第一篇：試論商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇及其翻譯

摘要：隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化時(shí)代的到來(lái)和我國(guó)加入WTO正式成為世界貿(mào)易組織的一員，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯在我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的地位與作用越來(lái)越重要。而我國(guó)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的理論研究目前還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)滯后于其實(shí)踐的發(fā)展，加之一般翻譯理論又并不完全適合商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯。因此，對(duì)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論進(jìn)行研究是非常必要的。鑒于此，本文參考國(guó)內(nèi)外的現(xiàn)代翻譯理論，對(duì)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯原則與方法進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究。本文探討了適用于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的多種譯論，包括語(yǔ)篇翻譯理論和功能派譯論。其中功能派譯論包括交際翻譯理論，功能對(duì)等理論，文本類型理論。另外，本文還介紹了商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中和翻譯有關(guān)的概念，包括商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的定義、分類、內(nèi)容及語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)、功能。在結(jié)合這兩方面分析的基礎(chǔ)上，以語(yǔ)篇翻譯提出的理論為框架，對(duì)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇從宏觀決策層和微觀操作層兩個(gè)層面進(jìn)行分析。本文運(yùn)用實(shí)例分析的方法，通過(guò)描述和比較成對(duì)的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯語(yǔ)料，力求發(fā)現(xiàn)翻譯活動(dòng)是如何在真正的國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)的背景下進(jìn)行的。具體的分析過(guò)程分兩步:第一，從抽選的譯文的功能出發(fā)，與原文相比較，從而再現(xiàn)翻譯商務(wù)文本的過(guò)程，并看出譯者如何在此過(guò)程里體現(xiàn)原文本的意圖，從而歸納出商務(wù)文本翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);第二，對(duì)比分析了大量商務(wù)翻譯實(shí)例，考察了在以功能原則為導(dǎo)向下，翻譯的具體操作方法。本文的結(jié)論是:1.從功能轉(zhuǎn)換的角度提出了新的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。指示功能的轉(zhuǎn)換:以譯語(yǔ)讀者為中心，實(shí)現(xiàn)充分轉(zhuǎn)換;信息功能的轉(zhuǎn)換:信息完整，術(shù)語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)確，格式規(guī)范;酬應(yīng)功能的轉(zhuǎn)換:約定俗成，禮貌得體。在微觀的翻譯操作方面，對(duì)具體的詞、句翻譯方法進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。

關(guān)鍵詞：商務(wù)英語(yǔ)，翻譯，翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，翻譯方法

第二篇：商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn)與翻譯

Outline

1.Introduction

1.1 The difinition of busisses English

1.2 Purpose of the thesis

1.3 The practicability and importance of business English

2.Literature review2.1 Review about features of business English language 2.2 Review about structure of business English contexts 2.3 Review about the translation techniques in business English

3.Features of Business English Language

3.1 Features of vocabulary

3.1.1 Specific and narrowed meaning

3.1.2 Employing technical terms

3.1.3 Applying abbreviation

3.1.4 Coining new words and expressions

3.1.5 Using politeness and formal language3.2 Features of sentence

3.2.1 Complicated sentence structure

3.2.2 Adopting passive voice3.2.3 Direct and clear meaning 3.2.4 Limited tense and metaphors

4.Features and Techniques used in Business English Translation

4.1 The feature of business English Translation4.2 The techniques of business English translation

5.Conclusions

第三篇：第五章 語(yǔ)篇翻譯

第五章 語(yǔ)篇翻譯

（計(jì)劃學(xué)時(shí) 10 課時(shí)）

本章重點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)篇翻譯技巧運(yùn)用，篇章整體對(duì)譯文行文用字的調(diào)節(jié)和限定作用，語(yǔ)篇翻譯動(dòng)筆能力訓(xùn)練，課堂翻譯練習(xí)講評(píng)． 1 語(yǔ)篇與語(yǔ)篇翻譯

什么是語(yǔ)篇？定義多樣，莫衷一是。我們不妨借用 李運(yùn)興 教授的話來(lái)下一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短而明確的定義：“所謂語(yǔ)篇，即在交際功能上相對(duì)完整和獨(dú)立的一個(gè)語(yǔ)言片段。內(nèi)容相對(duì)完整的文章或著作節(jié)選可稱為語(yǔ)篇”。

那么，翻譯中如何看待語(yǔ)篇呢？ 李運(yùn)興 教授進(jìn)一步指出：“重要的是，譯者必須把翻譯的篇章當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體來(lái)看待。篇章固然是一個(gè)個(gè)段落、一個(gè)個(gè)句子組成的，但又比一個(gè)個(gè)段落、一個(gè)個(gè)句子的總合多些什么，因?yàn)槠虏皇钦Z(yǔ)句的機(jī)械疊加，而是一種有機(jī)的、動(dòng)態(tài)的組合”，這一觀點(diǎn)十分適合英--漢、漢 — 英翻譯的實(shí)際。

翻譯時(shí)，譯者還必須樹(shù)立“大語(yǔ)篇觀”的思想（居祖純），就是說(shuō)，“譯者翻譯任何語(yǔ)篇時(shí)，必須有對(duì)該語(yǔ)篇的文化、歷史、現(xiàn)狀等有較好或者是粗淺的了解；理解正著手翻譯的原文的全部，甚至局部、片段時(shí)，譯者都要運(yùn)用這一知識(shí)，因?yàn)樗璺g的原文涉及的有時(shí)不只是該短篇文字字面上所涉及的點(diǎn)滴知識(shí)，而且還會(huì)旁及使用該國(guó)文字的國(guó)家的上下數(shù)百年乃至數(shù)千年的文化積淀，以及當(dāng)前的社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀”（居祖純）。

大量的翻譯實(shí)踐也告訴我們，任何翻譯任務(wù)不可能只是單句的簡(jiǎn)單翻譯，譯者實(shí)際接觸的都是大段大段成篇累牘的文章。相對(duì)單句翻譯而言，難度要大得多，情況也復(fù)雜得多。因此，語(yǔ)篇翻譯不僅是翻譯中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，也是我們英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)考試的重要內(nèi)容之一。專業(yè)八級(jí)的翻譯不是翻譯語(yǔ)句，而是翻譯語(yǔ)篇或是從某一語(yǔ)篇中摘選若干段落來(lái)進(jìn)行翻譯，大多都提供該段落前后的上下文，離開(kāi)這種上下文語(yǔ)境，有些句子不可能譯出。同時(shí)，從翻譯題材來(lái)看，大多為國(guó)內(nèi)報(bào)刊雜志上的文章和一般文學(xué)作品（漢譯英）以及英美報(bào)刊雜志文章和文學(xué)原著（英譯漢），速度為 250-300 字(單詞)/ 小時(shí)。因此，搞好語(yǔ)篇翻譯訓(xùn)練不僅能讓我們從現(xiàn)實(shí)中受益，有助于通過(guò)八級(jí)考試，還有著更為深遠(yuǎn)的意義，讓我們?cè)诮窈蟮墓ぷ髦卸萌绾螒?yīng)對(duì)真正的翻譯。

那么，語(yǔ)篇翻譯以什么作為基本翻譯單位為宜呢？整篇文章？語(yǔ)段群？還是句子？這要視情而定。根據(jù)多年的翻譯實(shí)踐，郭建中 教授認(rèn)為，翻譯以原文自然段為基本單位比較合適。這是因?yàn)椋?/p>

一、可考慮到句與句之間的連接與呼 應(yīng)；

二、可考慮句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系以重組句子；

三、可按譯文結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)對(duì)原文進(jìn)行段落重構(gòu)或改寫(xiě)；

四、可考慮到段與段之間的關(guān)系和銜接從而擴(kuò)大到段群和整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇”。

任何篇章翻譯都離不開(kāi)上下文語(yǔ)境甚至“大語(yǔ)篇”的提示或制約，例如下面一則英語(yǔ)八級(jí)考試翻譯全真試題：

例 1.(96 年真題)(? The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting.Their aim was to devise a trategy that would guarantee Roald Reagan's resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.)It should have been easy.These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential polities as well as any in the country.The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable , with lots of good news to work with : America was at peace , and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession.Further more, the campaign itself was lavishly finaced , with plenty of money for a topflight staff , travel , and television commercials.And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills.Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F.Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America---a nation of renewed military strength , individual initiative , and smaller federal government.這是一篇報(bào)刊文章，譯文風(fēng)格不宜太口語(yǔ)化，還要掌握政治用語(yǔ)的分寸，使譯文盡量符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。同時(shí)，原文中劃底線語(yǔ)句的譯文也要 根據(jù)上文語(yǔ)境和大語(yǔ)篇的提示 準(zhǔn)確理解后才能譯出來(lái)：

1)狹義語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境(即上下文)明確了原文中 “ it ”、“ these & men ” 的實(shí)際所指： “ guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding reelection to a second term in the White House ” 和 “ The three principals and their two deputies ”，即 “ 謀求再次當(dāng)選 ” 和 “ 三位主角與兩位助理 ”。

2)廣義語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)境(社會(huì)文化語(yǔ)境)提示了原文中 “ campaign ”、“ staff ”、“ travel ”、“ television commercials ” 等詞的實(shí)際內(nèi)涵為 “ 總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選 ”、“ 競(jìng)選班子 ”、“ 全國(guó)巡回演說(shuō) ”、“ 電視宣傳 ”，這都是美國(guó)政治和社會(huì)生活特定的產(chǎn)物，必須準(zhǔn)確到位。

3)對(duì)照原文，下面譯文粗體部分字句譯得十分老到，符合漢語(yǔ)政治用語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，與原文語(yǔ)氣十分吻合，與整個(gè)篇章的風(fēng)格融為一體：

謀求再次當(dāng)選 理應(yīng)輕而易舉。這都是些 跟隨里根多年身經(jīng)百戰(zhàn)的 政壇宿將，與共和黨的淵源更為深遠(yuǎn)，他們 比國(guó)內(nèi)任何一個(gè)人都 深諳總統(tǒng)政治。競(jìng)選 的背景也十分有利，大有文章可做的 好消息 比比皆是 ：美國(guó) 正值太平盛世，作為競(jìng)選關(guān)鍵因素的國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)，在長(zhǎng)期衰退后 正強(qiáng)勁反彈。還有，競(jìng)選經(jīng)費(fèi)也 十分充裕，足夠 雇用一流的競(jìng)選班子 和 支付 全國(guó)巡回演說(shuō)與電視宣傳 的一切費(fèi)用。而更為重要的是，他們的候選人是里根，一位 名聲顯赫 而又 長(zhǎng)于交際 的 現(xiàn)任 總統(tǒng)，自約翰 ·F· 肯尼迪以來(lái)，還沒(méi)有哪一位美國(guó)總統(tǒng)能像里根一樣，為美國(guó)描繪出那樣廣闊的國(guó)家前景：美國(guó)將 重振軍事雄風(fēng)，倡導(dǎo)個(gè)人首創(chuàng)精神 以及 精簡(jiǎn) 聯(lián)邦政府。

例 2.(Kurt Frosheiser watched the invasion of Iraq on TV, looking, according to his sister, more serious than she had ever seen him.He had an option to get out of serving , but he left home on April 16th for basic training at Fort Knox , Kentucky.)InJune, the family drove down to seehim on Family Day, and Chris(注： Frosheiser's father)was stunned by the transformation : His son stood at perfect attention on Pershing Field for forty-five minutes in his dress uniform.It was the same in August, when they attended graduation: Private Frosheiser, marching, singing with his classmates, “Pick up your wounded, pick up your dead.” Chris found the words chilling, but the music, the sharpness of the formation, the bearing of his son, filled him with pride.六月，全家在“家庭節(jié)”那天駕車去看他，克萊司被他兒子的 轉(zhuǎn)變 完全驚呆了：他兒子 一身戎裝，肅然而立，在操場(chǎng)上一站就是 45 分鐘。而八月出席他兒子的畢業(yè)典禮時(shí)，情景依舊： 列兵 Frosheiser，正與同班同學(xué)列隊(duì)行進(jìn)，闊步高歌 ：(抬走傷員，搬開(kāi)尸體)。盡管這歌詞令克萊司不寒而栗，但那 軍樂(lè)，那 齊整的方陣，以及他兒子的 軍人風(fēng)度，卻讓他自豪不已。

括號(hào)內(nèi)粗體部分的字句無(wú)疑為后面的譯文給予了提示和限定。

具體就段落組合而言，英、漢之間的確存在著很大差異。例如，漢語(yǔ)段落以“氣”（語(yǔ)氣）為先，逐一展開(kāi)，語(yǔ)句組合靈活，不拘形態(tài)，行文布局往往依“氣”而行，“氣”終則句止，段中各小句多呈竹節(jié)型平行鋪開(kāi)，“形”散而“神”聚。而 英語(yǔ)則是一種語(yǔ)法關(guān)系配合制約嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、形態(tài)標(biāo)記鮮明、語(yǔ)義邏輯關(guān)系外顯的語(yǔ)言，它以“形”統(tǒng)“義”，行文布局“形”到則“意”到，“形”不全則“意”不明，段落展開(kāi)必須邏輯層次分明、語(yǔ)法關(guān)系嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，因而它必須具備一套遠(yuǎn)比漢語(yǔ)完整精細(xì)得多的語(yǔ)法手段和規(guī)則。翻譯時(shí)若不明這一點(diǎn)，一味照搬漢語(yǔ)的方式在英語(yǔ)中行文布局，將會(huì)使譯文章法大亂，潰不成文！

這方面先看下面 一段早幾年英語(yǔ)八級(jí)考試中的漢語(yǔ)原文：

例 1 ．近代的上海，十里洋場(chǎng)，// 自開(kāi)埠（讀“布”）以來(lái)，固然有許多辛酸的不平等的血淚史，固然有許多污泥濁水，這里被成為是“冒險(xiǎn)家的樂(lè)園”，// 這里有鴉片，有蕩婦，有賭棍，// 使人紙醉金迷，乃至使人墮落。// 可是，上海這座現(xiàn)代大城市卻更有它的另一面，// 它有活力、它聰慧、革新、進(jìn)取，// 它敢于擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)意識(shí)及機(jī)制（？?。?，// 這種城市意識(shí)（？！）或風(fēng)格，使人奮發(fā)，跟上時(shí)代，走向進(jìn)步。

全段由兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)句構(gòu)成，每一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句都是一“逗”到底，形式松散，看不出任何語(yǔ)法形態(tài)標(biāo)記，卻包含著復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系和語(yǔ)義層次（見(jiàn)標(biāo)記處），再加上里面有些詞義不好把握，因而，這段文字成為歷年八級(jí)考試中最難的一道考題。要將這一段漢語(yǔ)譯成英文，必須打破漢語(yǔ)的布局，按英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，用嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)縝密的語(yǔ)法手段，或拆開(kāi)來(lái)譯（譯文 1），或按英語(yǔ)的邏輯排列重新組合（譯文 2）：

(1)Shanghai in modern times was a metropolis infested with adventurers.// After the port city opened to foreigners, it undeniably witnessed a history of blood and tears, bitterness and inequality.// There was also, undoubtedly, filth and mire.// It was known as the “Parasise of Adventuers”.// There were opium-takers, harlots and gamesters.// All these induced people to wallow in luxury and even degeneracy.// There was , however, another fecet to modern Shanghai.// It was vigorous, intelligent, creative and enterprising.// Not afraid of running risks, it had the awareness and mechanism of competition.// The city , with an awareness of competition and a style of its own, inspired its people to catch up with the times and make progress.(2 拆 10，以單句為主，意義簡(jiǎn)明)

但若排除應(yīng)試因素，仔細(xì)斟酌，譯文還可這樣展開(kāi)：

(2)（試譯，僅供參考）Shanghai in modern times was a metropolis crowded with foreign adventurers.// After the port city opened up , it witnessed a history of blood and tears filled with bitterness, inequality, filth and mire, well-known as the “Parasise of Adventuers” for its rampant opium, harlots and gamesters, which induced people to indulge in luxury and even degeneracy.//There was, however, another facet to modern Shanghai noted for its vigor, intelligence, creations and enterprise with a spirit ready for running risks, which formed an awareness of its own and the mechanism of competition.//The city, with this awareness or style, inspired its people to keep up with the times and make progress.（釋義：近代的上海曾是一個(gè)十里洋場(chǎng)。// 自開(kāi)埠以來(lái)，歷經(jīng)了充滿辛酸、充滿污穢和不平等的血淚史，以充斥著鴉片、蕩婦、賭棍的“冒險(xiǎn)家樂(lè)園”而著稱，使人紙醉金迷，乃至墮落。// 但上海又以其活力、聰慧、革新、進(jìn)取，敢于擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而展示出它的另一面，形成其特有的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)意識(shí)和機(jī)制。// 帶著這種城市意識(shí)或風(fēng)格，這座城市使人奮發(fā)，使人跟上時(shí)代，使人走向進(jìn)步。）(2 化 4，“合”“分”有序，結(jié)構(gòu)較合理)

英漢對(duì)照，漢語(yǔ)隱含的語(yǔ)義邏輯關(guān)系在譯文中盡顯無(wú)疑（譯文加底線部分，還請(qǐng)注意譯文 2 斜體部分用詞上的不同），清楚地表明了漢、英語(yǔ)段落在行文布局上的差異。

例 2 ．（03 年全真題）得病以前，我受父母寵愛(ài)，在家中 橫行霸道。一旦隔離，拘禁在 花園山坡上一幢小房子里，我頓感到 打入冷宮，十分郁 郁不得志 起來(lái)。一個(gè)春天的傍晚，園中百花怒放，父母在園中設(shè)宴，一時(shí)賓客云集，笑語(yǔ)四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地 掀起 窗簾，窺見(jiàn)園中 大千世界，一片繁華。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其間，個(gè)個(gè)喜氣洋洋。一瞬間，一陣 被人擯棄、為世所遺的悲憤 兜上心頭，禁不住痛哭起來(lái)。

這是一段敘事散文，行文如流水，頗具童趣，但字里行間卻隱含一定的語(yǔ)義邏輯關(guān)系，翻譯須用英語(yǔ)相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法手段將其充分表露出來(lái)（注意加底線部分），不然譯文會(huì)章法大亂。同時(shí)，還要從語(yǔ)篇整體上把握全文的語(yǔ)氣和風(fēng)格，敢于打破漢語(yǔ)字面的約束，既不“過(guò)”也不“不及”，掌握分寸，真正譯出原文的神采來(lái)：

參考譯文(1): Spoiled rottern by my parents, I had been behaving like a real tyrant in the family before I fell sick.I felt like being thrown into a cold palace the minute when segregated and confined into in a small house on the hillside in our garden.I was depressed and frustrated.On a spring evening when all the flowers were blooming, my parents gave a banquet in the gardenand in no time, the garden was crowded with guests and the air was floated with laughter.Unnoticed by others, I lifted the curtain and peeped from my small room at the hustling kaleidoscope down in the garden.My older brothers and sisters, as well as my cousins, were shuttling joyfully back and forth among the guests.I was overwhelmed by a bitter sense of being abandoned and forgotten by people and just couldn.t help but cried my eyes out.(2)Before I fell ill, I could have my way at home , since my parents doted on me a lot.Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.One a spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden, where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.For a time, guests gathered there , chatting and laughing.Quietly lifting the curtain of the chamber, I caught a glimpse of the hustling and exciting scene in the garden.I saw my brothers, sisters and cousins were all there, full of joy.All of a sudden, I was caught by the feeling of being abandoned.With grief and indignation welling up inside me , I couldn't help crying bitterly.）措辭講究分寸，沒(méi)有望文生義（粗斜體）

2）語(yǔ)義邏輯層次清楚，主次分明（底線處）

兩種譯文，孰仁孰智，各有道理。

再看英譯漢。一般而言，英語(yǔ)八級(jí)考試中的英語(yǔ)原文結(jié)構(gòu)都不太復(fù)雜，但要真正理解詞義，用準(zhǔn)確地道的譯文表達(dá)出原文的實(shí)際意義，則需結(jié)合整個(gè)篇章仔細(xì)琢磨推敲。有趣的是，相對(duì)漢譯英而言，有些英譯漢的文章，其難點(diǎn)并不在理解，而在其“意會(huì)”之后卻難以“言傳”，例如：

例 3 ．（02 年 全 真題）Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be , rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance , maintaining pretence and manipulating（操縱）others.They are awere that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving , between being stupid and acting stupid , between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable.Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge.They can separate facts from opinions and don't pretend to have all the answers.They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions.Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined , demolished , bound , or awed by them.Winners do not play”helpless” , nor do they play the blaming game , the assure responsibility for their own lives.這段文字盡管意思都懂，但要把斜體部分的字句真正用貼切地漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)，可能要費(fèi)點(diǎn)工夫。當(dāng)然，考場(chǎng)上短短的 30 分鐘“短兵相接”時(shí)，下面的譯文可算是相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)：

(1)讓 自己成為想象中的那種人，這不是成功者一生所追尋的目標(biāo)，相反，他們活得自由自在。因此，他們不會(huì)耗費(fèi)精力在人前演戲，也不會(huì)裝腔作勢(shì)，更不會(huì)操縱他人。他們明白真心關(guān)愛(ài)與虛情假意、真傻與裝傻、真才實(shí)學(xué)與佯裝有才學(xué)之間的區(qū)別，他們不需要帶假面具。

成功者不怕獨(dú)立思考，也不怕運(yùn)用自己的知識(shí)。他們能把事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)，也不裝做無(wú)所不知。他們傾聽(tīng)別人的意見(jiàn)，評(píng)價(jià)別人的觀點(diǎn)，但卻有自己的結(jié)論。盡管他們也崇拜他人，但決不為別人所限制、所束縛、所嚇倒。

成功者不會(huì)現(xiàn)出無(wú)助的樣子，也不會(huì)怨天尤人。相反，他們對(duì)自己的生活負(fù)責(zé)。

已經(jīng)很不錯(cuò)了，也較通順達(dá)意，但若時(shí)間充裕，排除應(yīng)試因素，譯文還可仔細(xì)斟酌，進(jìn)一步潤(rùn)色：

(2)[ 試譯，僅供參考 ] ：贏家(成功者)不會(huì)刻意追求那種想象中的自我良好形象，相反，他們會(huì) 保持真我的本色。正因?yàn)榇耍麄儾辉冈?人前做秀 與 裝腔作勢(shì)，也不想擺布別人。他們明了 真愛(ài)與虛情、真傻與裝傻、真學(xué)問(wèn)與假學(xué)問(wèn) 之間的區(qū)別，他們 無(wú)需面具掩藏真我。

贏家(成功者)勇于獨(dú)立思考，也 敢于展示才華。他們能區(qū)分 客觀事實(shí) 與 主觀意愿 的不同，從不 裝做通曉一切。他們 聽(tīng)取別人意見(jiàn)，能權(quán)衡 6 斟酌，然而卻有自己的結(jié)論。盡管他們也崇拜他人，但決不 受其左右、為之傾倒而喪失自我。

贏家(成功者)不會(huì) 擺出 無(wú)助的樣子，也決不會(huì) 怨天尤人。相反，他們 對(duì)自己的生活盡職盡責(zé)。

例 4.The most sensible people to be met with in society are men of business and of the world , who argue from what they see and know, instead of spinning cobwet distinctions of what things ought to be.Women have often more of what is called good sense than men.They have fewer pretensions;are less implicated in theories, and judge of objects more from their immediate and involuntary impression on the mind, and, therefore, more truly and naturally.They cannot reason wrong, for they do not reason at all.They do not think or speak by rule, and they have in general more eloquence and wit as well as sense, on that account.By their wit, sense, and eloquence together, they generally contrive to govern their husbands.Their style, when they write to their friends, is better than that of most authors.Uneducated people have most exuberance of invention.商人和 見(jiàn)過(guò)世面的人 是我們?cè)谏鐣?huì)上見(jiàn)到的最 通達(dá)事理的人。他們討論問(wèn)題時(shí)從自己的所見(jiàn)所聞出發(fā)，而不 糾纏于事物的是非曲直。和男人相比，女人通常有更好的所謂直覺(jué)。她們很少自命不凡；她們也不大 深究 理論，她們判斷事物更多地是從頭腦中 下意識(shí)的第一印象 出發(fā)，因此她們的判斷也就更真實(shí)和自然。她們不可能有推理錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)樗齻兏揪筒煌评怼Ｋ齻兯伎蓟蛑v話時(shí)也不遵循什么規(guī)則； 正因?yàn)槿绱耍齻円话愀妻q，更機(jī)智，直覺(jué)更好。集機(jī)智、善辯與出色的直覺(jué)于一身，她們通常都有辦法 支配 自己的丈夫。在給朋友的書(shū)信中，她們的文筆會(huì)令大多數(shù)作家自愧不如。沒(méi)讀過(guò)多少書(shū)的人往往點(diǎn)子最多。

上述譯文斜體部分的字句都是結(jié)合整個(gè)段落從字里行間推敲出來(lái)的?？梢?jiàn)，選詞用字既受整體語(yǔ)篇的啟發(fā)，又受整體語(yǔ)篇的約束，特別是作者的語(yǔ)氣不易表達(dá)，要做到準(zhǔn)確、貼切、不失分寸的確不太容易。Class-work 1

(2006 年八級(jí)考試漢譯英試題)中華民族自古以來(lái)從不把人看作高于一切，在哲學(xué)文藝方面的表現(xiàn)都反映出人在自然界中與萬(wàn)物占著一個(gè)比例較為恰當(dāng)?shù)牡匚唬墙^對(duì)統(tǒng)治萬(wàn)物的主宰。因此我們的苦悶，基本上比西方人為少為小，因?yàn)榭鄲灥膹?qiáng)弱原是隨欲望與野心的大小而轉(zhuǎn)移的。農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)的人比工業(yè)社會(huì)的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多，況中國(guó)古代素來(lái)以不滯于物、不為物役為最主要的人生哲學(xué)。并非我們沒(méi)有守財(cái)奴，但比起莫利哀與巴爾扎克筆下的守財(cái)奴與野心家，就小巫見(jiàn)大巫了。中華民族多數(shù)是性情中正平和、淡泊、樸實(shí)，比西方人容易滿足。（翻譯劃線部分）

討論稿 1.(僅供參考!)： From the ancient times(Since time immemorial)the Chinese people have never viewed the human beings as superior in the world, which is completely reflected in what they've done in their philosophy and art, showing that a human being has the status quite appropriately in proportion to other things on earth, rather than an absolute ruler in the world.Therefore, what we've suffered is much less and smaller compared with the westerners, for the depressions vary with the different desires and the ambitions the people have.People in the agricultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society, thus their desire much less.What's more, in ancient China , Chinese people always took the concept//notion of “Never addict oneself as a slave to material wealth” mainly as their philosophy in life.[ 語(yǔ)言通俗、結(jié)構(gòu)連貫 ]

討論稿 2.The Chinese nation has never believed in human supremacy.And the nation finds full expression in the philosophy, literature and art that human coexist with other species in nature with a proportionally proper rather than an absolutely dominant position.Therefore we generally suffer less depression than Westerners, as the degree of the suffering varies with that of our desire and ambition.People in the agricultural society have much less enjoyment than those in the industrial society, and hence less desire.Moreover, the main Chinese ancient philosophy of life is always to be free from the encumbrance or enslavement of the outside world.Certainly there are among us misers（守財(cái)奴）and careerists（野心家）depicted（描述）by Moliere and Balzac.In comparison with Westerners, the Chinese people, easier to be satisfied, are mostly unbiased（無(wú)偏見(jiàn)）, peaceful, unworldly and guileless（厚道）.(邵志洪譯)[ 用詞更講究 ] ． 2 語(yǔ)篇翻譯常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題及其對(duì)策． 2 ． 1 斤斤于字比句次，措辭生硬

主要表現(xiàn)為擺不脫原文字面的束縛，跟著原文亦步亦趨，斤斤于分寸不失。一句一句看，似乎與原文相差無(wú)幾，但就是讀來(lái)別扭生硬，“翻譯腔”十足，其 結(jié)果往往是有字無(wú)篇，使作者的本義和原文意脈大打折扣 ：

例 1.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the exten t to which manners and habits are conditioned by others.My table manners are atrocious(丑惡)----in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever.If I feel like 8 it , I eat with my fingers , or out of a can , or standing up---in other words, whichever is easiest.(1)孤獨(dú)是一個(gè)很好的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，在其中觀察禮貌和習(xí)慣受別人制約所達(dá)到的程度。我的 餐桌舉止十分惡劣 ——這方面我已倒退了數(shù)百年；事實(shí)上我沒(méi)有任何規(guī)矩，如果我覺(jué)得喜歡，我就 用手指吃，或 用罐頭吃，或站著吃——換句話說(shuō)，看那種吃法最容易。（打不破字面的束縛，語(yǔ)氣生硬）

(2)孤獨(dú) 是一塊極好的試金石，利于觀察一個(gè)人的舉止和習(xí)慣在多大程度上受人制約。我的吃相實(shí)在不雅，這方面 一下 就倒退了幾百年，實(shí)在是一點(diǎn)規(guī)矩也沒(méi)有。只要覺(jué)得合適，我可用手抓著吃，直接拿著罐頭吃，或是站著吃： 反正怎么省事就怎么吃。（深究字里行間內(nèi)涵，語(yǔ)氣較自然）

例 2 ． Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far being answered.It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant;the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance , the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.(1)既然我們已經(jīng)認(rèn)真開(kāi)始探索，我們就已瞥見(jiàn)問(wèn)題多么巨大、答案多么遙遠(yuǎn)。如果你完全無(wú)知，這種無(wú)知還不壞，困難的事情就是較為詳盡地了解無(wú)知的現(xiàn)實(shí)，最壞的地方和這兒那兒不太壞的地方，但是既沒(méi)有通道盡頭真理的燈光，甚至還沒(méi)有可以信賴的通道。

[ 明顯有邏輯缺失，不合漢語(yǔ)事理順序 ]

(2)我們既已認(rèn)真開(kāi)始了探索，那么，就已窺見(jiàn)冰山一角，看到問(wèn)題數(shù)量之龐大、答案尋求之遙遠(yuǎn)。假若你完全無(wú)知，這還不太難辦，難就難在要具體了解無(wú)知的現(xiàn)狀——哪些是最糟糕的，那些是夾在其中又不太糟糕的——而這一切，卻沒(méi)有 通道盡頭 燈光的正確指引，甚至連 可信賴的通道 都沒(méi)有。

例 3.“ 我叫阿毛，沒(méi)有應(yīng)。出去一看，只見(jiàn) 豆 撒得一地，沒(méi)有我們的阿毛了。他是不到別人家去玩的； 各處去一問(wèn)，果然沒(méi)有。我急了，央人出去尋，直到下半天，尋來(lái)尋去 尋到山坳里，看見(jiàn)刺柴上掛著他的一只小鞋。大家都說(shuō)，糟了，怕是遭了狼了。再進(jìn)去，他 果然 躺在草巢里，肚里的 五臟 已經(jīng) 都給吃空了，手上還緊緊地捏著那只小 籃 呢?！?/p>

這是文學(xué)作品，也是八級(jí)考試的選材內(nèi)容之一，典型的口頭敘述，應(yīng)該不難。那么，是不是可以逐字直譯呢？答案是否定的，不信請(qǐng)看：

(1)“I called Amao but no answer.I went out to have a look, only finding that the beans scattered over the ground, but our Amao could not be found.He never went to other people's houses for playing.I went everywhere to ask, he was not there as expected.I got worried and asked some people to look for him.Not until in the afternoon, after searched everywhere , did they find a small shoe of his hanging on the bramble.Everybody said that it was too bad!He was likely to meet with a wolf!They then came in.He was indeed lying in the grass nest.His five internal organs were all eaten up.His hand still held tight that small basket!”.除了感覺(jué)有點(diǎn)松散之外，似乎沒(méi)有其它毛病。但仔細(xì)對(duì)照一下原文打底線處的文字，不會(huì)覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)語(yǔ)氣不對(duì)嗎？若還看不出問(wèn)題，不妨對(duì)照下面的譯文斟酌一下，看是否改得有道理：

(2)[ 試譯，僅供參考！] “I called Amao but no answer.I went out to look for him , only finding the beans scattered over the ground but no Amao.Although I knew that he would never play in neighbour's houses, I still went there to try but, with no surprise, failed to find him.I got worried and sent people for him.Not until that afternoon, after trying anywhere possible in the mountains , did they find a small shoe of his hanging on the bramble.When seeing this , everybody there realized that something bad must have happened-----he was killed by a wolf!They went closer and found him, as expected , lying in the wolf's den , all his innards gone , with his hand still holding tight that small basket!”.譯文(2)似乎比譯文(1)強(qiáng)一點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)就強(qiáng)在沒(méi)有死扣原文字面和結(jié)構(gòu)，將原文語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)字里行間隱含的語(yǔ)氣引申了出來(lái)，既合理保留了口語(yǔ)體的特色，邏輯層次似乎也清楚一些，措辭也更貼切一些。這些字與句的變化符合語(yǔ)篇情景（textual situation）盡管是口述形式，但作為小說(shuō)卻是讓人讀的，因此文法和修辭同樣不容忽視。． 2 ． 2 結(jié)構(gòu)松散，表達(dá)過(guò)于口語(yǔ)化

主要表現(xiàn)為譯文（特別是漢譯英）單句成串，結(jié)構(gòu)散亂，語(yǔ)義層次不清，行文方式過(guò)分口語(yǔ)化。要知道，筆譯和口譯畢竟不是一回事，口譯好未見(jiàn)得就筆譯好?？谧g要求的是快速與直接，有時(shí)零散斷續(xù)的表達(dá)甚至只字片言都能在特定的場(chǎng)合進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)交流，但用于筆譯卻不行。尤其是在漢譯英方面，口語(yǔ)化的表達(dá)盡管簡(jiǎn)短直接，但作為書(shū)面語(yǔ)，會(huì)使譯文顯得松散零碎，讀來(lái)近似 school English，特別是在篇章翻譯中，畢竟還是要講究一下文法和修辭，注意一下篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，顧及一下讀者的審美期待，不宜一味按口語(yǔ)體行事。因?yàn)?，?英語(yǔ)有英語(yǔ)的文采；漢語(yǔ)有漢語(yǔ)的文采”，“英語(yǔ)的文采主要表現(xiàn)在盤(pán)根錯(cuò)節(jié)、欲罷不能的綿長(zhǎng)句型；表現(xiàn)在那易如反掌、新意閃爍的詞的轉(zhuǎn)義”（毛榮貴），篇章或段落不是一色的簡(jiǎn)單句的羅列。當(dāng)然，這又牽涉到翻譯中的文體問(wèn)題，牽涉到源種與譯語(yǔ)間的文化差異。而具體到篇章翻譯，就要從“大語(yǔ)篇”的角度來(lái)審視整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇，分清文體及其風(fēng)格，從整體上把握住篇章的基調(diào)和語(yǔ)氣。當(dāng)然，在考場(chǎng) 的特殊條件下，實(shí)在譯不出來(lái)時(shí)，能用口語(yǔ)化的簡(jiǎn)單句將原文意思羅列出來(lái)，要比亂七八糟的譯文好，但說(shuō)到底，這畢竟不是我們翻譯追求的目標(biāo)。例如：

例 1 ． 有一次，在擁擠的車廂門(mén)口，我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)一位男乘客客客氣氣地問(wèn)他前面的一位女乘客：“您下車嗎？”女乘客沒(méi)理他?！澳萝噯?？”他又問(wèn)了一遍。女乘客還是沒(méi)理他。他耐不住了，放大聲問(wèn)：“下車嗎？”，那女乘客依然沒(méi)反應(yīng)。“你是聾子，還是啞巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了車廂里的人都往這里看。女乘客這時(shí)也急了，瞪起一雙眼睛，回手給了男乘客一拳。（莊繹傳，英漢翻譯教程，1999 ：練習(xí)3）

這明顯是一篇新聞報(bào)道，文字淺顯，有人把它用作八級(jí)考試模擬題，因?yàn)樗扔袑?duì)話又有敘述，翻譯時(shí)行文用字須視情而定：對(duì)話部分可用口語(yǔ)體，敘述部分則須用書(shū)面體。有人不加區(qū)別，將它譯為：

(1)Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no answer.“Are you getting off?”, the man asked again, but t he woman sill didn't pay attention to him.The man couldn't be polite any longer and asked loudly, the woman still had no response.“Are you a deaf or a dumb?” He became upset and gave a push to the woman , and also it attracted the attention of other passengers.At this time, the woman also became upset , stared at the man and gave him back a fist.且不論文中措辭如何，是不是覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)瑣碎？這就是口語(yǔ)體給人的印象。從整個(gè)篇章布局考慮，其實(shí)是可以這樣處理的：

(2)Once at the crowded doorway in a bus, I heard a man asked politely a woman before him: “Are you getting off?”The woman had no response.He then repeated it but in vain.He got impatient and asked louder : “Getting off?”, but still no answer at all.He became irritated, shouting : “Are you a deaf or a dumb?”, and gave her a push, which drew other passengers' attention.Annoyed , the woman glared at him and hit him back(with her fist).之所以可如此行文用字是因?yàn)橛姓Z(yǔ)篇上下文的照應(yīng)，較之譯文(1)要文從字順得多。二者相比，口語(yǔ)體與書(shū)面體表達(dá)效果的差異可見(jiàn)一斑。特別是對(duì)于嚴(yán)肅文體，例如下面的一段文章，翻譯時(shí)更要高度注意文體的統(tǒng)一：

例 2 ． Books possess an essence of immortality.They are by far the most lasting products of human effort.Temples and statues decay, but books survive.Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are fresh today as when they first passed through their author's minds, ages ago.What was then said and thought still speaks to us vividly as ever from the printed page.The only effect of time has been sift out(篩落)the bad products, for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.(1)書(shū)的特質(zhì)在于永恒，是人類經(jīng)努力奮斗而產(chǎn)生的最長(zhǎng)久產(chǎn)品。廟宇和雕塑會(huì)腐朽，但書(shū)籍卻能永存。時(shí)間在偉大思想面前毫無(wú)作用，許多年前閃現(xiàn)在作者心頭的思想至今仍栩栩如生。當(dāng)年的所言所思至今仍在印刷的紙上生動(dòng)地回響。時(shí)間的唯一作用就是去掉糟粕。只要是真正的精華就能在文學(xué)上永存。

這樣的譯文如何？應(yīng)付考試已相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)了，盡管有個(gè)別地方不太到位。但是，若行文講究一些，整合過(guò)分口語(yǔ)化的地方，譯文則更好：

(2)書(shū)的實(shí)質(zhì)在于 世代永存，是 迄今 人類 長(zhǎng)期努力得來(lái)的 最持久產(chǎn)品。廟宇會(huì) 坍塌，雕像 會(huì)腐蝕，但書(shū)籍卻能永存。偉大的思想不會(huì)因歲月的流失而消泯，前人的思想 歷久長(zhǎng)新，其所言所思至今仍 躍然紙上、聲聲入耳。悠悠歲月 只會(huì) 去盡糟粕，真正的好書(shū) 經(jīng)得起歷史的淘汰和蕩滌。

例 3.在中國(guó)古代史上，黃河被稱為中華民族的“母親”，她哺育了千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)中華兒女。黃河流域是中華民族的“搖籃”，也是中華文化的發(fā)祥地。遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代，這里曾經(jīng)草木茂盛、植物繁茂，中華民族的祖先便在這塊廣袤的土地上勞作生息。經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)十萬(wàn)年原始社會(huì)后，在中國(guó)遼闊的國(guó)土上，這里最先進(jìn)入農(nóng)業(yè)文明，也最早進(jìn)入階級(jí)社會(huì)。勤勞勇敢的中華兒女在這里譜寫(xiě)了驚心動(dòng)魄的歷史篇章，創(chuàng)造了絢麗多彩的藝術(shù)文化，黃河流域至今保留著大量的文化古跡。

(1)In ancient history of China , the Yellow River was called the “mother”of the Chinese nation, who fed hundreds of millions of Chinese people.The Yellow River Valley was called the “cradle” of the Chinese nation and it is the birthplace of its civilization.In ancient times, a lot of trees, grass, and plants overgrew in this vast land, where our ancestors lived and worked.After hundreds of thousands of years of the primitive society, the Yellow River Valley first entered the agricultural civilization and also the first class society in the vast territory of China , where the diligent and brave Chinese people wrote a lot of breath-taking stories with historical events and created colorful arts in culture, with many historic relics remaining here.再琢磨一下，注意譯文結(jié)構(gòu)，效果可能更好：

(2)Known in ancient history of China as the “mother”of the nation, the Yellow River has given life to hundreds of millions of Chinese people.As called the “cradle” of the nation, it is also the region for Chinese civilization to start from.In ancient times, it was a vast land abundant with an exuberant plant life like trees, grass, ect., where the Chinese ancestors worked and lived.After hundreds of thousands of years of the primitive society, it became, of all places in China , the first settled agricultural region and the foothold of the class society in Chinese history, where the diligent and brave Chinese people gave a lot of breath-taking performances in history and created a variety of colorful arts and cultures.Today many cultural ashes and historic relics are still remaining in this region.另外需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，翻譯還有一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇功能的問(wèn)題，就是說(shuō)，不同文本體裁具有相應(yīng)不同的交際功能，這實(shí)際上就牽涉到前面講的“大語(yǔ)篇”的問(wèn)題，翻譯時(shí)須根據(jù)不同的語(yǔ)篇功能做出翻譯策略和方法上的不同考慮，采取相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對(duì)措施，這一點(diǎn)在后面的討論中會(huì)逐一涉及。Class-work 2

（1）(07 年英語(yǔ)八級(jí)考試試題)： Translate the underlined part of the following text into English: 暮色中，河灣里落滿云霞，與天際的顏色混合在一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水灣。

也就在這一幅絢爛的圖畫(huà)旁邊，在河灣之畔，一群羊正在低頭覓食。它們幾乎沒(méi)有一個(gè)顧得上抬起頭來(lái)，看一眼這美麗的黃昏。也許它們要抓緊時(shí)間，在即將回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。這是黃河灘上的一幕。牧羊人不見(jiàn)了，他們不知在何處歇息。只有 這些生靈 自由自在地享受著這個(gè)黃昏。這兒水草肥美，讓它們長(zhǎng)得 肥滾滾 的。如果走近了，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們潔白的牙齒，以及那豐富而單純的表情。

Just beside this splendid scene , a flock of sheep lowered their heads for food on the side of an inlet, all too busy to look up at this beautiful dusk.Probably they would lose no time to have another chew at the last moment before going home.This was the scene on the beachhead of the Yellow River.The shepherds were gone, resting somewhere , only to leave these living things freely enjoying this dusk.The abundant grass here made the sheep full and round.Going close, you would find their white teeth and their varied but simple looks.[ 分析見(jiàn)作業(yè)講評(píng) ](2)英譯漢：

Scientific and technological advance are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constitutions of matter, and the miracle of life.At the same time, today, the action, and inaction, of human beings imperil not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet.Globaliztion is making the world smaller, faster and richer.Still, 9/11 and avian flu remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world.Our world is bursting with knowledge---but desperately in need of wisdom.Now, when sound bites* are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more crazy, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world need.For all these reasons I believe---and I believe even more strongly today---in the unique and irreplaceable mission of universities

參考答案： Scientific and technological advance are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos(宇宙最遙遠(yuǎn)的邊界), the most basic constitutions of matter(物質(zhì)最基本的結(jié)構(gòu)), and the miracle of life(生命的玄妙).At the same time, today, the action, and inaction, of human beings imperil(危害)not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet.(同時(shí)，人類今天的行為，還有無(wú)所作為，不僅危害到這個(gè)星球上的生命，還危害到星球本身的生命)。

Globaliztion is making the world smaller, faster and richer.Still, 9/11 and avian flu remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world.(全球化趨勢(shì)讓這個(gè)世界變得越來(lái)越小、越來(lái)越快、越來(lái)越富有。盡管如此，9.11 事件和禽流感卻提醒我們，這個(gè)越來(lái)越小、越來(lái)越快的世界卻未必越安全。)

Our world is bursting with knowledge---but desperately in need of wisdom.Now, when sound bites* are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more crazy, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world need.(這個(gè)世界知識(shí)爆炸卻極度缺乏智慧。今天，當(dāng)電視上演講片斷越來(lái)越短，即時(shí)消息充斥各類文章，個(gè)人生活越來(lái)越瘋狂的時(shí)候，會(huì)深刻反思的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生才是這個(gè)世界所需要的人)

[ * 注：“ sound bite ”指電視上候選人演講的片段，例如： Some of the presidential candidates are more interested in sound bites than sound policies.有些競(jìng)選總統(tǒng)的候選人對(duì)自己在電視上演講的片段比他們對(duì)制定好的政策更感興趣。]

For all these reasons I believe---and I believe even more strongly today---in the unique and irreplaceable mission of universities(所有這些原因使我相信——并且今天我更加相信——這是大學(xué)獨(dú)一無(wú)二且不可替代的神圣使命。)5 ． 3 語(yǔ)篇整體與局部

根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)言學(xué)，在有效構(gòu)成語(yǔ)篇須具備的七項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，銜接性（cohesion）與連貫性（coherence）首當(dāng)其沖，其它五項(xiàng)則為意向性（intentionality）、可接受性（acceptability）、語(yǔ)境性（situationality）、信息性（informativity）和互文性（intertexuality）。所謂 “銜接性”（又叫“形式銜接”）是指段落的各個(gè)部分的排列和連接要符合邏輯，而“連貫性”（又叫“語(yǔ)義連貫”）則要求各個(gè)部分的語(yǔ)義連接應(yīng)當(dāng)通順而流暢，說(shuō)得通俗一點(diǎn)，就是要注重文意的貫通和文脈的流暢，漢語(yǔ)歷來(lái)也有“文脈”、“意脈”之說(shuō)。“形式銜接”和“語(yǔ)義連貫” 要求 行文用字、謀篇布局要自然合理，流暢貫通，一切要符合語(yǔ)篇整體的要求。不然，哪怕單個(gè)詞、句譯得再好，讀來(lái)也會(huì)給人以生硬牽強(qiáng)、文理不順的感覺(jué)，甚至不合情理。

例 1 ．（前 6.2.1 例 2）大家 都說(shuō)，糟了，怕是遭了狼了！

(1)When seeing this , everybody there realized that something bad must have happened-----he was killed by a wolf!√ [ 增、改 ]

(2)Everybody said that it was too bad!He was likely to meet with a wolf!×

譯(1)幾乎是改寫(xiě)了原文，看似偏離，卻合語(yǔ)篇整體要求；譯(2)一字未改，語(yǔ)句對(duì)應(yīng)，且行文也通順，若單獨(dú)成句應(yīng)該說(shuō)譯得十分準(zhǔn)確，但置于篇章整體中卻顯生硬，不合上下文情景（詳見(jiàn)該例句）。可見(jiàn)，技巧如何使用、在什么情況下使用，一切須視情而定，離不開(kāi)整體語(yǔ)篇的制約和調(diào)節(jié)。有時(shí)，哪怕單句譯得再好，一旦進(jìn)入語(yǔ)篇整體，也會(huì)顯得不合情理：

例 2.“?”, began Clyde , who did not quite like the looks of the man before him, but was determined to present himself as agreeable as possible.(1)“ ??”，克萊德開(kāi)口說(shuō)。盡管他不太喜歡眼前這個(gè)人，但還是決定讓自己 表現(xiàn)得盡量隨和一些。

單獨(dú)來(lái)看，譯文非常準(zhǔn)確。但特定的語(yǔ)境告訴我們，這樣的表達(dá)卻與 克萊德身份不合——他是來(lái)求這個(gè)人（the man，實(shí)際上是一個(gè)侍者領(lǐng)班）幫他找一份工作的，身份低微，不是“放下架子”、“隨和”不“隨和”的問(wèn)題，上下文情景決定了這一“ agreeable ”不能這樣表達(dá)，須仔細(xì)斟酌，選準(zhǔn)詞義：(2)??。盡管他不太喜歡眼前這個(gè) 領(lǐng)班，但還是決定讓自己 盡量迎合一下對(duì)方。

這一譯文才比較符合主人公的身份，雖然字面不及譯(1)精準(zhǔn)，卻更合清理，這就是語(yǔ)境的制約作用。再如下面一段對(duì)話：

例 3 ． Ross: Rach, have you never done this(洗衣房洗衣)before? 15 Rachel: Well, not myself, but I know other people that have.Oh, you caught me , I ' m a laundry virgin.A.羅 絲：蕾，以前你 從沒(méi)干過(guò)這活 ？

蕾切爾：唔，自己 沒(méi)有，但我知道干過(guò)這活的其他人。哦，被你逮住了，洗衣我是第一次?！?[ 未推敲上下文語(yǔ)境 ] B.羅 斯：蕾，你以前 從沒(méi)干過(guò)這活 ？

蕾切爾：唔，自己 沒(méi)有，但我知道 別人干過(guò)。哦，你說(shuō)對(duì)了，我是頭一回自己洗衣。？

C.羅 斯：蕾，你以前 從沒(méi)洗過(guò)衣服 ？

蕾切爾：唔，自己沒(méi)洗過(guò)，但知道 有人替我洗。哦，被你說(shuō)中了，我是頭一回自己洗衣。√ [ 推敲了語(yǔ)境 ] D.羅 斯：蕾，你以前 從沒(méi)洗過(guò)衣服 ？

蕾切爾：唔，自己沒(méi)洗過(guò)，但知道 是別人洗的。哦，被你說(shuō)中了，自己洗衣，我可是大姑娘坐轎，頭一回呢！？

? 尾句“ laundry ”提示，首句“ have done this ”就是“洗衣”。? 第二句“ not myself ”暗示蕾切爾是一富家女，有專人替她洗衣，所以才說(shuō)“知道有別人”，重心在“ other people ”；但 4 句譯文中，“ 知道干過(guò)這活的其他人 ”語(yǔ)氣生硬，意義與上下文不符；“ 知道別人干過(guò) ”仍不明不白；“ 知道有人替我洗 ”意義明確，“替”字暗含“別人（other people）”；“ 知道是別人洗的 ”則順口一些。

? 在上下文提示下，“ you caught me ”不可能是“逮住”的意思，但“ 洗衣我是第一次 ”不太口語(yǔ)化；“ 你說(shuō)對(duì)了 ”與英語(yǔ)“ You said it!”沒(méi)有區(qū)別，明顯忽略了“ caught ”的本意；“ 被你說(shuō)中了 ”比較貼切。? “ laundry virgin ”不可直譯（沒(méi)人會(huì)說(shuō)“洗衣處女”），不然莫名其妙，必須予以引申，“ 頭一回自己洗衣 ”，意義、語(yǔ)氣都比較到位。譯文 D 雖充分引申，卻容易引起文化誤解，以為西方也有“出嫁坐轎”的習(xí)俗。

例 4 ． The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature.Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology.It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead.It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of 16 ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect.1)“ solid piece ”（堅(jiān)實(shí)的一塊）必須根據(jù)整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇來(lái)選定詞義，不然會(huì)太生硬，不合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣；

2)“ the brightest minds ” 不能簡(jiǎn)單譯為“最聰明的頭腦”，這里實(shí)際指“最聰明的人”，即“十八世紀(jì)啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)中最聰明的人”，譯為“ 佼佼者 ”比較貼近上下文語(yǔ)氣。

3)“ how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead ”：英語(yǔ)兩個(gè)“ how ”句分列，邏輯分明，漢語(yǔ)則可合為一體；英語(yǔ)只有“未來(lái)”沒(méi)有“自然界”，譯文卻增加后者，完全是上下文語(yǔ)氣之使然。

4)“ sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance ”是全段難點(diǎn)，充分體現(xiàn)英、漢表達(dá)方式上的差異。英語(yǔ)可以說(shuō)“與無(wú)知的 深度和范圍 突然相遇”，漢語(yǔ)卻無(wú)此搭配。原文之所以強(qiáng)調(diào)“深度”和“范圍”，是說(shuō)明人類對(duì)無(wú)知的了解已經(jīng)深入，并且是“突然”面對(duì)，話中有話。因此，不妨換用符合漢語(yǔ)事理邏輯的習(xí)慣表達(dá)，在譯文中重新布局。當(dāng)然，如何行文則見(jiàn)仁見(jiàn)智了。

參考譯文 ： 科學(xué)真理中 唯一不爭(zhēng)的事實(shí) 就是——至今我對(duì)此仍深信不疑——我們對(duì)大自然的了解還極其無(wú)知。確實(shí)，我認(rèn)為這是過(guò)去幾百年來(lái)生物學(xué)的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。倘若十八世紀(jì) 啟蒙大師中的佼佼者們 被告知，當(dāng)今世界人們依舊 對(duì)自然界和未來(lái)所知甚少、充滿困惑，他們一定會(huì)驚愕不已。但正是這種 對(duì)無(wú)知猛然直面、深刻全面的認(rèn)識(shí)，才是 20 世紀(jì)科學(xué)對(duì)人類知識(shí)的最大貢獻(xiàn)。

例 5.孔子很早就說(shuō)：“ 四十而不惑 ”。意思是到了四十，就是肥肉一塊吊到你嘴邊，你饑腸轆轆饞涎欲滴，也不應(yīng)該伸脖子去貪嘴了。

“四十而不惑”能否照常譯為“ At forty I came to be free from doubts”，或 “At forty, one begins to understand the world” ？ 這樣的譯文單獨(dú)看沒(méi)什么問(wèn)題，表達(dá)了孔夫子的本意，是說(shuō)人到四十對(duì)人生不再迷惑（盡管這兩個(gè)譯文對(duì)“惑”字的理解略有不同），字典上也是這樣說(shuō)的。但能用在這一場(chǎng)合中？看看上下文：“肥肉到嘴邊也不會(huì)貪嘴”，這明明是一種“誘惑”呀！這是原作者的獨(dú)特理解，不能歪曲原義。所以，在這一特定語(yǔ)境中，只能譯為（整句譯文如下）：

Confucius said: “ 40 is the age when one can be safe from temptations.” According to him, when one is forty or over, he should be able to resist the temptation of a piece of juice mea t dangling before him even if he is very hungry with his mouth watering.（居祖純，2000 ： 96）

“四十而不惑”處理為 “ 40 is the age when one can be safe from temptation ”更合上下文語(yǔ)義。同時(shí)，“肥肉”不譯成“ fat meat ”（生肉）而用“ juice meat ”（熟肉）也是語(yǔ)境的要求，不然不合情理。可見(jiàn)，同樣的原文，在不同的語(yǔ)境條件下會(huì)有不同的意義。有時(shí)即使意義相同，翻譯時(shí)也可用不同的方式處理，只要方式得當(dāng)，符合語(yǔ)境要求，會(huì)使譯文別開(kāi)生面，令人耳目一新。例如：

例 6 ．“ 各人自掃門(mén)前雪，休管他人瓦上霜 ”，是使世界達(dá)到和平的最佳途徑。一家如此，則一家和樂(lè)。一國(guó)如此，則一國(guó)安全。全世界如此，則天下太平。

A.“ Just sweep away the snow in front of your own house, and never mind the frost on other people's roof ”, as the Chinese proverb says , may be the best way to bring about a happy and peaceful world.So long as we limit our activity within our own sphere, strictly refraining from trespassing upon others', we can surely win peace in the family, in the country as well as in the world.B.In order to secure a happy and peaceful world, we must first of all, limit our activity within our own spheres, strictly refraining from trespassing upon others'.Suppose that this role is observed in all families, countries of the world , surely there will be no trouble in them all.C.One of the best ways to make the world peaceful and happy is for every individual to keep within his own province, refraining from encroaching upon others'.If a family follows this way , that family will be free from worry;if a nation follows this way , that nation will be at ease;and if the entire world follows this way , it will find itself in perfect peace.（錢(qián)歌川，翻譯的技巧 ： 432，561）

譯文 A 幾乎直譯，譯文 B 卻做了較大改變完全意譯，譯文 C 形式上則與原文 若即若離，三種譯法都可取，關(guān)鍵看翻譯目的和使用場(chǎng)合，只有準(zhǔn)確地把握整體，才有獨(dú)到的見(jiàn)仁見(jiàn)智。

例 6 ． Anyone with eyes can take delight in a face or a flower.You need training, however, to perceive the beauty in mathematics or physics or chess, in the architecture of a tree, the design of a bird's wing , or the shiver of breath through a flute.From most of human history, the training has come from elders who taught the young how to pay attention.By paying attention, we learn to savor all sorts of patterns , from quantum mechanics to patchwork quilts.This predilection brings with it a clear evolutionary advantage , for the ability to recognize patterns helped our ancestors to select mates, find food, avoid predators.But the same advantage would apply to all species, and yet we alone compose symphonies and crossword puzzles, carve stone into statues, map time and space.凡眼見(jiàn)于 俏臉、鮮花，無(wú)人不覺(jué)賞心悅目。然而，要參透數(shù)學(xué)、物理或棋弈之美，欣賞樹(shù)之有形、鳥(niǎo)之翼趣，乃至 對(duì)長(zhǎng)笛奏出的悠悠顫音 心領(lǐng)神會(huì)，則必經(jīng) 專門(mén)訓(xùn)練 方可體味。在人類大部歷史上，這種訓(xùn)練就是學(xué)會(huì)如何觀察，歷來(lái) 由長(zhǎng)者教之于幼者。通過(guò)觀察，人類學(xué)會(huì) 去鑒賞天地萬(wàn)化之模式，從量子力學(xué)到百納被無(wú)所不包。此癡情所至，亦使人類在進(jìn)化過(guò)程中 占盡先機(jī)，能辨萬(wàn)化之象，有助于先人們擇偶、覓食，逃避猛獸。按理，同一進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢(shì)本應(yīng)造福世間一切物種，然惟獨(dú)人類能譜出交響曲、制作填字游戲、創(chuàng)造石雕藝術(shù)、標(biāo)示時(shí)空天體。

（第十七屆韓素音翻譯大賽參考譯文）

有時(shí)一字一句看似乎合情合理，而一旦置于語(yǔ)篇整體，往往會(huì)顯出幾分生澀與不順：

1)開(kāi)頭句： 人只要有眼睛就會(huì)感受臉蛋和鮮花的美麗 // 只要有眼睛，人人都能從一張臉和一朵花中得到愉悅。

正常人皆有雙眼，說(shuō)這話意義不大。“翻譯最難是口吻”（毛榮貴，2002），原作者的“口吻”和“語(yǔ)氣”其實(shí)就隱含在字里行間，需要譯者去體味、去發(fā)現(xiàn)。此譯“斤斤于分寸不失”，其結(jié)果往往是有字無(wú)篇，把一篇優(yōu)美的散文生生弄成了干癟的說(shuō)明文。其實(shí)只要稍做變通，原文神采便躍然紙上： “ 凡眼見(jiàn)于俏臉、鮮花，無(wú)人不覺(jué)賞心悅目 ”。2)第二句若照原字句翻譯，譯文應(yīng)該是：

然而我們只有通過(guò)訓(xùn)練才能從數(shù)學(xué)之中、物理之中、對(duì)弈之中，以及樹(shù)木的枝葉形態(tài)、飛鳥(niǎo)羽翼的圖案和長(zhǎng)笛顫動(dòng)的氣流之中感受到美的存在。

單獨(dú)來(lái)看十分準(zhǔn)確，意思一點(diǎn)沒(méi)走樣，但置于語(yǔ)篇整體，卻顯十分生硬，與整個(gè)篇章的文情意脈格格不入，把一篇優(yōu)美的散文生生變成了干癟的說(shuō)明文！例 4 譯文中，“鳥(niǎo)之翼趣”似乎有“用詞失度”之嫌：無(wú)“圖案”（design）之意，但從整體來(lái)看，卻比“鳥(niǎo)翼之圖案”好，它與“樹(shù)之有形”形成對(duì)偶，語(yǔ)氣連貫，渾然一體。

“徒語(yǔ)人以詞，斤斤于分寸不失，往往是有字無(wú)篇，未必就得原文風(fēng)格之真髓”（羅新璋，1995），羅 先生的這番話值得我們體味、深思！要譯出原文的神采和豐韻，就必須力爭(zhēng)做到“神形兼?zhèn)洹?，而“神形兼?zhèn)洹钡闹饕攸c(diǎn)就是“追求‘不似之似'，追求‘離形得似'”（孫迎春，2004 ： 147，148），也就是說(shuō)，譯文看似與原文若即若離，實(shí)則得原文之真髓，比起死扣原文形式、斤斤于 字比句次的譯文來(lái)，要準(zhǔn)確地道得多。要做到“神形兼?zhèn)洹?，譯者必須對(duì)原文中“（1）聯(lián)想豐富而獨(dú)特的詞句和某些微言妙語(yǔ)，（2）言語(yǔ)的弦外 之音，（3）整體的特殊氣氛，（4）人物的特殊口吻”（ibid ： 148--158）等因素予以充分考慮，從原文的字里行間去體味、去提煉，從宏觀語(yǔ)篇上抓住原文的文情意脈，再選用恰當(dāng)?shù)淖g文形式準(zhǔn)確地地道將這些實(shí)際內(nèi)蘊(yùn)充分展示出來(lái)。所以，在翻譯中，特別是語(yǔ)篇翻譯，一定要充分注意語(yǔ)篇對(duì)譯文的整體調(diào)節(jié)功能，正確運(yùn)用各種翻譯技巧，使譯文準(zhǔn)確通順，地道自然，切記不可惟技巧而技巧，忽視語(yǔ)篇的整體調(diào)節(jié)和制約作用。5 ． 4 形式與內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一

翻譯問(wèn)題說(shuō)到底，就是如何處理形式與內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一問(wèn)題，這一點(diǎn)歷來(lái)是翻譯的熱門(mén)話題，存在著各種不同的觀點(diǎn)和看法。那么，具體到英、漢互譯，應(yīng)該如何對(duì)待這一問(wèn)題呢？

大量的翻譯實(shí)踐告訴我們，在英、漢兩種語(yǔ)言間求得翻譯中的形式對(duì)等幾乎是不可能的事，這是因?yàn)槎咴谡Z(yǔ)言體系、文化傳統(tǒng)、歷史條件、社會(huì)背景、生活習(xí)俗、審美方式甚至價(jià)值觀等方面相差太大的緣故。奈達(dá)就曾說(shuō)過(guò)，“每一種語(yǔ)言都有各自的特性”（Each language has its own genus），并且，“要有效進(jìn)行交際必須尊重各自語(yǔ)言的特性”（to communicate effectively one must respect the genus of each language），因此，在翻譯中“要保留內(nèi)容必須改變形式”（to preserve the content of the message the form must be changed），而形式改變的大小得視不同語(yǔ)言間語(yǔ)言和文化距離的大小而定。例如，英語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)和保加利亞語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)和印度語(yǔ)，各自的形式改變都有不同。英語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)同屬印歐語(yǔ)系，同屬歐洲文化背景，形式差異就小一些；英語(yǔ)和保加利亞語(yǔ)不屬同一語(yǔ)系，卻置身于同一歐洲文化背景，形式變化相對(duì)比英、德語(yǔ)間要大一些；英語(yǔ)和印度語(yǔ)雖同屬印歐語(yǔ)系，但卻分屬完全不同的兩大文化背景（西方與東方文化），差異自然更大，形式改變也更大。若拿英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)相比，二者既不屬同一語(yǔ)系，又不屬同一文化，其語(yǔ)言形式上的差異可想而知，翻譯中大量的形式改變也就在所難免。

林語(yǔ)堂說(shuō)，“譯者所能謀達(dá)到之忠實(shí)，即比較的忠實(shí)之謂，非絕對(duì)的忠實(shí)之謂??一百分的忠實(shí)，只是一種夢(mèng)想?凡文字有聲音之美、有意義之美、有傳押之美、有文氣文體形式之美，譯者或顧其義而忘其神、或得其神而忘其體，決不能把文義文神文氣文體及聲音之美完全同時(shí)譯出??我們須記得翻譯只是一種不得已的很有用的事業(yè)，并不是只代原文之謂；譯者所能求的只是比較的非絕對(duì)的成功。”

范存忠說(shuō)，“嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)，譯品最好能和原作品相等──內(nèi)容相等、形式相等、格調(diào)相等，只是所用的語(yǔ)言不同。這就是馬達(dá)忠所說(shuō)的譯品和原著完全一樣，而讀者看了譯品能和看原著一樣，但這是一個(gè)不可能完全實(shí)現(xiàn)的理想?！?/p>

劉宓慶說(shuō)，“在任何一個(gè)語(yǔ)法層面上求得形式對(duì)應(yīng)，使之既處在語(yǔ)言文化、文字結(jié)構(gòu)形式以及行文風(fēng)格的互相參照的框架之內(nèi)，又具有語(yǔ)義等值，實(shí)在是一種難以企及的理想??就漢英而言，就更難獲得這種等值了?！薄胺g中的‘忠'與‘信'，也只能是相對(duì)的，絕對(duì)忠實(shí)于原文的譯文也是不存在的?！?/p>

傅雷說(shuō)，“兩國(guó) 文字詞類 的不同，句法構(gòu)造 的不同，文法與習(xí)慣 的不同，修辭格律 的不同，俗語(yǔ) 的不同，即反映 民族思維方式 的不同，感覺(jué)深淺 的不同，觀點(diǎn)角度 的不同，社會(huì)背景 的不同，表現(xiàn)方法 的不同”?！拔覀?cè)诜g的時(shí)候，通常是膽子太小，遷就原文字面、原文句法的時(shí)候太多。要避免這些，第一要精讀熟讀原文，把原文的意義、神韻全都抓握住了，才能放大膽子?！?“以甲國(guó)文字傳達(dá)乙國(guó)文字所包含的那些特點(diǎn)，必須 像伯樂(lè)相馬，要‘ 得其精而忘其粗，在其內(nèi)而忘其外 '”。

既如此，那么，在英、漢翻譯中，這種形式改變的幅度大小該如何把握呢？

一般而言，一要看文本體裁，二要看翻譯目的，三要看具體的交際情景。例如，對(duì)于文學(xué)、時(shí)政、科技類文本和工商業(yè)文件的翻譯，在不損害原義的前提下，能貼近原文形式就盡量貼近，以保存原作內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確和風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)。這方面最典型的就是詩(shī)歌翻譯，若不注重形式，何來(lái)“詩(shī)”與“歌”！正因?yàn)榇?，有人就認(rèn)為詩(shī)歌根本不可譯，特別是在英詩(shī)漢譯或漢詩(shī)英譯中，由于二者語(yǔ)言文化上的差異太大，要保留原文形式是不可能的事。我國(guó)的美學(xué)大 師朱光潛 先生就認(rèn)為，“有些文學(xué)作品根本不可翻譯，尤其是詩(shī)(說(shuō)詩(shī)可翻譯的人大概不懂得詩(shī))”，而 許淵沖 先生卻多年來(lái)堅(jiān)持漢語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌和文學(xué)經(jīng)典的對(duì)外翻譯，取得了世人矚目的成果，并提出了文學(xué)翻譯的“三美”原則：音、形、意美。

而對(duì)于像廣告、公文、證書(shū)、宣傳冊(cè)、等一類體裁，由于其特有的文本格式、交際功能和翻譯目的，則應(yīng)根據(jù)譯文的習(xí)慣，用盡量貼近譯文讀者喜聞樂(lè)見(jiàn)的形式，對(duì)原文形式做適當(dāng)（有時(shí)甚至是徹底）的改變，以有效發(fā)揮譯文的功能、實(shí)現(xiàn)翻譯目的。例如：

例 1 ． On one of those sober（嚴(yán)肅）and rather melancholy（憂郁）days, in the later part of Autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling（漫步）about Westminster Abbey.There was something congenial（適意的）to the season in the mournful（悲哀）magnificence of the old pile;and, as I passed its threshold, seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity, and losing myself among the shades of former ages.（Washington Irving, Westminster Abbey）

時(shí)方晚秋，氣象肅穆，略帶憂郁，早晨的陰影和黃昏的陰影，幾乎連在一起，不可分別，歲將云暮，終日昏暗，我就在這么一天，到西敏大寺去散步了幾個(gè)鐘頭。古寺巍巍，森森然似有鬼氣，和陰沉沉的季候正好調(diào)和；我跨進(jìn)大門(mén)，覺(jué)得自己已經(jīng)置身遠(yuǎn)古，相忘于古人的鬼影之中了。—— “ 西敏大寺 ”，夏濟(jì)安譯，1976，p.54 這是文學(xué)作品，形式變化不大，基本按原文句序進(jìn)行，只是在行文用字上做了適當(dāng)調(diào)整。

例 2 ． 隊(duì)長(zhǎng)走了，老實(shí)巴交的司機(jī)都去干活了，剩下的幾個(gè)全是歪毛淘氣、嘎雜子琉璃球，他們 圍住了她，問(wèn)這問(wèn)那，有捧的有罵的，有軟的有硬的，有唱紅臉的有唱白臉的，簡(jiǎn)直要把她給吞下去。他們的目的就是要給她一個(gè) 下馬威，一下子就把她給氣跑了，第二天 即便打死她也不敢 再到汽車隊(duì)里來(lái)才好，汽車隊(duì)是他們的天下，平時(shí)由他們說(shuō)了算，隊(duì)長(zhǎng)田國(guó)富 是個(gè)大外行，不敢得罪他們，他們 落得個(gè)自由自在，熱熱鬧鬧。──《赤橙黃綠青藍(lán)紫》，蔣子龍

With the head and the less obstreperous drivers gone, all the rest gathered round her to fire questions at her.Some were rude while others put on a show of politeness.They seemed to want to swallow her up, to deal her a head-on blow at this first encounter to make her leave in disgust and not come back.That was what they hoped for.The transportation team was theirs, and they were the ones with the say there.Not knowing the ropes , Tian did not dare to offend them.So they did whatever they liked and had a good time.── Chinese Literature，王明杰譯

上述二例均屬文學(xué)翻譯，但形式變化的大小有所不同，例 2 做了大量省略和改寫(xiě)，實(shí)屬無(wú)奈，是文化差異太大的緣故。譯者知道，漢語(yǔ)的一些習(xí)語(yǔ)（“軟的硬的”、“唱紅臉的唱白臉的”等）和俚語(yǔ)（“歪毛淘氣、嘎雜子琉璃球”）照直譯出只會(huì)以辭害義，使譯文讀者產(chǎn)生理解上的困難甚至錯(cuò)誤，為保留意義，只能做形式上的改變。

例 3 ． When I'm having trouble with a story and think about giving up or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me , I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word , just the way Mother did.What I remember then is not her failure, but her courage, the courage to go ahead.(1)每當(dāng)我寫(xiě)文章有麻煩想放棄時(shí)，或是開(kāi)始為自己覺(jué)得遺憾和認(rèn)為事情對(duì)我本應(yīng)容易一些時(shí)，我就往那臺(tái)破舊的打字機(jī)里卷進(jìn)一張紙，像母親當(dāng)年那樣，打著一個(gè)又一個(gè)痛苦的字。這時(shí)，我想起的不是母親的失敗，而是她的勇氣，那種一往無(wú)前的勇氣。

(2)每當(dāng)我因文章難寫(xiě)想 打退堂鼓，或是 自嘆命不如人、老天不公時(shí)，我就往那臺(tái)破舊的打字機(jī)里卷進(jìn)一張紙，像母親當(dāng)年那樣，一個(gè)字一個(gè)字吃力地打著。這時(shí)，我想起的不是母親的失敗，而是她的勇氣，那種一往無(wú)前的勇氣。

若按原文淺顯的字面形式譯出，能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)字里行間的深刻內(nèi)涵？但這一例形式上的變化仍不太大，只是與原文字面有些出入，看下一例的變化：

例 4 ． 拿有些古都來(lái)說(shuō)，其建筑體現(xiàn)著三個(gè)層面：由宮殿府邸、皇家園林 等構(gòu)成的帝王古都 ；由道觀神廟、社稷祭壇 等構(gòu)成的“鬼神”古都 ；由胡同、四合院及其它民居建筑構(gòu)成 的老百姓古都。

Three kinds of buildings make up China 's architectural features of the ancient capital:(1)imperial palaces and official residences;(2)temples and altars;(3)compounds with houses built around a courtyard, and the lanes and other buildings lived in by ordinary people.這一例的形式變化就大一些。原文 用分號(hào)將并列的內(nèi)容隔開(kāi)，這是漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，而英語(yǔ)則講究條目分明，縷析入微；漢語(yǔ)行文對(duì)偶不怕重復(fù)，英語(yǔ)則最忌同義重復(fù)和辭藻堆砌。明確了這一差異，該增則增（數(shù)字序號(hào)），該減則減（原文斜體字句），一切以譯文習(xí)慣和規(guī)范為準(zhǔn)，注意了內(nèi)外有別。

例 5 ． 這里三千座奇峰 拔地而起，形態(tài)各異，有的似 玉柱神鞭，立地頂天 ；有的象 銅墻鐵壁，巍然屹立 ；有的如 晃板壘卵，搖搖欲墜 ；有的若 盆景古董，玲瓏剔透 ?? 神奇而又真實(shí)，迷離而又實(shí)在，不是藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造勝似藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造，令人嘆為觀止。

3000 crags rise in various shapes — pillars, columns, walls, shaky egg stacks and potted landscapes ?-— conjuring up unforgettably fantastic images.這是典型的化“虛”為“實(shí)”的翻譯手法，在漢、英旅游翻譯中大量運(yùn)用，形式變化太大，與各自文體風(fēng)格上的差異有關(guān)，這樣的譯文可能要直觀可感、簡(jiǎn)潔流暢得多，更符合英語(yǔ)旅游文體和讀者的欣賞習(xí)慣。Classwork 3 ： 1）判斷：

歡迎參加中國(guó)出口商品交易會(huì)(廣交會(huì))； 舉世矚目的國(guó)際貿(mào)易會(huì)；

中國(guó)對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易活動(dòng)的重要場(chǎng)所展示； 中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放和經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)成就的窗口。

（1）Welcome to Chinese Export Commodities Fair(Guangzhou Fair);The world-felt international trade gathering;The important spot of China 's foreign trade;The window to show the achievements of the reform and open-up and economic construction.（2）Chinese Export Commodities Fair(CECF or simply called Canton Fair), which attracts worldwide attention, is a grand gathering of international trade.It is also an important spot of China 's foreign trade, where China shows the achievements of economic construction after reform and opening-up.2）翻譯 : 1 ． 英譯漢（翻譯劃線部分）：

I lost my sight when I was four years old by falling off a box in a freight yard in Atlantic City and landing on my head.Now I am thirty-two?.Life, I believe, asks a continuous series adjustments to reality.The more readily a person is able to make these adjustments, the more meaningful his own private world becomes.The adjustment is never easy.I was bewildered and afraid.But I was lucky.My parents and teachers saw something in me---a potential to live, you might call it---which I didn't see, and they made me want to fight it out with blindness.The hardest lesson I had to learn was to believe me in myself.That was basic.If I hadn't been able to do that, I would have collapsed and become a chair rocker on the front porch for the rest of my life.When I say belief in my life I am not talking about simply the kind of self-confidence that helps me down an unfamiliar staircase alone.That is part of it.But I mean something bigger than that: an assurance that I am, despite imperfection, a real, positive person, that somewhere in the sweeping, intricate pattern of people there is a special place where I can make myself fit.譯 1 ： 我認(rèn)為，生活要求人不斷地自我調(diào)整以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實(shí)。人越能及時(shí)地進(jìn)行自我調(diào)整，他的個(gè)人世界便越有意義。調(diào)整并不容易。我曾感到茫然和害怕。但我很幸運(yùn)。父母 和 老師發(fā)現(xiàn)了我心底的東西——一種活下去的潛力，你可以這樣叫它——而我自己卻沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)。他們使我想去與失明戰(zhàn)斗到底。

我必須學(xué)會(huì)的最艱難的一課就是相信自己。這是基本條件。如做不到這一點(diǎn)，我早已跨掉了，只能坐在前門(mén)廊的搖椅上度過(guò)余生。相信自己并不僅指幫我獨(dú)自走下不熟悉的樓梯時(shí)的那種自信，那只是一部分。我指的是大事：是堅(jiān)信自己雖不完美，卻是一個(gè)真正的積極的人，堅(jiān)信在這蕓蕓眾生、紛繁復(fù)雜的格局中，會(huì)有我恰當(dāng)?shù)纳钗恢谩?/p>

譯 2（試譯）： 我認(rèn)為，生活要求人們不斷地自我調(diào)整以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實(shí)。人越能及時(shí)調(diào)整自我，其個(gè)人世界亦越有意義。調(diào)整決非易事。對(duì)此我曾茫然、害怕過(guò)，但又十分幸運(yùn)。因?yàn)椋瑢?duì)潛藏于心底的某種東西——或曰人的生活可塑性，在我尚未察覺(jué)時(shí)，父母 和 老師們就發(fā)現(xiàn)了它。他們用來(lái)激勵(lì)我自發(fā)地與失明頑強(qiáng)抗?fàn)帯?/p>

我務(wù)必學(xué)會(huì)相信自己，盡管最難學(xué)，卻是我的基本課程。倘若連這點(diǎn)都做不到，恐怕我 早就一敗涂地，只能在門(mén)廊的搖椅上 了此殘生了。相信自己，并非僅指幫我走下不熟的樓道時(shí)那份小小的自信，那只是它一部分。我是指更大的自信：我雖身有殘疾，卻是一個(gè) 堂堂正正、積極向上的人，堅(jiān)信 在這大千世界、蕓蕓眾生之中，自有我安生立命的一席之地。2)漢譯英（翻譯劃線部分）：

一年后他們就結(jié)婚了。有人向小伙子討教，他說(shuō)：“我每天上班第一件事就是幫她擦桌子，然后為她泡上一杯她喜歡的綠茶。她的胃不好，我經(jīng)常備些胃藥放在她桌上。一開(kāi)始她不知道，時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了就知道了”。

忍不住叫人想起 “ 浪漫 ” 一詞。寫(xiě)情書(shū)是一種浪漫，送 99 朵玫瑰是一種浪漫。我不知道，擦桌子泡茶送藥 是否也是一種浪漫。浪漫是沒(méi)有定式的，或許那些實(shí)實(shí)在在的 呵護(hù)和關(guān)愛(ài) 才是真正的浪漫，它 是生命 之 火所點(diǎn)燃的 最絢爛的 花朵。

His words remind me of the word “ romantic”.Writing love letters is an outpouring of romantic feelings, so is offering a big bunch of 99 red roses.The expression of love follows no definite pattern.I wonder if wiping the desk and preparing tea and medicine for a person of one's heart is not one of the ways.Maybe true love lies in giving heart-felt care and whole-hearted protection.That and that alone is the reddest rose nurtured by the spring of life.(居祖純譯)

第五章練習(xí)

1.英譯漢：

(1)Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of processing a single talent or skill: singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc.The successful performer develops a style that is marked aggressively and gains some popularity, and it is this popularity that usually convinces the performer to continue performing in the same style, since that is what the public seems to want and to enjoy.But in time, the performer becomes bored singing the same songs in the same way year after year, or the painter becomes bored painting similar scenes or portraits, or the actor is tired of playing the same character repeatedly.The demand of the public holds the artist hostage to his or her own success, fame.If the artist attempts to change his or her style of writing or dancing or singing, etc, the audience may turn away and look to confer fleeting fickle fame on another and then, in time, on another, and so on and so on.25

凡成名者，大多有一技之長(zhǎng)，或能歌，或善舞，或長(zhǎng)于繪畫(huà)，或精于寫(xiě)作，都因各自演藝中 形成的強(qiáng)烈個(gè)性和鮮明風(fēng)格而名聲鵲起。然而，正是這得來(lái)的名望，使他們 常年固守著自己的本色不敢越雷池半步，因?yàn)檫@是公眾的要求和喜愛(ài)?？呻S著時(shí)間的推移，歌星 若年復(fù)一年唱著同樣的歌，畫(huà)家若 一成不變畫(huà)著同樣的畫(huà)，演員若 一如既往重復(fù)著同一角色，恐怕 連他自己都會(huì)厭煩。但為了保全已有的成就和名望，他只能 一味順從這種需要而淪為公眾的人質(zhì)。若要 改換筆調(diào)，轉(zhuǎn)變舞風(fēng)，創(chuàng)新唱法，觀眾就會(huì)舍他而去，將那來(lái)去不定、乍起乍落的名望聲譽(yù) 隨即送與他人，如此這般轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)去，無(wú)休無(wú)止。2.漢譯英：

(1)中華民族 文化 歷史悠久，起源很早，內(nèi)容極為豐富，是東方文明的主要組成部分，早在上古時(shí)期就已是 人類文化的一個(gè)獨(dú)立典型。在物質(zhì)文化方面，中國(guó)的“ 四大發(fā)明 ”曾經(jīng) 改變 世界歷史的 進(jìn)程。在精神文明方面，“ 以人為本 ”的 人格價(jià)值 思想和“ 和為貴 ”的 和平與發(fā)展的 思想，對(duì)世界文化 解決 個(gè)人與社會(huì)、人與自然、道德與生命的 根本關(guān)系 做出了杰出的貢獻(xiàn)。中國(guó)的學(xué)者們 一致認(rèn)為，在全球化趨勢(shì)日益發(fā)展的今天，文化交流 在國(guó)與 國(guó)之間的交往中 越來(lái)越重要，起著獨(dú)特的作用，中國(guó)應(yīng)該向全世界充分展現(xiàn)具有 強(qiáng)大凝聚力的 中華文明，同時(shí)應(yīng)該利用 申辦（bid for）、舉辦(host/sponsor)奧運(yùn)會(huì)的機(jī)會(huì) 吸取和弘揚(yáng)（carry forward//develop）一切人類文明的 精華。

As an important component of Oriental civilization, the Chinese culture is rich and well-established with a long history , distinguished from ancient times by its characteristics in human culture.With respect to its material culture, China 's “ four inventions ”, namely, gunpowder, printing, the compass and papermaking , have influenced the process of world history.With respect to ethical culture, the ideas of “ people come first ”(for human dignity)and “ harmony prevails over all ”// “ conciliation is invaluable ”(for the peace and development)have made great contributions to the world's culture, dealing well with the fundamental relationships between individuals and society, man and nature, and morality and life.Chinese scholars have reached a consensus that today against the backdrop of globalization, cultural exchanges are playing particularly a bigger and bigger role in international contacts.While displaying to the world its strongly cohesive culture, China should absorb and develop the essence of other cultures by taking advantage of the opportunity of hosting the Olympics.(2)沒(méi)有盼頭的日子是蒼白不可想象的，人，得天天有點(diǎn)什么盼頭，生活才不至于暗淡。有了盼頭，會(huì)覺(jué)得太陽(yáng)每天都是新的，不管是望梅止渴，還是畫(huà)餅充饑，它都會(huì)激勵(lì)你不停手中的槳，去追逐哪怕一星微小的火光。

土地去掉水分，就成了沙漠；人沒(méi)了盼，還剩什么？小盼頭支撐人的一天，大盼頭支撐人的一生。

人是決不能沒(méi)有盼頭的。

A day without hope would be unimaginably pale.There must be something to look forward to each day to brighten one's life and keep it out of shadows.To a person cherishing hopes every morning rises a new sun.Even if it is a fantasy or an illusion, so long as it shows a ray of hope it still urges you on in pursuit of that little sparkle without letup.Deprived of moisture content, soil turns into desert.Deprived of hope, what is there left to a person? A small hope sustains a person for a day, a great one for a lifetime.Human beings cannot do without something to look forward to.27

第四篇：商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中級(jí)翻譯

Unit 2

Incentive獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)

Job title職銜

Training and staff development培訓(xùn)和員工發(fā)展

Pension養(yǎng)老金

opportunities for promotion升職提拔機(jī)會(huì)

Company car公司配給的車

Client service executive客戶服務(wù)總管

Take ….with a pinch of salt對(duì)。。將信將疑

Resources director人力資源部經(jīng)理

Qualifications資格

Incumbent program崗位培訓(xùn)課程

Promote from within提拔內(nèi)部員工

Intake從外部吸納招收的員工

Grow and maintain customer relationship發(fā)展和維護(hù)客戶關(guān)系 Brainstorming集思廣益

Encompass包括

Research and development and manufacturing研發(fā)和生產(chǎn) Perks外快

Final salary pension scheme按最終薪水給付的養(yǎng)老計(jì)劃 Non-cash reward非現(xiàn)金形式的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)

Career goal職業(yè)目標(biāo)

Senior management高層管理人員

Distribution centre配送中心

Holding company控股公司

Subsidiarybranchdivision子公司

Turnover營(yíng)業(yè)額

Document management文檔管理

Innovative technology創(chuàng)新技術(shù)

Revenue收入

Mission statement目標(biāo)宣言

Unit 3

sole trader獨(dú)立法人

partnership合伙經(jīng)營(yíng)

franchise/ franchisor/ franchisee連鎖店，特許經(jīng)營(yíng) entrepreneurial spirit企業(yè)家精神

granting of a license同意發(fā)給許可證

trademark商標(biāo)

charge one’s own prices自行定價(jià)收費(fèi)

solicitor律師

profit margin利潤(rùn)率利差

branch out分支出來(lái)

Unit 4

Word of mouth口頭宣傳

Mail-shot郵寄廣告

TV commercial電視廣告

Billboard廣告牌

Spam垃圾郵件，電子郵件廣告

Banner橫幅廣告

Newspaper advert報(bào)紙廣告

Internet advertising網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣告

Search engine搜索器

Delegate / delegator委派者

Helpful feedback有助的反饋

Constructive criticism建設(shè)性的批評(píng)

Bits and pieces零碎

Financial or psychological rewards物質(zhì)上或精神上的報(bào)酬 Let go放手

Specific skills特長(zhǎng)

Tailor work to the individual

根據(jù)特長(zhǎng)分配工作

Give incentives

給予鼓勵(lì)

Define the expectations and objectives

明確期望和目標(biāo)

Delegate complete tasks

移交整體任務(wù)

Unit 5

To source art選擇藝術(shù)品To commission art定制藝術(shù)品Specialist knowledge專業(yè)知識(shí)

Expertise專家意見(jiàn)

Reference database參考數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)

Premise辦公樓，單位

Social norm社會(huì)規(guī)范

Interaction人際

1.開(kāi)個(gè)短會(huì)

2.主持會(huì)議

3.明白你的觀點(diǎn)

4.參加會(huì)議

5.安排議程

6.做會(huì)議記錄

7.進(jìn)入會(huì)議的下個(gè)議程

8.同意某人的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)

9.達(dá)成協(xié)議

10.做個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短發(fā)言

1.Hold a brief meeting

2.Run the meeting

3.See your point

4.Attend the meeting

5.Set the agenda

6.Take the minutes

7.Move on to the nest item on the agenda

8.Go long with someone on the point

9.Reach am agreement

10.Give a short presentation

Unit 6

Recruitment招聘

Arrange an interview安排會(huì)面

Automated message自動(dòng)語(yǔ)音信息 Pay off the mortgage還清抵押貸款 Disciplinary procedures懲戒程序

Be taken redundancy被裁員

make redundancy裁員

Call centre systems呼叫中心

Give notice提出辭職

1.合同被取消

2.把此事告上仲裁法庭

3.把簡(jiǎn)歷發(fā)給未來(lái)的老板

4.登錄計(jì)算機(jī)

5.收件人沒(méi)有回復(fù)

6.錯(cuò)誤百出沒(méi)有禮節(jié)的郵件

7.避免口頭聯(lián)系

8.作出決定

9.達(dá)成協(xié)議

10.為造成的不便而道歉

1.The contract has been cancelled

2.Take the case to a tribunal

3.Email the CVs to the prospective employers

4.Log on to your PC

5.The recipient doesn’t respond

6.Emails with tremendous inaccuracy

or complete pointlessness

7.Avoid verbal contact

8.Decisions made

9.Deals struck

10.undo the damage

Unit 7

1.在銷售部工作

2.一種不直接的銷售方式：營(yíng)銷

3.從事創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)，公關(guān)活動(dòng)

4.挨家挨戶推銷

5.撥打不期而至的電話

6.銷售更具體實(shí)在7.對(duì)公司的業(yè)績(jī)有直接的影響

8.與不同性格的人打交道

9.就業(yè)部門(mén)

10.目標(biāo)明確，充滿激情

11.銷售總監(jiān)

12.推銷口才

1.Work in sales

2.Marketing----a less direct way of selling a product

3.Work on creative campaigns with PRs

4.Door-to-door work

5.Cold calling

6.Sales is tangible

7.Has direct impact on a company’s results

8.Communicating with different personalities

9.Career department

10.In the buzz of a target-driven environment

11.Commercial director

12.Sales pitch

1.工作說(shuō)明

2.商品或服務(wù)的好處能夠符合顧客的要求

3.不言而喻

4.讓顧客承受繁瑣的商品性質(zhì)細(xì)節(jié)

5.產(chǎn)品規(guī)格

6.產(chǎn)品尺寸

7.顧客的性格類型各不相同

8.推銷員也能變化自如

9.拒絕，打擊

10.繼續(xù)征服下一位顧客

1.Job description

2.The benefits of their goods or services match the requirements

3.It goes without saying

4.Overload people with details

5.Product specification

6.Product Dimensions

7.Customers Come in all personality types

8.Sales people can vary

9.Knockbacks

10.Move on to the next customer

Unit8

第五篇：商務(wù)英語(yǔ)段落翻譯

1.There is no alternative but to blend together different kinds of information.First, take whatever evidence econometrics can yield about the way the forces driving FDI——size of host-country market, expected growth, input costs, geography and natural resources, and the policy framework——have worked in the past.別無(wú)他法，我們只能將各種不同種類的信息聯(lián)系起來(lái)進(jìn)行分析。首先，采取任何經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)量學(xué)中產(chǎn)生的可以驅(qū)動(dòng)FDI的要素，包括東道國(guó)市場(chǎng)規(guī)模、預(yù)期增長(zhǎng)、投入成本、地理優(yōu)勢(shì)和自然資源、政策構(gòu)架已經(jīng)在過(guò)去起作用了

2.Look at Beyond Petroleum.It says it is an energy problem solver.Yet not much green has come out of its entrails.Each country has abiding cultural icons, its sacred cows that make global corporate communications quite challenge.What is culturally and politically correct in one country may not be so in another.看BP公司。它宣稱自己是能源問(wèn)題解決者。盡管其并沒(méi)有太多綠色環(huán)保的產(chǎn)品從其中流露出來(lái)。每個(gè)國(guó)家都有其長(zhǎng)久的文化圖騰，它們的文化圖騰物使得全球化的企業(yè)的交流遇到了挑戰(zhàn)。在一個(gè)國(guó)家文化或政治領(lǐng)域現(xiàn)在通行的現(xiàn)象或做法并不一定在另一個(gè)國(guó)家也可行。

3.a striking number of business schools have changed their courses in the past few years.although HBS, which invented the MBA, is continuing its familiar case-study method of teaching, it has introduced a popular new course in “l(fā)eadership and accountability”.Post-Enron, most business schools have introduced or have beefed up their teaching of ethics, often under the banner of leadership.在過(guò)去幾年大量商學(xué)院改變了他們的課程。盡管HBS（創(chuàng)造了MBA），繼續(xù)著他熟知的案例教育方式，他也引入了關(guān)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力以及責(zé)任感的新課程。后安然時(shí)代，大多數(shù)商學(xué)院引入或是加強(qiáng)他們的教育理念，打著領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力的旗號(hào)

4.the company,which is shortly to join the s&p 100 index of leading companies,is not without its critics.The not-always-loveable Mr Jobs is still stuck in a greedy-looking share-option “backdating” scandal.蘋(píng)果公司，這家即將就要進(jìn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾100指數(shù)的公司，也并不是完美的，沒(méi)有批評(píng)。并不怎么討人喜歡的的喬布斯至今還深陷在一個(gè)指責(zé)他過(guò)于貪婪，將期權(quán)回溯的有效期提前的丑聞之中。

5.Listening to customers is generally a good idea,but it is not the whole story.For all the talk of “user-centric innovation”and allowing feedback from customers to dictate new product designs,a third lesson from APPLE is that smart companies should sometimes ingore what the market says it wants today.傾聽(tīng)客戶的意見(jiàn)通常是一個(gè)好主意，但這不是所有。雖然“創(chuàng)新要以用戶為中心”，讓用戶的反饋主導(dǎo)新產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)，但蘋(píng)果的第三項(xiàng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)昭示我們，聰明的公司有時(shí)應(yīng)該忽略市場(chǎng)在當(dāng)下顯示的需求。