第一篇：英語畢業論文

中國式英語初探

中國英語初探

［摘 要］ 隨著中國政治經濟的發展，中國英語也日益形成。本文闡述了中國英語與中國式英語的區別，對中國英語產生的原因及特點進行了分析。

［關鍵詞］ 中國英語 中國式英語 本土化

1、英語的使用現狀

眾所周知,英語是當今世界上主要的國際通用語言之一。對于許多國家而言，英語是她們的國語，是大多數人的生活語言、官方語言或政府工作語言,是國民交流、社會生活的重要途徑和工具。隨著經濟全球化和貿易一體化的到來, 英語在世界其他非英語國家都作為外語在學習。

2、英語的區域性變體及其成因

橘子生在淮南和淮北會產生味道的不同，英語的迅速國際化必然會引起英語一定程度上的本土化。英語本土化主要體現在英語在世界范圍內具有代表性的變體, 這些英語變體既保持了標準英語的特點,又增添了有別于標準英語的某些特征。如英國英語、美國英語、印度英語、新西蘭英語、澳大利亞英語、馬耳他英語等。但這些英語變體都有其共同的或獨特的歷史原因。從17世紀末起,英國就開始其海外擴張政策,隨著對海外殖民地的統治與掠奪,英語逐漸發展為一種國際語言。但語言所反映的現實生活,由于受到不同國家和地區獨特的本土文化、發音習慣和思維模式,從而出現了一些有別于標準英語的區域性變體。這些區域性變體英語在長期的發展過程中, 既保留了標準英語的基本框架,還吸收了其他殖民者如法國人、德國人、西班牙人和荷蘭人等所使用的語言,并結合了大量的印第安人的本土語言，逐漸形成了如今各種英語的基本詞匯。在中國,英語作為國際語言，雖然還沒有完全走進百姓生活,但英語早已經作為各級各類學校的知識課與技能課在傳授。

因此，英語的中國化正在日益形成。

3、中國英語產生的原因

大多數學者認為：中國英語是以規范英語為基礎，用來表達中國特有的事物與現象的一種英語變體。它是中國文化與英語語言相結合的產物，是國際使用型的英語中國本土化的體現。它是有別于中式英語（Chinglish）的一種規范英語。

從前看到有人在信中寫到 “Long time no see” 的時候，還會感慨，真是典型的中式英語。但如今這句 “好久不見” 也被收在新編實用英語綜合教程1（2002年版）中（Unit 1）,作為標準中國英語來使用。“no moneyno talk”(沒錢就沒商量)以及毛主席的題詞 “好好學習，天天向上” 也被直譯成 “Good good Study, Day day up”。首先，由于英漢兩種文化上存在著許多的差異，漢語文化中的一些特有的事物與現象往往在英語中無法找到相對應的表達。這時人們常通過音譯、借譯、語義再生等手段，使漢語詞匯進入英語交際。因此，大量的中國英語詞匯中便體現出中國英語的本土化特色。中國英語在表達中國特有事物或現象方面有著獨特的作用。全球語言監督會的主席帕亞克曾經對媒體表示,“由于中國經濟增長的影響,它現在對國際英語的沖擊比英語國家還大”。不斷地創造新詞匯，使英語成為世界混合語。自1994年以來加入國際英語行列的詞匯中, 中國式英語貢獻了5%-20%,超過任何其他來源。例如：福娃（fuwa）、臺風（typhoon）、功夫（kongfu）、太極（taiji）、武術（wushu）、儒家思想（Confucianism）、四書（FourBooks），五經（Five Classics）、家庭聯產承包責任制（family contract re-sponsibility system）、知識經濟（knowledge economy）、和平崛起（peacefulrising）等。這些中國式英語詞匯都折射出了中國不同時期的時代特征。其次，漢語文化也在物質文化和精神文化上同時影響著英語：包括生產生活方式、自然地理環境、政治文化制度、風土人情習慣、倫理道德觀念、宗教、科學、藝術等方面。英語國家的英語不能完全照搬照抄于中國國情的現狀使得漢語在英語中的滲透變得尤為必要。例如，中國特有的傳統節日諸如端午節、中秋節分別別翻譯成 Dragon-boat Festival、Mid-autumn Day,把傳統中國節日中的賽龍舟的習俗譯于其中。此外，傳統中醫的許多專有名詞在英語中并沒有現成的對應詞匯,若忽略中西方文化上的差異而強行直譯，是會引起天大誤解的。

例如把中醫的 “生氣”（生命力）譯為 “發怒” ；把 “帶下醫”（婦科醫生）翻譯為 “躲在裙帶下的醫生”;“公孫” 是人體的一個穴位名稱，國內一些專家就曾將其譯為 “爺爺和孫子”。更有笑話說，有些菜館為了與國際接軌，所有的菜譜統一配置了英文名，把 “童子雞” 翻譯成了 “chicken without sexual life”，“四喜丸子”

成了 “Four glad meatballs”。

再次，建國后，尤其是改革開放以來，中國在政治、經濟、軍事、文化、科學技術和國際地位等方面都發生了重大的變化，國際影響力日趨增強，中國文明的力量和威望使中國文化在英語中有了大規模地影響和滲入，越來越多的外國人想更多地了解中國傳統文化。面對這些情況，人們通常通過音譯、借譯等手段，使中文詞匯進入英語便成為了必然。因此，使用中國英語，更忠實地反映中國古、現代名著更有利于東西方文化交流。以美國著名華裔女作家湯亭亭為例，她把花木蘭的故事傳遍了英語世界，她經常強調她的第一語言是漢語。在她的英文小說里，她總是實驗性地加入漢語，使她的英語更加完美。

4、中國英語的特點

不同國家和地域都因歷史、地理及風土人情的不同使英語在本國使用中具備了自己的本土化特色。以印度英語為例。印度人英語口音重、語速快，說起話來滿嘴里跑舌頭，輔音r發顫音。印度式英語把標準英語中本應該咬舌送氣的音 th 簡化為 t。而且印度人發的t的音，又接近d的音。此外，受15世紀進入印度的英國商人影響，印度英語中仍然保留了一些現代英語中很少使用的詞匯及用法。盡管中國英

語是以規范英語為核心的，然而，作為“世界英語”(World

Englishes)的一個組成部分的中國英語，在漢語中國文化與英語的漫長接觸中，也與 “美國英語”、“印度英語”、“巴基斯坦英語”、“澳大利亞英語” 的發展一樣，具備了自己的中國特色。在語音、詞匯、語法、語篇等各個語言層面產生了具有中國特色的變異分化。首先，在語音方面主要體現在來自不同省、市、自治區的中國人說出的英語南腔北調，有的不會發th，有的分不清r和l、n和l。例如,很多人分不清楚read和lead、think和sink，three和free，night和light等。其次，在詞匯方面具體表現為數量大、淘汰率低、翻譯方式靈活多樣、表意準確，許多漢語介詞常見諸英美報刊，許多漢語固有的詞匯大量的豐富了英語詞庫。例如：希望工程 Hope Project，拜年 pay New Yearcall, “豆腐渣” 工程

jerry-built project，三好學生three-good student等。再次，在語法方面，由于受到漢語思維與漢語句法的影響，中國英語傾向于修飾成分前置，致使中國英語在語篇內句子簡短、單句偏多。例如：錢鐘書先生所說的 “get the meaning,forget the words”（得意忘言）。最后，就篇章和文體而言，漢語的陳述和描寫跟英語相比更加崇尚華麗，而英語寫作崇尚平實；英語論說文喜歡用委婉含蓄的句式陳述觀點，而漢語則喜歡直截了當。但中國英語應用得當，它能更忠實地反映原文；尤其在表達中國特有事物或現象方面，它有獨特的作用。例如：《西游記》

就常被直接譯為Pilgrimage to the West，Pilgrimage一詞既有 “朝

圣、朝覲” 的意義，又包含了 “旅行、漫游” 的意思，忠實地譯出了 《西游記》 的題目中的含義，又涵指了內容中師徒幾人赴西天取經的征途。

5、總結 中國英語在跨文化交際中有著極其重要的作用，作為英語跟中國文化接軌的載體，它承載了中國文化的豐富內涵。在跨文化交際中，采取 “求同存異” 的原則，既要求充分尊重英語的語用原則和民族文化習俗，也應該理解和容忍中國英語中的異國特色。因此，在使用中國英語時，應注意以英美人的思維方式與中國文化相結合，避免把中國英語與中式英語相混淆，使中國英語的使用更能適應動態的，不可預知的情況，發揮其應有的作用。

參考文獻 ［1］李文中.中國英語與中國式英語［J］.外語教學與研究，1993,(4)

［2］桂燦昆.美國英語應用語音學［M］.上海:上海外語教育出版社，1999

［3］杜瑞清，姜亞軍.近二十年 “中國英語” 研究述評［J］.北京：外語教學與研究,2001,(1)

［4］邱立中.“中國英語” 質疑［J］.外語教學，2002,(6)

［5］劉祥清，晏小花.“中國英語” 研究與英語寫作［J］.衡陽:南華大學學報，2004,(4)

［6］潘章仙.中國英語變體中的語言和文化認同 / 語言學論叢［M］.北京：北京大學出版社，2005，12

第二篇：英語畢業論文

英漢翻譯與評論：Attitude Is Everything Original：

Jerry was the kind of guy you love to hate.He was always in a good mood and always had something positive to say.When someone would ask how he was doing, he would reply, “If I were any better, I would be twins!”

He was a unique manager because he had several waiters who had followed him around from restraint to restraint.The reason the waiters followed Jerry was because of his attitude.He was a natural motivator.If an employee was having a bad day, Jerry was there telling the employee how to look on the positive side of the situation

.Seeing this style really made me curious, so one day I went up to jerry and asked him, “I don't get it！You can’t be a positive person all of the time.How do you do it?”

Jerry replied,“ Each morning I wake up and say to myself ,jerry ,you have two choices today.You can choose to be in a good mood or you can choose to be in a bad mood.I choose to be in a good.Each time something bad happens, I can choose to be a victim or I can choose to learn from it.I choose to learn from it.Every time someone comes to me complaining, I can choose to accept their complaining or I can point out the positive side of the life.I choose the positive side of life.” “Yeah, right, it's not that easy,” I protested.“Yes, it is,” Jerry said.“Life is all about choices.When you cut away all the junk, every situation is a choice.You choose how to react to situations.You choose how people will affect your mood.You choose to be in a good or a bad mood.The bottom line: it's your choice how you live you life.”

I reflected on what jerry said.Soon thereafter, I left the restraint industry to start my own business.We lost touch, but I often thought about him when I made a choice about life instead of reacting to it.Several years later, I heard that Jerry did something you are never supposed to do in a restaurant business: He left the back door open one morning and was held up at gunpoint by three armed robbers.While trying to open the safe, his hand, shaking from nervousness, slipped off the combination.The robbers panicked and shot him.Luckily, Jerry was found relatively and rushed to the hospital.After 18 hours of surgery and weeks of intensive care, Jerry was released from the hospital with fragments of the bullets still in his body.I saw Jerry about six months after the accident.When I asked him about how he was, he replied,“ If I were any better, I'd be twins.Want to see my scars?” I declined to see his wounds, but did ask him what had gone through his mind as the robbery took place.“The first thing that went through my mind was that I should have locked the back door,” Jerry replied.“ then, as I lay on the floor, I remembered that I had two choices：I could choose to live or I could choose to die.I choose to live.”

“Weren’t you scared? Did you lose consciousness?’’ I asked.Jerry continued,” The paramedics were great.They kept telling me I was going to be fine.But when they wheeled me to the emergency room and I saw expressions on the faces of the doctors and nurses, I got really scared.In their eyes I read, he’s a dead man.I knew I needed to take action.”

“ What did you do？” I asked.“Well, there was a big nurse shouting questions at me,” Jerry.“She asked if I was allergic to anything.Yes, I replied.The doctors and nurses stopped working as they waited for my reply.I took a deep breath and yelled, bullets！Over their laughter, I told them, I am choosing to live.Operate me as if I am alive, not dead.”

Jerry lived thanks to the skill of his doctors, but also because of his amazing attitude.I learned from him that every day we have the choice to live fully.Attitude, after all, is everything.（選自高等教育出版社 綜合課程1 Unit 3）

譯文：

態度決定一切

杰瑞是那種讓你又愛又恨的人。他總是樂呵呵的，總有許多鼓勵的話要說。當有人問他他是怎么做到這一切是，他總是回答:“如果我可以變得更好，我就成為雙胞胎了。”

他是一個獨一無二的經理，因為他有一批忠心的跟隨他的服務員，跟隨他從一家酒店轉到另一家酒店工作。這些員工跟隨杰瑞是因為他的態度。他是一個天生的勵志家。如果有員工遇到不幸，杰瑞總會告訴員工怎么去看到事務的積極面。

我非常好奇看到這樣的人，所以有一天我去找杰瑞，問: “我不明白。你不可能永遠樂觀，你是怎么辦到的？”

杰瑞回答說：“每天早上我起床是總會對自己說，‘杰瑞你今天有兩種選擇。你可以選擇壞心情也可以選擇好心情。’我選擇好心情。每一次不幸發生時，我可以選擇成為一個受害者或從中吸收教育。我選擇吸取教訓。每當人們開始抱怨，我可以選擇接受他們的抱怨或指出人生的積極面時，我選擇指出人生的積極面。”

“嗯，對，可那并不容易。”我提出異議。

“是的，的確，”杰瑞說，“人生就是選擇。當你鏟除所以障礙時，任何情況下都是一次選擇。你選擇如何應對情況。你選擇人們任何影響你的情緒。你選擇好心情或壞心情。但根本點是:你選擇如何過你的生活！”

我很認真的思考杰瑞的話，但是沒過多久，我就離開酒店去發展我自己的事業。我們失去了聯系，但是每當我面臨生活做出選擇時，我會時常想起他。

幾年以后，我聽說杰瑞經歷了一些你在酒店絕不會經歷的事：一天早晨，他打開后門時，被三個武裝劫匪用槍指住打劫。

在他試圖打開保險柜時，他的手因為緊張而顫抖的撥弄密碼鍵，卻被受到驚嚇的劫匪開槍射中了。幸運的是，杰瑞在比較快的時間被發現并送往當地的醫院。

在18個小時的外殼手術和幾周的強化護理后，杰瑞出院了。但他的身體里仍然留有子彈的碎片。

在那次意外的六個月后我遇到了杰瑞。當我問他感覺怎樣時，他回答：“如果我可以變得更好，我就成為雙胞胎了。想看看我的傷疤嗎？”

我回絕了看他的傷疤，當你卻問他當搶劫發生時他的腦中在想什么。

“我想到的第一件事就是我本應該鎖上門。’’杰瑞說，“然后，當我躺在地板上時，我記得我有兩種選擇：我可以選擇活下去，或者死亡。我選擇活下去。”

“你難道不怕嗎？你有沒有失去意識？”我問。

杰瑞繼續說：“護工們非常了不起。他們一直告訴我，我會好起來。但他們把我推進急救室時，我看見醫生和護士臉上寫滿了憂慮，我真的很害怕。在他們眼里，我看到，‘他就快死了。’我明白自己必須采取行動。”

“那你做了什么呢？’’我問。

“嗯，有一個護士大聲問我問題，”杰瑞說，“她問我是不是對什么過敏。‘有’，我說。醫生和護士就放下手中的活等我回答。我深呼一口氣，大叫，‘子彈！’透過他們的笑聲，我告訴他們，‘我要活下去。我要像活人那樣接受手術，而不是死人。’’’

杰瑞將他的活下來的奇跡歸功與他的醫生的精湛的技術，但也因為他那不可思議的態度。我從他身上了解到：每一天我們的生活中都充滿選擇。

總而言之，態度決定一切。

Comment:

The Attitude of Life

Attitude is everything people think of “the Bible” where the sentence: as long as it believes that it is willing to believe that there is no impossible.For us, a firm belief is that a hung sailing, and good attitude is the driving force was sailing expedition.Work, some seemingly “impossible” to do something, so long as to maintain a good attitude is important is not thinking “Can I do”, but thinking about “how to do it,” to appear as a difficult task also may be pulled off.This story has been greatly from the ideologically inspired.I think it could only be a good attitude in order to have a better state to restrict themselves to a better work hard, to face different situations, use a good attitude when dealing with to get good results, conversely, can not but fail.Those winners who also use a good attitude when dealing with success and failure so that they can reach the other shore of life the other side of the ideal.In the work before the state of mind is everything.There is no unimportant work, only do not attach importance to the work of people.A different mentality, different achievements in life, what kind of mentality will produce what kind of behavior, to determine different results.Attitude is the attitude of Giga.Character of a person's unique personality and stable performance characteristics, it shows a person's psychological understanding of reality and the corresponding habituation behavior.Attitude is a person's psychological reactions of objective things.Therefore, only a good attitude can in order to have a good job performance.Successfully before the state of mind is everything.“The more slowly, as long as he does not lose goals, is better than people wandering aimlessly go faster.” Thus, life is not always fair;however, the door of hope for everyone is always open.When a person to life and concentrate on one point when, it is possible to make so that their amazing career.Then the basis for success is necessarily a good frame of mind.It is undeniable that, in every one of us psychologically, is the existence of such kind of problems.For example feel too good, learning not to reveal their ignorance;not consider the creation of convenience for others;to attach too much importance personal interests;always want to short-term effects;the lack of subject awareness;will not do any self-criticism.The existence of such a mentality of people, I believe that he will never be successful.On the contrary, those who pursue successful people have opted for precisely the optimization is a positive attitude, and in very good mentality has achieved unexpected success.Such a mentality and state is worth learning and the pursuit of each person, but I can tell you that the mentality of the adjustment and purification, some people are irreplaceable, this is a subjective autonomy of action, not an

objective plus, and passive ideas, other people can not do it guide.Only the right states of mind from the negative idea of coming out, have a positive attitude towards the completion of their goals and work.In other words, “only wanted to contribute, MO on the harvest,” when God will also give you quietly harvest prepared better.The world has countless people.In life, some successful, some fail, some happy, some sad.Some may, some people lose.Why, the same as the beginning of the outcome is different, life's fortune is even more disparity.Indeed, it all depends on your attitude on life.Positive bravely to face, or decadent loss, complaining in broken jar shattered.Really, in the person's life, life can not all be smooth sailing, and his calm.No matter who must have the ability to withstand setbacks? In the immediate difficulties, we should fearlessly go to work, perseverance, not to evade;escape will only make you more and weaker, until the vulnerable.This is why some people can not stand a little frustrated by a failure of despair they do not want to try again, did not dare go down fighting, just because fear of failure again.The boundless world is full of challenges.How to face life, be happy, is sad? Can not allow your life to the decision, nor is it allowed to forward to your fate will be kind, it should be your grasp!

Some people will talk over the failure: “fate, destiny!As already doomed, there is no need to force it adaptable by it.” But whether, but when disaster strikes, but also tightly seated, spoke: “all for life......” No, no, this is only the weak performance, we should regard the attitude of holding their own efforts to go ahead

Indeed, is to change your life, or do you change people's lives, there is up to you.Even if life on the road full of bumps, sadness and grief is always tight as you.But as long as you have always to accompany you to smile, no matter how difficult, how a sad thing to break was in the past, this is the attitude of life!As a matter of fact, the person's life is beautiful, but also very sweet.But often, negative attitude toward life decadent but make your life should have an excellent premature ending, or to give life filled with bitter, so this should be colorful life bleak.An active life does not necessarily make you successful, but a negative attitude toward life is bound to result in making progress, thereby giving up his life!

Everyone has the right to choose the road of life, no matter whether happy, sad matter whether,with the attitude of those who take seriously the life of the road, slowly open up their own little piece of heaven!

第三篇：英語畢業論文感謝信

Dear sir，I am writing this letter to thank you for you warm hospitality accorded to me and my delegation during our recent visit to your beautiful country.I would also like to thank you for your interesting discussion with me which I have found very informative and useful.During the entire visit, my delegation and I were overwhelmed by the enthusiasm expressed by your business representatives on cooperation with China.I sincerely hope we could have more exchanges like this one when we would be able to continue our interesting discussion on possible ways to expand our bilateral ecomomic and trade relations and bring our business people together.I am lookingforward to your early visit to China when I will be able to pay back some of the hospitality I received during my memorable stay in yur beautiful country.With kind personal regards,Faithfully yours

第四篇：英語畢業論文致謝

Acknowledgements My study at the College of International Studies will soon come to an end and, at the completion of my graduation thesis;I wish to express my sincere appreciation to all those who have offered me invaluable help during the four years of my undergraduate study here at Tai Zhou Institute of Nanjing university of Science and Technology.Firstly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Xu Guixiang, for her constant encouragement and guidance.She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Secondly, I should give my hearty thanks to all the other faculty members of the Department of English for their patient instructions in various courses and their precious suggestions for my study here.Lastly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

第五篇：英語畢業論文提綱

contents

introduction………………………………………………………………1

1.the common historical background……………………………………1

1.1 international………………………………………………………1

1.2 national…………………………………………………………1

2.the common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2

2.1 rebellion against conventions……………………………………2

2.1.1 beats in literature………………………………………………2

2.1.2 rockers in music circles………………………………………3

2.2 ideologies in between……………………………………………4

2.2.1 beatniks were fed up with their government about

the explanations of why things happened……………………4

2.2.2 their same destiny……………………………………………4

2.2.3 beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by

both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5

2.3 belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5

2.3.1 beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6

2.3.2 rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6

3.their identical lifestyles………………………………………………6