to a certain

temperature in the boiler before the flue gas in the rear of the boiler flue.11.反動(dòng)度：蒸汽在動(dòng)葉柵中的等熵焓降與級(jí)的等熵焓降之比

The degree of reaction is steam Rotor Cascade isentropic enthalpy drop class isentropic enthalpy drop ratio.12.狀態(tài)：某一瞬間熱力系所呈現(xiàn)的宏觀狀況

State: it reveals the physical condition of a system.13.狀態(tài)參數(shù)：描述系統(tǒng)宏觀物理狀況的物理量,簡(jiǎn)稱參數(shù)Properties are used todepictanycharacteristic of a system.14.比體積：?jiǎn)挝毁|(zhì)量的物質(zhì)所占有的體積，用v表示。

Specific volume is the reciprocal of density and is defined as volume per unit mass.15.真空度：表示絕對(duì)壓力低于大氣壓力的量值

Vacuum pressure（真空度）：Pressures below atmosphere pressure.It is the pressure difference between atmospheric and system pressure when system pressure is lower than atmospheric And it is denoted as PVAC or H.16.如果兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)分別與第三個(gè)系統(tǒng)處于熱平衡，則兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)彼此必然處于熱平衡。

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.17.平衡狀態(tài)：所謂平衡狀態(tài)就是指在沒(méi)有外界影響的情況下，系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)不隨時(shí)間而發(fā)生變化。

A system in equilibrium experiences no changes with time when it is isolated from its surroundings.18.熱力系統(tǒng)經(jīng)過(guò)一系列變化回到初態(tài)，這一系列變化過(guò)程稱為熱力循環(huán)。

A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at the end of the process

12.A turbine cylinder(汽輪機(jī)汽缸）isessentialapressurevesselwithit’sweightsupportedateachend onthehorizontalcenterline.19.熱力系統(tǒng)的定義（Definition）

系統(tǒng)就是指被選做研究對(duì)象的物體或空間。（A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.）

20.熱平衡（Thermal equilibrium）

If the temperature is the same throughout the entiresystem.

第四篇：熱能與動(dòng)力工程

熱能與動(dòng)力工程

業(yè)務(wù)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)

本專業(yè)培養(yǎng)具備熱能工程、傳熱學(xué)、流體力學(xué)、動(dòng)力機(jī)械、動(dòng)力工程等方面基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，能在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和部門，從事動(dòng)力機(jī)械(如熱力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、流體機(jī)械、水力機(jī)械)的動(dòng)力工程(如熱電廠工程、水電動(dòng)力工程、制冷及低溫工程、空調(diào)工程)的設(shè)計(jì)、制造、運(yùn)行、管理、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和安裝、開發(fā)、營(yíng)銷等方面的高級(jí)工程技術(shù)人才。考慮學(xué)生在寬厚基礎(chǔ)上的專業(yè)發(fā)展，將熱能與動(dòng)力工程專業(yè)分成以下四個(gè)專業(yè)方向：

（1）以熱能轉(zhuǎn)換與利用系統(tǒng)為主的熱能動(dòng)力工程及控制方向(含能源環(huán)境工程方向)；

（2）以內(nèi)燃機(jī)及其驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)為主的熱力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及汽車工程方向；

（3）以電能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械功為主的流體機(jī)械與制冷低溫工程方向；

（4）以機(jī)械功轉(zhuǎn)換為電能為主的水利水電動(dòng)力工程方向。

業(yè)務(wù)培養(yǎng)要求

本專業(yè)學(xué)生主要學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力工程及工程熱物理的基礎(chǔ)理論，學(xué)習(xí)各種能量轉(zhuǎn)換及有效利用的理論和技術(shù)，受到現(xiàn)代動(dòng)力工程師的基本訓(xùn)練；具有進(jìn)行動(dòng)力機(jī)械與熱工設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)行、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的基本能力。

畢業(yè)生應(yīng)獲得以下幾方面的知識(shí)和能力：

1.具有較扎實(shí)的自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，較好的人文、藝術(shù)和社會(huì)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)及正確運(yùn)用本國(guó)語(yǔ)言、文字的表達(dá)能力；

2.較系統(tǒng)地掌握本專業(yè)領(lǐng)域?qū)拸V的技術(shù)理論基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，主要包括工程力學(xué)、機(jī)械學(xué)、工程熱物理、流體力學(xué)、電工與電子學(xué)、控制理論、市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)及企業(yè)管理等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)；

3.獲得本專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的工程實(shí)踐訓(xùn)練，具有較強(qiáng)的計(jì)算機(jī)和外語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力；

4.具有本專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)某個(gè)專業(yè)方向所必要的專業(yè)知識(shí)，了解其科學(xué)前沿及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；

5.具有較強(qiáng)的自學(xué)能力、創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和較高的綜合素質(zhì)。

培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)

本專業(yè)主要培養(yǎng)能源轉(zhuǎn)換與利用和熱力環(huán)境保護(hù)領(lǐng)域具有扎實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)，較強(qiáng)的實(shí)踐、適應(yīng)和創(chuàng)新能力，較高的道德素質(zhì)和文化素質(zhì)的高級(jí)人才，以滿足社會(huì)對(duì)該能源動(dòng)力學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的科研、設(shè)計(jì)、教學(xué)、工程技術(shù)、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理等各方面的人才需求。學(xué)生應(yīng)具備寬廣的自然科學(xué)、人文和社會(huì)科學(xué)知識(shí)，熱學(xué)、力學(xué)、電學(xué)、機(jī)械、自動(dòng)控制、系統(tǒng)工程等寬厚理論基礎(chǔ)、熱能動(dòng)力工程專業(yè)知識(shí)和實(shí)踐能力，掌握計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用與自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)方面的知識(shí)。畢業(yè)生能從事能源與動(dòng)力工程及相關(guān)方面的研究、教學(xué)、開發(fā)、制造、安裝、檢修、策劃、管理和營(yíng)銷等工作。也可在本專業(yè)或其它相關(guān)專業(yè)繼續(xù)深造，攻讀碩士、博士學(xué)位。

主干學(xué)科

動(dòng)力工程與工程熱物理、機(jī)械工程

主要課程

工程力學(xué)、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)、機(jī)械制圖、電工與電子技術(shù)、工程熱力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)、傳熱學(xué)、控制理論、測(cè)試技術(shù)等

主要實(shí)踐性教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)：包括軍訓(xùn)、金工、電工、電子實(shí)習(xí)、認(rèn)識(shí)實(shí)習(xí)、生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)、社會(huì)實(shí)踐、課程設(shè)計(jì)、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)等，一般應(yīng)安排40周以上。

主要專業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)

傳熱學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)、工程熱力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)、動(dòng)力工程測(cè)試技術(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)等

知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)要求

工具性知識(shí)

比較系統(tǒng)地掌握一門外語(yǔ)，掌握外文科技寫作知識(shí)。掌握計(jì)算機(jī)軟、硬件技術(shù)的基本知識(shí)，具有在本專業(yè)與相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用與開發(fā)能力；掌握通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲取信息的知識(shí)、方法與工具。能夠進(jìn)行中外文文獻(xiàn)檢索。自然科學(xué)知識(shí)

掌握高等數(shù)學(xué)、大學(xué)物理、工程化學(xué)、生命科學(xué)、環(huán)境科學(xué)等方面的知識(shí)。

學(xué)科技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

掌握工程制圖、工程數(shù)學(xué)、理論力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)、金屬工藝學(xué)、電工學(xué)、電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、工程流體力學(xué)、工程熱力學(xué)、傳熱學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)原理與應(yīng)用、自動(dòng)控制原理等方面的知識(shí)(對(duì)水利水電動(dòng)力工程方向，工程熱力學(xué)、傳熱學(xué)知識(shí)要求可適當(dāng)降低)。

專業(yè)知識(shí)

根據(jù)本專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)和培養(yǎng)規(guī)格，因?qū)I(yè)方向的不同而有所差別。

（1）熱能動(dòng)力及控制工程方向(含能源環(huán)境工程方向)

主要掌握熱能與動(dòng)力測(cè)試技術(shù)、鍋爐原理、汽輪機(jī)原理、燃燒污染與環(huán)境、動(dòng)力機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、熱力發(fā)電廠、熱工自動(dòng)控制、傳熱傳質(zhì)數(shù)值計(jì)算、流體機(jī)械等知識(shí)。

（2）熱力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及汽車工程方向

掌握內(nèi)燃機(jī)（或透平機(jī)）原理、結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)計(jì)，測(cè)試，燃料和燃燒，熱力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排放與環(huán)境工程，能源工程概論，內(nèi)燃機(jī)電子控制，熱力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳熱和熱負(fù)荷，汽車工程概論等方面的知識(shí)。

（3）制冷低溫工程與流體機(jī)械方向

掌握制冷、低溫原理、人工環(huán)境自動(dòng)化、暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)、低溫技術(shù)學(xué)、熱工過(guò)程自動(dòng)化、流體機(jī)械原理、流體機(jī)械系統(tǒng)仿真與控制等方面的知識(shí)。使學(xué)生掌握該方向所涉及的制冷空調(diào)系統(tǒng)、低溫系統(tǒng)，制冷空調(diào)與低溫各種設(shè)備和裝置，各種軸流式、離心式壓縮機(jī)和各種容積式壓縮機(jī)的基本理論和知識(shí)。

（4）水利水電動(dòng)力工程方向

掌握水輪機(jī)、水輪機(jī)安裝檢修與運(yùn)行、水力機(jī)組輔助設(shè)備、水輪機(jī)調(diào)節(jié)、現(xiàn)代控制理論、發(fā)電廠自動(dòng)化、電機(jī)學(xué)、發(fā)電廠電氣設(shè)備、繼電保護(hù)原理等方面的知識(shí)，以及水電廠計(jì)算機(jī)監(jiān)控和水電廠現(xiàn)代測(cè)試技術(shù)方面的知識(shí)。

也就是說(shuō)，本專業(yè)學(xué)生應(yīng)具有如下知識(shí)和能力，并根據(jù)培養(yǎng)規(guī)格的不同而有所側(cè)重：

（1）具有較扎實(shí)的自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，熟練掌握高等數(shù)學(xué)、工程數(shù)學(xué)、大學(xué)物理、工程化學(xué)等基礎(chǔ)性課程的基本理論和應(yīng)用方法；具有較好的人文、藝術(shù)和社會(huì)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)及正確應(yīng)用本國(guó)語(yǔ)言、文字的表達(dá)能力。

（2）掌握一門外國(guó)語(yǔ)，具有較好的聽、說(shuō)、讀、寫能力，能較順利地閱讀本專業(yè)的外文書籍和資料。若外語(yǔ)為英語(yǔ)應(yīng)達(dá)到國(guó)家四級(jí)以上水平（含四級(jí)）。

（3）系統(tǒng)地掌握本專業(yè)必需的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)理論，主要包括力學(xué)理論（理論力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)），熱學(xué)理論（熱力學(xué)、傳熱學(xué)等），機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基本理論，電工與電子基本理論，自動(dòng)控制理論，能源動(dòng)力工程基礎(chǔ)理論等。

（4）熟悉本專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)1～2個(gè)專業(yè)方向或有關(guān)方面的專業(yè)知識(shí)，了解其學(xué)科前沿和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。

（5）具有本專業(yè)必需的制圖、計(jì)算、測(cè)試、調(diào)研、查閱文獻(xiàn)和基本工藝、操作、運(yùn)行等基本技能。

（6）具有一定計(jì)算機(jī)相關(guān)知識(shí)和較強(qiáng)的計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用能力，較熟練使用計(jì)算機(jī)工具，解決工程中的有關(guān)問(wèn)題。

（7）具有較強(qiáng)的自學(xué)能力、分析能力和創(chuàng)新意識(shí)。

就業(yè)方向

畢業(yè)生可在大型企業(yè)、相關(guān)公司以及相關(guān)的研究所、設(shè)計(jì)院、高等院校和管理部門從事熱能工程方面的研究與設(shè)計(jì)、產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、制造、試驗(yàn)、管理、教學(xué)等工作

修業(yè)年限四年

第五篇：熱能與動(dòng)力工程

熱能與動(dòng)力工程專業(yè)

熱能與動(dòng)力工程專業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)：業(yè)務(wù)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)：本專業(yè)培養(yǎng)具備熱能工程、傳熱學(xué)、流體力學(xué)、動(dòng)力機(jī)械、動(dòng)力工程等方面基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，能在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門，從事動(dòng)力機(jī)械(如熱力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、流體機(jī)械、水力機(jī)械)的動(dòng)力工程(如熱電廠工程、水電動(dòng)力工程、制冷及低溫工程、空調(diào)工程)的設(shè)計(jì)、制造、運(yùn)行、管理、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和安裝、開發(fā)、營(yíng)銷等方面的高級(jí)工程技術(shù)人才。業(yè)務(wù)培養(yǎng)要求：本專業(yè)學(xué)生主要學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力工程及工程熱物理的基礎(chǔ)理論，學(xué)習(xí)各種能量轉(zhuǎn)換及有效利用的理論和技術(shù)，受到現(xiàn)代動(dòng)力工程師的基本訓(xùn)練；具有進(jìn)行動(dòng)力機(jī)械與熱工設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)、運(yùn)行、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的基本能力。畢業(yè)生應(yīng)獲得以下幾方面的知識(shí)和能力：1．具有較扎實(shí)的自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，較好的人文、藝術(shù)和社會(huì)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)及正確運(yùn)用本國(guó)語(yǔ)言、文字的表達(dá)能力；2．較系統(tǒng)地掌握本專業(yè)領(lǐng)域?qū)拸V的技術(shù)理論基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，主要包括工程力學(xué)、機(jī)械學(xué)、工程熱物理、流體力學(xué)、電工與電子學(xué)、控制理論、市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)及企業(yè)管理等基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)；3．獲得本專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的工程實(shí)踐訓(xùn)練，具有較強(qiáng)的計(jì)算機(jī)和外語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力；4．具有本專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)某個(gè)專業(yè)方向所必要的專業(yè)知識(shí)，了解其科學(xué)前沿及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；5．具有較強(qiáng)的自學(xué)能力、創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和較高的綜合素質(zhì)。主干課程：主干學(xué)科：動(dòng)力工程與工程規(guī)物理、機(jī)械工程。主要課程：工程力學(xué)、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)、電工與電子技術(shù)、工程熱力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)、傳熱學(xué)、控制理論、測(cè)試技術(shù)。主要實(shí)踐性教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)：包括軍訓(xùn)，金工、電工、電子實(shí)習(xí)，認(rèn)識(shí)實(shí)習(xí)，生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)，社會(huì)實(shí)踐，課程設(shè)計(jì)，畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)等，一般應(yīng)安排40周以上。修業(yè)年限：四年授予學(xué)位：工學(xué)學(xué)士相近專業(yè)：熱能與動(dòng)力工程 核工程與核技術(shù) 能源動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)及自動(dòng)化 工程物理 能源與環(huán)境系統(tǒng)工程專業(yè)前景 本專業(yè)（流體機(jī)械與流體工程方向）以流體工程及機(jī)械工程為基礎(chǔ)，主要研究流體機(jī)械的各種能量轉(zhuǎn)換及有效利用的理論和技術(shù)，掌握流體機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、制造、試驗(yàn)、應(yīng)用和管理等基本能力。隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展，流體機(jī)械與流體工程方向的研究領(lǐng)域已涵蓋農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)、水利、環(huán)保、航天、國(guó)防等各個(gè)部門，以上各行業(yè)對(duì)掌握流體機(jī)械及流體工程基礎(chǔ)理論的人才的需求不斷增加，尤其是近年來(lái)計(jì)算流體力學(xué)的發(fā)展使流體機(jī)械及流體工程在各行業(yè)的應(yīng)用不斷深入，應(yīng)用范圍不斷拓寬。培養(yǎng)目標(biāo) 本專業(yè)培養(yǎng)具備流體工程、流體力學(xué)、流體機(jī)械、動(dòng)力機(jī)械、水利工程等方面基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，能從事流體機(jī)械（水泵、水輪機(jī)、灌排設(shè)備等）和流體工程的科研、設(shè)計(jì)、制造、試驗(yàn)、運(yùn)行管理和經(jīng)營(yíng)銷售等方面工作的高級(jí)工程技術(shù)人才。就業(yè)方向 學(xué)生畢業(yè)后可到相關(guān)的國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、科研院所、流體機(jī)械制造企業(yè)以及水電行業(yè)、航空航天部門、水利部門及與流體工程設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的其他單位從事生產(chǎn)、教學(xué)、科研、銷售、管理等工作。深造情況 可攻讀流體機(jī)械及工程、農(nóng)業(yè)水土工程專業(yè)碩士學(xué)位和水動(dòng)力學(xué)與水力機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)水土工程專業(yè)博士學(xué)位，也可碩博連讀。每年約有1/3的應(yīng)屆本科畢業(yè)生考取研究生繼續(xù)深造