第一篇：自考大綜合雜項

河北師范大學 考試時間為：9月20日（周六）上午8:30—11:30。

考前五天考生可登陸本網首頁“實踐考核”欄目查詢考場、座位號、考試地點等有關

成績查詢：考生可于11月10日后登錄本網“實踐考核”查詢實踐性環節考核成績。、畢業申請時間:上半年5月21—30日，下半年11月21--30日申請并提交材料。

3、畢業申請方式

①考生須登錄河北省教育考試院網站進行畢業申請（網址：http://zk.hebeea.edu.cn）。

②網上申請畢業成功后，考生必須到網上選擇的畢業申請服務點（河北師大服務點只接收我校全日制在校學生畢業申請，社會考生請不要選擇我校服務點）領取、填寫《河北省高等教育自學考試畢業生登記和鑒定表》及其他畢業材料并提交，不得委托他人代辦。

③對基本信息（含照片）有問題的考生，須到畢業申請服務點提出基本信息變更申請，并提交相關材料。

有關畢業申請詳情請看本網首頁“自考文件”中“河北省高等教育自學考試畢業生審定實施細則”。

二、繳費

1、繳費標準：詳見本網首頁“自考文件”欄中“自學考試實踐性環節考核收費標準”。

2、繳費方法：考生報名后，請于6月7日后登陸

“http://zxks.hebtu.edu.cn/webcx/”或本網首頁“實踐考核”欄目，點擊“繳費查詢” →輸入“姓名”+“準考證號” →“提交”→顯示《繳費通知單》→“打印”或記錄下所有報考課程的“課程繳費代碼”。

考生于6月7—10日（只能在此時間段）依據14位“課程繳費代碼”和師大收費代碼（7100426）到河北省內建設銀行營業點(銀行工作人員須進入“學

費代收”項目收取費用，外省建行不能收取)繳費，若縣建行不能繳納，可找人在市級以上建行代繳，銀行代收費憑證須妥善保存。逾期未繳費的考生視為自動放棄本次實踐環節考核。

第二篇：大自考

自考專業課及公共基礎課報考技巧

第一，要正確選擇適當專業。一定要有一個明確的目標，最好是選擇與自己工作或興趣愛好相近相關的專業。有的剛開始參加自考的朋友一時心血來潮，不怎么思索就選了一個課程較少的專業，目的是為了想早點畢業。俗話說：興趣是最好的老師，即使課程再少，平時學習看書沒用什么心思，不僅不能早點畢業，反而會適得其反。例如我認識一個朋友，在網絡公司上班，結果選擇的專業卻是飯店管理，她選擇這個專業的理由是這個專業課程開得少，其實這樣是不對的。第二，在報考課程時，專業課和基礎課要交叉間錯的報。一般說來，專業課每一年只有一次考試機會，公共課一年有二次或四次考試機會。在我剛開始參加自考時，聽很多人說先考專業課，后考公共課，其實也不盡然。專業課一般往往是本專業最重要的課程，相對而言也較難通過，公共課不外乎是大語，高數，英語等以前讀書時都接觸過的和一些公共政治課等課程，通過也較容易。有的朋友剛開始報名時全報專業課，結果學習起來非常吃力，就會對自考產生一種畏難情緒。而有的朋友認為公共課容易，剛開始全報公共課，而因為專業課一年考試次數有限也會影響自考畢業的進行。

第三，要正確選擇資料。一般是一本教材和一本預測試卷，外加一本帶講解的同步過關資料也可。千萬不要以為資料買得越多越好，這樣勢必會浪費大量的時間和金錢。

第四，學習要以指定教材為主，自考不像其他考試，它考的全部是教材上的東西。只要把教材上的知識理解領悟透了，考試也會不攻自破。有的同學不看教材或者一目十行走馬觀花的瀏覽一二遍就開始做大量的預測試卷，舍本逐末，實不可取。看書時可以先看一看目錄看這本書每一章節大概講的是什么內容，各章節之間有沒有什么聯系，然后看書時做到有的放矢，并經常做一下讀書筆記和一些各章節的復習總結。看書時要有恒心，俗話說：冰凍三尺，非一尺之寒，看一遍，二遍，三遍甚至多遍，一遍比一遍細膩，直到摸清了本書的主干以及章節具體講的是什么內容為止。這樣在做預測試卷時遇到不懂的就可以快速準確的翻到哪一章節，不要在做試卷時連這個知識點在哪一章哪一節都不知道。

第五，可以在考前一個月做一下預測試卷。預測試卷是對這種門課程起一個模擬測試的作用，通過測試我們可以了解自己對這門課程的掌握程度，摸一摸自己的米桶，以便對沒有復習到位的知識點及時查漏補缺。另外還要做一下近幾年的真題，通過真題，我們可以把握住考試的題型，以及常考的和重要的知識點，哪些題目今年已經考過，對考試的題目做一個估計和預測，對可能要考的題目將做重點復習，該背的要背，該記的要記，不要認為這個知識點已經考過，不會再考，存在僥幸心理，有好多同學等到考試結果出來時五十多分才后悔莫及，因為同一個知識點可以變換不同的題型，這就是差之毫厘，失之千里的結果。

自考貴在堅持，要有恒心和毅力，不要三天打魚，二天曬網。有人說自考難，其實是沒有正確處理好各門課程之前的關系和一個行之有效的學習方法。以上是我的一些具體的自考心得，雖然對各位自考朋友可能不完全適用，說起來容易，可

真正做起來有些難，不足之處還請各位指出。最后也忠心希望天下所有為了一個共同目標而拼搏的自考生朋友都能心想事成，美夢成真！

自考如何合理安排一年中的四次考試

1、合理安排考試計劃，優先安排考試次數少的科目。

有些科目是與其他科目有沖突的，這時候就要優先安排一年中考試次數最少的科目，否則很可能會耽誤畢業，所以很多時候，我是建議先考專業課的，因為專業課程有些一年只考一次或兩次，不像公共課，每個考期都可以考，所以先考專業課，然后公共課插縫安排，才是盡早畢業的保證。

2、先報名，如果通過了，就可以不去考試了。

有些同學考試的科目，下一期還可以報名，又拿不準是否能通過，如果經濟不是很緊張的話，大可以把這科目報上，到時候上一期的成績出來，如果通過了，就可以不用去參加下一期的考試了。而且不用擔心，自考的成績可以保留很多次，不好的成績不會把好成績沖掉的。

3、估量上次的考試結果，決定要報考的科目。

有些同學像根據上一次的通過情況酌量增減報考科目，在第一次考試的同學中這種情況尤其常見，我的建議是一般而論，自考的報考科目在3-4門比較適中，每次如果報1-2門，可能需要多年才能完成學業。而報名一般都是在上次考完之后才會報名，同學們可以根據自己的考試情況，去判斷是否可以通過，比較常見的方法是，回憶考試的題目，翻書檢查自己的答案是否正確，選擇題因為不容易記憶，可以就按平均分計算，文字題幾乎都可以在書上找到，計算題可以與同學對一下答案。

第三篇：企業文化雜項概念解讀

第一章

企業文化導論

1．構成企業文化的五大要素是：

1）企業環境

2）價值觀

3）英雄模范

4）典禮和儀式

5）文化網絡

2．古典管理理論：韋伯的行政組織理論、法約爾的管理要素與管理職能理論

韋伯的行政組織理論，主要反應在他的《社會組織與經濟組織理論》一書中，是企業文化理 論的萌芽。法約爾于1916年出版了《工業管理和一般管理》一書，使萌芽狀態的企業管理 理論得到了進一步發展。

3．行為科學理論 1）梅奧的社會人假說

梅奧提出以下假說： 1.企業員工是社會人，而不僅僅是經紀人。

2.企業中存在著非正式組織。

3.作為一種新型的企業領導，其能力體現在于提高員工的滿足程度，以提高員工的氣勢，從 而提高勞動生產率。

2)麥格雷戈的 X-Y理論

X理論認為多數人天生懶惰，逃避工作，沒有抱負。必須實行強迫命令的管理措施。

Y理論認為一般人并不討厭工作，愿意對工作負責，并有相當的想象力和創造才能。可以通過滿足員工愛的需要、尊重的需要和自我實現的需要使個人和組織目標融合一直，達到提高 生產率的目的。

3）馬斯洛的需要層次理論

他在《人類動機的理論》等著作中，提出了著名的“人類需要層次論”。1）生理需要 2）安全需要 3）社交需要 4）尊重需要

5）自我實現需要

4)超Y理論與發展過程理論提倡應因不同的情況選擇采取 X或Y理論來進行管理。并且根據員工從不成熟走向成熟過程中的不同的發展階段采取不同管理理論來管理。5）激勵理論

工作績效=f（能力X激勵）

1）雙因素理論：工資、職務保障、良好的工作條件和認識關系等屬于保健因素，沒有這種因素將引起許多不滿。但具有這種因素只能消除不滿，不能引起滿意感和調動積極性。工作本身及其發展前途、成就、得到賞識、賦予責任等從屬于激勵因素，有了這種因素就會有 滿意感和積極性，沒有這種因素就沒有滿意感和積極性，但不會引起很大的不滿。2）ERG理論：所謂ERG就是生存、關系、和成長需要的簡稱。

3）成就需要理論：美國學者麥克里蘭及其學生于20世紀50年代提出的。他們認為人有兩類：一類是高成就需要者，另一類則不是。

4）強化理論：正強化，負強化，自然消退，懲罰。

5）期望理論：美國心理學家弗魯姆1964年提出。激勵力量=效價X期望值。

效價是企業目標達到后，對個人有何價值及其大小的主觀估計。期望值是關于達到企業目標的可能性大小，以及企業目標達到后月線個人要求可能性大小的主觀估計。這兩種估計在實踐過程中會不斷修正和變化，發生“感情調整”。管理者的任務就是要使這種調整有利于達到最大的激發力量。因為，期望理論是過程型激勵理論。

6）公平理論：美國心理學家亞當斯1956年提出了報酬公平理論。

報酬過高或過低，都會使員工心理上緊張不安。報酬過高時，計時工資制的員工會以提高產 量，改進質量來消除自身的不公平感，計件制的員工會降低產量提高質量；報酬過低時，計 時制員工會同時用降低產量和質量的辦法來消除不公平感，計件制員工會以降低質量，增加 產量的辦法來維持收入。6)群體理論

1）四要素及八要素論（2）群體動理論（3）敏感性訓練理論

4．現代管理理論“叢林”

管理叢林階段的主要代表學派

1）西蒙的決策理論：決策貫穿于管理的各個方面和全部過程，是全部管理活動的中心。

第二章

企業文化的基本理論

1．企業文化的定義：企業文化是企業中形成的文化觀念、歷史傳統、共同監制觀念、道德 規范、行為準則等企業的意識形態，對提升企業競爭力，推動企業發展起著重大作用。2．

.企業文化的本質：

企業文化是一種從事經濟活動的組織之中形成的組織文化。它所包含 的價值觀念、行為準則等意識形態和物質形態均為該組織成員所共同認可。．

約翰科特企業文化定義：

一個企業中各個部門至少是企業高層管理者們所共同擁有的那 些企業價值觀念和經營實踐。

指企業中一個分部的各個職能部門或地處不同地理環境的 部門所擁有的那種共通的文化現象。．

沙音企業文化定義：企業文化是在企業中尋求生存的競爭“原則”，是新員工要被企業

所錄用必須掌握的“內在規則”。．

阿倫肯尼迪企業文化定義： 是指

“價值觀、英雄人物、習俗儀式、文化網絡、企業環境”。（5 要素）．

企業文化的意義：一方面保證企業的生存，使企業組織具備不斷改進的能力，提高企業 競爭力；另一方面是為了實現個人與工作的融合，使人們在工作中體會生命的意義。．

企業文化的功能：）

導向功能：就是對企業的領導和員工具有導向的作用。體現在經營哲學價值觀念的指導 和企業目標的指引。）

約束功能：主要通過完善管理制度和道德規范來實現。表現在有效的規章制度和道德規 范的約束。）

凝聚功能（輻射）

：企業文化以人為本、尊重人的感情在企業中造成了一種團結友愛相 互信任的和睦氣氛，強化了團體的意識，使企業員工之間形成了強大的凝聚力和向心力。）

激勵功能：企業的共同價值觀念都感到自己的存在和行為的價值。自我價值的實現是人 最高精神需求的滿足，這種滿足必將形成強大的激勵。．

企業倫理即正確的價值排序，它是企業生存和生命的本質。．

定性分析法內容：以美國麻省理工學院的沙因教授為代表的定性化研究流派，他們對企 業文化的概念和深層結構進行了系統探討，也曾提出進行現場觀察、現場訪談以及對企 業文化評估的步驟等，但這種方法難以客觀量化，在考察企業文化和經營業業績時難以 進行比較研究。10 ．

定量分析法內容：以密西根大學工商管理學院奎恩教授為代表的定量化研究流派，他們認為，企業文化可以通過一定的特征和不同的維度進行研究，并提出了組織文化模 型測量、評估和診斷學說，后被學術界稱為“現象學”流派。．

企業文化的內容： 1）企業經營哲學）價值觀念）企業精神）4）企業道德 5）

團體意識 6）企業形象 7）企業制度．

企業文化的內涵： 1)是一種管理文化）是一種組織文化）是一種經濟文化．

企業文化對增強企業競爭力的具體表現為：）

企業文化能凝聚員工隊伍 2）企業文化能調動員工積極性有激勵作用）企業

文化有助于員工形成共同理念，實現自我約束）企業文化有助于塑造企業形 象）企業文化可以使企業持久的發展 6）良好的企業文化可以留住人才．

企業文化建設的原則：）

企業文化建設的一般原則）

培育共同價值的觀念）

構塑企業精神）

確立正確的經營哲學）

企業形象設計

第三章

企業文化研究的發展歷程．

約翰克特文化三類型：）

強力型企業文化：指每一個經理都具有一系列基本一致的共同價值觀念和經營方法。）

策略合理型企業文化：企業中不存在抽象的好的企業文化，也不存在任何放之四海皆準 的、適應所有企業的“克敵制勝”的企業文化。）

靈活適應型企業文化：認為只有那些能夠使企業適應市場經營環境變化，并在這一適應 過程中領先于其他企業的企業文化才會較長時間與企業經營業績相互聯系。．.迪爾和肯尼迪把企業文化分為四種類型：強人文化；拼命干、盡情玩文化；攻堅文化； 過程文化。

第四章

企業精神文化．

.企業精神文化，是指企業在生產經營過程中，受一定的社會文化背景、意識形態影響而

長期形成的一種精神成果和文化觀念。．

企業價值觀：是指企業在追求經營成功過程中所推崇的基本信念和奉行的目標。．

企業精神：是現代意識與企業個性相結合的一種群體意識。企業精神是企業全體員工共 同一致、彼此共鳴的內心態度、意志狀況和思想境界。．

企業精神文化的作用：大大提高員工主動承擔責任和修正個人行為的自覺性，從而主動 地關注企業的前途，維護企業的聲譽，為企業貢獻自己的全部力量。．

精神文化建設原則：以人為本的企業價值觀。參與、協作、奉獻的企業精神。以市場為 導向的經營哲學。．

企業價值觀的培育是一個由服從，經過認同，最后達到內化的過程。服從是在培育的初 期，通過某種外部作用（如人生觀教育）使企業中的成員被動的接受某種價值觀念，并 以此來約束自己的思想和行為；認同是收外界影響（如模范人物的感召）而自覺地接受 某種價值觀念，但對這一觀念未能真正的理解和接受； 內化不僅是自愿的接受某種觀念，而且對它的正確性有真正的理解，并按照這一價值觀念自覺地約束自己的思想和行為。．

企業精神與企業價值觀的關系：價值觀是企業精神的前提，企業精神是價值觀的幾種體 現。價值觀具有分散性和內隱性，是信念和追求。企業精神是外露的，容易被人們所感 覺。企業價值觀和企業精神共同構成了企業文化的核心。

第五章

企業制度文化．

企業制度文化的范圍：企業領導體制、企業組織結構、企業管理制度．

企業領導體制。在企業制度文化中，領導體制影響著企業組織機構的設置，制約著企業 管理的各個方面。所以，企業領導體制是企業制度文化的核心內容。．

企業組織機構：

是指企業為了有效實現企業目標而籌劃建立的企業內各組成部分及其關 系。組織機構形式的選擇，必須有利于企業目標的實現。．

企業管理制度：是企業為求得最大效益，在生產管理實踐活動中制定的各種帶有強制性 義務，并能保障一定權利的各項規定或條例。它作為員工行為規范的模式，能使員工個 人的活動得以合理進行，同時又稱為維護員工共同利益的一種強制手段。．

企業制度文化建設的原則： 1）統一、協調、通暢的企業領導體制。2）組織機構形式的

選擇，必須有利于企業目標的實現。3）優秀企業文化的管理制度必然是科學、完善、實用的管理方式的體現。．

企業制度文化與企業精神文化銜接（應用）：企業制度文化是一定精神文化的產物，它

必須適應精神文化的要求。制度文化又是精神文化的基礎和載體，并對企業精神文化起 反作用。．

企業文化的特點：企業文化具有中介性，它是精神與物質的中介。企業文化還具有規范 性，是一種來自員工自身以外的、帶有強制性的約束，它規范著企業的每一個人。

第六章

企業行為文化．

.企業家行為的意義：一個企業總體上的謀劃、策略，就要靠統帥——企業家來擔任。企 業家的決策行為與企業命運是休戚相關的。．

企業家精神：他們善于創新。干實事不空談；有領導能力，有豐富的想象力、判斷能力 和堅韌的意志；有監督和管理的才能；有豐富的業務知識，善于把握時機，做出具有戰 略意義的重大決策和創新。他們目光遠大，不斤斤計較眼前利潤，而是注重于對整個企 業發展的全局性設想。．

模范人物的行為意義：企業模范個體的行為標準是，卓越的體現企業價值觀和企業精神 的某個方面和企業的理想追求相一致。．

群體行為的意義：企業員工是企業的主體，企業員工的群體行為決定企業整體的精神風 貌和企業文明的程度，因此，企業員工群體行為的塑造是企業文化建設的重要組成部分。．

企業行為文化建設障礙分析：）

企業行為的規范：包括企業的社會責任和義務。）

企業人際關系的規范：員工的一言一行、一舉一動。）

企業公關策劃及其規范：樹立企業形象）

服務行為規范：服務質量

第七章

企業物質文化．

企業物質文化內容：

首要內容是企業生產的產品和提供的服務； 其次是企業的生產環境、企業建筑、企業廣告、企業包裝與設計等。．

企業產品與企業服務區別：

企業產品是指人們向市場提供的能滿足消費者或用戶某種需

求的任何有形產品和無形服務。有形產品包括產品實體及其品質、特色、式樣、品牌和 包裝；無形服務包括可以給買主帶來附加利益和心理上的滿足感及信任感的售后服務、保證、產品形象、銷售者聲譽等。．

物質文化建設的原則）

遵循品質文化的規范）

遵循技術審美原則）

遵循客戶愉悅原則．.企業品牌建設與企業文化的關系：

1)品牌力的塑造要靠企業文化的支撐。2)品牌本身是一個具有文化屬性的概念，文化是品牌識別固有的一面，它是品牌的主要動力。

品牌文化的而建立與運營離不開企業文化的支持和依托。品牌的物質基礎是產品，品牌的精

神基礎是企業文化。企業文化的是品牌的靈魂。．.企業品牌文化建設：

品牌文化主要是企業銷售的環節上建立起來的，主要面向企業外部，主體是物或可物話的存在。在總結市場競爭狀況、自身產品狀況、消費者因素的基礎上精心 策劃的。

在激烈競爭的市場中，給產品一個明確而獨特的定位，塑造鮮明獨特的形象，與消

費群體的性格、年齡、消費習慣等因素相吻合。．企業文化與品牌之間的關系兩者的建設都是緩慢持久的，企業經營管理的點滴都會影響到建設的質量。

2)企業文化與品牌是企業核心競爭力形成的必要因素，但是企業文化強調內部，包含了價值

觀和管理的范疇，而品牌強調外部效應，基本屬于經營的范疇。）企業文化是品牌價值是實現的手段和保證。

4）品牌是文化的載體，文化凝結在品牌中。

第八章

企業文化發展與傳播．

.企業文化建設的阻力：（p.220-222））

企業文化建設的外在環境：

影響企業文化的宏觀環境包括社會政治制度、國家經濟狀況、國家科技發展水品、民族文化傳統、自然地理條件。）

企業文化建設的內在環境：企業文化建設的內在制約性是多方面的。如員工工作隊伍、技術裝備、原材料、經營管理素質等。

第九章

企業文化比較研究．

美國企業文化特點：美國的企業文化以個人主義為核心。以個人主義為特點的企業文化 缺乏共同的價值觀念，企業的價值目標和個人的價值目標是不一致的，企業以嚴密的組 織結構、嚴格的規章制度來管理員工，以追求企業目標的實現。職工僅把企業看成是實 現個人目標和自我價值的場所和手段。2 ．

日本企業文化特點：日本文化以和親一致的團隊精神為特點。使企業強調合作反對個人 主張和內部競爭。

權利和責任劃分不很明確，集體決策，一旦出了問題不歸咎責任責任。實行終身雇傭，年功序列工資制。．

中國企業文化特點：實行經濟體制改革以后，傳統計劃經濟體制逐步轉換為社會主義市 場經濟體制。現代企業制度的建立，為建立有中華民族特色的企業文化創造了有利的政 治法律環境，企業文化建設取得了明顯成效。

第十章

企業形象設計導論

企業形象與企業文化的差異：

第十一章

企業理念識別設計

第十二章

企業行為識別設計

第十三章

企業視覺識別設計

第十四章

企業形象戰略策劃

什么事企業文化？

廣義：是指企業在經營過程中所創造的具有本企業特色的物質財富和精神財富的總和

狹義：是指企業在發展過程中形成的具有企業特色的思想意識、價值觀和行為習慣，企業文化的作用？

答： 1 塑造人的作用向導作用約束作用激勵作用輻射作用阻抑作用企業文化理論產生的標志

答：

1981-1982 年期間美國管理學界出現了名著《 z 理論---美國企業界怎么樣迎接日本的挑 戰》、《日本企業的管理藝術》 《企業文化 —

現代企業的精神支柱》 《尋找優勢 —

美國成功公司 的經驗》企業文化的構成內容是什么？

答：

是企業為了求得最大效益，在生產管理實踐活動中制定的各種帶有強制義務，并能保障

一定權利的各項規定或條例什么是企業精神？企業精神建設應該做好哪些工作 / 答：

是指一個企業中大多數乃至全體職工共同一致。彼此共鳴的內心態度、意志狀態、思想

境界和理想追求

答：什么事職業道德？職業道德規范的主要內容有哪些？

答：

是人們在職業性活動中所表現出來的哪些與其職業的社會責任、義務相和諧，與其事業

發展要求相一致的道德情感、道德品質及道德行為

答：是忠于職守

質量第一

對用戶負責

顧全大局

團結協作

安全生產

對社會負責什么是企業制度文化其主要包括哪些內容？

答：是一種約束企業和員工行為的規范性德文化

企業領導體制

企業組織文化

企業管理制度什么是企業價值文化？它的核心內容和構成層次？

答：是指企業在追求經營成功過程中所推崇的基本信念和奉行的目標

答：核心內容：以人為中心

以關心人

愛護人的人本思想為向導簡述企業管理文化模式

答：什么是企業物質文化？

答：是由企業中得人創造的產品和各種物質設施構成的器物文化，表現為在企業生產

管理

銷售

生活

娛樂諸方面的環境

設施等物質要素企業文化公告的特征有哪些并舉例說明？

答： 1 真實性藝術性

什么是企業形象？企業形象有哪些種類？

答：

是指企業內外對企業的整體感覺、印象和認知，包括公眾形象

公眾態度

公眾輿論三 個層次

種類： 1 正面企業形象和負面企業形象

內在企業形象和外在企業形象直接企業形象和 簡介企業形象

主導企業形象和輔助企業形象企業形象和企業識別的關系

答：企業識別和企業形象是因果關系什么是企業識別系統？有哪些要素構成？

答什么是 MI ？它的構成要素？

答： MI 《理念識別》是指能夠指導企業行為并具有企業哲學內涵的死刑意識形態

要素： 1 價值觀企業精神企業使命 4 經營宗旨企業作風行為準則什么是 BI? 它的主要內容？

答： BI 《行為識別》是在企業理念識別的基礎上，對企業行為的規范和統一。

主要內容： 1 是對內企業行為活動 2 對外企業行為活動什么是 VI ？它的構成要素有哪些？

答： VI 《視覺識別》是企業形象的靜態表現，是一種具體化、視覺化的企業形象表達方式

答： 1 視覺識別系統的基本要素

視覺識別的應用要素舉例一個企業或組織的 VI 設計并分析它的特點？

答試述中美企業文化的區別？

答：中國企業文化的內容有哪些？需要如何改進？

答：

以下是單項選擇題，請會做的朋友幫我做一下，我對一下答案！謝謝

1．公司的奠基者和創始人通常被稱為（）

A．共生英雄

B．造就的英雄

C．情勢英雄

D．全能英雄

2．下列選項中不屬于理念識別的功能的有（）

A．激勵功能

B．共識功能

C．向導功能

D．凝聚功能

3．重視團隊精神的發揮是下列哪個國家的企業文化（）

A．美國

B．法國

C．日本

D．德國

4．不是塑造良好企業形象應該堅持的原則（）

A．共識性原則

B．整體性原則

C．戰略性原則

D．個性化原則

5．“人生來就以自我為中心，漠視組織的需要“的觀點是屬于（）

A．Y理論

B．X理論

C．超Y理論

D．Z理論

6．突出個人能力和強調理性主義，是哪個國家的企業文化之特征（）

A．美國

B．歐洲

C．日本

D．中國

7．不為各種榮譽所動心，不為各種仕途所吸引，只求辦實業。這是企業家應具備的哪種基本素質和能力？（）

A．基本職業追求

B．基本職業修養

C．基本職業意識

D．基本職業能力

8．哪項不是建設企業文化的基本原則有（）

A．親密原則

B．共識原則

C．統一原則

D．績效原則

9．”別具一格，勇于創新”體現了塑造良好企業形象的什么原則？（）

A．個性化原則

B．整體性原則

C．系統性原則

D．戰略性原則

10．VI的含義是（）

A．企業形象識別系統

B．企業理念識別系統

C．企業行為識別系統

D．企業視覺識別系統

11．以下不屬于企業文化的本質特征的是（）

A．非強制性

B．個異性

C．相對穩定性

D．社會性

12．下面哪項不是企業文化傳播應遵循的規律？（）

A．同構易播規律

B．整體傳播規律

C．異體傳播規律

D．異構傳播規律

13．BI的含義是（C）

A．企業形象識別系統

B．企業理念識別系統

C．企業行為識別系統

D．企業視覺識別系統

14．從企業文化管理角度來看，下面哪項不是企業文化的內容？（A．企業價值觀

B．企業精神

C．企業激勵

D．企業形象

15．“企業的辦公室里潔凈、井然有序”反應了企業文化氛圍里的（A．感情氛圍

B．制度氛圍

C．物質氛圍

D．辦公氛圍

16．“不自由，毋寧死“的價值觀反應了歐洲國家文化的哪個特征？（A．追求精神自由

B．人文主義

C．強調理性與科學

D．追求民主精神

17．美國文化最突出的特點是（））））

A．個人主義

B．自由、平等精神

C．實用主義

D．冒險、開拓和創新精神

18．一個企業的成功首先取決于正確的經營理念，這一點反映了理念識別的什么功能（）

A．向導功能

B．制約功能

C．凝聚功能

D．激勵功能

19．正面哪一種不是企業環境的特性（）

A．穩定性

B．不確定性

C．復雜性

D．簡單性

20．“加強質量管理“體現了我國近代民族資本企業的哪種精神（）

A．實業報國

B．服務社會

C．“人和“精神

D．嚴細精神

我來幫他解答

讀書的好處

1、行萬里路，讀萬卷書。

2、書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟。

3、讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神。

4、我所學到的任何有價值的知識都是由自學中得來的。——達爾文

5、少壯不努力，老大徒悲傷。

6、黑發不知勤學早，白首方悔讀書遲。——顏真卿

7、寶劍鋒從磨礪出，梅花香自苦寒來。

8、讀書要三到：心到、眼到、口到

9、玉不琢、不成器，人不學、不知義。

10、一日無書，百事荒廢。——陳壽

11、書是人類進步的階梯。

12、一日不讀口生，一日不寫手生。

13、我撲在書上，就像饑餓的人撲在面包上。——高爾基

14、書到用時方恨少、事非經過不知難。——陸游

15、讀一本好書，就如同和一個高尚的人在交談——歌德

16、讀一切好書，就是和許多高尚的人談話。——笛卡兒

17、學習永遠不晚。——高爾基

18、少而好學，如日出之陽；壯而好學，如日中之光；志而好學，如炳燭之光。——劉向

19、學而不思則惘，思而不學則殆。——孔子

20、讀書給人以快樂、給人以光彩、給人以才干。——培根

第四篇：基本能力測試-雜項

一：

1、體育運動的宗旨：競爭、合作、友誼、和平

2、怎樣做一個文明的觀眾：（至少答三點）

1）語言文明，不可口出惡言臟語，謾罵、攻擊他人。2）對雙方的運動員的精彩表演都給予支持與喝彩，3）支持理解裁判的工作，4）保持好場地的衛生，不亂扔垃圾。等等

3、京劇形成時間是在1840年前后，有200多年的歷史，盛行于20世紀三、四十年代，有“國劇”之稱，是中國的國粹之一。經國務院批準被列入第一批國家級非物質文化遺產。

（昆曲、古琴、呼麥—第一批、木卡姆、蒙古長調——第三批）

4、京劇的角色有：生（男人）、旦（女人）、凈（威猛的男人，別稱“大花臉”）、丑（男女皆有，別稱“小花臉”）

5、四大徽班：三慶、四喜、和春、春臺；四大名旦：梅蘭芳、尚小云、程硯秋、荀慧生

6、高錕是光纖之父，被授予2009年諾貝爾物理獎。光纖的制作材料是：二氧化硅

7、“山頂有泉，煮米不成飯”——山頂氣壓低，水的沸點低，所以煮不熟飯；“小孔成像”——光的直線傳播；“潭清疑水淺”——光的折射現象。另外還有：彩虹、清水中的筷子兩截、眼鏡、肥皂泡的五顏六色，放大鏡等；“海市蜃樓”——光的全反射。沙漠蜃景也是全反射。

8、中國有許多地方劇種，如廣東的粵劇、河南的豫劇、山東的呂劇、浙江的越劇、安徽的黃梅戲、四川的川劇、河北的評劇、山西的晉劇、陜西的秦腔。

昆曲源于江蘇昆山，是現今中國現存最古老的戲曲形態，被聯合國教科文組織命名為“人類口述遺產和非物質遺產代表作”。

9、民歌的體裁有：勞動號子、山歌、小調、兒歌、風俗歌。西北民歌最具代表性的是“花兒”（青海）、“信天游”（陜西），蒙古民歌最有代表性的是：長調和短調，呼麥又稱“蒙古喉音”，是一種古老的歌唱方式，是蒙古國寶級的藝術，在全世界獨一無二，列入第一批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄。

10、廣東音樂的主奏樂器是：高胡和揚琴。江南絲竹使用的樂器有：二胡、揚琴、笛、簫、笙、小三弦等，蒙古的樂器代表是：馬頭琴，新疆的是：彈撥爾，西藏的是扎木聶。

11、酸性食物和堿性食物并不是以口感或PH值來劃分，而是以主要成分來劃分，如果主要成份是P、S、Cl元素，最終代謝產物就是酸，被稱為酸性食物，如各種肉類、蛋、谷類、油、酒、糖；如果主要成份是Na、K、Ca、Mg等元素，最終代謝產物就是堿，被稱為堿性食物，如蔬菜、水果（高糖的除外）、海藻、堅果、發過芽的谷類和豆類、茶葉、牛奶。

12、人體的七大營養素：蛋白質、脂肪、碳水化合物、維生素、礦物質、水、膳食纖維。

13、全運會的口號是什么？“和諧中國，全民全運”

14、全運會的吉祥物“泰山童子”，有什么吉祥寓意？寓意：以泰山石為核心，有國泰民安的寓意。四喜人，這里是四個孩子

15、全運會會徽以“和諧山東，活力山東”命名，寓意此次全運會將是一次“團結、和諧、圓滿”的體育盛會。以11個“競技人形”為主要構成元素。寓意：造型語言借鑒中國傳統吉祥飾物“四喜人”的手法；會徽整體圖形創意還融合了中國傳統紋樣“同心結”的概念，寓意此次全運會將是一次“團結、和諧、圓滿”的體育盛會！

四喜人實際上是一種民間美術造型，這種造型采用的是共用形，它是用幾何中的形與形的部分重合和借用來造型。四喜:久與旱逢甘雨，他鄉遇故知，洞房花燭夜，金榜掛名時

16、全運會火炬“如意”，外形由中國傳統吉祥物件“如意 ”演變而來，取“如意和諧，吉祥美好”之寓意。

二、1、京劇形成時間是在1840年前后，有200多年的歷史，盛行于20世紀三、四十年代，有“國劇”之稱，是中國的國粹之一。經國務院批準被列入第一批國家級非物質文化遺產。

2、京劇的角色有：生（男人）、旦（女人）、凈（威猛的男人，別稱“大花臉”）、丑（男女皆優，別稱“小花臉”）

3、四大徽班：三慶、四喜、和春、春臺；四大名旦：梅蘭芳、尚小云、程硯秋、荀慧生1

補充知識三：物理

1、高錕光纖通訊、電機工程專家；光纖之父，前香港中文大學校長，1996年當選中國科學院外籍院士。被授予2009年諾貝爾物理獎。光纖的制作材料是：二氧化硅

2、“山頂有泉，煮米不成飯”——山頂氣壓低，水的沸點低，所以煮不熟飯。

“小孔成像”——光的直線傳播

“潭清疑水淺”——光的折射現象。另外還有：彩虹、清水中的筷子兩截、眼鏡、肥皂泡的五顏六色，放大鏡等。

“海市蜃樓”——光的全反射。沙漠蜃景也是全反射。

補充知識四：音樂

1、中國有許多地方劇種，如廣東的粵劇、河南的豫劇等。下面選項中有山東地方特色的劇種是：

1）越劇、2）呂劇、3）黃梅戲4）評劇

2、民歌的體裁有：勞動號子、山歌、小調、兒歌、風俗歌。西北民歌最具代表性的是“花兒”、“信天游”，蒙古民歌最有代表性的是：長調和短調。

3、廣東音樂的主奏樂器是：高胡和揚琴。江南絲竹使用的樂器有：二胡、揚琴、笛、簫、笙、小三弦等，蒙古的樂器代表是：馬頭琴，新疆的是：彈撥爾、補充知識五：飲食

1、體育鍛煉后你應該多吃豆腐及豆制品、蔬菜、水果等堿性食物，以消除體內過剩的乳酸，緩解疲勞。而雞蛋、魚、肉等屬于酸性食物。注意帶酸味的食物并非是酸性食物。，如柑、橘、杏、山楂等是很好的堿性食物。

2、人體的七大營養素：蛋白質、脂肪、碳水化合物、維生素、礦物質、水、膳食纖維。

1、全運會的口號是什么？“和諧中國，全民全運”

2、全運會的吉祥物“泰山童子”，有什么吉祥寓意？寓意：以泰山石為核心，有國泰民安的寓意。

3、全運會會徽以“和諧山東，活力山東”命名，寓意此次全運會將是一次“團結、和諧、圓滿”的體育盛會。以11個“競技人形”為主要構成元素。會徽的創意有哪些？

寓意：造型語言借鑒中國傳統吉祥飾物“四喜人”的手法；會徽整體圖形創意還融合了中國傳統紋樣“同心結”的概念，寓意此次全運會將是一次“團結、和諧、圓滿”的體育盛會！

4、全運會火炬“如意”，外形由中國傳統吉祥物件“如意 ”演變而來，取“如意和諧，吉祥美好”之寓意。

補充知識一：體育與健康

1、體育和音樂本質上都追求美與和諧，都有“節奏”和“運動”等特征。第一部與體育直接相關的音樂作品是：近代奧地利作曲家施梅爾策于1667年創作的《馬上芭蕾》，這一作品改編后在1976年奧運會上用作馬術比賽的伴奏曲。有音樂伴奏的運動項目還有：藝術體操、花樣游泳等。

2、現代奧運會之父——顧拜旦

補充知識二：京劇

1、京劇的唱腔：西皮和二黃。

西皮——表現歡快、堅毅、憤懣的情緒；如：《都有一顆紅亮的心》、《看大王在帳中和衣睡穩》； 二黃——表現沉郁、肅穆、激昂的情緒，如《窮人的孩子早當家》、《雄心壯志沖云天》

2、京劇的伴奏叫做“場面”，分“武場”和“文場”。武場的伴奏是打擊樂器部分，主要配合身段表演；文場的伴奏是管弦樂器部分，主要為唱腔伴奏。

補充知識三：物理

1、宇宙飛船在太空失重的環境下，與重力有關的測量儀器不能使用，如：體重計、天平、壓強計、彈簧測力計測重力、密度計等；可以使用儀器有：溫度計、刻度尺、放大鏡、電流表、電壓表等。

2、宇宙速度：

第一宇宙速度：7.9千米/秒，物體繞地球運行的最低速度。

第二宇宙速度：是指物體達到11.2千米/秒的運動速度時能擺脫地球引力束縛的一種速度。第三宇宙速度：物體的運動速度達到16.7千米/秒就可以擺脫太陽引力的束縛飛出太陽系。補充知識四：音樂

1、藏族音樂分為民間音樂、宗教音樂、宮廷音樂三大類。藏族的代表樂器：扎木聶。

西藏民歌《宗巴朗松》是具有典型的囊瑪音調的歌舞曲。

2、呼麥是一種由一個人同時唱兩個聲部的歌唱藝術，是蒙古族人民的特有一種民間唱法。

3、歌劇是一種將、、、等融為一體的綜合性藝術。

A、音樂、戲劇、文學、舞蹈、美術B、音樂、戲曲、文學、舞蹈、燈光

補充知識五：飲食

1、人體礦物質缺乏易產生的疾病：缺鐵——貧血，缺碘——甲狀腺腫大（粗脖子病），缺鈣——一骨折。

2、人體維生素缺乏易產生的疾病：維生素A——夜盲癥、皮膚干燥、干眼病

維生素B——腳氣病、貧血，維生素C——敗血癥，維生素D——佝僂病，維生素E——肌萎縮、神經麻木等

3、健康三要素：運動、營養、睡眠。

補充知識一：體育與健康

1、民族傳統體育項目：武術

2、民間傳統體育項目：漢族——舞獅舞龍，蒙古族——摔跤、賽馬叼羊，壯族——搶花炮、板鞋朝鮮族——秋千、跳板

3、運動導致踝關節扭傷的處理辦法：先馬上用冰塊外敷或冷水沖洗，再用繃帶加壓包扎，抬高患肢；24小時后才能用傷藥火熱敷、理療、按摩等。

補充知識二：京劇

1、京劇的臉譜象征人物性格：紅臉——忠義仁義，如關羽；黑臉——直爽剛毅，勇猛而智慧，如包拯、張飛、李逵；白臉——奸詐之人，如曹操、趙高；黃臉——示人物之驍勇兇暴，如宇文成都、典韋；蘭色臉——剛強陰險，如竇爾敦；綠色——勇猛、莽撞

2、世界三大古老的戲劇文化：希臘的悲喜劇、印度的梵劇、中國的戲曲。

補充知識三：科學知識

1、氫氣被認為是未來理想的燃料。你認為傾其作為理想的燃料的優點是因為：1）原料來源豐富且價廉，2）生成物是水，不污染環境，3）熱值高

2、為了使空調能夠發揮更好的作用，夏天開空調風葉應該向 上(上、下)，冬天開空調風葉應該向下(上、下)，這是利用了空氣的對流的原理。

3、我國生產的電視機品牌、型號眾多，但所有的電視機使用的交流額定電壓都是220伏，頻率是50赫茲，這說明了設計要符合技術規范的原則

補充知識四：音樂

1、由聶耳作曲，田漢作詞的《義勇軍進行曲》在1949年我國第一屆全國政治協商會議上決定成為中華人民共和國國歌。

2、各種樂器的代表曲目：笛子——《五梆子》，嗩吶——《百鳥朝鳳》，古琴——《流水》、《廣陵散》、《梅花三弄》，古箏——《漁舟唱晚》，二胡——《二泉映月》

補充知識五：美術

1、中國畫三大科按獨立出現的先后順序是：人物畫、山水畫、花鳥畫。中國畫是融詩文、書法、篆刻、繪畫于一體的綜合藝術。

2、我國四大木版年畫及其生產基地：天津——楊柳青年畫，山東——楊家埠年畫，蘇州——桃花塢年畫，四川——綿竹年畫

3、我國書法的演進歷史順序是：陶器文字、甲骨文、金文、小篆、隸書、楷書

一、融雪劑的分類及主要化學成分

1、目前融雪劑主要分為兩大類，一類是以醋酸鉀為主要成分的有機融雪劑，雖然這一類融雪劑融雪效果好，沒有什么腐蝕損害，但它的價格太高，一般只適用于機場等地。而另一類則是氯鹽類融雪劑，包括氯化鈉、氯化鈣、氯化鎂、氯化鉀等，通稱作‘化冰鹽’。它的優點是便宜，價格僅相當于有機類融雪劑的1/10，但它對大型公共基礎設施的腐蝕是很嚴重的。

2、融雪劑的工作原理

融雪劑的主要成份是鹽，其中氯鹽類融雪劑的除雪作用表現在：除了鹽類的溶解吸熱以外，就是鹽水的凝固點較低，因此在雪水中溶解了鹽之后就難以再形成冰塊，從而有利于排雪；當雪融劑溶于水后，水中離子濃度上升，使水的液相蒸氣壓下降，但冰的固態蒸氣壓不變，為達到冰水混和物固液蒸氣壓等的狀態，冰便溶化了。這一原理也很好的解釋了鹽水不易結冰

3、新型融雪劑

這種新型融雪劑主要成分為氯化鈣，與雪結合以后發生反應，使雪融化掉，并且防止結冰。與往年的氯化鈉融雪劑不同，新型氯化鈣融雪劑對路面和植物產生損害較小

4、危害：

可見溶雪劑主要成分為工業用鹽,大量使用會造成土壤鹽分過高，導致大量植物死亡,還會因為構成了原電池腐蝕金屬設施,破壞橋梁等.大量使用肯定會造成嚴重危害

二、公民的政治權利和義務：

權力：

1、選舉權和被選舉權、（中華人民共和國年滿十八歲的公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財產狀況、居住期限，都有選舉權和被選舉權，但是依照法律被剝奪政治權利的人除外）

2、政治自由、（中華人民共和國公民有言論、出版、集會、結社、示威的自由）

3、監督權（包括批評權、建議權、檢舉權、申訴權、控告權）

義務：維護國家的統一和民族團結、遵守憲法和法律、維護國家安全和榮譽、服兵役和參加民兵組織

權利和義務的辯證關系：

公民的權利與義務具有統一性，二者相輔相成。一方面，國家保障公民充分享有和行使權力，使公民真正認識到自己是國家的主人，自覺爐型公民的義務；另一方面公民自覺履行義務。因此，不能把公民的權利和義務對立起來。

三、人民代表大會：人民行使國家權力的最高機關

人民代表大會的制度：民主集中制

四、我國外交：外交政策：獨立自主的和平外交政策

外交立場：獨立自主外交政策的宗旨：維護世界和平，促進共同發展

基本目標：維護我國的獨立和主權，促進世界的和平與發展

對外關系的基本準則：和平共處五項原則（包括相互尊重主權和領土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉內政、平等互利、和平共處）

五、能源：

1、一次能源和二次能源：由自然界提供的能源叫做一次能源。化石燃料、水能、風能、太陽能等等 由自然界提供的能源轉化而來的能源是二次能源，如電能

2、常規能源、新能源

把化石燃料、水流能、風能等人類早就應用的能源叫做常規能源

把核能、太陽能、地熱能、潮汐能等新近才開始利用的能源叫做新能源

3、解決能源問題的主要出路：節約常規能源的消耗，開發和利用新能源

補充：

一、人口問題：

我國第五次全國人口普查結果顯示，我國總人口為12.9533億，比10年前增加了1.3億。0——14歲的少年兒童為28979萬人比10年前下降了4.8％。15——64歲的成年人人口為88793萬人。65歲以上的老年人口達到8811萬人，比10年前上升了1.39％。結果顯示我國在二十一世紀上半葉面臨的人口問題是：人口增長快、人口老齡化。

到二十一世紀下半葉世界各國所面臨的人口問題是：人口老齡化。那時解決發達國家的人口問題可采取的措施是：鼓勵生育、接納移民；解決發展中國家的人口問題可采取的措施是計劃生育。

二、城市開發與古建筑保護的建議：

1、精心保護文物古跡

2、對古建筑進行合理改造

3、新建筑與歷史環境相協調。

三、全球的十大環境問題：

1、全球變暖

2、臭氧層破壞

3、酸雨

4、生物多樣性減少

5、森林銳減

6、土地荒漠化

7、水質污染

8、海洋污染、9、大氣污染、10、固體廢棄物污染。

四、三大產業的劃分：

第一產業：農業（農業、牧業、漁業）

第二產業：工業和建筑

第三產業：

1、流通部門，包括：交通、郵電、商業、飲食業、物資供銷等，2、服務部門，包括為生產生活服務的金融，保險公用事業、房地產、信息服務，3、教育、科技、文化產業等。

五、若是購買的物品質量發現問題，維權的方法：

1、要求經銷商退貨

2、向生產廠家反映

3、向當地消費者協會反映。

六：常見的心理障礙和預防消除辦法：

常見的心理障礙有：焦慮、抑郁、神經衰弱、強迫障礙、恐怖障礙。

預防、消除的辦法：自我放松、音樂調節、任職調節、系統脫敏、自我暗示、體育鍛煉。（參見體育與健康課本第十三章）

七、網絡的負面影響：

1、對青少年的人生觀、價值觀和世界觀的形成構成減災威脅。

2、使一部分青少年沉溺于網絡虛擬世界，脫離現實，甚至荒廢學業。

3、網絡中的不良信息和網絡犯罪對強少年的身心健康構成危害。

補充知識

（二）1、兩岸三通：

中國大陸與臺灣已經實現了“三通”——通郵、通商、通航。“三通”的實現給大陸帶來了積極地影響，促進大陸企業不斷改進技術和經營管理；優化資源配置，提高經濟效益等。

2、日全食與日環食：

2009年7月25日我國境內出現了一種罕見的天文現象——日全食。2010年1月15日，我國境內出現了有出現了日環食。

日食形成的原因是：當月球運行至太陽與地球之間時，對地球上的部分地區來說，月球擋住了太陽的部分或全部光線，看起來好像是太陽的一部分或全部消失了，故名。日食一定發生在朔，即農歷初一當日

日環食的本質實際上是因為月球離地球較遠，月球的本影不能到達地面而它的延長線經過了地面，而位于月影的本影延長線區域（偽影區）的人們就能看到日環食。發生時太陽的中心部分黑暗，邊

緣仍然明亮，形成光環，日環食時，物體的投影有時會交錯重疊。如果月球離地球較近，月影本影能到達地面，則本影下的人們看到的是日全食。

如下圖：在日食的時候，月亮在地球的影子分為兩部分，中心的地區叫做本影，外面的區域叫做半影。只有處在本影在地球上且在區域才能看到日全食；若本影延長線在地球上形成的區域叫偽本影——在偽本影區看到的是日環食；在半影區域的位置能看到日偏食。

日食是因為月球的影子落到地面上，也就是月球擋住了陽光才發生的；而月食是月球進入地球的影子，沒有陽光照射到月球上才發生的。所以：

日食是這樣的：太陽——月球——地球；

月食是這樣的：太陽——地球——月球。

3、科學發展觀：

要保持經濟又好又快的增長，必須要貫徹落實科學發展觀。科學發展觀的第一要義是發展，核心是以人為本，基本要求是全面協調可持續，基本要求是統籌兼顧。

4、溫家寶總理在十七屆四中全會上的政府工作報告中強調：“我們所做的一切都是要讓人民生活的更加幸福、更有尊嚴。”溫家寶總理在與網友交流時提及要實現人的尊嚴必須做到三點：1）國家要保護每個人的自由和人權，2）國家發展的最終目的是為了滿足人民群眾日益增長的物質文化需求，3）要給人的自由和全面發展創造有利的條件。

5、低碳生活方式：

低碳生活代表著更健康、更自然、更安全，同時也是一種低成本、低代價的生活方式。低碳不僅是企業行為，也是一項符合時代潮流的生活方式。

低碳,（low carbon），意指較低（更低）的溫室氣體（二氧化碳為主）排放。就是低能量,低消耗的生活方式.簡單理解，低碳生活就是返璞歸真地去進行人與自然的活動。你列舉五種低碳生活方式的具體行為嗎？

第五篇：自考綜合英語作文

綜合英語二 的難句釋義 與 作文

Lesson 1: the 9 things the book referred are: Pick a difficult thing and learn it well.挑一件難事，從中學習Donot be afraid to ask “stupid”question.不恥下問 Listen carefully.仔細聆聽 Everybody makes mistakes.人非圣賢，孰能無過？ Know your planet.了解你所處的星球 Science and technology.科學與技術 Donot spend your life watching TV.不要終生沉迷在電視上 Culture.文化 Compassion.同情去年十月份綜二卷已經考過這課了，故此次可能不會再考有關此課文的問答題。所以要注意此課后面的語法知識。1．主謂一致的三條原則 1）語法一致，即在語法形式上取得一致。2）意義一致，即根據意義來處理一致關系。3)就近原則，即謂語動詞的單、復數形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。2．集體名詞作主語時與動詞的一致 1）當主語為furniture，equipment，machinery等詞時，謂語動詞通常用單數。2）集體名詞如people，cattle，police，poultry，等往往作復數用。3)family, government, class, committee, audience , team, public 等詞被視做一個整體時，其后的動詞作單數；被視做為構成整體的個體時，其后的動詞則為復數。3．并列主語與動詞的一致 1）當“名詞+名詞”表示一種事物時，用單數動詞。2）當主語是由and，both ?.and 連接的并列結構時，如果主語所指的不是一種事物，動詞則用復數形式。3)在又or或 nor連接的并列結構中，動詞單、復數形式一般與or 或 nor 后邊的名詞或代詞保持一致。4)not only ? but also 連接的結構做主語時，動詞的單、復數形式依據but also 后的名詞或代詞。留下翻譯練習： 出席會議 干的不錯 體驗苦難 自學英語 發現奇跡 忍住咳嗽 掌握技能 獲取知識 需要勇氣 豐富生活 接受修正 改正錯誤 不再指望 作出努力 1.新造的大橋坍塌了，一名工程師和兩名地方官員為此受到刑事起訴。2.他工作了一天，午飯都沒動。3.經常性的體育運動使學生身體強壯，更好的適應學習，決不是浪費時間。4.在海洋世界公園，海豹和海豚能夠表演各種技巧，逗的小觀眾們樂不可支。5.把快樂建立在別人痛苦之上的人遲早要受到報應的。6.在某些方面，那部新字典有不少地方需要改進。7.當那輛公共汽車沖進路邊翻了車時，許多小朋友被困在里邊。8.在開幕式上，市政府將為一千多明來賓提供飲食。9.在中國，城市家庭只允許生一個孩子。10.只要我們能得到點休息，去哪里并不重要。1.那位男孩向警察詢問去火車站怎么走。2.學習外語沒有任何捷徑可走。3.獲悉我最喜歡的數學老師仍然在那所學校教書我決定去看他。4.這位老工人教育他的子女做人要誠實。5.他問老板那天他是否可以早點離開辦公室。6.艱難困苦使我們對我們現有的一切感到滿意。7.畢業時他要求到西藏去工作一年。8.我只不過是想關心別人，也希望受到他人的關心，我的要求并不過分。9.聰明人從自己的錯誤中吸取教訓。10.求援是沒有用的，因為已經早過了午夜。11.那位科學家教育他的學生說年輕人要面向未來。12.問及她生活的最大樂趣時，她說“學習”。難句釋義 lesson 1 Twelve things i wish they taught at school 1.Sometimes I think how grateful i would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matter.有時候，我想那時要是能學點真正重要的東西，今天我會多么地心存感激。2.the only thing I ever learned in school about Napoleons was that the United States made a Louisianna Purchase from him 關于拿破侖，在學校里我所學到的僅僅是美國從他手里買下路易斯安那。3.That's one of the few things that we do better than the other species on our planet.這是我們人類比這個星球上其它物種做得好些的為數有限的幾件事中的一件。4.It's much braver to ask questions even when there's a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened to the world around you.明知會引起嘲笑而提問要比把問題埋在心里、對周圍的一切變得麻木不仁要勇掛得多。5.If such a work is hundreds or thousands of years old and is still admired, there is probably something to it.既然一部作品已存在了幾百年或是幾千年，今天仍然受到贊賞，那么大概它確實是有些名堂。6.Look at the delight a one-or two-year old takes in learning, and you see how powerful is the human will to learn.如果你看到一個一兩歲的孩子學做一件事時的樂趣，你就會明白人類學習的意志有多么堅強了。

lesson 2 Icons 1.But what makes some figures icons and others mere celebrities? 究竟是哪些因素使有些人成為偶像，另一些人僅成了名流呢？ 2.With the arrival of television,the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table.電視的出現，使我們對明星的面孔就像像對家里人的面孔那樣熟悉。3.This kind of attitude rewards smooth,insincere talk,and makes hesitancy look like stupidity 這種看法結果是鼓勵了口若懸河的空話，而把遲疑看成是愚笨。

lesson 3（昨天的）Go-go Americans 1.We are slaves to nothing but the clock.“我們只受時鐘的支配，”這是人們的口頭禪。2.We want every minute to count.我們想讓每一分鐘都發揮作用。3.Don't take it personally.但這種表現不是針對個人的。4.Many of us have what might be called“ a short fuse”.我們當中很多人都會很容易“發火”。5.Most Americans live according to time segments laid out in engagement calendars.多數美國人是按照活動日程所制定的時間段來生活的。6.An increasingly high percentage of normal business is being done these days by voice and electronic device.今天通過聲音或是電子設施來處理日常公務的比例越來越高。

lesson 4 Take over,Bos'n 1.If i had to shoot at such close quarters, I wouldn't miss.要是我不得不開槍的話，離這么近他們誰也跑不掉。2.As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for.只要我們一直盼著待會兒還能喝上一口水，我們就有了活下去的目標。3.“Why don't you quit? You can't hold out!” “你干嗎不放手？你能堅持到底嗎?” 4.Nothing else would have kept Barrett and the rest away from the water.除了槍，別的任何東西也不可能阻止巴雷特和其他人接近那點水。

lesson 5 Are you giving your kids too much? 1.I'm not complaining, only making a point.我并不是抱怨，只是表明一個看法。2.Overindulgence of a child also happens when parents are unable to stand up to their children's unreasonable demands.父母頂不住孩子們的無理要求也就嬌慣了孩子。3.Such parents vacillate between saying no and giving in——but neither response seems satisfactory to them.這類家長舉棋不定，對孩子們的無理要求，不知道是該回絕還是該滿足，覺得這兩者都不理想。4.But overindulging children with material things does little to lessen parental guilty 可是過分滿足孩子的物質要求并不能減輕家長的內疚感 5.Also, overindulged children are not as challenged as children with fewer playthings to be more creative in their play.還有，玩具太多的孩子在玩的時候不如玩具少的孩子有創造性。6.Rather, my intent is to help those parents who have already sensed that they might be overindulging their children but don't know how to stop.準確地說，我的意圖是給那些已經意識到自己嬌寵孩子而又不知怎樣糾正的家長出點主意。7.It's the cheerfulness and lack of hesitation that impress upon the child that parents mean what they say.這種和顏悅色和毫不猶豫的態度讓孩子感到父母說話是算話的。8.For a while they'll keep on applying the old pressures that used to work so well.在一段時間里，他還會采取過去行之有效的施加壓力的老辦法。

Lesson 6 Culture shock 1.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbls of social intercourse.文化震蕩是由因失去社交活動中人們熟悉的標志和信號而引起的憂慮所造成的。2.All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, often with our conscious awareness.我們每個人都是不自覺地依賴這些成百上千的信號來維持心境的平和及辦事效率。3.The home environment suddenly takes on a tremendous importance.To the foreigner everything becomes irrationly glorified.這時在一個剛到外國的人的心目中，自己國家各方面的情況忽然變得無比重要。對他來說家鄉的每一件事都變得不合邏輯地美好了。4.It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.只有回國一趟，才能使他們回到現實中來。5.I had the advantage of speaking the same basic language and of sharing a great deal with the English in some broad, cultural aspects.我的優勢是與英國人說的是基本相同的語言，在廣義的文化淵源方面也與他們有許多共同之處。6.For some people, it may take several days to readjust.depending on the length of time they were away.有些人可能要花上幾天的時間來重新適應一切，需要多長時間與他們離開的時間長短有關。translation: 移植器官 接受邀請 拒絕邀請 認真看待 建立關系 堅持原則 更換戀人 兌換貨幣 社交約會 良好看法 面部表情 職業病 違約（1）醫生說病人的病源于孤獨和壓抑。（2）自從中國實施改革開放政策以來，這個城市的面貌煥然一新。（3）薩拉對18世紀的西班牙音樂并不熟悉。（4）感受文化震蕩的外國人常常采取與世隔絕的態度。（5）在頭幾個月，許多新生難以適應大學生活。（6）芳芳上幾個月才到達澳大利亞，已經很快適應了新的環境。（7）在實驗中，馬丁嚴格遵守導師定下的規則。（8）只要你努力工作，虛心向別人學習，新上任的壓力會逐步消除的。（9）生物學家決定試用那套昂貴的設備。Use concern, notice and take.（1）我注意到她從國外回來以后舉止有了很大的改進。（2）第二個問題與孩子們的安全有直接關系，必須立即解決。（3）你注意到林教授的新衣服沒有？穿上這套衣服他看起來很帥吧？（4）我想我會接受你的勸告，盡快去看醫生。（5）越來越多的中國人關心環保問題。（6）她受傷的那條腿疼的厲害，她只好吃了一片止疼藥。（7）我看見他匆匆地離開了晚會。（8）為了能在早上8點之前到達辦公室，他只好乘出租車。（9）你有沒有注意小王是什么時候離開的？（10）奧林匹克運動會每四年舉行一次。（11）帶上傘，天看起來要下與。（12）修理這臺電視機花了他兩個小時的時間。Lesson 7 The model millionaire I 1.He was as popular with men as he was with women, and he had every quality except that of making money.他在男士和女士中間人緣都很好。除了賺錢的才能之外，他別的才藝樣樣都有。2.At last he became nothing, a delightful, uselese young man with a perfect face and no profession.最后他一事無成，落得沒有職業，只有一張完美的臉蛋，成了一個可愛的窩囊廢。3.Indeed, few people are not nowadays.現在幾乎沒有什么人不是畫家。（注意作者的諷刺口吻：畫家滿天飛，到處都是。）4.When Hughie came in he found Trevor putting the finishing touches to a wonderful life-size picture of a beggar-man.當休吉走進去時，他看到特里沃在給一幅和真人一樣大小的、精彩的乞丐圖進行最后的潤飾。5.I tell you that there are moments when art almost reaches the importance of manual work.但說真話，有時藝術與體力活一樣重要。6.He looked so miserable that Hughie pitied him, and felt in his pocket to see what money he had.他看起來十分痛苦，休吉憐憫他，伸手摸摸衣兜里有多少錢。實現美夢 大發脾氣 失去記憶 尋求安慰 來跟香煙 保持安靜 憐憫某人 統制世界 證券交易 等身畫像 手工勞動 惡意的玩笑 憂傷的表情 襤褸的衣衫 淡淡的笑容 賺錢 股市 股東（1）模范護士海倫工作既講效率又有耐心，嚴格卻富有愛心，深受小病人們的喜愛。（2）部隊斷了糧，只能靠野果和樹皮充饑。（3）因售后服務好，奇跡牌洗衣機銷路很好。（4）由于那部電影大獲成功，它的插曲也很受歡迎。（5）楊教授搬家時，把許多書給了學生。（6）喬治喜歡把自己的過失歸咎于別人。（7）僅僅過了半年，他就厭倦了公司職員的工作。（8）我的教授不許我在圣誕節期間在實驗室工作。（9）我現在不能作出任何承諾，但是我會考慮這件事的。（10）他破產了，只得求助于朋友的資助。（1）在我桌上我發現了一個尋呼機。是你的嗎？（2）平安到達后請給我來個電話。（3）我已經替你找到了一套帶有家具的公寓。（4）關于如何改善雇員的工作條件，他們談了幾個小時。（5）你去超市時能幫我買兩個柯達膠卷嗎？（6）我發現住在鄉下是一種很有趣的經歷。（7）你得想辦法找人把漏水的龍頭修好。（8）我到家，發現爺爺在自言自語。（9）老師告訴他他兒子在考試中作弊，他很生氣。（10）同事們到達之前，他就把一切都準備好了。（11）醫生發現每天喝點酒的人要比那些從不喝酒的人健康。（12）光說沒有用，咱們還是開始干吧！

Lesson 8 The model millionaire II（8）當三位世界著名男高音出現在舞臺上時，整個音樂廳爆發出掌聲。1.do you think he would care for any of them? 你覺得他愿意要幾件? 2.you painters are a heartless lot.你們畫家真是一幫鐵石心腸的人。3.It's a whim of a millionaire.You know these rich men.這當然是百萬富翁一時心血來潮的怪念頭，你知道這幫闊佬是會做這種事的 4.It never entered my mind that you went about giving money away in that careless manner.我真的沒想到你會這樣隨便亂給別人錢。點燃香煙 裝上鏡框 一堆舊衣 變成碎片 情緒飽滿 自言自語 支付利息 捧腹大笑 真誠道歉 滿臉通紅 發表演說 搓手 私事（1）愿意和我一起步行上山嗎？（2）在地震中，我心愛的瓷瓶從櫥柜里掉下來，摔的粉碎。（3）德國人入侵后，我的老師死也不肯再教德文了。（4）在他們父親的葬禮上，兄弟兩個人為死者的錢財爭論不休，當眾出丑。（5）這份報告第一論點不明確，第二論據也不充分。（6）在他最后的日子里，吉米雖然很虛弱，卻依舊情緒飽滿。（7）湯姆無意傷害你，他只是實話實說罷了。（8）當三位世界著名男高音出現在舞臺上時，整個音樂廳爆發出掌聲。（9）在牛津大學當訪問學者時，他有幸會見了不少的大科學家。（10）休吉叫了起來：“我絕對沒有想到那老模特是個百萬富翁。” Use see, tell and show.（1）我看了看四周，但在黑暗里我什么也看不見。（2）他把這些年來所搜集的珍貴郵票拿給朋友們看。（3）我不明白你是什么意思。你為什么不告訴我真相。（4）她教了我好幾次怎樣使用這臺洗衣機，可我總記不住。（5）他告訴我他第二天不能來開會，他要照顧生病的母親。（6）這家人剛搬到這個鎮子來的時候，那位母親叫孩子們天黑以后不要外出。（7）他堅持把我送到公共汽車總站。（8）下星期天這部電影還要在電視上重播。（9）老師可以看得出吉姆對他的分數不是很高興。（10）導游把客人們領去看魯迅出生的那個房間。（11）許多城里人分不清水稻苗和雜草。（12）他搖了搖頭，公開表示了他與經理的觀點不同。

Lesson 9 Only 3 more days 1.Suddenly,later that morning,the solution became clear.那天上午晚些時候，辦法突然明朗了。2.how could these hard-nosed Nazi detectives help but smell out the diaries beneath my broacasts? 那些精明的納粹偵探怎么可能嗅不出廣播稿下面的日記呢? 3.It would give me prestige in his eyes,or at least make me less suspect,foreigner though I was 盡管我是外國人這也會讓他對我刮目相看，至少也能減少他對我的猜疑。4.The feared Gestapo,I knew,was really not very efficient.我知道那些令人畏懼的蓋世太保并非真的很能干。5.I had only to hold out this one more day,and the whole nightmare for me would be over,though it would go on and on for millions of others.我只要再把這一天忍過去，噩夢就會過去了，可是對于千千萬萬的人來說，噩夢還要繼續下去。取消航班 得到許可 值得一試 以身冒險 蓋上印章 如釋重負 送報/牛奶 扣押某物 入境簽證 出境簽證 交通堵塞 個人物品 沖馬桶（1）一場隧道大伙使進城的交通中斷了近一個星期。（2）我把地圖攤在地上，查找去拉薩的路線。（3）通過仔細研究報紙上的廣告，小鮑勃察覺出一個大盜竊陰謀。（4）一座橋的倒塌引起地方官員的警覺，并促使他們決定視察所有正在興建的橋梁。（5）沿路直至山頂，都可以看到美麗的粉紅色杜鵑花在盛開。（6）每個人都在關注那個地區形式，看其如何發展。（7）工人們對工廠的糟糕管理和低效率難以容忍。（8）此樓的裝修只準在白天進行。（9）他費力的想弄清楚名首字母N。E指的是什么。（10）我來到游泳池，沒想到卻同一個粗魯的年輕人爭吵起來。Use put, hold and pick.（1）只要付錢，游客們可以在這個公園里自由采摘水果。（2）那位白人婦女右臂抱著一個嬰兒，左手提著一個旅行袋。（3）如果你設身處地為他想想，你就會理解他的選擇了。（4）她因為太激動了，無法把自己的思緒用諺語表達出（5）我們要挑選12位高中生參加下一屆國際奧林匹克數學競賽。（6）要求所有考生都把自己的編號而不是姓名寫在答案紙上。（7）在這個職位我已經干了5年，我說什么也不會辭職的。（8）昨天咱們買的的那些書你放到哪了？（9）我覺得一條船容納不下我們這些人，還是租兩條吧。（10）這是你的錯，你怎么能把責任推到別人身上。（11）這次全國圖書展銷會將在10個城市舉行。Lesson 10 The washwoman 1.But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors.可是這位洗衣婦，盡管個子又瘦又小，卻具有從她們世代農民祖先那里繼承來的強健體魄。2.But there was in her a certain pride and love of labor with which many Gentiles have been blessed.可是她有許多非猶太人所具有的那種自尊心，那種對勞動的熱愛。3.The old woman did not want to become a burden, and so bore her burden.老婦人不愿成為別人的累贅，因此自己承擔起養活自己的責任。4.God forbid!What good would such a long life be? 但愿上帝別讓我活到那么大的歲數!活那么長有什么用? 5.And now at last her body, which had long been supported only by the force of honesty and duty, had fallen.現在長期以來一直由真誠和責任心支撐著的身軀終于倒下了。扮演角色 積累經驗 熨燙衣物 身負重擔 卸下重擔 作出犧牲 縫補衣物 物歸原主 承擔任務 堅強的意志 不屈的意志 粗糙的手指 深陷的雙眼 寒冷的冬天（1）我祖母少有的善良和慷慨使所有認識她的人都敬愛她。（2）在長達一周的夏季反攻中，士兵們用盡了彈藥。（3）恐怕你的要求超越了他的權限。（4）輪船劇烈地左右晃動，許多乘客都暈船。（5）老人在叢林里生活多年，與外界極少來往。（6）她年輕時得過癌癥，后來康復了，一直活到高齡。（7）廣場中心的雕像表達了人民對將軍的敬重和自豪之情。（8）我把消息告訴了瑪利之后，她看上去好象要暈到。（9）她不顧父母的強烈反對，決定去上夜校。（10）為幫助愛利絲準備參加網球比賽，她母親請來了本地最好的教練。Use cover, fall and pass.（1）我從梯子上掉了下來，傷了左胳膊。（2）在大學我們至少需要300元來支付伙食費。（3）唐山遭受地震以來二十多年已經過去了。（4）這個課程涉及到二戰以來美國歷史的各個方面。（5）雪一直緩緩地下著。（6）這本書挺難，我一小時只讀了10頁。（7）那個期間他三次經過自己的家都沒有進去。（8）這次高考入學考試他沒能通過，他決心明年再試一次。（9）那個小男孩問他的父母為什么樹在秋天掉葉子。（10）你們看完了這份報紙之后，把它傳給三班。

Lesson 11 How I Reserved My Apprenticeship 1.I am sure that I should never have selected a business career if I had been permitted to choose.我相信要是我有選擇的余地，我不會選擇經商的生涯。(此句包含一個虛擬條件句)2.What I could get to do, not what I desired, was the question.問題是，我能找到什么活干，而不是我想干什么活。3.I resolved that the wolf of poverty should be driven from our door some day.我當時下定決心總有一天我們要解決溫飽問題。（也可直譯為：我當時下定決心總有一天要把貧困這匹惡狼從我們門口趕走。）4.It was given to me because I had been of some use in the world!這錢給了我是因為我對社會有了點用處 5.It is everyting to feel that you are useful.感到自己是個有用的人那才叫棒。6.something within always told me that this would not, could not, should not last 我的內心有一種力量時時激勵我:這種情況不會，也不可能，更不應該持續下去。7.Everything must be bright to them.只能讓他們知道好的一面。8.It seems, nowadays, a matter of universal deire that poverty should be abolished.今天人們好像普遍希望消除貧困。養家糊口 吸取教訓 贍養家庭 提供材料 驅動機器 緩解痛苦 記錄帳目 消除貧窮 教訓某人 家庭會議 職業女性 珍貴財富（1）眼見敵人的導彈把村莊炸成一片廢墟，村民門都氣炸了肺。（2）他注意到了那個中年人給一家電視公司開了一張150英鎊的鈔票。（3）他從一生經歷中體會到，友誼和愛比金錢重要的多。（4）去年夏天，他在一所鄉間村舍住了一個月，遠離城市的喧鬧。（5）為了保護大自然這一共同利益，許多政府聯起手來清除化學工業帶來的有毒污染。（6）委員會決定明年的會議在西安舉行。（7）天亮時，他發現自己躺在一個山谷底處。（8）許多人為“希望工程”捐款，是因為他們深切同情鄉村里上不起學的孩子們。（9）高考來臨之際，考生家長們都在盡力減輕孩子的精神負擔。Use serve, bear and work.（1）他已經為這個廣告公司工作6年了。（2）電梯現在不運行，他只好爬上11層樓。（3）看來他的阿諛奉承這次不能奏效了。（4）我80歲的爺爺無法忍受北方的嚴冬。（5）他父親在10年前是中國駐英國的大使。（6）在屋子的角落里有一張矮桌子當電視架使用。（7）那家名流聚集的餐館的飯菜很一般。（8）這部移動電話看起來不時髦，可能滿足我的需要。（9）如果出了問題，你就的承擔責任。（10）我不人心看到老人受到他們親生子女的虐待。（11）我們多年的努力現在終于開花結果了。（12）如果這種藥沒有效果，那么你只好動手術了。

Lesson 12 The friend of the environment 1.He might cut down the forests and dam the steams, but the clouds and rain and the stream of life were God's.人可以砍伐森林，可以在江河上筑壩，但是天上的云彩、天上下的雨以及源遠流長的生命都由上帝主宰。2.The book exploded into the public consciousness.此書一夜之間提高了公眾的(環保)意識。砍伐森林 筑壩攔河 發出警告 受到表揚 激起熱情 激發想象 大學畢業 政府干預 人造衛星 學術報告 強烈反對 熱心讀者 嚴酷事實 上。。課 連續10天 新華社 暢銷書 環保（1）盡管年紀小，沒經驗，這位小演員同一起工作的明星卻能無拘無束的相處。（2）沒過一會兒，巴德先生就發現他的顧客是警察通緝的那個人。（3）在完全了解自己嚴重的病情下，吉姆在生命最后幾個月里作出了許多勇敢的選擇。（4）1998年中國的水災向中國人民發出了嚴重警告。（5）怎樣培養好獨生子女在中國引發許多爭論。（6）詹姆斯是在牛津時接觸到莎士比亞的著作的。（7）當我發現那位著名畫家竟然與我家有親戚關系時，感到十分驚訝。（8）人在劇烈活動時，肌肉中的蛋白質會分解的更快。（9）那個少年使瓊斯太太回想起她自己在過去的困難日子里的痛苦經歷。（10）這個村子一定遭受了龍卷風的襲擊，我們看到到處都是被破壞的房屋和被吹到的樹木。（11）盡管有風險，他們還是堅持把實驗做完。（12）我知道有這么一位藝術家，但沒有見過面。Use break, reach and start.（1）不知道我們的請柬是否已經到達他那里。（2）任何違反交通規則的司機都將被罰款。（3）他到的時候，我們正要出發。（4）她把藥放在了兒子夠不著的最上面的架子上。（5）在爭吵的過程中她將一面鏡子摔到了地上，把它摔碎了。（6）足球比賽剛剛進入高潮，突然下起雨來。（7）我們誰也不敢把這壞消息告訴他。（8）去查問一下慶祝活動幾點開始。（9）天氣預報說今天的最高溫度將預計達到攝氏38度。（10）他沒發開動割草機，跑去找他父親幫忙。

Lesson 13 Who shall dwell? 準備晚餐 切斷電源 切斷供水 發射導彈 發動進攻 交換意見 交流經驗 面如死灰 首要問題 核武器 核電站 核能 閂門（1）請今晚注意收聽重要新聞。（2）當瓊斯太太抓住那個男孩時，他不敢正視她。（3）科布教授講課的特征是講的飛快。（4）你不能按審計的要求記帳，就不能算一個好會計。（5）在邊遠地區，還有大批學齡兒童不能上學。（6）警察向司機明確指出，他必須確切地描述事故發生的過程。（7）已經告戒本地農民，今年有可能發生水災。（8）法庭認為沒有必要傳訊更多的證人，打算在近期結案。（9）她既耐心又堅定地作出努力，要拆除擋在她兒子和其他孩子之間的那堵墻。（10）懷特一家人擔心要是他們不付房租，房東就會把他們轟出來。Use leave, send and turn.（1）當我給他打電話時，他已經離開辦公室了。（2）空襲警報使人們紛紛往自己的家跑區。（3）為了幫父母養家他15歲的時候就輟學了。（4）現在許多人不再郵寄圣誕卡，而是通過電子郵件向朋友們表示問候。（5）在我的挎包里找不到鑰匙，一定是忘在辦公室里了。（6）她轉過身來，看見兒子眼里充滿了淚水。（7）今年春節你打算給你的筆友寄點什么？（8）你最好讓窗戶開一會兒，讓新鮮空氣進來。（9）他們決定把防空洞改造成儲藏室。（10）奧塞羅的頭發一夜之間全變白了。

Lesson 14 Cipher in the snow 1.I blurted out the news somehow.我沒有拐彎抹角而是直截了當地把事情說了出來。2.How do you go about making a boy into a zero? 怎么能把一個孩子弄成這樣一事無成? 3.Even shy, timid, sweet children have resilience.It takes time to break them.即使是膽小、害羞、溫順的孩子也是有韌性的，他們不是一天就能夠擊垮的。（注意作者的諷刺、憤怒的口氣：那些老師也是下了不少的工夫，花了不少時間才把一個智商本來不低的孩子弄成這個樣子的。）改變主意 參加葬禮 喃喃自語 自言自語 認養孩子 發起進攻 刺骨寒風 倒斃在地 砰然關門 干瘦的身軀 褪色的牛仔褲 智商與情商（1）音樂突然停止，播音員幾乎是叫了起來：“警報！注意隱蔽！”（2）火車突然剎車，杯子和盤子都滾落到地上。（3）身為主任，他的任務是組織實驗室的工作，他很少親自做實驗。（4）許多年以后，他仍能回想起飛機失事時的慘景。（5）我當小學徒時，壓力大，工作很辛苦，但我從來不把這些告訴父母。（6）搬進新辦公樓哪天，我們搞了一次慶祝活動。（7）晚飯后克里夫把書本攤在面前開始復習功課。（8）就我所知，彼得的父親在醫囑中給彼得留下了至少25萬英鎊。（9）鮑勃發現幾則廣告很奇怪，他就在報紙檔案堆進行調查。（10）醫生指出，此種藥物對嬰兒有害。Use drive, forget and drop.（1）我忘了帶我的字典了。我能用一下你的嗎？（2）電話突然響了，他嚇了一跳，書也掉到地上。（3）不要老是想你和班上其他同學的膚色不一樣，就記住你和他們一樣的聰明。（4）對金錢和權利的欲望使相當一些人走上犯罪的道路。（5）一再的失敗使他幾乎喪失了理智。（6）我永遠不會忘記我們在大學度過的那些愉快的日子。（7）這個國家的人口出生率已經降至0。3%。（8）如果他不開車送我去車站的話，我昨晚就趕不上火車。（9）很抱歉，我忘了這些學生是穆斯林。（10）他們聽到有人走過來，就壓低了嗓子。

其實我個人感覺，把課文意思弄通了，再加上基本語法練習，過關是沒有問題的了。下冊: lesson 1

Courtesy:Key to a happier world 難句釋義：

1.Courtesy,politeness,good-manners——call it what you will,the supply never seems to equal the demand: 禮貌也好，客氣，或文明舉止也好，無論你稱它什么，其供應似乎總是小于需求。（意思是人們維護和諧的關系所需要的禮貌從來都低于他們實際表現出的水平。）2.What impelled the boy to take so much trouble to spare the feelings of a stranger?Courtesy,compassionate courtesy.是什么促使這個年輕人不厭其煩地這么做？是禮貌，基于同情心的禮貌。（為了不讓一個陌生人感到自己無用而難堪。）3.Even when you have doubts about some people,act as if they are worthy of your best manners.即使對有些人你不太有把握（他們是否值得你禮遇），也要以禮相待，就像他們值得你這樣對待他們一樣。4.All skills require constant repetition to become second nature;good manners are no exception.一切技能都需要經常重復而后才能成為第二天性，禮貌也是如此。5.Nowhere is thinking courtesy more important than in marriage.理性的禮貌在婚姻中比在其他任何方面都更加重要。（此句是倒裝句，表強調。正常語序：Thinking courtesy is more important in marriage than anywhere else.）6．But some of the most precious gifts in life come with no strings attached.可是生活中的有些最寶貴的贈品卻是不帶有任何附加條件的。（意思是別人對你的善舉、好意、禮貌也是生活給你的贈品——無須回報就能得到的東西，不要認為人家是別有用心的。）7.The only constant,daily,effective solution is politeness——which is the golded rule in action.唯一能經常、每天使用的有效的解決方法就是以禮待人這個行為準則。Lesson 2 & 3 The man who could work miracles(I & II)1.It’s something contrary to the course of nature done by power of will.奇跡是通過意志的力量產生違反自然規律的事物。2.The fears of his first discovery were now mixed with pride and ideas of advantage.剛發現自己超凡能力時的恐懼心情這時已經摻入了自豪感和優越感。3．As the day passed,his state of mind passed from wonder to dilight.就在這一天之內，他的思想狀況由驚訝變成了喜悅。4.Mr.Fotheringay performed no more miracles that night,nor did he trouble to see what had become of his flowering stick.那天夜里，佛澤林蓋先生沒有再制造奇跡，也沒有費神去看看他那根開花的拐仗到底怎么樣了。5．Except for the loss of his miraculous powers,everything was back as it had been.And among other things,of course,he did not believe in miracles.除了失去他那不可思議的能力之外，一切都回到了以往的狀況，其中當然也包括他不相信有奇跡這一情況。

Lesson 4 Zero hour:43 seconds over Hiroshima緊急時刻：廣島上空的43秒鐘 1.But she felt well enough to be up and about.不過，她感覺起床活動是沒有問題的。2.she had sunk into unconsciousness.她失去了知覺。3.The very air seemed hostile,so thick with dust and ash that she could barely see.連空氣也好像是在作對，充滿了塵土和灰煙，使她什么也看不見。4.That life had been a comfortable one,wanting in nothing——not,at least,until the war.那本來是很舒適的生活，什么也不缺，至少直到戰爭爆發之前是如此。5.But he could not shut the war out of the sheltered world he had built for himself and his family.但是這場戰爭也必然波及到他極力保護的家庭。（直譯：他不可能把這場戰爭排斥在他為自己和家人營造的小天地之外。）6.The street were filled with the dead and the barely living.街上到處是死人和只剩下一口氣的人。7.The illness had not really left her;it had gone into hiding.病魔并沒有真正離開她，只不過是隱藏起來了。

Lesson 5 First principles 首要原則 1.What we ought to do is give to people we love——give memorable things according to our ability.我們應該做的是為我們所愛的人奉獻，也就是說根據我們的能力送給他們有紀念意義的東西。2.It was Laura’s ovvious pleasure that had brightened everything.正是因為勞拉喜形于色，給全家增添了節日氣氛。3.They made her think of the ballerina dress,and of all the pure,proud,filmy beauty of the world that belonged,by right,to Laura.那朵朵鮮花使她想到那件芭蕾舞衣，使她想到世上一切純真的、值得自豪的、朦朧的美，都理所當然地屬于勞拉。（意思是說：勞拉這樣好的女孩子應該享受世上一切美好的東西。）

Lesson 6 The beauty of Britain 1.The beauty of our country——or at least all of its south of North Scotland——is as hard to define as it is easy to enjoy.我們國家的美，至少北蘇格蘭以南所有的地方之美欣賞容易，描繪難。（直擇：欣賞起來容易，說明白難。）個人覺得，這課出題的可能性不是很大。但我學會了一個翻譯：《綜合英語》: A Comprehensive English Course Lesson 7 Some meanings of Authentic Love 1.If I love you,I’m responsive to most of your major needs as a person.如果我愛你，我就回對你作為人的大多數的主要需求有反映。2.This commitment does not entail surrendering our total selves to each other;nor does it imply that the relationship is necessarily permanent.這種承諾并不需要我們相互放棄自身的特性，也不表示我們的這種關系一定是永久的關系。3.In other words,love comes into an imperfect world to make it livable.換句話說，愛來到這個不完美的世界，使它可以適合人們居住。（即：因為有了愛，人們才能在這個問題很多的世界上生活下去。）4.Love means having a want for the person I love without having a need for that person in order to be complete.愛意味著對于我所愛的人，我需要有他，而不是缺了他就不行。

Lesson 8 How I designed an A-Bomb in my junior year at Princeton 1.I develop a terrible case of bloodshot eyes.Sleep comes rarely.我的雙眼布滿了血絲，我很少感到困。2.Seven days before the design is due,I’m still deadlocked.離規定交設計的日子還有七天的時候，最后兩個問題還是毫無進展。3.But I can’t be sure until I know the exact nature of the explosives I will use.可是，我要是不了解我要使用的炸藥的性能，我是不敢肯定我設計的原子彈是不是真的有那么大的威力。4.”The question has been raised by the department whether your paper should be classified by the U.S.government.” “系里有人已經提出你的論文是否應該由美國政府列為保密項目的問題。” 5.Here I have put on paper the plan for a device capable of killing thousands of people,and all I was worrying about was flunking out.我把一個能夠殺死成千人的裝置設計出來了，而我一直擔心的是再考不及格讓我退學。

Lesson 9 Forty years on 1.The comparisons were,without exception,to my disadvantage.比較的結果總是我不如他。2.To me it seemed sinister that Mother always passed on any small achievement of mine.媽媽總是把我每一點小小的成績傳遞過去，我覺得這樣做好像是不吉利。3.What a boomerang that proved!By return of post came the news that John had won a scholarship.真是適得其反！她收到的回信帶來了約翰獲得獎學金的消息。4.I did have,however,one horribly narrow escape.不過，有一次我是幸免于難。（narrow escape夸張的手法，取得幽默的效果。）5.In addition to my physical woes I had mental agonies;I prayed that something might occur to prevent this meeting.肉體的痛苦不說，我還受精神壓力的折磨；我祈求發生什么意外的事情把這次會面化為泡影。6.So they played the game both ways,did they? 這么說他們兩關玩的是同樣的把戲，是不是？

Lesson 10 On friendship 1.For a Frenchman,a German or an Englishman friendship is usually more special and carries a heavier burden of commitment.對于法國人、德國人或是英國人來說，友誼一般包含更為特殊的內容，承擔更多的義務。2.Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual,on whatever grounds this recognition is based.與此相關的是,朋友之間彼此使對方感到與眾不同,無論這種感覺的依據是什么.3.And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give and take.此外,朋友之間必然要有來有往,互讓互諒.Lesson 11 Selling the post(I)1.The flaw in my character which she had already spotted was lack of “gumption”.在我的性格中,她已經發現的弱點是缺少“進取心”.2.We were only sixty-five years from Lincoln.Many a grandfather who walked among us could remember Lincoln's time.我們離林肯也只有65年的時間,生活在我們中間的許多爺爺輩的人還記得林肯時代.many a: a large number of(正式)很多 3.Those young men would not go far in this world.那些年輕人在這個世界里沒有多在的前程.4.He presented it with reverence fit for a religious object.他畢恭畢敬地把那帆布包遞給我,似乎那包是件圣物.Lesson 12 Selling the post(II)1.Put me down as a regular customer.把我算成一個長期買主吧.2.I bowed to superior will and entered journalism with a heavy heart.我只好屈服于我母親至高無上的意志,心事重重地進入了新聞行業.3.So far as I could make out,what writers did couldn't even be classified as work.按我當時的理解,作家干的事甚至不能算作是工作.4.I did not dare tell anybody for fear of being laughed at in the schoolyard,but secretly I decided that what i'd like to be when i grew up was a writer.這事我不敢跟任何人說,怕在校園里讓人笑話,不過我私下認定長大之后要當作家.Lesson 13 How to grow old 1.I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health,though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.盡管我喜歡做的事情大多數是有益于健康的，但我從不因某事有益于健康而特意去做那件事。2.Psychologically there are 2 dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is too great an absorption in the past.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to young in the hope of finding strength in its vitality.從心理角度來說，老年時期要提防兩種危險。一是沉溺于過去。另一件要避免的事，就是依戀子女，希望從他們身上的活力中獲取生命的力量。3.Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life;the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.三個牽掛，簡單但又極為深重，支配了我的一生：對愛的渴望，對知識的追求，對人類苦難的無限的同情。4.This has been my life.I have found it worth living,and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.我就是這樣生活的。我認為這樣活著值得，如果上天賜我良機，我愿意這樣再活一次。

Lesson 14 The listener 1.And he sat there,gentle and reflective,his great workman hands resting on outspread thighs.于是他坐在那里，和藹、深沉，一雙勞動者的大手搭在伸開的大腿上。2.For some time he continued to sit in silence.Then he looked up,lifted those hands calmly,judiciously,and nodded his head.他靜靜地又坐了一會兒，然后抬起頭來，安詳地、有見地地舉起了雙手，點了點頭。

Lesson 15 Edison: Inventor of invention 1.In my youth the lonely inventor who could not obtain a hearing was still the stock figure of the imagination.我年輕的時候，人們對發明家的印象仍然是那種不為人理睬、孤立無援這種固定模式的人物。2.In strict truth an invention is almost never the sole product of any one mind.嚴格地說，一項發明創造幾乎不可能只是任何一個個人的思想結晶。3.It may be that in time we shall become used to change as in our older wisdom we had become used to the unchanging.也許，隨著時間的推移，我們會慢慢習慣于變革，就像在此以前，我們的思想狀態使我們習慣于停滯不變一樣。

those coming from lands where time is looked upon differently may find this matter of pace to be one of their most diffcult adjustments in both business and daily life.來自時間觀大相徑庭的國家的人，可能會發現無論在公務方面還是日常生活中，(在美國)節奏是最難以適應的方面之一。

those coming是主語 from lands...differently作定語修飾those coming may find助動詞+V，作謂語

BOOK Ⅰ L1 P14 Why does the author tell s not to be afraid to ask stupid questions? The author thinks that many apparently naive inquiries like why grass is green, or why the sn is round, or why we need 55,000 unclear weapons in the world--are really deep questions.He says when you try to get the answers, you will gain deep understanding of the things.Its also important to know, as well as you can, what it is that you dont know, and asking questions is the way.He also tell us to ask stupid questions requires courage on the part of the asker and knowledge and patience on the part of the answers.And dont confine your learning to schoolwork.Discuss ideas in depth with friends.Its much brave to ask questions even when theres a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened to the world around you.L2 Icons P30 What are the factors to shift the hero-worship to the celebrity-worship? The new forms of media--photography, moving pictures, radio and television are the main factors.The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress, appearance, and personal habits were widely commented upon.Slowly, the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what looked like.The shift was accelerated by the arrival of moving pictures.Between 1901 and 1914, 74 percent of the magazine articles about famous people were about political leaders,inventors, inventors, professionals, and businessmen.After 1922, however, most articles were about movie stars.With the arrival of television, the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table.We came to know more about the lives of the celebrities than we did about most of the people we know personally.Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first movimg pictures, the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.L3 GO-GO AMERICAN P46 What is the Americans attitude towards time?Give necessary examples.In the United States, many people keenly feel the shortness of each lifetime.They are aware that once a day in their life is gone, it will never come back.And Americans believe no one stands still.If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind.So they value time and want every minte to count.This attitde towards time is shown in the fast pace of life in the country.Whatever they do they always seem to be in a rush.You find people hurrying to get where they are going.They hurry to eating places for a mea and finish it as quickly as possible.Also Americans do what they can to save time.They produce a lot of labour-saving devices such as clothes-and dish-washers;they rapidly communicate through phone calls, telex and e-mail and cut down on personal contacts.L4 Take Over,Bosn!P62 Can you imagine what did Barret think of when he heard Snyders whisper Take over,bosn? Becase of thirst,Barret was almost out of mind.He rose several times and was a constant threat.But when he heard Snyder said“Take over, bosn, he had a strange feeling suddenly.He came to realize he would and must take over the task and be responsible for the rest.As long as he stopped others from the little water, they would always have hopes and wouldnt die soon.So he picked Snyders gun up and decided to hold off the other from the water until night when a ship saved them.L5 Are You Giving Your Kids Too Much? P78 Why parents overindulge their children? There are several reasons to explain why parents overindulge their children.One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their chidren out of a sense of guilt.Parents who both hold down full-time jops may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to compensate by showering them with material possessions.Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up, along with those things the parents yearned for but didnt get.Still others are afraid to say no to their childrens denless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if thy dont have the same playthings their friends have.L6 Culture Shock P94 What are four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed? Stage one is a honeymoon phase, during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting, picturesque, entertaining, and charming.You may notice several superficial differences such as music, food, and clothing, and the fresh apeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive.When you stay in a new envirnment for a while, you move to stage two-the crisis stage-in which the shine wears off and day-to-day realities sink in.In relationship, you notie annoying habits;in a new country, you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases.If you stick with the experience and try to deal with it realistically, you will probably move to the third phase:recovery.In recovery, you learn the systems, procedures, language or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery, competence, and comfort.Finally,when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture, you will move to the fourth phase:adjustment.L7 The Model Millionaire(I)P108 Suppose you are the millionaire.Explain how you get to know Hughie Erskine and what you do in return for the pound he gave you when you first met.I am Baron Hausberg.I have enough money to buy the whole of London.One day, on a whim I asked my artist friend Alan Trevor to pain me as a beggar.Alan had almost finished the picture when a very charming young man walked into his studio.I suppose he must have been very sympathetic with me, for when Alan was away a minute, the young man quickly put a pound into my hat.I was startled for a moment, but I was pleased when I realized that he took me for a real begger.Later I learned from Alan all about this young man:he was poor, and could not marry the girl he loved because her father wouldnt let them unless he had 10,000 pounds.Touched by the young mans spirit of kindness, I decided to help him.The next day I had a cheque for 10,000 pounds delivered to him as a wedding gift.L8 The Model Millionaire(II)P123 Retell the story The Model Millionaire in about 150 words, concluding your retelling with a one-sentence comment.Hughie Erskine was a charming young man who was in love with a nice girl called Laura Merton.Lauras father made it clear to Hughie that he would not marry his daughter to him until Hughie had ten thousand pounds.One day,Hughie went to see his artist friend Alan Trevor in his studio.There he found his friend painting a beggar, who was an old man in rags.Hughie felt so sorry for the poor model that he gave him the only pound he had.The old model was actually a millionaire.When he heard all about Hughie and Laura, and their problem, he had a cheque for ten thousand pounds delivered to him the very next day.The couple were happily married,and the beggar attended their wedding.The story shows that a genuine millionaire is not one who has, but who give.L9 Only Three More Days P139 The author got a solution finally.What was the solution? Was it risky? He laid out the diaries in two big steel suitcases.Over them he palced a number of his broadcast scripts, each page of which had been stamped by the military and civilian censors as passed for broadcast.On top he put a few General Staff maps he had picked up from friends.Then he phoned the Gestapo Headquarters to say he had a couple of suicases full of his dispatches, broadcasts and notes that he wanted to take out of the country.As he was flying off early the next day, there would be no time for Gestapo official at the airfield to go over the contents.Could they take a look now,if he brought them over;and if they approved, put a Gestapo seal on the suitcases so he wouldnt be held up at the airport? Yes,it was risky.He thought life in the Third Reich had always been risky.It was worth a try.L10 The Washwoman P155 Describe the situation that“I”saw the old washwoman for last time.One evening, while Mother was sitting near the oil lamp mending a shirt, the door opened and a small puff of steam, followed by a gigantic bag, entered the room.I ran toward the old woman and helped her unload her bag.She was even thinner now, more bent.Her head shook from side to side as though she were saying no.She could not utter a clear word, but mumbled something with her sunken mouth and pale lips.After the old woman had recovered somewhat, she told us that she had been ill badly.But as soon as she was able to stand on her feet once more, she began her washing.She said “I could not rest easy in my bed because of the wash.The wash would not let me die.……I dont want to be a burden on anyone!”

L11 How I Served My Apprenticeship 170 Why was Andrew Carnegie so pround of the one dollor and twenty cents--the first pay he brought home? Carnegie was very pround of the one dollar and twenty cents he earned for the first time in his life when he was only twelve.The money, though small in amount, meant a great deal.First, when he got his first pay he felt that he had grown up.He was no longer a boy who had to depend on his parents;he had become a man who was able to help support the family, a contributing member.This was important because at that time life was hard for the family and it was difficult for his parents to manage alone.Also he though the money was the direct reward of honest manual labor.It represented a week of very hard work.This money gave him the greatest satisfaction of being rewarded for what he had done.L12 A Friend of the Environment P185 Why did Rachel Carson write the Silent Spring? Whats the content of it? Because she felt that the wonders of Nature are precious and permanent, and much of Nature was forever beyond the destruction of man.But then she discovered she was wrong.She learned with sadness that little in Nature is truly beyond the tampering reach of man.Then, She wrote the book Silent Spring to sound a startling warming to mankind and the book showed quite clearly that man was endangering himself and everything else on this planet by his indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides.As her title suggests, Miss Carson was saying that there might come a springtime that would indeed be silent because the birds, as well as other creatures, and plants would have been destroyed by the man-made poisons used to kill crop-threateding insects.L13 Who Shall Dwell? P201 In the story Who shall Dwell?, how did the fatners attitude towards the neighbours change? What brought about the change? When the bomb alert came, the father was clear that he had built the shelter for his own family, and that he would not let anybody else in.So when his neighbours came and asked to share the shelter he rejected them flatly.When a monther begged him to take her little girl in , he did not know what to do.At that monent his wife dashed outside and pushed the girl in.her act set him thinking hard.Just a moment before the first bomb struck he made a big decision.After giving his elder son a few instructions, he stepped out and shoved two children into the shelter.He stood beside his wife, ready to spend the last minute with her.His change seemed sudden, but was actually quite natural.He loved his children, so he was greatly affected by the monthers plea and gave the chance of surival to the two children.Also his love for his wife led him to follow her example.L14 Cipher in the Snow P218 Describe Cliff Evans life before his sudden death.Cliff Evans lived with his mother, stepfather and five younger half brothers and sisters.His stepfather had never legally adopted him, nor did he show any affection for him.At home Cliff didnt talk much and had never told his family about his problems.When he began school, he was timid but eager to learn.And his IQ was pretty good.Then in the third grade a teacher wrote in the school record that he was uncooperative and slow.Since then he had never got any encouragement from his teachers.Gradually, the child had no more confidence left.He never smiled nor talked much.He had no friends;he had never belonged to a club, never played on a team and never held an office.He came to school by himself and left by himself.In class, he would sit back in the last seat.Finally he became silent and lonely.He became nothing.L15 Bribery--An Inevitable Evil? P232 What are the major forms of bribery? Bribery can be classified into three broad categories.The first category consisits of large amounts of money paid for political purposes or to secre major contracts.For example, a certain American company offered big sums of money to support a U.S.presidential candidate when it was nder investigation.Also in order to get big contracts, such payments are often made to ruling families or their close advisers.The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project.In such cases, the money is often paid to key goverment officials concerned.The third category involves payments made in certain countries to make a business deal easy to get approved.For instance, a foreign company may pay to get permission to import equipment.A common type of this category is the facilitating payment to clear cargoes.These are smaller sums of money paid to customs officials.L16 A Social Event P250 What do you know about Randy and Carle in A Social Even? Why are they anxious to get invited to Scottys funeral? Randy and Carole are a young Hollywood couple.They have been married only a short time.Both have achieved a certain degree of success in pictures, but their careers in the show business are still in the promising stage.Scotty Woodrow, a world-famous movie star has just died, and Randy and Carole are anxious to go to his funeral, which will be a gathering of celebrities and is regarded as a big social event.It is said that flowers have come from the U.S.President and the British Queen.Randy and Carole think it is extremely important for their career to be seen there with a lot of big shots.But they havet got an invitation while some of their Hollywood friends, also young actors and actresses like themselves, have been invited.Thats why they are worried and are trying hard to find ways of getting themselves invited in the last minute book II L1 Illustrate with manners Dr.Peale mentions in his article Courtesy.Dr.Peale lists three things as the basic ingredients of good manners: a stong sense of justice,the abilit to share another persons inner feelings and the capacity to treat all people alike.Once a mam was driving along a long, narrow and dusty road ahead of another car.Suddenly he stopped off the road and told the driver of the car behind to get ahead of him.He did not want the other person to put up with his dust all the way.This is a man with a strong sense of justice.A courteous person can also understand the pain or unhapiness of others.He/She offers help without hurting the feelings of the other person because he/she shares their emotions as if they were his/her own.Finally, a person with good manners treats all people alike,whether they are lain citizens or big shots.He /She never asks whether the other person deserves their good manners.L2 How did Mr.Fotheringay discover his unusual powers and how did he take advantage of them? It was while he was trying to prove the impossibility of miracles that Mr.Fotheringay discovered his extraordinary powers.He was having a drink in a bar.A person called Toddy opposed everything he said.This made him very angry.He wanted to show oddy that the lamp there couldnt burn upside down without breaking no matter how he wished it to do so.But as soon as he said,Turn upside down without breaking,the lamp did as Fotheringay had just said.Back at home he experimented with his magical powers and came to see that he could with things.The next day he began to take advantage of this unusual power.By his will he first got a fresh goose-egg for breakfast.In the same way he got the whole days work done in 10 minutes.He also created a number of useful things and increased his personal property.L3 P47 How did Mr.Fotheringays attitude towards miracles changes? Mr.Fotheringay didnt believe in miracles until he was thirty years old.It was while he was asserting the impossibility of miracles that he discovered his extraordery powers.One day,when he was having a drink in a bar,Toddy Beamish opposed everything he said,so he decided to make an unusual effort.He tried to illustrate what was a miracle by giving a special example,that is ,to make a lamp upside down and go on burning steadily without falling.To his great surprise,what he said came true.Everyone was astonished as it.They all didnt believe it.After going back home,he tried his will power.He scceeded in getting a match and lighting the candle with his will power.He wondered at his will power.Then he tried to get himself a nightsirt,lay and cook a goose-egg,do one days work in ten minutes,make walking stick blossom,and sent the policeman to Hades,then to San Francisco by using his will power.In the end he felt delighted even though he understood that the gift reqired cation and watchfulness.L4 P61 What did Kaz see on that day? When she saw a B-29 bomber approaching,it didnt frighten her,because she thought Hiroshima was the only peaceful city dring the war.Bt,then,Kaz saw the bomb falling awa from the plane and drifting down towards her.The jorney took 43 seconds.A loud explosion reverberated in the air.A mshroon could rose over the remains of the city.Kaz was thrown to the ground s violently that her two front teech broke of.She lost conscousness.When she came to herself,she found ther was a dead silence around,broken only by the cries of the dying.Their house crashed dowm.Her father had the front of his body brnt.When her brother came back ,she could barely recognize him through his wounds.As night fell,she and her brother made for the mountains to look for a friend of Kazs who offered to take them in.There Kaz looked backand saw the city on fire.She left her brother behind and ran down the hillside towards the flames for her parents.The streets were filled with the dead and the barely living.L5 P77 How did the Wades celebrate the Christmas? Several days before Chritmas,theyd gone down to their own little farm.They had cut a tree in their own woods.They had eaten and slept,and read by the light of oil lamps.The children had been more than satisfied with their presents;there had been balls,erector sets, a number of story books,and a lot of jnk from the five-and-ten for the boys,and for Laura,a picture Emily had found cheap in a second-art shop and samll brooch that had belong to Henrys mother.it was Lauras obvios pleasure that had brightened everything.Whether she was chopping wood,or roming with her brothers,or basting the turkey,or talking politics very sensibly with her father,shed seemed to radiate hapiness.On New Years Eve,they had given her a weak highball,the first shed ever had,and she had gone to sleep sitting on the floor with her rosy cheek against Henrys knee.The family all had a very wonderful time!

L6 P94 What is the characteristic of Britains landscape that goes with variety? With variety goes surprise.Ours is the country of happy surprises.You have never to travel long without being pleasantly astonished.It would not be difficult to compile a list of such surprises that would fill the next fifty pages,but I will content myself with suggesting the first few that occur to me.If you go down into the West Contry,among rounded hills and soft pastures,you suddenly arrive at the bleak tablelands as if the North had left a piece of itself down there.But before you have reached them you have already been surprised by the queer bit of marshland,as if a former inhabitant had been sent to Cambridge and had brought his favourite marshland walk back from college with him into the West.L7 P110 In the authors opinion,what does love mean? Love means that I know the person I love.Love means that I care about the welfare of the person I love.Love means having respect for the dignity of the person I love.Love means having a responsibility toward the person I love.Love means growth for both myself and the person I love.Love can tolerate imperfection.Love is freeing.Love is expansive.Love means having want for the person I love without having a need for that person in order to be complete.love means identifying within the person we love.L8 P126 How did philips design an atomic bomb in his junior year at Princeton? Philips read over the book on nuclear-reactor technology,general nclear physics,and current atomic theory.Besides,he listened to Dysons explanations of the basic principles of nuclear physics.That wasnt enough.In order to find more useful information,Phillips went to Washington.D.C.,to search for records of the Los Alamos Project that were declassified between 1954 and 1964.He discovered a copy of the literature which carefully outlined all the details of atomic fissioning known to the worlds most advanced scientists in the early 1940s.The biggest problem involved in the explosion of an atomic bomb was how to arrange the explosives around the plutonium.Another problem he was faced with was which explosive he should use to create a very high density.After finding errors,Philips ran through a series of new calculations,carefully figuring the arrangement of the explosives around the plutnium.If his equations were correct,his atomic bomb would expode effectively as expected.But he should know the exact nature of the explosives he would use.Fortunately,he got the very information about these explosives from Du pont Company.Now,so to speak,he already succeeded in designing an atomic bomb on paper.L9 P143 What do you think are the advantages and goading? I think goading is a good way to prod the children to behave well.In a way ,goading is positive.As human beings,we all have the sense of self--respect and will be proud of our little achievement.If there are occasious prods in the rear,we will in time be conscious of our inefficiency ,and then press ourselves to achieve higher aims.Just as it affected John and his cousin,goading from time to time can prevent children from being proun of their little achievement.It can make them more modest and prudent.The modest receive benifit,while the conceited reap failure.However,we could not say it is without any harm.Sometimes it might be harmful.it may disappoint children and cause them to lose heart.Perhaps they will collapse after one setback.Therefore,only goading itself is not enough;it must be combined with the proper method to carry it out.L10 P158 What is your idea about a true friend? In my view,a true friend should be honest,loyal and willing to help.Honesty in friendship means that we should be sincere anf frank.We should not hsitate to point out our friends shortcomings and should never try to cover uo their errors.What we should do is to encourage and help them to improve.Loyalty is impaortant if we want the relationship to last.We have confidence in one another in fine wether and in rainy days.We dont desert our friends when they run into trouble.Not do we cling to them in their sccess.We share with our friends both joy and sorrow.True friends are the people we can turn to in all circumstances,as the saying goes,“A friend in need is a friend indeed.”They are always ready to lend a helping hand to pull us out of tight corner.I believe in true friendship though truefriends are not easy to find.L11 P174 Was there difference between Baker and Doris?What were their mothers expections of them? Doris was quite different from Baker in character.Take the example of gumption,Baker lacked it but Doris had enough of it for a dozen people.What Baker liked to do most was lying in front of the radio rereading his favourite Big Little Book,Dick Tracy Meets Stooge Viller.In contrast,Doris liked activity.When she was olny seven,she could carry a piece of short-weighted cheese back to the A&P,threaten the manager with legal action and come back triumphantly with the full quarter pound theyd paid for and a new extra thrown in for forgiveness.Mrs.Baker expected her son to make something of himself.She did not expect Doris to do the same only because Doris was a girl.The best a capable girl could hope for was to become a nurse or school teacher.L12 P191 Describe the Bakers family background and their life then.Then Great Depression,the worst time before the World War Two,broke out, which lasted from 1929-1933.The year 1932 was the bleakest time in the Great Depression.The Great Depression began in America and spread all over the Eropean countries quickly.Also ,it was the Great Depressin that led to the Second World War.Millions of people were out of work.Many factories and landlords went bankrupt.The year 1932 was the climax of the Depression.The athors father had died two years before,leaving them with a few pieces of Sears, Roebuck furniture and not much else.His family was poor so that his mother had to take his sister, Doris, and him to live with one of her younger brothers, uncle Allen,who had made something of himself by 1932 as a salesman for a soft-drink bottle and had an income of $30 a week.L13 What are the two dangers to be guarded against in old age? One of these is too great an absorption in the past.One should not live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead.Ones thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done.This is not always easy;ones own past is a gradually increasing weight.It is easy to think to oneself that ones emotions used to be more vivid that they are, and ones imnd more keen.If this is true, it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of finding strength in its vitality.When your children are grown uos they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually insensible.L14 P223 What kind of person was the lighthouse keeper? I think the lighthouse keeper was a person that deserves our respect and admiration.Life in the lighthouse seemed very simple and dull, but he had no desire for anything that he did not need or anything that was beyond his power to obtain.For this reason he declined the tobacco Rudolf offered.Though his world was limited, his mind was as spacious as the ocean he lived closed to.He was kind and generous to Rudolf, a stranger who had come to the lighthouse to seek shelter from the storm.He did not know what a violin was and had never heard msic before, but he could understand Beethovens work Rudolf played for him.He was a man of few words, and did not show much warmth towards Rudolf, but deep down he was greatly attached to his guest.To him the violin was part of the man he wanted to know more about, not something he was interested in because he had never seen it before.L15 P238 Why the author mentions that it is impossible to measure the importance of Edison by adding up the specific inventions with which his name is associated? Because he thinks that although many inventions of Edison have been in their effect upon modern civilization, the total effect of Edisons career surpasses the sum of all of them.He did not merely make the lamp and the phonograph and innmerable other devices practicable for general use;it was given to him to demonstrate the power of applied science so concretely, so understandably, so convincingly that he altered the mentality of mankind.In his lifetime,largely because of his successes, there came into widest acceptance the revolutionary conception that man could by the use of his intelligence invent a new mode of living on this planet;the human spirit, which in all previous ages had regarded the confidently,and perhaps somewhat naively, adopted the conviction that anything could be changed and everything could be controlled.L16Why so many parents indulge their children with too many material things? In recent years,our life standard is become better and better.Someone usually said that the children now were more lucky than the children in the past because now their requirements can be well satisfied, especially for material things.Some parents think that they should give their children everything they want because they love htem.And also because some parents have ahd difficult was young, they are glad to fulfil

語法 Grammar & Usage Subject-Verb Agreement(I)1．主謂一致的三條原則 1）語法一致，即在語法形式上取得一致。Human beings enjoy learning.Everybody’s understanding is incomplete.2）意義一致，即根據意義來處理一致關系。The people there are fighting for the independence of their country.The dollars was a lot of money at that time.3)就近原則，即謂語動詞的單、復數形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。There is a pen, two pencils and an eraser in the pencil box.Neither the boy nor his teachers know the answer.2．集體名詞作主語時與動詞的一致 1）當主語為furniture，equipment，machinery等詞時，謂語動詞通常用單數。The furniture in that shop is all made in China.Office equipment is very expensive nowadays.A lot of new machinery has been installed.2）集體名詞如people，cattle，police，poultry，等往往作復數用。Some people drive madly in this country.Many cattle have died because of the fold.The police have been sent there but they have not made any arrests yet.Poultry are plentiful in that mountain region.3)family, government, class, committee, audience , team, public 等詞被視做一個整體時，其后的動詞作單數；被視做為構成整體的個體時，其后的動詞則為復數。His family is a happy one.His family are all interested in stamp-collecting.The Democratic Government is in power now.The government is/are considering further tax cuts.The audience was very quite when he was giving his speech.The audience were shouting and laughing when he came into the hall.Our class is the top class in the grade.The class are busy taking notes.3．并列主語與動詞的一致 1）當“名詞+名詞”表示一種事物時，用單數動詞。Bacon and eggs is a very popular British breakfast.Toast and marmalade(果醬面包)is my favorite breakfast.Fish and chips(炸魚與土豆片)is served every day.2）當主語是由and，both ….and 連接的并列結構時，如果主語所指的不是一種事物，動詞則用復數形式。Jack and Mary are in love with each other.Both Tom and John are absent today.War, famine and drought have claimed thousands of lives in that country.3)在又or或 nor連接的并列結構中，動詞單、復數形式一般與or 或 nor 后邊的名詞或代詞保持一致。He or his brothers are to blame for this.Either you or your friend has to pay the bill.Either his father or his mother comes to see him every day.When couples quarrel,(either)the wife or the husband has to give in.Neither she nor you are mistaken.Neither the manager nor the clerks are college graduates.4)not only … but also 連接的結構做主語時，動詞的單、復數形式依據but also 后的名詞或代詞。Not only Fred but also his parents love this small pet dog.Not only the boys but also their mother is very ell.LESSON 2 Subject-Verb Agreement(II)1.帶確定數量詞的名詞詞組做主語時的主謂一致 1)當主語是表示數目、時間、重量、距離等的復數名詞時，如果該名詞所表示的數量看作一個整體，其后的動詞用單數。Ten seconds of silence appears very awkward on television.A thousand dollars a month is more than I can afford.Four years I too long for me to wait.Sixty miles is a short run in a car.2)當主語是表示數目、時間、重量、距離等的復數名詞時，如該名詞所表示的數量看作單個個體，其后的動詞用復數。The past three weeks were the hardest time in his life.Hundreds of buildings were put up in the city last year.Five kilos of apples are placed into the basket.3)當主語為“分數或百分數+of+名詞”時，其后的動詞形式依照of后名詞的單復數形式來定。Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.Three-fourths of the people do not agree with the president.One-fourth of the region is underdeveloped.Thirty percent of the oil in that country is imported.Ten percent of the eggs have gone bad.Fifty percent of the land in that region has been used to build factories.4)當主語為sheep，fish，deer，aircraft，means，steelworks 等單數與復數同形的詞時，動詞的形式以名詞單、復數意義為準。An American aircraft was brought down by the anti-aircraft fire.Three aircraft are reported missing.Various means have been tried to solve the problem.Two steelworks were built ten years ago.Ten fish have been caught today.One sheep was killed by a wolf.2.all的主謂一致 1)代詞all表示可數的人或物時，其后的動詞用復數形式。All were hungry and desperate for food.All who have seen the film love it.All of them enjoyed themselves at the party.2)代詞all表示不可數的名詞時，其后的動詞用單數.All is going well.All is quite in the middle of the night.All you have to do now is wait.All that glitters is not gold.All of his money is gone.3)形容詞 all+可數名詞時，其后的動詞用復數形式。All roads lead to Rome.All the people taking part in the race were over 60 years old.All things are difficult when we begin to do them.4)形容詞all+不可數名詞時，其后的動詞用單數形式。All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Not all food is good to eat.