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第一篇：畢業論文：英漢動物諺語的對比研究

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 1

A Comparative Study of English and

Chinese Animal

Proverbs I.Introduction In Longman Modern English Dictionary, proverb is “a brief familiar maxim of folk wisdom, usually compressed in form, often involving a bold image and frequently a jingle that catches the memory.” A proverb, which succinctly sums up human experience and observation of the world, states a general truth and gives advice or warning.A proverb, often involving a bold image, musical rhythm and compressed form, can bring vividness to the readers and so they are easy to remember and spread.Proverbs are summing up of folk wisdom, they are usually pithy, and have universal appeals.People love to pick up proverbs when they try to reason things out and the proper use of proverbs can make their views more convincing.Proverbs are the crystal of the national wisdom.They are an important part of a national language and they appropriately reflect the relation between culture and language.They have been connected closely with the national characteristics ever since their coming into being and in their development.It is generally acknowledged that different peoples have great differences in their cultures.But since different peoples live on the same earth with roughly similar needs and some of them have even experienced similar social development stage, their experiences, emotional reflection and observation of the world are in many aspects similar.This shows that different peoples may have cultural generality besides cultural difference.Proverbs, as the cream of a language, inevitably carry the imprint of cultural difference and generality.The difference and generality respectively lead to the dissimilarities and similarities between English and Chinese animal proverbs and making a comparative study of them is of great significance.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 2

II.Animals Proverbs with Identical Meanings Some animal proverbs in English and Chinese are identical in meaning.The proverbs in this category are limited in number.They are the result of either coincidence or translation loans from one language to another.These proverbs are not hindered by national boundaries or culture barriers, instead they have take on universal significance.The following are some examples.1.English: An ass is known by his ears./ Chinese: 見耳識驢，聽話知愚。2.English: It is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock.Chinese: 牝雞司晨，家之不詳。

Many factors have contributed to the emergence of fully corresponding pairs in English and Chinese proverbs.Firstly, although different nations live in varied natural environments and diversified geographic conditions, they still share quite a lot in common.They have more or less the same species of animals.And the common ground of human cultures is larger than the individual feature of each culture.Although, people’s concrete ways of life are varied in different places, the fundamental ways of living and thinking are the same for the whole human race.Secondly, owing to culture exchange, translation loans are borrowed from each other, which are not limited to the root ideas but sometimes include the “clothing of the idea”.As a result, some proverbs with identical animal image come into existence in different language, for instance, “He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount” and “騎虎難下”.III.Animal Images with Different Meanings in Proverbs

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 3

Some English and Chinese proverbs share the same images, and people take it for granted that they should have the same connotation, but actually, they contain different or even opposite meanings.For example, “It is a good horse that never stumbles.” and “好馬不失蹄”.In this example, the English proverb “It’s a good horse that never stumbles”, is easy to be translated into Chinese “好馬不失蹄”.In fact, the English proverb means even a good horse will stumble, so the right translation should be “好馬也有失蹄時”.In the following part, the reasons for misunderstandings and the different choice of animal images will be clarified.A.Reasons for misunderstandings

Firstly, sometimes, the old use of grammar remains in the proverbs, and it may mislead our comprehension.The preservation of the old grammatical structure “it’s...that...” is similar to the modern structure in form, but opposite in meaning.The misunderstanding of the English proverb “It’s a good horse that never stumbles” as Chinese proverb “好馬不失蹄” is due to this old grammatical structure.Secondly, when people hold different views and attitudes to animals, and their different worldviews toward the same situations, the same animal images may have different or even opposite meanings in different culture, and proverbs containing the same animal images will possibly have different meanings.The seemingly corresponding English and Chinese proverbs may have different connotations.For example: “Dog eats dog” and “狗咬狗”.“Dog eats dog” is always regarded as “狗咬狗”.But actually “Dog eats dog” refers to the phenomenon that people hurt those of the same group, while “狗咬狗” means bad people fight with bad people, so the two proverbs mean differently.B.Factors influencing the choice of animal images in proverbs

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 4

The languages have some universality, but more importantly, they have their own culturally specific features.The culturally specific features are closely related to their religion, special geography, literature and psychology.1.Different religious beliefs Different nations usually believe in different religion.Thus proverbs of diverse nations surely express various religious beliefs.In the west, Britain and America are Christian countries with a long history.And Christian as the main belief of them has already taken roots in their lives for ages.Christians believe in the God.The God is the unique and supreme god, while people are born with a sin, and are the same and equal in the face of the God, so the common people respect and worship the God, but disregard the majesty.“A cat may look at a king” reflects this kind of thought.Furthermore, there are some animals endowed with different religious meanings.In Christianity the serpent is the symbol of devil and Satan, while the lamb is the symbol of the God’s people and timidity, and the dragon is the symbol of evil and danger.Serpent enticed Eve to steal fruit of Tree of conscience and she then shared with Adam.In the end they two were kicked out of the Garden of Eden.So in English proverbs, snake has a meaning of cunning.In China, Buddhism has been spread over one thousand years, and the Buddhist culture has been melt into the daily life of the Chinese for a long time.As a result, it is very common that quite a number of Chinese believe in Buddhism.Some Chinese proverbs are about Buddhism.There are proverbs about the strict social classes and roles.Here are some examples.狗肉燒酒穿腸過，佛在心中留。(Buddha in heart, wine and meat will pass through intestines.)狗咬呂洞賓，不識好人心。(Don’t snap and snarl at me when I’m trying to do my best for you.)

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 5

2.Different geographic conditions Geographically England is located in the Western Hemisphere, while China lies in the Eastern Hemisphere, thus England and China have different climate.They form different living styles.England is an island country, so most Englishman make livings by fishery or navigation.Chinese formed their living style----farming and stock rising.Therefore, there are a great many different proverbs.Firstly, there are some animal proverbs about the special climate in England.If the cock crows on going to bed, he’s sure to rise with a watery head.(公雞傍晚叫，早晨有雨到。)March comes in with adder heads, and goes out with peacock tails.(三月來如猛獅，去如羔羊。)Furthermore, fishery and navigation are of great importance to English people and it is no wonder that plenty of English proverbs are on fishery or navigation, and a lot on fishes.But in China, the fish does not carry so many national meanings.The following are some English fish proverbs.All is fish that comes to his net.(進網都是魚。)Fish begins to stink at the head.(魚爛頭先臭。)3.Different literary backgrounds Different nations have different literature, which makes up particular cultural backgrounds of proverbs.On the basis of this, a great many proverbs are often simple in structure but deep in meaning.In order to grasp and translate their deep meanings accurately, we must be clear about the literature.In Chinese there are a lot of animal proverbs originated from various classical works, such as: 二者不可兼得，舍魚而取熊掌.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 6

On the other hand, English proverbs also take in the quintessence of many literal works and are in fact the well-known remarks of some famous writers, such as some proverbs of Shakespeare: All cats love fish but fear to wet their paws.(欲吃龍肉，又怕下海。)Patience perforce is medicine for a mad dog.(不得已的忍耐是瘋狗的藥方。)In brief, both China and English have their diverse and colorful literature, which is vividly reflected in their proverbs and as well have constituted the historical and cultural backgrounds of their proverbs.Thus whenever we translate proverbs, it is helpful for us to look into histories and origins of the proverbs and make proper judgments according to the backgrounds.4.Different psychologies Although mankind shares many life experiences and thoughts, and different cultures occasionally have some cultural overlaps, yet on the whole different cultures have different psychology, and people of different cultures hold different attitudes to the same animals.Here we will take animals for examples to explain the different psychology in proverbs of different nations.With the development of human society, many animals play an important role in human life and some of them have become a particular kind of symbolism in people’s mind, and animals in various countries symbolize diverse meaning.The connotations of animals in proverbs of one language do not coincide with those in other languages.The different connotative meanings which the animal words carry in different countries are called cultural implication of the word by the famous Chinese professor Wang Dechun, a noted linguist at home.National cultural meaning is an essential signified meaning of the words tinged with an ethnic group’s cultural connotations.In English and Chinese animal images, both similarities and differences exist in national cultural meanings.However the dissimilarities are absolute while the similarities are relative.Both universality and individuality lie in different cultural connotations loaded in English and Chinese

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 7

animal proverbs.IV.A brief Introduction of the Proverbs Involved in Several Kinds of Animals A.Proverbs of the dragon(龍)In Chinese and western culture, dragon is the animal existed in the myths and legends.In China dragon is the symbol of auspicious honor.It is a bright contrast that in English dragon is fundamentally evil and cruel.In Chinese culture, dragons symbolize good luck, authority, noble, and prosperity.We Chinese are proud to call ourselves “descendants of the dragon”.In the feudal society, dragon is the emblem of the emperor;the emperors thought they were real dragons and the sons of the heaven.Today dragon is still supreme in the heart of Chinese people.China is called “Oriental Dragon”;dragon is regarded as the totem of the Chinese nation.There are a lot of proverbs about dragon, such as “龍生龍，鳳生鳳”, “強龍壓不過地頭蛇”.All these proverbs show that dragon(龍)is a great part in the Chinese culture.However, in English people think that dragon is the representative of the evil, a ferocious monster.The distinctions between Chinese and English culture makes the same animals have different connotation and the choices of animal images are completely different.As a result of this, when we want to use English to express the “龍”, we must take this kind of distinction into consideration.“亞洲四小龍” should be translated as “four tigers” instead of “four dragons”.B.Proverbs with word “bat”(蝙蝠)In English-speaking countries, folks think bat as an evil animal and it is often used with the dark and evil force.So in English, proverbs with word “bat” commonly contain derogatory sense.In “as blind as bat”, it becomes a typical image of blind person with eyes open.Bat also has evil meanings of being absurd and odd.We use

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 8

“have bats in the belfry” or “crazy as a bat” to say that a person is off one’s mind.In the traditional Chinese culture, bat(蝙蝠)is homophonic with “福” which means happiness, luck, and blessing.Therefore, old bat woodcarving and embroidery with bats put up people’s wish of blessing for auspicious and happy life.C.Proverbs of sheep and goats(羊)Because of the influence of The bible, the images of sheep and goat are as like as an apple to an oyster.Proverbs of goats are usually derogatory.“Play the goat” is to act as a fool.In The bible, a shepherd tried to distinguish sheep and goats, and he placed sheep right and put goat in the other side in that wild goats often infiltrated the flock to lure sheep.So that the proverb “separate the sheep from the goats” is to divide good or useful people from bad or useless ones.In the eye of Chinese, they two belong to the same species, and don’t any special implied meanings.The UK is a graziery-developed country and people there prefer to wool products.Owing to this, many wool proverbs spring up.Here are some examples: “pull the wool over one’s eyes”which means using people’s innocence to make a cheat into being, “go for wool and come home shorn”that has the meaning of overshoot oneself and “much cry and little wool” the Chinese meaning of which is “雷聲大，雨點小”.D.Proverbs of the owl(貓頭鷹)Owl is a clever and witty bird with wisdom, earnest and other culture connotations.Words, as “owlish” and “owlishly”, often apply to describe a man to be smart, resourceful and serious.Also in children’s books and comics, owls are often very intelligent.When dispute appears, the animals will ask owls to coordinate when there is an emergency.But in China, it is totally different.Chinese think that owl is linked with superstitious believes, and people are afraid of hearing their hoot because of a faith

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 9

that man will be unfortunate when meeting owls.So a Chinese proverb “貓頭鷹進宅，好事不來” means adversity is upcoming.An American woman came to China for the first time and knew little about what Chinese thought of owls.She loved owl pins very much and often wore them.She found people around her often point at her when she wore owl pins.Moreover, some of them even stopped to ask him why she wore owl pins which greatly puzzled her.Only when a Chinese told her about the superstitious thought of owl in Chinese eyes, did she stop wearing it in China.E.Proverbs of the cat(貓)The westerner is one of the important members of the “pet culture”.Cat is used to describe the female, model’s stage steps on the runway named catwalk.“Old cat” is old woman of bad temper.“Barber’s cat” is a person with a starved look.“Copy cat” often said by children is a metaphor to kids copying others.There is a proverb that “when the cat is away, the mouse will play”.It tells people that when a power is absent, others will lawless and naughty.Cat in Chinese does not have any similar uses in proverbs.But “山中無老虎，猴子稱大王” have the same meaning with this proverb.There are much more examples, the following examples are widely used.1)English:A cat may look at a king./ Chinese:小人物也有權利

2)English:All cats are grey in the dark./ Chinese:不因為美丑就判斷別人的好壞 3)English:That’s like putting the cat near the goldfish bowl./ Chinese:引狼入室

Even though cat occasionally exists in Chinese, some cat proverbs are still in use.“貓改不了吃腥” is commonly applied to a person who can not change his long-standing habits.“吃貓食” is just eating like bird.F.Proverbs of the dog(狗)

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 10

Dog is a word that often used in proverbs and we should pay great attention to.As a matter of fact, people in western countries loves dog more than us.In these countries people loves to keep dogs and they usually call themself or others dog with no meaning of dog.Also dogs are titled with a laudatory name as “man’s best friend” in Britain and America.So in English there are many proverb of dogs such as “Every dog has its day”, “Barking dog seldom bite”, “Dog does not eat dog”, “you are a lucky dog”.But in Chinese, many proverb with dogs have bad meanings and often associate with disgusting things such as “狗改不了吃屎”, “狗咬呂洞賓，不識好人心”, “掛羊頭，賣狗肉”.All these show that people have no good feelings to dog in the past.Some employers deny people born in the year of the dog.These proverbs contain a derogatory meaning against dogs, and reflect people’s bad impression to the dog.V.The Principles in the Translation of Animal Proverbs

English and Chinese proverbs are from various sources, and they give information about their culture on many social subjects, so there is necessity of a study for translation of English and Chinese proverbs to acquire more information of different nations.Translation is also becoming increasingly important as a medium of international communication.A faithful translation of English and Chinese proverbs will attract the target language readers not only for its vivid and expressive language, but also for much interesting information.Therefore, the purpose of proverb translation isn’t only to absorb and introduce the vivid expressions, but also to enrich the target readers with the culture of other nations and to learn the philosophy and views of the world and life.For this purpose, translators shall pay great attention to keeping the sense and flavor of the original and acquire the highest degree of cultural exchange.The best translation shall contain both the original image and the connotation.Traditionally, there are two major translation methods: literal translation and free

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 11

translation.Literal translation focuses on the source language, referring to the translation based on the form, while free translation focuses on the target language, referring to the translation based on meaning.Which method shall be more important, and be put at the first place? Translators have been arguing over the question for a long time.Though there are not set rules for translating animal images, translation principles does exist.They are cultural equivalence and validity principles.A.Cultural equivalence principle As far as the cultural transmission is concerned, it implies conveying as much as possible the original cultural information in the translated texts in order to achieve the highest degree of language-culture correspondence between the source language and target language.“Equivalent effect” in translation includes linguistic equivalence, stylistic equivalence and socio-cultural equivalence.With the development of linguistics and the increasing degree of communication between different cultures, the socio-cultural equivalence is becoming more and more important.The translators are not satisfied with only transmitting the meaning, but they want to have an integration of both meaning and form.They want to introduce the original form and meaning to foreign land.In terms of transmitting cultural images, cultural equivalence includes equivalence of both the superficial form and the deep cultural content.In image translation, to convey the form and the content determines whether the superficial information or the deep connotative information of a cultural image is conveyed.The best way to convey cultural images is to combine the form equivalence and the content equivalence.However, cultural equivalence does not mean strict or rigid adherence to the original images.If the formal equivalence and the content equivalence cannot be achieved at the same time, the translation should be flexible, and they could give

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 12

priority to the content equivalence, and try their best to convey the cultural information contained in the formal image.Otherwise, the rigid adherence to the original form will not get cultural equivalence in the true sense.The focus is how to change forms properly in reproducing similar effects so as to convey cultural information to the largest extent.B.Validity principle As far as image transmission is concerned, the validity principle means the conveyed cultural information must be valid when a translator tries his best to accomplish cultural equivalence principle.The validity principle requires in the first place translators should neither over-domesticate nor over-foreignize cultural images, so as to avoid imagery confrontation and achieve imagery acceptability.The validity principle and cultural equivalence principle are interrelated with and interdependent on each other, but the validity principle is more concerned with the target language readers.If the translated image makes no sense to the target language readers or causes misunderstanding to them, all the work done by the translator is futile.For example: “It’s raining cats and dogs”.If we translate it into “天上下貓和狗了”, the translation will be absurd to Chinese people.Although the original images are kept, the translation is invalid, so the better translation may be the deletion of the original images: “天上下著瓢潑大雨”.In conclusion, the translation of cultural image is complex.We shall try our best to knit the foreignization and domestication flexibly, and follow the principles of cultural equivalence and validity.VI.Conclusion

The translation of proverbs and animal images is really a complex and delicate work.It should be kept in mind that the main purpose of translation is to transmit different cultures.In translation, the traits of culture shall be remained as much as

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 13

possible, and the two principles of cultural equivalence and validity should be followed.As translators, we shall try our best to find the most appropriate translation which is not only faithful to the meaning, but also keeps the original cultural colors.There is not a settled way as to what kind of translation is the best because the culture is forever changing with the time.The formerly strange proverbs may be considered as natural with the widening communication and rapid globalization.Therefore the translation of proverbs shall always catch up with the time.Translation should also be in harmony with the kind of the writing and purpose of writing.Also, the translation of the same proverb and the same animal image may be different if the context changes, sometimes original colors shall be kept, but sometimes they should be deleted.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 14

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32-33.[22] 徐宏亮.英漢比喻喻體的國俗語義比較[J].廣西社會科學, 2003,(9): 58-61.[23] 楊自儉.英漢語比較與翻譯[M].上海: 上海外語教育出版社, 2002.[24] 張培基.英漢翻譯教程[M].上海: 上海外語教育出版社, 1991.[25] 張廷芳.狗年話狗[M].北京: 中國科學技術出版社, 2006.[26] 朱文俊.現代英語語言和文化研究[M].北京: 北京語言學院出版社, 1994.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 16

Acknowledgements First, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all the respected professors and teachers from whom I have learned not only the knowledge but also the way of related disciplines, and serious attitude to do research work.Second, I would like to express my hearty appreciation to my teacher Feng yan and Liao suyun for their rigorous and expert direction.Their effective guidance research enabled me to implement the work smoothly.Their insightful comments on the study have been both encouraging and helpful.Their constant help and care have always inspired me to learn more.Their kindness also offers me lots of good materials.Thirdly, I would like to thank the librarians in our campus library, for they have helped me to find various reference books needed for my study.

第二篇：英漢歧視性諺語對比研究

英漢歧視性諺語對比研究

彭開明, 朱景華, 何芳

(井岡山學院外國語學院, 江西吉安343009)摘要: 英漢語言都存在歧視性諺語, 主要包括四個方面, 即女性歧視、地域性歧視、貧困歧視、職業歧視。英漢歧視性諺語特點為: 擁有共層文化背景;反映出不同文化淵源;體現不同的文化內涵、思維觀念。關鍵詞: 歧視性諺語;英漢對比

諺語是具有特定含義的定型詞組, 反映了社會風貌、生活習慣、地域、民族、文化等特征, 承載了豐富的社會、文化內涵, 是文化觀念的產物及社會小型百科全書。由于諺語與人類社會、文化密切相關, 體現了社會的各個側面, 而“不同的社會集團都竭力要在公用語中摻進自己特有的語言因素”,“選取合他們口味的語言成分來表現他們自己”[1](P23), 因而, 它既凝聚了人類的經驗與智慧, 體現了豐富的哲理和共同的道德價值, 同時, 也反映出人類社會、文化中某些消極、陳舊的成分。后一類諺語最初只是反映一部分人或是對一部分人的看法, 到后來以偏概全,成了一種社會成見, 所以魯迅先生才說: “粗略的一想, 諺語固然好象是一時代一國民的意思的結晶,但其實, 卻不過是一部分的人們的意思。”(《南腔北調集·諺語》)這類諺語突出表現在某一區域、民族、社會群體等的片面的、狹隘的思想觀念、認識, 及專橫的、不健康的、藐視的心理, 導致我們所稱之謂的歧視性諺語。歧視性諺語只是整個諺語中的一小部分, 但卻在各種語言中普遍存在。其中包括英漢語言。探討英漢歧視性諺語有哪些主要類型, 其共性和異質性表現, 以及所體現的社會文化背景、標志, 無疑具有突出的典型意義, 有助于我們對英漢歧視性諺語的正確理解和運用。

一、英漢歧視性諺語幾種主要類型

英漢歧視性諺語表現形式非常多, 我們只是對其中幾種主要類型作初步探討。(一)女性歧視

人類歷史上除去原始社會的母系氏族社會外,在奴隸社會、封建社會以及資本主義社會, 婦女始終處于社會底層, 飽受歧視、壓迫和凌辱。作為“一種社會現象”[1](P27)的語言, 無疑也反映了文化的這一通約性。英漢兩種語言中都存在為少不數的歧視女性的詞語。例如在漢語表示倫理關系的親屬語素加合式組合中, 便體現了重男輕女現象, 都是男性在前, 女性在后。如, 只說“父母, 公婆、夫妻、兒女”等, 而不說“母父、婆公、妻夫、女兒”;而

英語一些用詞也表現出大男子主義, 如“人類”只說mankind, human,不說womankind, huwoman, 用he 而不是用she 作兩性通稱, “歷史”是history, 而不是herstory 等。而作為社會小百科全書的諺語, 自然也存在這種嚴重歧視女性現象, 其中英語歧視女性的諺語不勝枚舉, 而且涉及面很廣。有宣揚大男子主義思想方面的。如:A man of straw is worth a woman of gold.(稻草男抵得上金玉女。)Man,woman and devil,are the three degrees of comparison.(男人, 女人和魔鬼, 三類分貴賤。)有詆毀女人愚昧無知的。如:Women have long hair and short brains 或Long hair and short wit 或Long hair—little brains(相當于漢語的“女人頭發長, 見識短。”)有的還相當刻薄。如:When an ass climbs a ladder,we may findwisdom in women.(驢子能上梯, 女人才聰明。)A woman cuts her wisdom teeth when she isdead.(女人死了才明理。)有女人性情方面的諸多貶詞。如:Frailty ,thy name is womanE(脆弱啊, 你的名字就是女人!)2007 年1 月

井岡山學院學報(哲學社會科學)Journal of Jinggangshan University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)Vol.28 No.1 Jan.2007 井岡山學院學報(哲學社會科學)第28 卷第1 期

Woman is made to weep.(女人生性愛流眼淚。)Women will have their wills.(女人愛一意孤行。)A woman is a weather cock.(女人是風向標。)Women are saints in church ,angels in the street and devils at home.(女人在教堂是圣人, 在街頭是天使, 在家里是魔鬼。)Women, priests, and, poultry, have never enough.(家禽沒有吃飽的時候, 女人、牧師沒有厭足的時候。)Three women make a market.(三個女人成集市。)Women have long tongues.(婦有長舌)A sieve will hold water better than a woman' s mouth a secret.(篩子存不住水, 女人更存不住秘密。)結論是女人危險。如:Women are the snares of satan.(女人是撒旦設下的陷阱。)There is no devil so bad as a she—devil.(魔鬼當中女的最壞。)而漢語中, 宣揚男尊女卑, 鄙視女性思想的, 以孔子的“唯女子與小人為難養也”為甚, 其他如:男當家, 女插花。男子三十是枝花, 女子三十豆腐渣。男子進州走縣, 女子圍著鍋頭轉。大米不算飯, 女人不算人(北方諺語)。女人頭發長, 見識短。嫁出去的女, 潑出去的水。女大不中留, 留了結冤仇。夫倡婦隨。嫁雞隨雞, 嫁狗隨狗。有詆毀婦女的。如:紅顏禍水。男子有德便是才, 女子無才便是德。女人水性楊花。

三個女子一臺戲。婦有長舌, 唯厲之階。亂匪降自天, 生自婦女。男人有錢就變壞, 女人變壞就有錢。(二)地域性歧視

英語中存在不少貶損別的國家或地區的用語, 包括諺語,Dutch,French,Chinese 等直接成了貶義詞。如:Frence disease 梅毒(英法兩國都說此病來源于對方國家)pedler' s French 竊賊的黑語 Dutch widow妓女 Dutch courage 酒后之勇

Chinese compliment 違心地贊成別人的意見 Not a Chinese chance 機會渺茫

One Englishman can beat three Frenchmen.(一個英國人可以打敗三個法國人。)此外, 英國國內地區之間也存在這種地域性歧視諺語。如: A Scotishman is always wise behind the hand.(蘇格蘭人總是事后聰明。)England' s difficulty is Ireland ' s opportunity.(英格蘭的遭難是愛爾蘭的良機。)而且, 在其民族內部也有地域性歧視諺語。如:Put the Irishman on the spit and you can always get another to baste him.(把一個愛爾蘭人放在鐵簽上烤, 肯定能找到另一位愛爾蘭人在他身上涂油。)比較而言, 漢語中歧視外國的諺語較為鮮見,國內地區、民族之間相互詆毀的諺語也為數不多,其中有的業已作古, 有的形式發生了變化。如, 南蠻舌, “南蠻”是古代對南方少數民族性稱呼, “ ”即杜鵑, “南蠻舌”意即南方方言及南方少數民族的語言象鳥語一樣, 折射出當時漢族文化觀念方面的一種鄙視態度。但這一諺語今天已失去意義, 不再使用。再如, “胡言亂語”, 最初的形式為“胡言漢語”。戰國以后, 古人把北邊和西邊少數民族統稱為“胡”。胡人與漢人相處, 說漢語生硬別扭, 變腔走調, 漢人譏笑為“胡言漢語”, 后來才演變為今天的形式。(三)貧困歧視

崇拜金錢, 歧視貧困, 在人類歷史上是一種突出的畸形現象, 反映在英漢語言中, 都存在不少這方面諺語。如英語中表示拜金主義的: Money makes the mare(to)go.(有錢能叫馬兒走。)Money talks.(金錢無嘴會說話。)Money will do anything.(錢是萬能的。)Money governs the world.(金錢統治世界。)

What will not money doO(有錢何事難成?)Money is the best passport.(錢是最好的通行證。)漢語則有: 有錢能使鬼推磨。錢能通神。錢呀錢, 命相連。爹親娘親, 細細銀子最親。人為財死, 鳥為食亡。見錢眼開。

錢是人的膽, 不會說話也會喊。有錢男子漢, 沒錢漢子難。

正如漢語諺語說的“人敬有錢的, 狗咬挎籃的”, 由于崇拜金錢, 便自然出現嫌貧愛富、貶損窮人方面的諺語。如英語有: Beggars breed and rich men feed.(窮人生, 富人養。)Poor men have no souls.(窮人沒有靈魂。)Poverty is the mother of crime.(貧窮是罪惡的根源。)Poverty obstructs the road to virtue.(窮人不講道德。)Poverty is the worst guard for chastity.(人窮無貞操。)The devil wipes his tail with the poor man' spride.(魔鬼常用窮人的自尊心擦自己的尾巴。)漢語相關諺語則有: 饑寒生盜心。人窮志短。人窮理短。饑不擇食。

窮站街頭無人問, 富居深山有遠親。(四)職業性歧視

“三百六十行中人盡有狼心狗行, 狠似強盜之人”(凌蒙初《初刻拍案警奇》第八卷), 加

上社會觀念、世俗偏見, 便造成對某些職業的歧視現象。這在英漢諺語中都有所反映, 但側重面有所不同, 英語主要在面包師、裁縫、磨坊主、牧師等方面職業。如: A hundred tailors, a hundred millers and a hundred weavers are three hundred thieves.(一百個裁縫, 一百個磨坊主, 還有一百個紡織工, 加起來是三百個賊。)Three things are insatiable :priests,monks and the sea.(世上有三種東西無法滿足: 牧師, 修士,大海。)An honest miller has a golden thumb.(誠實的磨坊主也有個金戒指。)The tailor must cut three sleeves to every woman' s gown.(女人的睡衣, 裁縫都要裁三只袖子。)I fear we part not yet, quoth the baker to the pillory.(面包師對頸手枷說: 我們恐怕結下了不解之緣。)(指過去由于面包師對面包攙假, 斤兩不夠, 常被課以重罰, 并在頸手枷里示眾, 以敬效尤。)而中國雖有“家有三斗糧, 不做孩子王”的說法, 其實歷來都是奉行“萬般皆下品, 惟有讀書高”的思想的, 提倡“天地君親師位”倫理觀念。除此, 其他職業大都遭到鄙視, 尤其是做生意的。如:無商不奸。掛羊頭, 賣狗肉。

養子不當打石匠, 天晴落雨在坡上。有女不嫁彈花匠, 立著就象狗一樣。邋遢泥人臭漆匠, 沒爹沒娘做篾匠。修鞋工人實在苦, 又臟又臭抱著補。裁縫不偷布, 娃兒沒得褲。百業有三苦: 挖煤打鐵磨豆腐。自古撐船三分低。

此外, 漢語中戲弄、嗤笑和尚的諺語也較多。如: 和尚打傘, 無法無天。

一個和尚擔水吃, 兩個和尚扛水吃, 三個和尚沒水吃。

當一天和尚撞一天鐘。一個和尚一套經。

二、對英漢歧視性諺語的文化思考

諺言是文化的產物, 體現文化標志, 與文化背景密切聯系。從文化共層背景和異層背景角度探討英漢歧視性諺語的共性、異質性表現及其緣由, 有助于揭示此類諺語的生成規則、社會意義及其與文化的內在聯系。

(一)英漢歧視性諺語棱鏡中折射出共層文化背景

法國著名語言學家穆南認為, 由于人類生活在同一星球, 擁有整個生態共相領域, 因而具有相同的體驗形式, 產生了生理和心理的類似性, 形成生物共相, 從而導致文化相似性(奈達, 1984), 即文化共相的存在, 由此產生了語言共相, 或說語言之間的相似性。英漢語言中共同存在歧視性諺語及其大至相同的種類, 恰好印證了文化大同這一大背景。如前所述, 大多諺語體現民族智慧, 具有積極的正面意義, 但也有部分諺語帶有貶義, 內容帶歧視色彩, 反映一種社會現象和某一群體的看法。英漢語言都存在這類諺語, 并且與其它諺語兼收并蓄, 一并流傳下來, 證明了人類體驗、認知、觀念的類同, 擁有文化模式宏觀上的共層背景。此外, 在英漢歧視性諺語中, 有的形式類同, 更多的是不同形式大致表達同一觀念, 有異曲同工之效。如: 英語:Women have long hair and short brains.漢: 女人頭發長, 見識短。英:Money makes the mare(to)go.漢: 有錢能使鬼推磨。英: Poverty obstructs the road to virtue.漢: 人窮志短。英: A woman is a weathercock.漢: 女人水性揚花。英: If the husband be not at home,there is nobody.漢: 大米不算飯, 女人不算人。這種同類現象說明了, 由于人類擁有共同生活環境, 形成宇宙共相, 從而產生了共同的語言場, 具有相似的價值觀和表達方式。

(二)英漢歧視性諺語反映出不同的文化淵源語言是文化的產物, 不同的語言是不同文化的造化。不同語言的差異不僅本身就是文化的差異,而且反映出不同的文化淵源。英漢歧視性諺語恰好印證了這種不同的差異。追本窮源, 查證有些英漢歧視性諺語源自各自民族文學。如, Frailty,thy name is woman!便出自莎士比亞的劇作《哈姆雷特》, “女人水性揚花”可在《紅樓夢》92 回里見到, 說女人愛嚼舌根、導致災禍的諺語可在《詩經·大雅》里尋見: “婦有長舌, 唯厲之亂。亂匪降自天, 生自婦人”;有些則出自不同宗教文化。中國信佛教, 不少歧視性諺語便與和尚、尼姑有關, 而西方世界篤信基督教, 相關諺語有的便與牧師、修士有牽連;有的歧視性諺語源自歷史文化背景。如, 英國由于歷史上長期爭霸, 進行海外殖民擴張, 滋長了一種不健康的種族優勢、民族中心的思想, 因而便出現了不少地

域性歧視諺語;還有的歧視性諺語與不同的文化習俗、觀念形態相關。如西方生活以面食為主, 加之過去有些不良面包師做面包攙假或是斤兩不足, 因而對他們產生很深成見,由此便出現了一些歧視面包師方面的諺語。

(三)英漢歧視性諺語體現不同文化內涵、思維觀念人類的思維是文化創造的工具(邢福義,2003),不同的文化內涵體現不同的思維方式、思維水平。中國文化一個突出特征為, 注重象征性, 重直觀形象思維;而西方文化則重邏輯思維, 重抽象理論。反映在語言上, 則表現為前者思維方式具體化, 后者思維方式抽象化的差異。英漢歧視性諺語在聯想方式方面, 也就是在不同事物中發現相似點的認知方式即比喻手段方面,體現了中西文化的這一不同思維觀念。考察漢語歧視性諺語, 大多使用直觀式的具象性比喻, 即本體事物和喻體事物在形態、色彩、聲音、氣味、動態和具體可感方面相似, 喻體在用詞上多用具體名詞和動詞, 不純粹使用抽象詞匯。如: “嫁出去的女, 潑出去的水”, “男子三十是枝花, 女子三十豆腐渣”, “女人水性揚花”, “掛羊頭, 賣狗肉”,“當一天和尚撞一天鐘”, “大米不算飯,女人不算人”等。這類比喻的喻體都取材于普通生活常識, 與本體之間的相似聯系非常客觀, 其聯想距離和跨度不大, 具有最明顯最近似的聯想特征。從審美角度看,這些比喻對喻體的描摹是靜止的, 訴諸直觀形象,是一種直觀美。由于這些比喻本體同喻體之間的聯想關系符合大家共同的生活經驗, 因而使比喻具有廣泛的接受性, 擁有共同生活經驗的人, 都可產生相同的聯想。英語歧視性諺語不少則使用以虛喻實的比喻方式, 用有關感情、心理、性質等抽象或無形質的事物去比喻本體事物, 喻體所使用的詞匯都是抽象詞匯或無形的詞匯。如:Women, wind and fortune are ever changing.A woman cuts her wisdom teeth when she is dead.Frailty, thy name is womanW Poverty obstructs the road to virtue.Poverty is the mother of crime.Poverty is the worst guard for chastity 等。在這一認知方式中, 認識興趣不再在環境, 不在外部世界, 而在主體自身, 突出“以無為本”哲學,更加關注內在的精神里的虛無本體, 即由重視“再現”客觀出發到更重視“表現”主觀, 使比喻變得主觀化、個性化, 其描寫對象變得虛凌、清空, 給人以獨特、陌生的聯想感受。參考文獻: [1]陳原.社會語言學[M].上海: 學林出版社,1983.[2]Longman Dictionary of English Idioms [Z]..1997.Longman Group Limited.[3]Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable [Z].Centenary edition, 1975.London: Cassell Company Ltd.[4]Henderson, B.L.K.1954.A Dictionary of English Idioms[Z].London: James Blackwood Co Ltd.[5]邢福義.文化語言學[M].武漢: 湖北教育出版社,2003.[6]史式.漢語成語研究[M].成都: 四川人民出版社,1979.[7]邱崇丙.俗話說得好[M].北京: 中國社會出版社,2003.[8]郭建民.英語諺語研究[M].蘭州: 甘肅人民出版社,1992.[9]崔鳴秋,王世智.中英諺語合壁[M].北京: 中國電影出版社, 1997.Comparison Between English and Chinese in Discriminatory Proverbs PENG Kaiming, ZHU Jinghua, HE Fang(Foreign Language College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China)Abstract:There exist discriminatory proverbs both in English and Chinese, including mainly four aspects, namely, female discrimination, regional discrimination, poverty discrimination and professional discrimination.Discriminatory proverbs both in English and Chinese share the following features: they enjoy, on the whole, the same cultural settingS they show different cultural origins and they display different ways of thinking.Key words:discriminatory proverbsS comparison between English and Chinese

第三篇：(英語畢業論文)英漢道歉語對比研究

本科生畢業設計（論文）封面

（2016 屆）

論文（設計）題目作者學院、專業班級指導教師（職稱）論文字數論文完成時間

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英語原創畢業論文參考選題(200個)

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本寫作團隊致力于英語畢業論文寫作與輔導服務，精通前沿理論研究、仿真編程、數據圖表制作，專業本科論文3000起，具體可以聯系qq958035640。下列所寫題目均可寫作。部分題目已經寫好原創。

二、原創論文參考題目 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 從敘事學角度分析艾麗絲門羅的《逃離》龐德《詩經》英譯研究

西游記神話人物稱謂翻譯策略：歸化與異化言語行為理論視角下口語交際誤解現象 The Study of Symbolism in Moby Dick 中英手機短信的修辭特點分析

從《純真年代》中的女性角色看伊迪斯華頓的女性意識目的論視角下英語外貿函電漢譯的研究《小鎮畸人》中的空間形式分析在文化教學中提高英語學習者的跨文化交際能力 11 從社會生物學角度分析《霧都孤兒》中人物性格 12 淺析商務英語新聞中的隱喻現象 13 《圍城》英譯本中文化負載詞的翻譯農村初中英語口語教學現狀的調查與分析——以xx中學為例 15 傲慢與偏見的電影與原著比較 16 自然與自由之子－－新女性戴茜米勒 17 論《獻給愛米莉的玫瑰》的藝術創作特征 18 中英文求職信中言語行為對比分析 19 商務英語中的顏色詞淺析用陌生化理論闡述《紅色手推車》的悲劇色彩 21 中美學生對待教師的禮貌言行的對比分析 22 《呼嘯山莊》主人公希斯克利夫人物形象分析 The Interpretation to Captain Ahab in Moby Dick through Abnormal Psychology Error Analysis on English Writing by Senior High School Students 25 國際商務合同的用詞特點及翻譯 An Analysis of Jude’s Pursuit of Love in Jude the Obscure 27 英漢問候語對比研究海明威短篇小說的敘述藝術－－以《一個明亮干凈的地方》為例 29 The Use of Body Language in Teaching 30 論《紅字》中海斯特和丁梅斯代爾對愛情和生活的態度 31 中國領導人講話中中國特色詞匯的漢英翻譯

關于《麥田里的守望者》主人公霍爾頓悲劇人生的分析 33 外交辭令中模糊語言的語用分析 34 中西方文化差異對代溝的不同影響研究

Sino-US Cultural Differences——Through Comparison Between APPLE and OPPO 36 對英語影視片名翻譯的研究 37 《黑暗之心》主人公馬洛的性格分析 38 英語教學中的跨文化意識的培養

以名詞動用為例分析英語詞匯學習中的隱喻 40 原版英語電影在大學英語教學中的使用研究 41 從精神分析角度看《泄密的心》 42 中英稱謂語的文化差異及其翻譯 43 淺析中美商務談判中的文化沖突 44 簡愛——平凡而非凡的女人

伊麗莎白．貝內特與簡．愛的婚姻觀之比較 46 A Brief Discussion on the Translation of the Public Signs 47 從《紅字》和《荊棘鳥》看宗教禁欲主義下的愛情 48 淺析隱藏在“面紗”之后的伯莎梅森 49 心靈探索之旅——析《瓦爾登湖》的主題 50 英語學習的性別差異及相應的學習策略 51 Movie and culture 52 論人性自私在《呼嘯山莊》中的體現 53 跨文化交際中的文化心理準備分析

合作原則在商務談判中的運用

從以目的為導向的翻譯原則看委婉語的翻譯 56 從文體風格談培根散文《論美》的翻譯 57 《善良的鄉下人》的喜劇性分析

The Comparison and Translation of English and Chinese Idioms 59 Grammatical Analysis of Academic Writing 60 中西方悲劇愛情故事折射出的文化差異—《穆斯林的葬禮》與《荊棘鳥》之比較 61 中國英語與中式英語的對比研究——從英漢民族思維差異的角度 62 《愛瑪》中的求愛文化

《了不起的蓋茨比》中的人物分析 64 《霧都孤兒》中南希形象分析 65 《十日談》中的鄉村意象

淺析《獻給艾米麗的玫瑰花》的敘事技巧 67 修辭在汽車廣告英語中的應用 68 淺析《珍妮姑娘》的悲劇原因

任務型教學的真實性原則在我國現行初中英語教材中的應用體現 70 TPR教學法在中國兒童英語習得中的運用 71 從彼拉特透視托尼·莫里森的婦女主義 72 從原型批評理論角度分析威利洛曼的悲劇 73 A Brief Discussion on the Translation of Brand Names 74 詹姆士費庫伯《最后的莫希干人》中的殖民主義 75 中英道歉語的比較分析 76 中西俚語中動物意象的對比分析

A Comparison of Western and Eastern Privacy Concepts 78 從英語中性別歧視詞看西方女性社會地位之變化 79 淺析眼神交流在非語言交際中的作用 80 淺析馬拉默德小說《店員》中的“猶太性” 81 論《哈姆雷特》和《麥克白》中的超自然因素

功能對等理論指導下的產品說明書的翻譯——基于iPhone使用指南案例研究 83 翻譯美學理論下的唐詩英譯意境美研究

現代敘事藝術與海明威的《永別了武器》 85 On Alice Walker’s Womanism in The Color Purple 86 The Analysis of Promotion Strategy of L’Oréal in China 87 男女生英語學習差異比較研究 88 關于中美大學生消費觀異同的文化分析 89 《玻璃動物園》中的逃避主義解讀 90 任務型英語教學的理論與實踐探討 91 從影視劇看英語俚語使用的性別差異

A Psychological Analysis on Self-identity Loss of Black People in The Bluest Eye 93 淺析托爾金在《魔戒》中的創作特色 94 約翰斯坦貝克女性觀流變初探 95 《霧都孤兒》中南希的人物性格分析

《德伯家的苔絲》苔絲和《紅字》海斯特的悲劇命運的比較 97 國際商務談判中的非語言交際

影響高中學生英語學習興趣因素的調查及分析—以x市高中學生為調查對象 99 弗吉尼亞伍爾夫《達洛維夫人》中印象主義創作手法探討 100 試析文化語境對大學英語閱讀的影響

金融危機對中美人民經濟生活造成不同影響的文化根源 102 淺析虛詞在英語寫作中的重要性 103 淺析狄更斯小說中匹克威克的性格特點 104 A Study of Intertextuality in Advertising Text 105 淺析隱藏在“面紗”之后的伯莎梅森

揚馬特爾《少年Pi的奇幻漂流》中的空間敘事與空間形式 107 英漢工具類名轉動詞實時構建的整合分析－－基于網絡論壇語料 108 從功能對等理論看政治文獻中中國特色詞匯翻譯 109 《莫比.迪克》中的象征意義

解讀《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》中麥琪的悲劇命運 111 《百萬美元寶貝》中麥琪性格男性化形成原因分析 112 關于初中生外語學習焦慮的分析

“邪惡的心靈”——剖析希斯克厲夫復仇的心理動機

宗教枷鎖下的人性掙扎——《紅字》中丁梅斯代爾形象解讀 115 《玻璃動物園》中的逃避主義解讀 116 雙語對認知發展的影響 117 中英隱私禁忌語對比分析

影響大學生英語自主學習的因素研究 119 星巴克在中國取得的成功及啟示 120 從生態視角解讀《瓦爾登湖》 121 大學英語教師課堂話語禮貌現象研究

The Comparison of the Children’s Characters in Dickens’ Three Novels 123 淺析電影《勇敢的心》中的英雄主義 124 高中英語寫作作業的反饋及實施效果 125 應酬語的中英文比較 126 廣告英語的修辭特點

A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English 128 小學英語課堂互動式教學研究

從《紫色》中的意象看黑人女性身份的自我重塑 130 漢語政治話語中的隱喻研究

A Comparison of the English Color Terms 132 廣告英語標題翻譯的修辭特點 133 交際法在中學英語詞匯教學的應用

以《刮痧》和《功夫熊貓》為例分析中美文化從沖突到融合的過渡 135 廣告語篇的語用分析

中式菜肴名稱的語言特點及其英譯 137 管窺世紀年代以前的樸素社會語言學思想 138 從麥田里的守望者到中國的青少年

A Probe into the Spiritual Worlds of The Old Man and the Sea 140 分析廣告英語中的修辭手段

透過好萊塢校園電影解析美國青少年的特點 142 論《了不起的蓋茨比》中爵士樂時代的新潮女郎 143 淺析《寵兒》中塞絲背上的樹的形象

《玻璃動物園》中的逃避主義解讀 145 企業英文簡介中的概念語法隱喻分析 146 對大學課程中“旅游英語”的教材分析 147 中小學英語詞匯教學法探討 148 論奧巴馬就職演講詞的排比修辭 149 埃德加愛倫坡作品中的哥特風格分析

從薩特存在主義的視角解讀約翰?福爾斯《法國中尉的女人》 151 從合作原則看卡爾登的性格特點

152 國產電影字幕歸化與異化研究－－以《集結號》為個案研究 153 從《肖申克的救贖》看體制化對個人的影響 154 關聯理論視角下的英語新聞標題研究

155 從福柯的后人道主義視角看赫爾米娜之死——解讀赫爾曼黑塞作品《荒原狼》 156 從奈達的功能對等理論看《老友記》字幕中的幽默翻譯 157 迷惘一代的英雄：厄內斯特海明威與弗雷德里克亨利 158 英漢“悲”、“喜”情感隱喻的認知比較研究 159 試論英漢日常禮貌表達的異同 160 概念整合理論對幽默的闡釋力

161 從合作原則的違反談黑色幽默在《第二十二條軍規》中的實現 162 《玻璃動物園》中的逃避主義解讀 163 斯嘉麗的新女性形象探析

164 傳播學視角下的影視字幕翻譯研究—以美劇《復仇》為例 165 中外服裝品牌英文標簽語言的跨文化研究 166 威廉·福克納作品中的不稱職母親 167 從生態女性主義角度看《德伯家的苔絲》 168 廣告翻譯策略初探

169 農村學生英語學習情感障礙分析 170 論勞倫斯《兒子與情人》中的“愛” 171 分析奧利弗退斯特悲劇生活的原因 172 禮貌原則在商務談判中的應用 173 哈克貝利費恩人物性格分析

174 試析海明威《喪鐘為誰而鳴》中的人物形象 175 英漢化妝品說明書對比及漢譯策略 176 中西方“云”文化的對比研究及其翻譯

177 愛與正義：《殺死一只知更鳥》主人公阿提克斯芬奇形象解讀 178 淺析中美商務談判中的文化沖突 179 英語習語漢譯的策略探討 180 《女勇士》中的華裔女性形象淺析 181

182 用本我，自我，超我的弗洛伊德理論來解析《紅字》 183 從電影《亂世佳人》看美國女性價值觀

184 The Application of Situational Approach in Middle School English Teaching 185 政治演講辭中常用修辭

186 淺析初中英語語音教學中存在的問題及對策

187 Human Nature and Redemption——Thoughts on Reading The Kite Runner 188 車貼中的語言污染現象研究

189 命運與社會的犧牲品—苔絲的悲劇根源探析

190 Confucianism’s Influence on Transcendentalism:Reflection on Emerson’s and Thoreau’s Philosophy 191 從《七個尖角閣的房子》看霍桑的罪惡觀 192 從功能主義理論看莫言《酒國》中臟話的翻譯 193 文化視角下的英漢習語對譯（開題報告+論文+）

194 The Interpretation to Captain Ahab in Moby Dick through Abnormal Psychology 195 Coincidences and Images in The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D’Urbervilles 196 國際貿易中商務英語的翻譯策略 197 可口可樂產品推銷中的中國元素分析 198 斯托夫人《湯姆叔叔的小屋》中的宗教影響 199 An Ecocritical Analysis on Lady Chatterley’s Lover 200 《小王子》中的象征意蘊的分析

第四篇：英漢對比研究

中西方婚禮儀式對比研究

姓名：張圓圓學號1109214060 六禮

說到中國傳統婚姻禮儀，那一定要提到 “六禮”，即從議婚至完婚過程中的六種禮節: 納采、問名、納吉、納征、請期、親迎。這一娶親程式，周代即已確立，最早見于《禮記·昏義》。以后各代大多沿襲周禮。這每一項禮儀都有嚴格的標準，是新人結親時必須遵循的準則。

一、納采: 六禮之首禮。男方欲與女方結親，請媒妁往女方提親，得到應允后，再請媒妁正式向女家納 “采擇之禮”。

二、問名: 六禮中第二禮。即男方遣媒人到女家詢問女方姓名，生辰八字。取回庚貼后，卜吉合八字。

三、納吉: 六禮中第三禮。是男方問名、合八字后，將卜婚的吉兆通知女方，并送禮表示要訂婚的禮儀。

四：納征，亦稱納成、納幣。六禮中第四禮。就是男方向女方送聘禮。

五、請期: 又稱告期，俗稱選日子。六禮中第五禮。是男家派人到女家去通知成親迎娶的日期。

六、親迎: 又稱迎親。六禮中第六禮。是新郎親自迎娶新娘回家的禮儀。西方人的訂婚遠比中國人的隨意簡單，但也不失莊重。經過一段時間的交往如果雙方認可了彼此，這時男士要正式地向女士提出請求:“你愿意嫁給我嗎?”雖然只是簡單的一句話，但卻是促成婚姻必不可少的步驟。如果女士接受了請求，他們就會辦一個簡單的訂婚儀式，請一些親密的人參加，規模不大，旨在向他人傳遞 “我們要結婚了”這樣一個信息。

中式傳統婚禮

傳統中式婚禮流程和禮儀：