第一篇：《新英漢翻譯教程》第一章課后作業答案

If it worked once, it can work twice

⑽ 一次得手，再次不愁

例2:The child has started going on all fours.孩子會爬了

1.He has a weakness for smoking

B．他有抽煙的癖好。

2．A cat is a cleanly animal

B．貓是喜愛清潔的動物。

He is dead，as I live

B．他的確死了。

4．His English leaves nothing to be desired

B．他的英語無可挑剔。

5.I would rather have his room than his company

B．我寧愿他不在。

6.Your loss is nothing to mine

A．你的損失與我無關

7．The patient is waiting to cross the Styx

B．這個病人已經等死了。

8.The headmaster made an example of the boy.B．校長懲罰這個孩子，目的在于警告他人。

9．The Disney management is stressing this tradition in an apparent response to suggestions that is culturally insensitive.B.迪斯尼管理強調，這一傳統顯然是有人對迪斯尼管理在文化傳統方面麻木不仁的態度所提出的種種建議。

10．The effort to shield assets to be passed on to children and grandchildren is making prenups more common among retired people in their 60s and 70s who are remarrying after a spouse has died.B.努力保護自己的婚前契約，把財產能傳到兒孫手中，這在已退休并喪偶、又準備再婚的六七十歲的老人當中十分普遍。

1.He wanted to learn, to know, to teach

他想學習、掌握知識，也想把知識傳授給別人

2.She is young enough to get married她很年輕到能夠結婚

3.From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village.It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.(N.S.Momaday: The End of My Childhood)

3.從那里我可以看見下面的整個山谷,那田野、河流、村莊。這一切都很美麗,并且見到它,使我心馳神往。

4..We have 365 days in a year.一年有365天。（5.He stood up straight with arms folded, and laughed at the cap hanging there on the pole.5。他站起來直,雙手緊抱在胸前,并嘲笑帽子掛在電線桿。

6.Our son must go to school.He must break out of the pot that holds us in.6。我們的兒子一定得進學校。他一定得打破鍋持有我們進去。

7.Is the press a great power in your country

7。報界有很大的影響力在你的國家

8.Brown may say what he likes, but it is his wife who wears the trousers

8。布朗可能會說他喜歡做的事,但正是他的妻子穿褲子

9.青島今昔 9.Qingdao is now

10.全世界人民

10.The people of the world

11．黃色錄像（電影）

11.Yellow video(film)

12．不見不散

12.It's a date

13．文如其人

13.The style is the man

14．1997年7月1日零點整，香港回歸祖國。

14.1997 1 July, the zero Hong Kong's return to the motherland.15． 9.11事件

15.9.11 events

1)I took advice on the matter.【譯文】就此事我已征求過意見。

2)They are all of age.3)It has made the headlines that the president’s wife threatened her husbands with public exposure.【譯文】總統夫人說要公開揭發丈夫，這件事成了頭條新聞。

4)He often talks horse.【譯文】她常吹牛。

5)They lingered long over his letter.【譯文】他們反復看了他的來信。

6)Between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.7)There is something in the wind.【譯文】好像要出事了。（風里有些什么東西。）

8)She hasthe making of agood teacher.【譯文】 她具有一個優秀教師的潛質。

9)You never realize how fortunate you are to havegoodhealth until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering.【譯文】除非你親眼目睹體弱多病之苦，不然，你是不會意識到你有一個健康的身體有多好。

10)That notion is being nurtured by people.【譯文】有人在吹這種風。

11)Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds.There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted.【譯文】曙色中的海島美極了，晨曦柔合，彩云片片。澄澈的光影是無法描繪的。

12)From each according to his ability, to eachaccording to his needs.【譯文】各盡所能，各得所需。

13)When we make friends, we should choose those who areour supporters in danger.(Aesop)【譯文】要交朋友，要選那些我們遇到危險時支持我們的人。

14)Only a very slight and very scattering ripplesof half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.【譯文】歡迎他的只有幾下半聲不響的、七零八落的、虛情假意的掌聲。

15)So long as we love we serve;so long as we are loved by others, I would almost say we are indispensable;and no man is useless while he has a friend.(Robert Louis Stevenson)【譯文】只要我們去愛人，我們就有所貢獻；只要我們被人所愛，我們就不缺少什么；任何一個人，如果有一個朋友，那他就不是無用之人。

16)With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.【譯文】憑著我的決心，我的運氣，還有許多善良人們的幫助，我終于獲得了新生。

17)All the wis 【譯文】古往今來人類的一切智慧結晶，數百年來人們津津樂道的那些故事，我們都可以輕松地從書本中得到。

I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday when I entered the inhospitable regions of examinations, through which for the next seven years I was destined to journey.These examinations were a great trial to me.The subjects which were dearest to the examiners were almost invariably those I fancied least.I would have liked to have been examined in history, poetry and writing essays.The examiners, on the other hand, were partial to Latin and mathematics.And their will prevailed.【譯文】我一過12歲生日，就步入了令人頭疼的考試時期，而且隨后的7年，竟注定一直在這區域跋涉。這些考試真讓我傷透了腦筋。主考老師最喜歡考的科目，幾乎無一例外的都是我最不喜歡的科目。我喜愛歷史、詩歌和寫作，可他們卻喜歡拉丁文和數學，而每次考試都是他們說了算。

Moreover, the questions which they asked on both these subjects were almost invariably those to which I was unable to suggest a satisfactory answer.I should have liked to be asked to say what I knew.They always tried to ask what I did not know.When I would have willingly displayed my knowledge, they sought to expose my ignorance.This sort of treatment had only one result: I did not do well in examinations.更可氣的是，他們在這兩個科目上所提的問題，又幾乎全都是我無法做出滿意答案的。我一直喜歡回答一些我所熟悉的東西，可他們總是問一些我全都不知道的問題。我一直很想展現自己的才華，可他們卻變著法兒讓我出丑。其結果是：考試中我屢屢失敗。

During the past few years, scientists the world over have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in a task they once spent their lives avoiding writing, but particularly letter writing.Lured by electronic mail’s seductive blend of speed, convenience and economy, people who have never before touched the stuff are routinely, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.【譯文】在最近幾年中，全世界的科學家們突然發現他們在高效率地從事著一種自己以前極不愿做的工作——寫作，特別是信件的寫作。由于電子郵件的速度快捷，經濟方便，使得從未使用過的人，也開始熟練地使用電子郵件處理日常事務，甚至能高高興興地寫出大量信函。

Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant countries, shared data, bulletin boards and electronic journals.Anyone with a personal computer, a modem and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on.An estimated five million scientists have done so, with more joining every day, most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the internet, or net.當前電子網絡，已經融入現代科學交流中。通過電子網絡，人們可以和異國他鄉的同事取得聯系、分享數據、游覽新聞簡報和閱讀電子雜志。不管是誰，只要你有一臺個人電腦，一個調制解調器以及所需要的軟件，再把電話線連接到電腦上，就能申請上網。目前，大約已有500萬科學家登記上網，而且人數與日俱增，絕大多數的科學家通過國內和國際線路進行通訊。這些線路稱為“互聯網”，或簡稱“網”。

第二篇：新編英漢翻譯教程第一章練習答案

第一章綜合練習及參考譯文

1．翻譯下列句子，注意斜體部分的表達并說明翻譯的特點

1)I took advice on the matter.【譯文】就此事我已征求過意見。

2)They are all of age.【譯文】他們都是成年人。

3)It has made the headlines that the president’s wife threatened her husbands with public exposure.【譯文】總統夫人說要公開揭發丈夫，這件事成了頭條新聞。

4)He often talks horse.【譯文】她常吹牛。

5)They lingered long over his letter.【譯文】他們反復看了他的來信。

6)Between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.7)There is something in the wind.【譯文】好像要出事了。（風里有些什么東西。）

8)She hasthe making of agood teacher.【譯文】 她具有一個優秀教師的潛質。

9)You never realize how fortunate you are to havegoodhealth until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering.【譯文】除非你親眼目睹體弱多病之苦，不然，你是不會意識到你有一個健康的身體有多好。

10)That notion is being nurtured by people.【譯文】有人在吹這種風。

11)Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds.There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted.【譯文】曙色中的海島美極了，晨曦柔合，彩云片片。澄澈的光影是無法描繪的。

12)From each according to his ability, to eachaccording to his needs.【譯文】各盡所能，各得所需。

13)When we make friends, we should choose those who areour supporters in danger.(Aesop)【譯文】要交朋友，要選那些我們遇到危險時支持我們的人。

14)Only a very slight and very scattering ripplesof half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.【譯文】歡迎他的只有幾下半聲不響的、七零八落的、虛情假意的掌聲。

15)So long as we love we serve;so long as we are loved by others, I would almost say we are indispensable;and no man is useless while he has a friend.(Robert Louis Stevenson)【譯文】只要我們去愛人，我們就有所貢獻；只要我們被人所愛，我們就不缺少什么；任何一個人，如果有一個朋友，那他就不是無用之人。

16)With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.【譯文】憑著我的決心，我的運氣，還有許多善良人們的幫助，我終于獲得了新生。

17)All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books.【譯文】古往今來人類的一切智慧結晶，數百年來人們津津樂道的那些故事，我們都可以輕松地從書本中得到。

18)Besides working to improve building structure，people in areas where earthquakes are common should also prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake in several other aspects.【譯文】除了努力改進建筑結構外, 地震多發區的人們還應該在其它幾個方面為可能發生的大地震做好準備。

19)I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.【譯文】就是從這一天開始，我的生活和以前全然不同，一想到這個，我就感到無比興奮。這個重要的日子是1887年3月 3日，當時我還差三個月才滿七周歲。

20)The college student caught cheating does not even blush.He shrugs his shoulders and comments: “Everybody does it, and besides, I can’t see that it really hurts anybody.(J.Krutch: The New Immorality)

【譯文】那位大學生考試作弊被發現，連臉都不紅，只是聳聳肩，振振有詞地說：“大家都是這么干的。再說了，我認為這不會損害任何人。”

翻譯下列段落

I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday when I entered the inhospitable regions of examinations, through which for the next seven years I was destined to journey.These examinations were a great trial to me.The subjects which were dearest to the examiners were almost invariably those I fancied least.I would have liked to have been examined in history, poetry and writing essays.The examiners, on the other hand, were partial to Latin and mathematics.And their will prevailed.【譯文】我一過12歲生日，就步入了令人頭疼的考試時期，而且隨后的7年，竟注定一直在這區域跋涉。這些考試真讓我傷透了腦筋。主考老師最喜歡考的科目，幾乎無一例外的都是我最不喜歡的科目。我喜愛歷史、詩歌和寫作，可他們卻喜歡拉丁文和數學，而每次考試都是他們說了算。

Moreover, the questions which they asked on both these subjects were almost invariably those to which I was unable to suggest a satisfactory answer.I should have liked to be asked to say what I knew.They always tried to ask what I did not know.When I would have willingly displayed my knowledge, they sought to expose my ignorance.This sort of treatment had only one result: I did not do well in examinations.更可氣的是，他們在這兩個科目上所提的問題，又幾乎全都是我無法做出滿意答案的。我一直喜歡回答一些我所熟悉的東西，可他們總是問一些我全都不知道的問題。我一直很想展現自己的才華，可他們卻變著法兒讓我出丑。其結果是：考試中我屢屢失敗。

During the past few years, scientists the world over have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in a task they once spent their lives avoiding writing, but particularly letter writing.Lured by electronic mail’s seductive blend of speed, convenience and economy, people who have never before touched the stuff are routinely, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.【譯文】在最近幾年中，全世界的科學家們突然發現他們在高效率地從事著一種自己以前極不愿做的工作——寫作，特別是信件的寫作。由于電子郵件的速度快捷，經濟方便，使得從未使用過的人，也開始熟練地使用電子郵件處理日常事務，甚至能高高興興地寫出大量信函。

Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant countries, shared data, bulletin boards and electronic journals.Anyone with a personal computer, a modem and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on.An estimated five million scientists have done so, with more joining every day, most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the internet, or net.當前電子網絡，已經融入現代科學交流中。通過電子網絡，人們可以和異國他鄉的同事取得聯系、分享數據、游覽新聞簡報和閱讀電子雜志。不管是誰，只要你有一臺個人電腦，一個調制解調器以及所需要的軟件，再把電話線連接到電腦上，就能申請上網。目前，大約已有500萬科學家登記上網，而且人數與日俱增，絕大多數的科學家通過國內和國際線路進行通訊。這些線路稱為“互聯網”，或簡稱“網”。

E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, overnight mail and, of course land mail.It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators, in part because it is conveniently asynchronous(writers can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep;their message will be waiting).If it is not yet speed discoveries, it is certainly accelerating disclosures.電子郵件正在逐步取代傳真、電話、特快專遞，當然還有陸上郵件。它既縮短了科學合作者之間的距離，又節省了通訊時間。其部分原因是因為它具有不同時性（當發送的一方正在輸入時，居住在其他時區的接收方可能正在睡覺。傳送的信息將在網上等待。）因而帶來方便。電子郵件即便是不能加速產生新的發現的話，它也肯定能加快信息的傳遞。

第三篇：毛概課后作業答案(新)

馬克思主義中國化，就是將馬克思主義的基本原理同中國的具體實際相結合。具體地說，“就是要使馬克思列寧主義這一革命科學更進一步地和中國革命實踐、中國歷史、中國文化深相結合起來”，使馬克思主義在其每一表現中都帶有中國的特性，帶有新鮮活潑的、為中國老百姓所喜聞樂見的中國作風和中國氣派，使其在中國進一步民族化和具體化。

馬克思主義的基本原理同中國的具體實際相結合的過程，一方面是在實踐中學習和運用理論，用理論指導實踐的過程；另一方面又是在總結實踐經驗的基礎上深化對理論的認識并豐富和發展理論的過程。概括地說，馬克思主義中國化就是用馬克思主義來解決中國的問題，同時又使中國豐富的實踐經驗上升為理論，并且同中國歷史、中華民族優秀文化相結合，以形成具有中國特色、中國風格和中國氣派的馬克思主義理論。

（1）毛澤東思想的歷史地位和指導意義。毛澤東思想是中國共產黨和中華民族寶貴的精神財富，它將長期指導我們的行動。第一，毛澤東思想是馬克思主義中國化第一次歷史性飛躍的理論成果。第二，毛澤東思想是中國革命和建設的科學指南。第三，毛澤東思想是中國共產黨和中國人民寶貴的精神財富。

（2）鄧小平理論的歷史地位和指導意義。鄧小平理論集中反映了中國共產黨對中國社會主義建設規律的認識，具有鮮明的時代精神和民族精神，是中華民族振興和發展的強大精神支柱。第一，鄧小平理論是馬克思主義中國化第二次歷史性飛躍的理論成果。第二，鄧小平理論是改革開放和社會主義現代化建設的科學指南。第三，鄧小平理論是黨和國家必須長期堅持的指導思想。盡管現在國際國內的形勢比起當年有很多新的變化，但是鄧小平理論為我們確立的基本思想依然有著現實的指導意義。

（3）“三個代表”重要思想的歷史地位和指導意義。“三個代表”重要思想作為中國共產黨必須長期堅持的指導思想，在理論和實踐上都有著重要的歷史地位和指導意義。第一，“三個代表”重要思想是面向21世紀的中國化的馬克思主義。第二，是實現全面建設小康社會的根本指針。第三，是加強和改進黨的建設、推進我國社會主義自我完善和發展的強大理論武器。“三個代表”重要思想提出的一系列關于中國特色社會主義發展道路、發展階段、發展戰略、根本目的、根本任務、發展動力、依靠力量、國際戰略等重要思想，對我們正在進行的改革開放和現代化建設事業具有長期的指導意義。毛澤東1948年《在晉綏干部會議上的講話》中完整地表述了新民主主義革命總路線的內容，這就是無產階級領導的，人民大眾的，反對帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義的革命。

無產階級的領導權是中國革命的中心問題，也是新民主主義革命理論的核心問題。區別新舊兩種不同范疇的民主主義革命，根本的標志是革命的領導權掌握在無產階級手中還是掌握在資產階級手中。

由于帝國主義要把中國變成它們的殖民地，由于中華民族資產階級的軟弱性和妥協性，領導中國革命取得成功的重任，歷史地落到了中國無產階級及其政黨的肩上。新民主主義革命不能由任何別的階級和任何別的政黨充當領導者，只能和必須由無產階級充當領導者。

新民主主義政治綱領的主要內容是：推翻帝國主義和封建主義的統治，建立一個無產階級領導的，以工農聯盟為基礎的，各革命階級聯合專政的新民主主義的共和國。

新民主主義經濟綱領的主要內容是：沒收封建地主階級的土地歸農民所有，沒收官僚資產階級的壟斷資本歸新民主主義的國家所有，保護民族工商業。

新民主主義文化綱領的主要內容是：新民主主義文化就是無產階級領導的人民大眾的反帝反封建的文化，即民族的科學的大眾的文化。

社會主義初級階段是一個具有特定內涵的新概念，它不是泛指任何國家進入社會主義都會經歷的起始階段，而是特指我國生產力發展水平不高、商品經濟不發達條件下建設社會主義必然要經歷的特定歷史階段。它包括兩層既相對區別、又緊密聯系的基本含義：

第一，我國社會已經是社會主義社會。我們必須堅持而不能離開社會主義。第二，我國的社會主義社會還處在初級階段。我們必須從這個實際出發，而不能超越這個階段。前一層含義闡明的是初級階段的社會性質，后一層含義則闡明了我國現實中社會主義社會的發展程度。

(1)黨在社會主義初級階段的基本綱領的主要內容。

黨的十五大根據社會主義初級階段基本路線的要求，圍繞社會主義現代化建設的總題目，制定了黨在社會主義初級階段的基本綱領。建設中國特色社會主義經濟，就是在社會主義條件下發展市場經濟，不斷解放和發展生產力。保證國民經濟持續快速健康發展，人民共享經濟繁榮成果。

建設中國特色社會主義政治，就是在中國共產黨領導下，在人民當家作主的基礎上，依法治國，發展社會主義民主政治。實現社會安定、政府廉潔高效、全國各族人民團結和睦、生動活潑的政治局面。建設中國特色社會主義文化，就是以馬克思主義為指導，以培育有理想、有道德、有文化、有紀律的公民為目標，發展面向現代化、面向世界、面向未來的，民族的、科學的、大眾的社會主義文化。建設立足中國現實、繼承歷史文化優秀傳統、吸取外國文化有益成果的社會主義精神文明。

(2)如何理解黨的最高綱領和最低綱領的統一。

第一，實現共產主義是無產階級政黨的最高綱領，同時在革命和建設的不同發展階段，黨也制定了最低綱領，建設中國特色社會主義的綱領，就是黨在現階段的最低綱領。第二，最高綱領與最低綱領既有區別，又有聯系，辯證統一于為實現共產主義奮斗的全部歷史過程。最高綱領為最低綱領的制定指明前進方向；最低綱領為最高綱領的實現準備必要的條件。第三，科學闡明和正確處理最高綱領和最低綱領之間的辯證統一關系，是中國共產黨在理論上政治上清醒和成熟的重要標志。

第四篇：課后作業答案

答：

一、文體特色

首先，我們要明確《野草》作為魯迅開創的“獨語體”散文已經成為現代文學的經典之作。它開創了中國現代散文詩之先河。作為兼有詩歌和抒情散文特點的一種文學體裁。就表現形式來講它應該具有以下幾種特色：

1． 是詩歌的一種，本質上屬于詩；

2． 兼有散文和詩的特點；

3． 篇幅短小，情感濃重，有詩的意境，有詩的情緒和幻想，具有詩歌語言的精煉性和音樂

美；

4． 用散文形式寫出，不受固定格式束縛，不分行，不押韻，有散文表現力的靈活性、多樣

性；

5． 語言雋永，內容濃縮，耐人尋味。

其次，我們從另一個角度去看散文詩，它還具有以下兩個很重要的特色：

1.它的抒情性即抒情自我。例如：魯迅在《<野草>英文譯本序》中也說：“大抵僅僅是隨

時的小感想。因為那時難于直說，所以有時措辭就很含糊了。”又說：“所以這也可以說，大半是廢弛的地獄邊沿的滲白色小花，當然不會美麗。”魯迅把有感而發都說成是“小感觸”或“小感想”，其實它是作者的濃重情緒情感借社會人生某一事物而生發出來，抒寫了作者在當時探索和戰斗的那種特有的思想感情，是個人情緒情感在藝術上的渲泄。他把自己的散文詩看成是“廢弛的地獄邊沿的慘白色小花”，這說明作者在當時的特定社會背景下，所處的境遇，帶有苦悶、彷徨、沉郁、寂寞的情緒，然而卻仍然頑強不屈地生活著抗爭著。“不會美麗”是指社會對它的壓迫。但它是壓不垮的，將頑強地艷放著。

2.它的“散文”定位。魯迅《野草》中的篇章，既有敘事抒情式的，也有詩劇、寓言故事

和諷刺小品式的，像《過客》、《聰明人和傻子和奴才》、《狗的駁詰》等。這說明了散文詩應是詩和文（即各種文藝文體）的整合，它可以以文入詩，亦可以詩入文；或以文為詩，或以詩為文，是詩與文交叉、滲透中產生的一種獨立的自由的新文體，是一種藝術的新的“格式塔質”。

二、思想內容

首先，《野草》的基本思想內容大致可歸納為：

1.表現對美好生活和光明未來的追求，贊揚為此而敢于斗爭、敢于犧牲的精神。如《秋夜》描繪了在肅殺的秋夜里，自然界各種生物與暗夜及嚴寒抗爭搏斗的詩的圖景，用棗樹堅強、挺拔的形象，象征革命者韌性戰斗的精神，全篇充溢著一種詩意。其他如《好的故事》、《雪》等也屬于這一類。

2.揭露黑暗勢力，鞭撻社會丑惡，如《失掉的好地獄》，《狗的駁詰》、《這樣的戰士》等。

3.表現自我在彷徨與探索中孤獨苦悶的情緒和矛盾的心情，如《希望》、《影的告別》、《過客》等篇。

其次，《野草》中還透露著一個很重要的思想內容，即魯迅獨特的人生存在體驗和反抗絕望的生命哲學。這一生命哲學又包含了三方面內容：

1．韌性戰斗的哲學。《野草》里有一篇東西就是《聰明人 傻子和奴才》要開個窗子，不行。最后把墻砸了，行了。非常艱苦，要改變一種東西。魯迅對中國社會改革的艱難，艱難性了解的深刻，對于“五四”以來的青年，那種抗爭的過分樂觀、過分急躁的這樣一種觀察。他用他啟蒙者特有的清醒，提出了長期作戰的這樣一種思想。《野草》開頭的第一篇叫《秋夜》，暗示傳達的就是這樣一個思想，就是這樣一種哲學。在《秋夜》中兩個對立的勢力，一個是以“夜空”為代表的；一個是以“棗樹”為代表的，兩邊的勢力。那么在兩個勢力的對峙中來抒發自己的這樣一種生命哲學，就是要一種韌性的戰斗，執著的韌性的戰斗。

2.反抗絕望的一種哲學。例如在《希望》他用一種無可奈何的、纏綿的、悱惻的調子傾訴了自己這種發自心靈深處的痛苦：“我只得由我來肉薄這空虛中的暗夜了，縱使尋不到身外的青春，也總得自己來一擲我身中的遲暮。但暗夜又在哪里呢？現在沒有星，沒有月光以至笑的渺茫和愛的翔舞；青年們很平安，而我的面前又竟至于并且沒有真的暗夜。”其中，魯迅用裴多菲的詩句“絕望之為虛妄，正與希望相同”，發出了抗爭絕望的聲音，這里的“希望”，實際上正是“反抗絕望”的代名詞。

3．向麻木復仇的哲學。魯迅出于改造國民性的思想，對群眾的精神麻木抱有一種激憤批判的情緒和思想。為此，他在《野草》里連著寫了《復仇》《復仇(其二)》兩篇散文詩，把對社會精神現象的人生思考傳達到了淋漓盡致的程度。《復仇(其二)》用了《新約全書》里耶穌受難的故事，第一篇《復仇》寫群眾做“戲劇”看客的麻木，第二篇《復仇》不僅寫民眾一般的麻木，而且寫了民眾的麻木到了怎樣自私殘忍的程度，表達的是孤獨的先覺者對于社會上麻木庸眾的復仇哲學與憤激情緒。

三、創作方法

（一）、運用了大量的象征、隱喻等修辭手法。尤其是象征手法，我們可以將其歸納為以下四種：

1.借助于一些奇突的象征性形象的創造來完成，如《復仇》中全身裸露和看客永遠對峙的青年男女，《頹敗線的顫動》中垂老的女人，《這樣的戰士》中堅執投槍的戰士，都不是寫實的，而有著怪誕、變形、夸張的特點。

2．借助于眼前自然景觀的象征性描繪，如《秋夜》中棗樹、花草、小青蟲與星空的對立。《雪》中江南和朔方雪景的對襯，《好的故事》中那倒映在清澈河水中的山陰路上的美景，這些瑰麗的自然景觀都是工筆結合著寫意法繪出，帶有象征寓意色彩。

3．借助于幻境，特別是夢境的象征性描寫，《野草》中有七篇是專寫夢境的，如《影的告別》等，造境的奇詭、怪誕前無古人，有一種陰森神秘的氣氛。如果縱觀《野草》，從某種意義上說，魯迅是從《秋夜》入夢，至末篇《一覺》清醒，做了一個很長的“秋夜夢”。

4．借助于象征性的寓言故事的創造，如《立論》、《聰明人和傻子和奴才》等，這些寓言幽默潑辣，意味雋永。

（二）、借鑒西方散文詩的藝術方法，在思想和藝術上吸收中國寓言或短小散文傳統的營養。在藝術上，魯迅進行了廣泛的吸取。包括了：

1．屠格涅夫散文詩啟蒙主義的思想和現實主義的表現法；

2．望·靄覃《小約翰》親切優美的象征主義的筆致；

3．愛羅先珂童話飽含稚氣和童心的抒情格調以及充滿哲理的氣息；

4．裴多菲詩歌中反抗虛無思想、堅韌前進的樂觀精神；

5．尼采文章在冷峻中洋溢箴言和警句的風格特色等。

可以說魯迅在《野草》中的創作方法除了運用一些象征主義、現實主義等創作手法，更堅持著一種共生、互補、融化、創造的美學觀，是魯迅在融化中西文化之長基礎上的一種獨具匠心的創造。

第五篇：英漢翻譯離線作業

浙江大學遠程教育學院 《英漢翻譯》課程作業

姓名： 年級：

學

號： 學習中心：

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Translation Practice One I.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.聰明的人不會娶有才無德的女子為妻。

2.Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees.Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.冬天是研究樹木生長的好季節，盡管樹葉落了，樹枝光了，但樹本身卻是美麗的。3.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.這些發展中國家地大物博，人口眾多。4.Eight o’clock found Franz up and dressed.八點鐘，費蘭茲起床穿衣。

5.Sino-British links have multiplied-----political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.中英兩國在政治、商務、教育、文化、國防和科技方面的聯系成倍地增加。

II.Translate the following sentences into English.1.我們要培養分析問題、解決問題的能力。

We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.2.中國足球的落后狀態必須改變。

The backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed.3.廣告是很賺錢的生意，大部分電臺和電視臺都是靠廣告費收入而生存的。Commercial business is very profitable, and most radio and TV stations depend on the income.4.來稿有可取的，要幫助他加工，改好，發表。

Manuscripts which are acceptable but in need of improvement should be allowed publication after they have been revised and polished by the editors.5.結婚大辦筵席，實在可以免去了。

The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.III.Translate the following passage into Chinese.If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death ”, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others.Death in old age is rarely called untimely — a long life is thought to be a full one.But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measures of that life was still to be taken.History denies this of course.Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete.Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playful judge their own lives as failures when they past that year.The idea that life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity virtue.如果人們想通過“不合時的死亡”這個詞表達什么的話，他們肯定相信有些死亡要比另一些死亡來得合時一些。老年時逝去很少被稱為是不合時的――長命百歲被認為是完整的生命。但如果是一個年輕人逝去，人們會設想大好年華還在后面，還不能對生命做出評價。歷史當然會否認這種觀點。在那些英年早逝的人當中，人們會想起瑪麗蓮·夢露，詹姆斯·迪恩斯。他們的生命看起來既短暫又完整。作家們難以接受詩人濟慈26歲即逝去的事實，只能半開玩笑地認為他們自己26歲還一事無成。那種認為中斷的生命是不完整的想法是不合邏輯的，因為生命的價值是由他們留給世界的影響及其成就與美德來衡量的。

IV.Translate the following passage into English.成名者之所以成名，大多是因為發揮了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、繪畫或寫作等方面的特長，并能形成自己的風格。為了能迅速走紅，經紀人會極力吹捧他們的這種風格。他們青云直上的過程讓人看不清楚。他們究竟是怎么成功的，大多數人也說不上來。盡管如此，藝術家仍然不能閑下來。若表演者，畫家或作家感到厭煩，他們的作品就難以保持以前的吸引力，也就難以保持公眾的注意力。公眾的熱情消磨以后，就會去追捧下一個走紅的人。有些藝術家為了不落伍，會對他們的寫作、跳舞或唱歌的風格稍加改動，但這將冒極大的失寵的危險。公眾對于他們藉以成名的藝術風格之外的任何形式都將不屑一顧。

Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of exploiting their talent for singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc.They develop a style that agents market agressively to hasten popularity, and their ride on the express elevator to the top is a blur.Most would be hard-pressed to tell you how they even got there.Artists cannot remain idle, though.When the performer , painter or writer becomes bored, their work begins to show a lack of continuity in its appeal and it becomes difficult to sustain the attention of the public.After their enthusiasm has dissolved, the public simply moves on to the next flavor of the month.Artists who do attempt to remain current by making even minute changes to their style of writing, dancing or singing, run a significant risk of losing the audience’s favor.The public simply discounts styles other than those for which the artist has become famous.Translation Practice Two I.Translate the following sentences into English 1.中華文明博大精深、源遠流長, 為人類文明進步作出了巨大貢獻。The Chinese civilization, extensive and profound, and with a long history behind it, has contributed tremendously to the progress of human civilization.2.今天邀大家來開座談會，目的是要和大家交換意見，?? You have been invited to this forum today to exchange ideas on??

3.只有你方把現有訂貨量增至我們所確定的最低數字，我們才能供貨。

We will not be able to dispatch your shipment until your order is large enough to qualify our minimum requirement in size.4.采取“一國兩制”適合中國的國情，并非權宜之計。

The “one country two systems”has been adopted to suit China’s conditions and is not an espedient.5.國家要統一，民族要復興，臺灣問題不能無限期地拖延下去。

China will be unified, and the Chinese nation will be rejuvenated.The Taiwan question must not be allowed to drag on indefinitely.II.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.天氣很好，我們爬山去了。

2.As water can float a ship, so can it swallow the ship.水能載舟，亦能覆舟。

3.Put into an old Chinese proverb, it means that one will never find it difficult to do anything until one has experienced it.用中國的一句老話來說：事非經過不知難。

4.A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.在美國有一種根深蒂固的觀點，說是只有那些撫養得起子女的人才應鼓勵其生育。

5.As soon as the cinema is in darkness, spotlights are focused on the curtains which are drawn slowly apart, often to the accompaniment of music to reveal the title of the cinema.在電影院變成一片漆黑的一剎那間，聚光燈照在徐徐打開的帷幕上，常常在音樂的伴奏下，顯露出影片的片名。

III.Translate the following passage into Chinese.It’s a relief to know that life eventually gave Charlie Chaplin the stability and happiness it had earlier denied him.In Oona O’Neill Chaplin, he found a partner whose stability and affection spanned the 37 years age difference between them, which had seemed so threatening that when the official who was marrying them in 1942 turned to the beautiful girl of 17 who’d given notice of their wedding date, he said, “And where is the young man?”---Chaplin, then 54, had cautiously waited outside.As Oona herself was the child of a large family with its own problems, she was well prepared for the battle that Chaplin’s life became as many unfounded rumors surrounded them both---and, later on, she was the center of calm in the quarrels that Chaplin sometimes sparked in his own large family of talented children.令人寬慰的是，生活最終把卓別林先前沒能獲得的穩定和幸福給了他。他找到了沃娜·奧尼爾·卓別林這個伴侶。她的堅定和深情跨越了他們之間37歲的年齡差距。他們的年齡差距太大，以致當1942年他們要結婚時，新娘公布了他們的結婚日期后，為他們辦理手續的官員問這位漂亮的17歲姑娘：“那位小伙子在哪兒？”——當時已經54歲的卓別林一直小心翼翼地在外面等候著。由于沃娜本人出生在一個被各種麻煩困擾的大家庭，她對卓別林生活中將面臨的挑戰也做好了充分準備，因為當時關于他倆有許多毫無根據的流言。后來在他們那個有那么多天才孩子的大家庭中，卓別林有時會引發爭吵，而她則成了安寧的中心。

IV.Translate the following passage into English.與俄羅斯相比，在未來是10年中，中國大陸計劃對通信設備投入1,000億美元。從某種意義上說，中國的落后成了一種有利因素，因為這一發展正好發生在新技術比銅線電纜系統更便宜的時候。到1995年底，中國除了拉薩以外的省會都將有數字轉換器和高容量的光纖電纜網，這意味著其主要城市正在具備必須的基礎設施，成為信息高速公路的主要部分，是人們能夠進入系統，獲得最先進的服務。

電信工程也是上海實現其成為一流的金融中心這一夢想的關鍵。為了能給國際投資者提供其所期望的電子數據和無紙化交易方面的出色服務，上海計劃建設與曼哈頓同樣強大的電信網絡。

Compare that with the mainland of China.Over the next decade, it plans to pour some $100 billion into telecommunications equipment.In a way, China's backwardness is an advantage, because the expansion occurs just as new technologies are becoming cheaper than copper wire systems.By the end of 1995, each of China's provincial capitals except for Tibet will have digital switches and high-capacity optical fiber links.This means that major cities are getting the basic infrastructure to become major parts of the information superhighway, allowing people to log on to the most advanced services available.Telecommunications is also a key to Shanghai's dream of becoming a top financial center.To offer peak performance in providing the electronic data and paperless trading global investors expect, Shanghai plans telecommunications networks as powerful as those in Manhattan.Translation Practice Three I.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.從別人的失敗中汲取教訓比從自己的失敗中汲取教訓更好。

2.Universities applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.報考大學的人，有工作經驗的優先錄取。

3.But another conflict on the borders clearly would put strains on neighborly relations between the two countries.但是，如果在邊界再次發生沖突，|顯然會使這兩個國家的和睦關系處于緊張狀態。4.It is very easy to bring some books from the bookstores and libraries, but to learn the knowledge in the books and put the knowledge into practice is by no means an easy job.從書店和圖書館帶一些書回來是輕而易舉的。然而，從書中學得知識并把這些知識運用到實踐中去就決不是那么簡單的事情。

5.So it is with the science of biological control in its modern sense.In America it had its obscure beginning a century ago.現代的生物控制學就是如此。一百年前，這門學科在美國開始創立時也是隱隱約約的。

II.Translate the following sentences into English.1.我們從來沒有看見過這樣光明的前途。Never have we seen so bright a future before us!2.去年八月那場使七個國家遭受了極大損失的來勢兇猛的龍卷風已經引起了全球科學家的高度重視。

The violent tornado that struck in August last year has aroused great attention among the scientists throughout the world.Seven countries suffered a great loss form the tornado.3.舊歷新年快來了。這是一年中的第一件大事。除了那些負債過多的人以外，大家都熱烈的歡迎這個佳節的到來。

The traditional New Year Holiday was fast approaching, the first big event of the year, and everyone, except those who owed heavy debts---(which traditionally had to be paid off before the year)---was enthusiastically looking forward to it.4.他似乎想不出恰當的字眼來闡明自己的觀點。

He seemed to be at a loss for the precise words to elaborate his opinion.5.也虧了你倒聽她的話！我平日里和你說的，全當耳旁風；怎么她說了你倒依，比圣旨還快呢！

So you do whatever she asks, but let whatever I say go in one year and out the other.You jump to obey her instructions faster than if they were an Imperial edict.III.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring;for ornament, is in discoures;and for ability ,is in the judgement and disposition of business.For expert men can execute,and perhaps judge of particulars,one by one;but the general counsels,and the plots and marshalling of affairs,come best from those that are learned.To spend too much timein studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament,is affectation;to make judement wholly by their rules,is the humour of a scholor.They perfect nature,and are perfected by experience:for nature abilities are like natural plants,that need pruning by study;and studies themselves do give forh directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.Crafty men contempt studies,simple men admire them,and wise men use them;for they teach not their own use;but that is a wisdom without them,and above them,won by observation.Read not to contradict and confute;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;that is,some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention,Some books also may be read by deputy,and extracts made of them by others;but that would be only in the less important arguments,and the meaner sort of books;else distilled books are,like common distilled waters,flashy things.讀書足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長才其怡情也，最見于獨處幽居之時；其傅彩也，最見于高談闊論之中；其長才也，最見于處世判事之際。練達之士雖能分別處理細事或一一判別枝節，然縱觀統籌、全局策劃，則舍好學深思者莫屬。讀書費時過多易惰，文采藻飾太盛則矯，全憑條文斷事乃學究故態。讀書補天然之不足，經驗又補讀書之不足，蓋天生才干猶如自然花草，讀書然后知如何修剪移接；而書中所示，如不以經驗范之，則又大而無當。有一技之長者鄙讀書，無知者慕讀書，惟明智之士用讀書。而書又不以用處告人，用書之智不在書中，而在書外，全憑觀察得之。讀書時不可存心詰難作者，不可盡信書上所言，亦不可只為尋章摘句，而應推敲細思。書有可淺嘗者，又可吞食者，少數則需咀嚼消化。換言之，有只須讀其部分者，有只須大體涉獵者，少數則須全讀，讀時需全神貫注，孜孜不倦。書亦可請人代讀，取其所作摘要，但只限題材較次或價值不高者，否則書經提煉猶如水經蒸餾，淡而無味矣。

IV.Translate the following passage into English.有兩只老虎，一只在籠子里，一只在野地里。在籠子里的老虎三餐無憂，在外面的老虎自由自在。

籠子里的老虎總是羨慕外面老虎的自由，外面的老虎卻羨慕籠子里的老虎安逸。一日，一只老虎對另一只老虎說：“咱們換一換。”另一只老虎同意了。

于是籠子里的老虎走進了大自然，野地里的老虎走進了籠子。但不久，兩只老虎都死了。一只是饑餓而死，一只是憂郁而死。

許多時候，人們往往對自己的幸福熟視無睹，而覺得別人的幸福很耀眼，卻想不到別人的幸福也許對自己不合適。

There were two tigers;one lived in a cage and the other in the wild.The caged one didn't have to worry about his meal while the one outside was unrestrained.The caged tiger was always envious of the freedom of the one in the wild, while the other one envied the caged one for his ease.One day, one tiger said to the other: “let's change places”.The other one agreeded.Thereupon the caged one went back to nature while the other came into the cage.But before long both died, one of starvation, and the other, melancholy.Sometimes one is not conscious of his own happiness and always thinks the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence, but not think over that one man's meat is anoter man's poison.Translation Practice Four I.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.His work is still a long way off perfection.他的工作遠遠不夠完美。

2.I am never at a loss for a word;Pitt is never at a loss for the word.我總是能湊合找個詞兒說說，可是皮特什么時候都能找到恰如其分的詞兒。3.Winston Churchill, today an idealize hero of history, was in his time variously considered a bombastic blunderer, an unstable politician, an intermittently inspired orator, a reckless self-dramatizer, a voluminous able writer in an old-fashioned vein, and a warmongering drunkard.溫斯頓丘吉爾今天是一個被理想化了的歷史英雄，但當時卻被看成各種各樣的人物：愛唱高調但常犯錯誤的人，搖擺不定的政客，有幾分才氣的演說家，輕率的裝腔作勢者，寫有大量著作但文風古老的多產作家，以及販賣戰爭的酒徒。4.Luckily, at this tie he caught a liver complaint, for the cure of which he returned to Europe, and which was the source of great comfort and amusement to his in his native country.算他運氣好，正在那時害了肝病，必須回到歐洲去醫治，才算有機會在本國享福。5.His successes wee so repeated that no wonder the envious and the vanquished spoke sometimes with bitterness regarding them.他贏錢的次數那么多，無怪乎眼紅的人，賭輸的人，有時說起這件事便要發牢騷。

II.Translate the following sentences into English.1.從杭州坐旅游車向西南走大約三小時左右可以到達一個叫瑤琳仙境的旅游勝地.There is a tourist attraction called Yaolin Wonderland which you can reach in about 3 hours by going south west by tourist bus from Hangzhou.2.我不敢班門弄斧，誠望您發表高見。

I dare not show off in the presence of an expert.I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter.3.美國私立學校課程繁多, 以滿足學生的不同要求。

Private schools in the U.S.have a wide range of progress that are offered to meet the needs of certain students.4.我們的教育方針，應該是使受教育者在德育，智育，體育幾方面都得到發展，成為有社會注意覺悟、有文化的勞動者。

Our educational policy enable everyone who receives and education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.5.因為距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，農村社會是與外界隔絕的。這種隔絕狀態，由于通訊工具不足，就變得更加嚴重了。

The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities ifs compounded by the paucity of the information media.III.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Love is like an elastic band that must stretch apart before it pulls you back close to one another.It is a coming tide whose waters retreat a little after a single wave, but the next one is closer to your heart than the one before.Love needs words to make it real.Without words, quarrels can’t be resolved and we lose the power to share the meaning of our lives.The important thing is to acknowledge and express our feelings.In this way, we can truly send the spirits of those we love as well as our own soaring upwards.Love is not a single act, but a lifetime adventure in which we are always learning, discovering, growing.It is neither destroyed by a single failure nor won by a single kiss.It can only be achieved through patience and understanding.愛就像根松緊帶，在它將你們緊緊拉在一起之前，必須先拉開。愛又像涌來的潮水，一浪過后先退卻一點，下一個浪才比前一個離你們的心更近。

愛需要言語來實現。沒有言語，爭吵不能得到解決，這樣我們就失去了分享自己生活意義的能力。重要的是承認并表達自己的情感。這樣，我們才能真正使我們自己和我們所愛的人興高采烈。

愛不是一次性的行為，而是一生的探索。我們總是在這種探索中學習、發現和成長。一次失敗不能毀滅愛，一次親吻也不能贏得愛。唯有耐心和理解才能得到愛。

IV.Translate the following passage into English.新中國建立了民族區域自治制度。在少數民族聚居地區設立自治機關，由當地民族自己管理本民族的內部事務。目前，全國共有159個民族區域自治地方，其中自治區5個，自治州30個，自治縣（旗）124個。民族區域自治地方根據《中華人民共和國民族區域自治法》行使各種自治權利，有權依照當地民族的政治、經濟和文化的特點，制定自治條例和單行條例；在不違背憲法和法律的原則下，有權采取特殊政策和靈活措施；上級國家機關的決議、決定、命令、指示，如有不適合民族區域自治地方實際情況的，自治機關可以報請批準變通執行或停止執行；自治機關有自主地管理本地方財政、經濟、文化、教育事業的自治權利。在民族雜居散居地區，還建立了1500多個民族鄉，使雜居散居的少數民族能更好地享受平等的權利。

New China brought about the system of regional autonomy for national minorities.Organs of self-government were set up in regions where people of national minorities live in compact communities,and the internal affairs of the national minorities were handled by themselves.At present,there are throughout the country 159 national autonomous areas，including five autonomous regions，30 autonomous prefectures and 124 autonomous counties(or banners).National autonomous areas exercise all rights of self-government in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy and may work out autonomous rules and specific regulations according to local political, economic and cultural characteristics.Without violating the Constitution and the law, autonomous regions have the right to adopt special policies and flexible measures;autonomous organs can apply for permission to make alterations or desist from implementing resolutions，decisions，orders and instructions made by higher-level state organs if they are not in accordance with the situation in autonomous regions.Organs of self-government have the right to handle local financial, economic, cultural and educational affairs.In regions where people of a number of ethnic groups live together or in scattered communities, more than 1,500 national townships were established so as to enable national minorities to enjoy equal rights to the fullest.