第一篇：中國的人力資源狀況白皮書(漢英對照版)

中國的人力資源狀況 前 言

中國是世界上人口最多的發(fā)展中國家，13億人口中蘊涵著極其豐富的人力資源。積極開發(fā)人力資源，充分發(fā)揮每個人的潛能和價值，促進人的全面發(fā)展，為國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)提供強大的人力和智力支撐，實現(xiàn)由人力資源大國向人力資源強國的轉(zhuǎn)變，是中國政府始終面臨的重大課題和不懈推進的重大事業(yè)。

新中國成立后特別是20世紀70年代末實行改革開放以來，中國政府堅持以人為本的理念，積極貫徹“尊重勞動、尊重知識、尊重人才、尊重創(chuàng)造”的方針，制定了一系列解決就業(yè)問題和發(fā)展教育、科技、文化、衛(wèi)生、社會保障事業(yè)的政策措施，努力為實現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境和條件。當(dāng)前，中國就業(yè)形勢保持總體穩(wěn)定，國民受教育程度和健康水平顯著提高，一大批國家建設(shè)急需的各類人才脫穎而出，為推動中國經(jīng)濟社會各項事業(yè)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。

按照建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的要求，為推動科學(xué)發(fā)展，促進社會和諧，中國政府注重發(fā)揮市場配置人力資源的基礎(chǔ)性作用，大力推進經(jīng)濟、科技、教育等體制改革，不斷深化干部人事制度改革，實施科教興國戰(zhàn)略、人才強國戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，建立和完善人力資源培養(yǎng)、吸引、使用和保障機制，加快人力資源法制建設(shè)，走出了一條適合中國國情的人力資源開發(fā)道路 中國人力資源的基本狀況

人口眾多、勞動力資源豐富是中國的基本國情。多年來，中國政府采取積極有效的政策措施，大力加強人力資源的開發(fā)利用，使中國的人力資源狀況發(fā)生了顯著變化。人力資源規(guī)模不斷擴大。截至2009年底，中國總?cè)丝谶_到133474萬人（不含香港、澳門特別行政區(qū)和臺灣省），其中，勞動力資源106969萬人，比2000年增加11267萬人；就業(yè)人員77995萬人，其中，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員31120萬人，分別比2000年增加5910萬人和7969萬人。

國民受教育水平明顯提高。中國實行教育優(yōu)先的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，建成了比較完善的現(xiàn)代國民教育體系。2000年實現(xiàn)了基本普及九年制義務(wù)教育和基本掃除青壯年文盲的目標。高中階段教育普及率大幅 伴隨著中國經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，中國的人力資源事業(yè)有了長足進步。但中國作為一個發(fā)展中國家，仍然面臨著就業(yè)壓力大、人力資源結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出、高層次創(chuàng)新型人才匱乏等問題。中國人力資源發(fā)展面臨的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)前所未有。

在新的歷史起點上，中國政府將堅持以人為本，關(guān)心人的全面發(fā)展，鼓勵和支持人人都作貢獻，人人都能成才；堅持以促進教育公平為重點，以提高教育質(zhì)量為核心，構(gòu)建完備的終身教育體系，讓全體人民學(xué)有所教、學(xué)有所成、學(xué)有所用；堅持就業(yè)是民生之本，更好地實施擴大就業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策，促進以創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)；堅持人才優(yōu)先，更好地實施人才強國戰(zhàn)略，突出培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型科技人才，大力開發(fā)國民經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展重點領(lǐng)域急需緊缺專門人才，統(tǒng)籌推進各類人才建設(shè)；堅持管理創(chuàng)新，通過不斷深化改革，擴大開放，破除不合時宜的體制機制障礙，營造充滿活力、富有效率、更加開放的社會環(huán)境。

在未來的歲月里，中國人民的智慧與力量一定會更好地迸發(fā)出來，國家的發(fā)展與進步一定會有更加堅實的人力與人才資源基礎(chǔ)

人才資源開發(fā)取得積極進展。人才是指具有一定的專業(yè)知識或?qū)ｉT技能，進行創(chuàng)造性勞動并對社會作出貢獻的人，是人力資源中能力和素質(zhì)較高的勞動者。中國政府制定和實施一系列重大方針政策，統(tǒng)籌推進黨政人才、企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才、專業(yè)技術(shù)人才、高技能人才、農(nóng)村實用人才和社會工作人才等各類人才隊伍建設(shè)。經(jīng)過多年努力，人才資源總量不斷增加，人才素質(zhì)明顯提高，人才結(jié)構(gòu)進一步優(yōu)化，人才使用效能逐漸提高。截至2008年底，全國人才資源總量達到1.14億人。

收入、衛(wèi)生、社會保障等人力資源發(fā)展的保障條件逐步改善。隨著社會經(jīng)濟持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)步增長。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入，由1949年的不足100元人民幣提高到2008年的15781元人民幣；農(nóng)村居民人均純收入由1949年的44元人民幣提高到2008年的4761元人民幣。國家大力開展公共衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)，為國民健康水平的提高提供保障，截至2009年底，全國共有衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)28.9萬個、衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員522萬人、醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生院床位396萬張。近年來，中國政府大力推動社會保障制度建設(shè)，加快建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會保障體系，努力實現(xiàn)人人享有基本生活保障。2009年，城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險參保人數(shù)達23550萬人；城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險參保人數(shù)合計超過12億人；失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險參保人數(shù)分別達到12715萬人、14896萬人和10876萬人。中國實行最低生活保障制度，截至2009年底，有2347.7萬城鎮(zhèn)居民和4759.3萬農(nóng)村居民享受了政府最低生活保障。國家在全國范圍內(nèi)實施有計劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，2009年農(nóng)村貧困人口減少為3597萬人，貧困發(fā)生率為3.6%

二、人力資源開發(fā)的法律體系

中國堅持依法治國方略，積極推進民主立法、科學(xué)立法，為人人享有公正平等的發(fā)展權(quán)利，為科學(xué)開發(fā)人力資源提供法制保障。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中國逐步形成以憲法為根本依據(jù)，以勞動法、公務(wù)員法為基礎(chǔ)，以勞動合同法、就業(yè)促進法、勞動爭議調(diào)解仲裁法為主體，其他單項法律和行政法規(guī)為重要組成部分的人力資源開發(fā)法律體系。促進就業(yè)的法律制度

為實現(xiàn)擴大和穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的發(fā)展目標，1994年中國頒布《中華人民共和國勞動法》，明確提出國家通過促進經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)條件，擴大就業(yè)機會。2007年頒布《中華人民共和國就業(yè)促進法》，確立了國家執(zhí)行“勞動者自主擇業(yè)、市場調(diào)節(jié)就業(yè)、政府促進就業(yè)”的方針，建立促進就業(yè)的政府責(zé)任體系，實施有利于促進就業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)、投資、財稅政策，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域和不同社會群體的就業(yè)，建立失業(yè)預(yù)警制度，完善公共就業(yè)服務(wù)制度、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)制度和就業(yè)援助制度。這些法律的實施，有效推動了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與促進就業(yè)的良性互動。

國家保障勞動者依法享有平等就業(yè)和自主擇業(yè)的權(quán)利。1988年以來，頒布了《中華人民共和國殘疾人保障法》、《中華人民共和國婦女權(quán)益保障法》、《中華人民共和國未成年人保護法》和《女職工勞動保護規(guī)定》、《禁止使用童工規(guī)定》、《殘疾人就業(yè)條例》等法律和行政法規(guī)。《就業(yè)促進法》專門設(shè)立了“公平就業(yè)”章，規(guī)定勞動者就業(yè)不因民族、種族、性別、宗教信仰等不同而受歧視，并特別指出農(nóng)村勞動者進城就業(yè)享有與城鎮(zhèn)勞動者平等的勞動權(quán)利。

國家通過立法促進職業(yè)教育和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。1995年以來，頒布了《中華人民共和國教育法》、《中華人民共和國職業(yè)教育法》、《中華人民共和國民辦教育促進法》等法律，建立了“市場引導(dǎo)培訓(xùn)、培訓(xùn)促進就業(yè)”的職業(yè)教育與培訓(xùn)機制。依托各級各類職業(yè)院校和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)，完善多形式、多層次的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，形成不同層次教育相銜接、職業(yè)教育和普通教育相溝通的職業(yè)教育和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)制度。

國家積極規(guī)范專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的管理。1993年至今，中國頒布了《中華人民共和國教師法》、《中華人民共和國執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師法》、《中華人民共和國律師法》、《中華人民共和國注冊會計師法》、《中華人民共和國注冊建筑師條例》等法律法規(guī)，對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的資質(zhì)條件、職業(yè)資格標準、接受繼續(xù)教育權(quán)利以及職業(yè)道德規(guī)范作出明確規(guī)定，規(guī)范了專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的職業(yè)準入，提高了專業(yè)服務(wù)質(zhì)量。

公共人力資源管理的法律制度

1993年，中國頒布《國家公務(wù)員暫行條例》，實行公務(wù)員制度。2006年開始施行《中華人民共和國公務(wù)員法》，并陸續(xù)出臺了公務(wù)員錄用、培訓(xùn)、考核、獎勵、職務(wù)任免與升降、調(diào)任、處分、申訴、辭去公職、辭退、錄用考試違紀違規(guī)行為處理、新錄用公務(wù)員任職定級等一系列配套規(guī)章。在機關(guān)與事業(yè)單位工資福利、事業(yè)單位人事管理、人才流動管理、人力資源宏觀調(diào)控等方面，國家制定規(guī)范性文件1000多件，涵蓋了公共人力資源管理的主要環(huán)節(jié)。人力資源權(quán)益保護的法律制度

20世紀80年代中期，中國開始試行勞動合同制度。到90年代，《中華人民共和國勞動法》正式確立了勞動合同制度。2007年頒布的《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》及此后出臺的《中華人民共和國勞動合同法實施條例》，進一步完善了勞動合同制度，明確用人單位和勞動者的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，對勞動合同的訂立、履行、變更、解除或者終止以及相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任作出了明確規(guī)定，同時針對勞動用工形式多樣化的發(fā)展趨勢，對勞務(wù)派遣和非全日制用工等行為專門進行了規(guī)范。中國積極發(fā)揮集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度的作用。《中華人民共和國勞動法》和《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》相繼對集體合同制度作出了規(guī)定。鼓勵企業(yè)積極開展集體協(xié)商，簽訂集體合同。逐步形成以企業(yè)集體協(xié)商為主體、以區(qū)域性和行業(yè)性集體協(xié)商為補充的集體合同制度框架。近年來，集體合同制度覆蓋面不斷擴大，實效性逐步增強，初步建立了以工會或職工代表與企業(yè)或企業(yè)組織平等協(xié)商為特征的集體勞動關(guān)系調(diào)整機制。

為公正、及時解決勞動爭議，中國2007年頒布了《中華人民共和國勞動爭議調(diào)解仲裁法》，明確勞動爭議調(diào)解和仲裁的范圍、程序、組織機構(gòu)、人員和處理機制。建立由政府部門、工會組織、企業(yè)組織共同協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系的三方機制，強化調(diào)解、完善仲裁、加強司法救濟，及時妥善處理勞動爭議，維護當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益。頒布實施《勞動保障監(jiān)察條例》，明確了勞動保障監(jiān)察的職責(zé)、實施、法律責(zé)任，為維護勞動者的合法權(quán)益提供重要法律保障

三、履行政府公共管理服務(wù)職責(zé)近年來，中國政府積極發(fā)揮人力資源公共管理與服務(wù)的職能作用，加快職能轉(zhuǎn)變，健全政府責(zé)任體系，努力為勞動者的體面勞動和優(yōu)秀人才的脫穎而出，創(chuàng)造良好的政策環(huán)境與社會環(huán)境。實施積極的就業(yè)政策

長期以來，中國面臨著勞動力供大于求的總量性矛盾，穩(wěn)定和擴大就業(yè)的任務(wù)十分繁重。中國政府始終把促進就業(yè)作為經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的優(yōu)先目標，以充分開發(fā)和合理利用人力資源為出發(fā)點，實施擴大就業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，促進城鄉(xiāng)勞動者提高整體素質(zhì)，逐步實現(xiàn)更加充分的社會就業(yè)。不斷強化各級政府在促進就業(yè)方面的責(zé)任，持續(xù)加大公共投入，促進平等就業(yè)。通過加強就業(yè)援助，開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，幫助就業(yè)困難人員和零就業(yè)家庭實現(xiàn)就業(yè)。建設(shè)城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)一的人力資源市場，為城鄉(xiāng)勞動者提供平等的就業(yè)機會和服務(wù)。通過政策扶持和市場導(dǎo)向，解決了國有企業(yè)3000多萬下崗職工再就業(yè)問題，實現(xiàn)下崗職工基本生活保障向失業(yè)保險的并軌。2005年至2009年，全國城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)5000多萬人，農(nóng)業(yè)富余勞動力向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)近4500萬人。2009年末，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)人數(shù)921萬人，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率4.3%。

2008年國際金融危機爆發(fā)后，為應(yīng)對國際金融危機的沖擊，中國政府實施更加積極的就業(yè)政策。實施困難企業(yè)緩繳社會保險費或降低部分社會保險費率、相關(guān)稅收減免等政策，鼓勵企業(yè)穩(wěn)定和增加就業(yè)。實施特別職業(yè)培訓(xùn)計劃，開展就業(yè)服務(wù)系列活動，多渠道開辟就業(yè)崗位。以高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)為重點，大力促進高校畢業(yè)生到城鄉(xiāng)基層、到中小企業(yè)和非公有制企業(yè)就業(yè)。2009年全年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)超過1100萬人，高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率達到87.4%，下崗失業(yè)人員再就業(yè)超過500萬人，困難群體再就業(yè)超過150萬人。實施人才強國戰(zhàn)略

人才是經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的第一資源，在國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。中國歷來重視人才工作，進入新世紀作出實施人才強國戰(zhàn)略的重大決策，努力造就數(shù)以億計的高素質(zhì)勞動者、數(shù)以千萬計的專門人才和一大批拔尖創(chuàng)新人才，建設(shè)規(guī)模宏大、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、素質(zhì)較高的人才隊伍。2001年，中國政府將實施人才戰(zhàn)略納入國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展五年規(guī)劃。2006年以來，加強對人才資源開發(fā)的頂層設(shè)計和系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃，先后制定《國家中長期科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2006—2020年）》、《國家中長期人才發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》和《國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》等三個國家中長期發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要，確立在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展中人才優(yōu)先發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略布局，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域、產(chǎn)業(yè)、行業(yè)和不同所有制人才資源開發(fā)，促進人人平等享受人才政策和平等參與人才開發(fā)，努力實現(xiàn)各類人才隊伍協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。

為適應(yīng)建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國家的需要，中國政府設(shè)立“863計劃”、“973計劃”、國家科技支撐計劃、自然科學(xué)基金等國家科技計劃（基金），建設(shè)國家工程研究中心和國家工程實驗室，實施“百千萬人才工程”、“長江學(xué)者獎勵計劃”等重大人才項目，不斷增加科技投入，實施專業(yè)技術(shù)人才知識更新工程，培養(yǎng)造就了一支具有較大規(guī)模和較高水平的科技人才隊伍，引進了一批海外高層次人才。2008年，全國研究與發(fā)展（R&D）折合全時人員達196.54萬人年，其中科學(xué)家和工程師159.34萬人年，分別是1991年的2.9倍和3.4倍；全國設(shè)立博士后科研流動站2146個、博士后科研工作站1642個，博士后研究人員達7萬多人。

為適應(yīng)走新型工業(yè)化道路和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級的需要，中國政府實施國家技能人才振興計劃，建立公共實訓(xùn)基地和國家高技能人才培養(yǎng)示范基地，努力培養(yǎng)造就一支門類齊全、技藝精湛的技能人才隊伍。國家大力培養(yǎng)農(nóng)村實用人才隊伍，實施農(nóng)村實用人才素質(zhì)提升計劃和新農(nóng)村實用人才培訓(xùn)工程，全面提高農(nóng)村實用人才的科技素質(zhì)、職業(yè)技能和經(jīng)營能力，大力培養(yǎng)教師、醫(yī)生、農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)人員等農(nóng)村發(fā)展急需人才，鼓勵和引導(dǎo)各類人才向農(nóng)村流動。促進教育公平

全面實現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)免費義務(wù)教育。從2006年開始，中國政府改革并逐步調(diào)整完善了農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育經(jīng)費保障機制，并從2008年開始，免除城市義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生學(xué)雜費，將九年義務(wù)教育全面納入國家財政保障范圍。

積極推進義務(wù)教育均衡發(fā)展。堅持公共教育資源向農(nóng)村地區(qū)、邊遠貧困地區(qū)和民族地區(qū)傾斜，實施國家貧困地區(qū)義務(wù)教育工程、西部地區(qū)農(nóng)村寄宿制學(xué)校建設(shè)工程、農(nóng)村中小學(xué)現(xiàn)代遠程教育工程、中西部農(nóng)村初中改造工程、中西部地區(qū)特殊教育建設(shè)規(guī)劃等扶持計劃，努力縮小城鄉(xiāng)和區(qū)域差距，保障困難群體接受教育。

健全國家助學(xué)體系。中國政府在普通高校、職業(yè)學(xué)校實行國家獎學(xué)金、助學(xué)金和國家助學(xué)貸款等制度，加大資助力度，保障家庭經(jīng)濟困難學(xué)生不因貧困而失學(xué)。2009年底，中等職業(yè)學(xué)校學(xué)生受助面達到90%，高等學(xué)校學(xué)生受助面超過20%，資助學(xué)生4306萬人次。從2009年開始，國家對中等職業(yè)學(xué)校農(nóng)村家庭經(jīng)濟困難學(xué)生和涉農(nóng)專業(yè)學(xué)生免除學(xué)費。加強人力資源培訓(xùn)

國家把干部教育培訓(xùn)擺在突出位置，制定頒布了《干部教育培訓(xùn)工作條例（試行）》、《2006—2010年全國干部教育培訓(xùn)規(guī)劃》和《關(guān)于2008—2012年大規(guī)模培訓(xùn)干部工作的實施意見》。圍繞政府中心工作以及職位要求，對公務(wù)員進行初任培訓(xùn)、任職培訓(xùn)、專門業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)和在職培訓(xùn)，實施對口培訓(xùn)計劃，促進學(xué)歷培訓(xùn)，實行掛職鍛煉，有效開發(fā)公務(wù)員人力資源，促進公務(wù)員職業(yè)的發(fā)展。國家對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員實施專業(yè)技術(shù)人才知識更新工程，有計劃、有步驟地在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和科技發(fā)展的重要領(lǐng)域，對中高層專業(yè)技術(shù)人才，開展新理論、新知識、新技術(shù)、新方法的專項培訓(xùn)，2005年至2009年，共培訓(xùn)300萬名中高級專業(yè)人才。構(gòu)建分層分類的專業(yè)技術(shù)人才繼續(xù)教育體系，充分發(fā)揮各方面積極性，逐步形成以需求為導(dǎo)向，政府主導(dǎo)與單位自主相結(jié)合，個人履行義務(wù)與自覺自愿學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合的繼續(xù)教育運行機制。2009年，全國專業(yè)技術(shù)人員參加繼續(xù)教育達3000萬人次。為加強西部地區(qū)人才開發(fā)，中國政府制定《關(guān)于進一步加強西部地區(qū)人才隊伍建設(shè)的意見》，實施新疆、西藏少數(shù)民族科技骨干和青海三江源地區(qū)專業(yè)技術(shù)人才培養(yǎng)計劃。2009年共培養(yǎng)2888名少數(shù)民族科技骨干人才和急需專業(yè)技術(shù)人才。

針對不同群體就業(yè)需要和勞動者職業(yè)生涯發(fā)展不同階段需要，國家開展相應(yīng)的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，建立了以技工學(xué)校為骨干、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)為補充的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)體系，并充分發(fā)揮工會、共青團、婦聯(lián)等人民團體和社會組織在職業(yè)培訓(xùn)等方面的作用。截至2009年底，全國共有技工學(xué)校和就業(yè)訓(xùn)練中心6000多所、民辦職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)2萬多所；建立巾幗科技示范基地26萬多個，為1.2億人次婦女提供各類教育培訓(xùn)，增強了婦女的自我發(fā)展能力。針對城鄉(xiāng)未能繼續(xù)升學(xué)的初高中畢業(yè)生，實施勞動預(yù)備制培訓(xùn)，幫助其掌握一門職業(yè)技能或取得相應(yīng)職業(yè)資格證書后再進入勞動力市場。針對失業(yè)人員開展再就業(yè)培訓(xùn)，加強培訓(xùn)的針對性、實用性和有效性，提高失業(yè)人員的再就業(yè)能力。針對有創(chuàng)業(yè)愿望并具備一定創(chuàng)業(yè)條件的城鄉(xiāng)勞動者開展創(chuàng)業(yè)能力培訓(xùn)，提高其創(chuàng)辦小企業(yè)的能力。針對擬向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)和城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)移的農(nóng)村富余勞動力開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，實施“陽光工程”、“農(nóng)村勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移培訓(xùn)計劃”、“星火科技培訓(xùn)”、“雨露計劃”等專項培訓(xùn)，提高其轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)能力。為全面提高勞動者素質(zhì)，增強勞動者的就業(yè)能力和工作能力，1994年以來，國家建立職業(yè)資格證書制度。截至2009年底，全國累計有1843.3萬人取得各類專業(yè)技術(shù)人員職業(yè)資格證書；累計有超過1億人次取得不同等級技能人員職業(yè)資格證書。完善人力資源公共服務(wù)

逐步增加公共投入。2008年，中國人力資本投資占GDP比例達到10.75%。2009年，中央財政用于教育支出1981.39億元人民幣，比2007年增長84.1%；用于醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生支出1273.21億元人民幣，比2007年增長91.66%；用于就業(yè)和社會保障支出3296.67億元人民幣，比2007年增長43.2%；用于科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的支出1512.02億元人民幣，比2007年增長51.2%。

完善公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)體系。建立縣區(qū)以上綜合性服務(wù)機構(gòu)，街道（鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)）社區(qū)服務(wù)窗口以及就業(yè)訓(xùn)練、創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)等服務(wù)實體，形成了覆蓋省、市、縣（區(qū)）、街道（鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)）、社區(qū)（行政村）的五級服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。截至2009年底，全國共有縣（區(qū)）以上公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)機構(gòu)1萬多個；街道、鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)服務(wù)窗口共3.7萬個，覆蓋了97%的街道和89%的鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)。公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)職能不斷增強，免費開展政策咨詢、市場供求信息發(fā)布、職業(yè)介紹、職業(yè)指導(dǎo)、就業(yè)援助、創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)，承擔(dān)就業(yè)登記、失業(yè)登記管理，提供人力資源社會保障事務(wù)代理、檔案管理、考試認證、專家服務(wù)等服務(wù)項目。

提高人力資源服務(wù)的信息化程度。實施“金保工程”，初步建立以中央、省、市三級網(wǎng)絡(luò)為依托，覆蓋全國的統(tǒng)一的勞動和社會保障電子政務(wù)系統(tǒng)。通過發(fā)行社會保障卡，開通12333專用公益服務(wù)電話號碼、短信平臺和建立政府服務(wù)網(wǎng)站等形式，為政策咨詢、信息獲取、業(yè)務(wù)辦理、個人賬戶查詢等提供便捷的信息化服務(wù)。深化干部人事制度改革

改革開放以來，中國不斷深化干部人事制度改革，先后頒布《深化干部人事制度改革綱要》和《2010—2020年深化干部人事制度改革規(guī)劃綱要》，針對黨政機關(guān)、事業(yè)單位和國有企業(yè)的不同特點實行分類管理，逐步形成廣納群賢、人盡其才、能上能下、公平公正、充滿活力的干部人事制度。

黨政機關(guān)推行公務(wù)員制度。從進入隊伍到職務(wù)晉升引進競爭機制，普遍推行公開選拔、競爭上崗等競爭性選拔干部方式，促進了優(yōu)秀人才脫穎而出。2006年至2009年，全國通過考試共錄用公務(wù)員52.8萬余人。2003年至2009年，全國共公開選拔黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部4萬人，各級黨政機關(guān)通過競爭上崗走上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位的干部共33.9萬人。在干部選拔任用、考核評價、管理監(jiān)督等環(huán)節(jié)充分發(fā)揚民主，民主推薦成為干部選拔任用的必經(jīng)程序，民意調(diào)查、民主測評得到廣泛運用，干部工作民主化程度進一步提高。干部交流力度不斷加大，重點部門、關(guān)鍵崗位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部交流形成制度，圍繞國家經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和人才戰(zhàn)略、地方經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展布局和支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)及重大項目的建設(shè)，加強了市、縣和中央國家機關(guān)、省級黨政機關(guān)之間領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的相互交流，從中央國家機關(guān)和東部發(fā)達地區(qū)選拔大批干部到西部地區(qū)掛職、任職。2003年至2009年，全國機關(guān)干部共交流230.2萬人。完善職務(wù)任期、退休和辭退、辭職等制度，推進干部能上能下，形成正常的更新交替機制。實行國家統(tǒng)一的職務(wù)與級別相結(jié)合的公務(wù)員工資制度，合理體現(xiàn)了工作職責(zé)大小與工資高低的關(guān)系。事業(yè)單位推行人員聘用制度。通過簽訂聘用合同，規(guī)范單位和職工的人事關(guān)系。建立崗位設(shè)置、公開招聘、競爭上崗、考核獎罰、辭職辭退等制度，逐步形成權(quán)責(zé)清晰、分類科學(xué)、機制靈活、監(jiān)管有力的事業(yè)單位人事管理制度。截至2009年底，全國事業(yè)單位簽訂聘用合同的人員達到80%。2009年，22個省（區(qū)、市）事業(yè)單位新進人員中，采用公開招聘方式的占總數(shù)80%以上。事業(yè)單位實行崗位績效工資制度，初步建立了與工作人員崗位職責(zé)、工作業(yè)績、實際貢獻緊密聯(lián)系和鼓勵創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造的分配激勵機制，調(diào)動了事業(yè)單位各類人力資源的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。

國有企業(yè)人事制度不斷健全完善。按照現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度要求，國有企業(yè)推進規(guī)范董事會的建設(shè)，為企業(yè)持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展提供了體制保障。建立健全企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才選拔任用、業(yè)績考核、激勵監(jiān)督等管理制度。建立市場機制調(diào)節(jié)、企業(yè)自主分配、職工民主參與、政府監(jiān)控指導(dǎo)的工資分配制度，促進了企業(yè)的發(fā)展和職工工資水平的提高。注重發(fā)揮市場配置人才的基礎(chǔ)性作用，初步建立起市場化選人用人機制，2003年至2009年通過公開招聘、競爭上崗等方式選聘的經(jīng)營管理人才，從33.4萬人增加到52.1萬人。建立國家榮譽和表彰獎勵制度

中國政府堅持精神獎勵與物質(zhì)獎勵相結(jié)合、以精神獎勵為主的原則，建立健全國家榮譽和獎勵制度。

國家設(shè)立“全國勞動模范”和“全國先進工作者”榮譽稱號，授予在國家建設(shè)事業(yè)中作出重大貢獻的勞動者。1989年以來，中國政府一般每五年召開一次全國勞動模范和先進工作者表彰大會，對全國各行各業(yè)涌現(xiàn)出的先進人物予以表彰，其中授予工人、農(nóng)民、企業(yè)管理人員等“全國勞動模范”榮譽稱號，授予機關(guān)事業(yè)單位工作人員“全國先進工作者”榮譽稱號。截至目前共表彰“全國勞動模范”和“全國先進工作者”14578人。

國家設(shè)立科學(xué)技術(shù)獎，獎勵在科學(xué)技術(shù)工作中作出突出貢獻的公民、組織。自2000年以來，共有27772人獲得國家科學(xué)技術(shù)獎。其中有16名杰出科學(xué)家獲得國家最高科學(xué)技術(shù)獎。國家設(shè)立科學(xué)院和工程院院士稱號，中國科學(xué)院院士和中國工程院院士是國家在科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域和工程科技領(lǐng)域設(shè)立的最高學(xué)術(shù)稱號，截至2009年底，共評選產(chǎn)生中國科學(xué)院院士1143人、中國工程院院士861人。自1990年起，中國政府實行政府特殊津貼制度，向作出突出貢獻的專家、學(xué)者、技術(shù)人員和高技能人才頒發(fā)榮譽證書，發(fā)放政府特殊津貼。到2009年，全國共有15.8萬人享受政府特殊津貼。建立全國優(yōu)秀專業(yè)技術(shù)人才表彰制度，自1999年以來共有200人獲得“全國杰出專業(yè)技術(shù)人才”稱號。建立中華技能大獎和全國技術(shù)能手評選表彰制度，自1995年以來已有120人榮獲“中華技能大獎”稱號，2976人榮獲“全國技術(shù)能手”稱號，樹立了一批中國高技能人才楷模人物。建立全國農(nóng)村優(yōu)秀人才表彰制度，自2000年以來已表彰了160名全國農(nóng)村優(yōu)秀人才

四、發(fā)揮市場配置的基礎(chǔ)性作用

隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制在中國的逐步建立，中國政府遵循人力資源開發(fā)的客觀規(guī)律，以市場配置人力資源為改革取向，尊重勞動者的自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，努力培育和發(fā)展人力資源市場，逐步實現(xiàn)人力資源從計劃配置到市場配置的轉(zhuǎn)變。人力資源市場配置機制基本形成

20世紀80年代以來，以公有制為主體，多種所有制形式共同發(fā)展，逐步形成了多元化的市場用人主體。1998年至2009年，在城鎮(zhèn)從業(yè)人員中，國有單位就業(yè)人員從9058萬人下降到6420萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從41.9%下降到20.6%；有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司就業(yè)人員從894萬人上升到3389萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從4.1%上升到10.9%；私營單位和個體經(jīng)濟就業(yè)人員從3232萬人上升到9789萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從15.0%提高到31.5%。

20世紀80年代中期以來，中國逐步改革計劃經(jīng)濟體制下“統(tǒng)包統(tǒng)配”的固定工制度，落實單位用工自主權(quán)和勞動者自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，以雙向選擇、自主協(xié)商、訂立勞動合同作為確立勞動關(guān)系的基本方式，增強了人力資源市場的活力和效率。為適應(yīng)建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的要求，中國政府改革社會保障制度、戶籍制度、高校畢業(yè)生分配制度，不斷破除勞動者自由流動的體制性障礙，勞動者跨地區(qū)、跨部門、跨行業(yè)流動日趨活躍。2009年，在各類人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)登記求職的勞動者達到9700萬人次，成功實現(xiàn)就業(yè)和轉(zhuǎn)換工作的達到3600萬人次，分別比2000年增加7700萬人次和2600萬人次。同年，全國外出就業(yè)和本地非農(nóng)從業(yè)6個月以上的農(nóng)村勞動力總數(shù)達到22978萬人，其中外出農(nóng)民工達到14533萬人，就近到二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)實現(xiàn)就業(yè)的本地農(nóng)民工達到8445萬人。人力資源服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速

20世紀80年代以來，中國人力資源服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)模和水平不斷提升。服務(wù)領(lǐng)域和內(nèi)容日益多元化，從最初的招聘服務(wù)、人事代理發(fā)展到包括培訓(xùn)服務(wù)、勞務(wù)派遣、就業(yè)指導(dǎo)、人才測評、管理咨詢和人力資源服務(wù)外包等多種業(yè)務(wù)，形成較為完善的服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。2008年，全國各類人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)達4.9萬余家，基本形成由公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)機構(gòu)、民營人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)、中外合資人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)共同組成的多層次、多元化的人力資源市場服務(wù)體系。

中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織以來，積極履行承諾，使進入中國市場的外資人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)逐步增加。2009年，中國境內(nèi)的中外合資人才服務(wù)機構(gòu)從2003年的30家增加到160家

五、加強對勞動者權(quán)益的保護

尊重人的勞動權(quán)利，注重勞動者的權(quán)益保護，實現(xiàn)人的體面勞動，促進人的全面發(fā)展，是中國政府一貫堅持的發(fā)展理念。中國政府采取一系列政策措施加強勞動者權(quán)益保護，有效促進人力資源的良性發(fā)展。保障平等就業(yè)

近年來，中國政府加強統(tǒng)一規(guī)范的人力資源市場的建設(shè)與管理，努力打破歷史原因造成的城鄉(xiāng)分割、身份分割和地區(qū)分割等問題，消除人力資源市場的體制性障礙，形成城鄉(xiāng)勞動者平等就業(yè)的制度。國家有關(guān)部門通過完善市場監(jiān)管體系，開展人力資源市場執(zhí)法檢查活動，清理整頓市場不法行為，有力維護了求職者等市場主體的合法權(quán)益。

國家高度重視并保障婦女享有與男子平等的勞動權(quán)利，努力消除阻礙婦女平等就業(yè)的壁壘。動員和組織社會力量拓寬吸納女性勞動力就業(yè)的渠道，制定和執(zhí)行扶持婦女自主創(chuàng)業(yè)的政策。充分發(fā)揮各級婦聯(lián)組織在反映婦女訴求、促進平等就業(yè)和同工同酬、提供維權(quán)服務(wù)等方面的積極作用。到2008年，全國就業(yè)人口中女性超過45.4%。

中國政府加強對殘疾人就業(yè)的統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，實行集中就業(yè)與分散就業(yè)相結(jié)合的方針，保障殘疾人的勞動權(quán)利。制定和實施促進殘疾人就業(yè)政策，規(guī)定用人單位安排殘疾人就業(yè)的比例不得低于1.5%，對安置殘疾人員達到職工總數(shù)25%比例的集中使用殘疾人的用人單位給予稅收優(yōu)惠，指導(dǎo)和幫助殘疾人組織興辦殘疾人福利企業(yè)，鼓勵和支持殘疾人通過多種形式靈活就業(yè)。中國各級殘疾人聯(lián)合會努力維護殘疾人合法權(quán)益，幫助殘疾人平等參與社會生活。建立省、市、縣級殘疾人就業(yè)服務(wù)機構(gòu)3043個，專門為殘疾人提供就業(yè)援助服務(wù)。截至2009年底，全國城鎮(zhèn)實際在業(yè)殘疾人數(shù)443.4萬，農(nóng)村殘疾人有1757萬實現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。

國家高度重視保障農(nóng)民工權(quán)益。農(nóng)民工是中國改革開放和工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化進程中出現(xiàn)的特殊勞動群體，為國家經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻。2006年，國務(wù)院建立農(nóng)民工工作聯(lián)席會議制度，統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)和指導(dǎo)全國農(nóng)民工工作。取消各種針對農(nóng)民進城就業(yè)的不合理限制，加強勞動安全衛(wèi)生培訓(xùn)，擴大農(nóng)民工參加社會保險覆蓋面，建立養(yǎng)老保險接續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)移制度，實施“春暖行動”、“春風(fēng)行動”等專項扶持計劃。截至2009年底，有8014.82萬農(nóng)民工成為工會會員，近80%的農(nóng)民工隨遷子女在城鎮(zhèn)公辦中小學(xué)免費接受義務(wù)教育，全國參加工傷保險、醫(yī)療保險、城鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險、失業(yè)保險的農(nóng)民工分別達到5587萬人、4335萬人、2647萬人和1643萬人。建立勞動關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機制

全面推進勞動合同制度的實施。截至2009年底，全國規(guī)模以上企業(yè)勞動合同簽訂率達到96.5%；勞動合同內(nèi)容趨于規(guī)范，勞動合同履行情況良好。積極推進集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度，增進勞動者與用人單位之間的相互理解和信任，推動勞動關(guān)系雙方互利共贏。截至2009年底，全國當(dāng)期有效集體合同達到70.3萬份，覆蓋職工9400多萬人。充分發(fā)揮協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系三方機制的作用。2009年，全國地級以上城市和26個省份的縣（市）區(qū)建立了由政府、工會和企業(yè)方面代表組成的協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系三方機制，各級協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系三方機制組織共計1.4萬多家。協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系三方機制圍繞勞動關(guān)系的重大問題，積極溝通，加強合作，消除分歧，在促進勞動關(guān)系和諧穩(wěn)定中發(fā)揮了重要作用。

大力推動和諧勞動關(guān)系創(chuàng)建活動。2006年，中國開始開展“創(chuàng)建勞動關(guān)系和諧企業(yè)與工業(yè)園區(qū)”活動，通過制定、實施和諧勞動關(guān)系創(chuàng)建標準、推動建立勞動關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機制、表彰先進典型等措施，促進企業(yè)和工業(yè)園區(qū)內(nèi)勞動關(guān)系的和諧穩(wěn)定。截至2009年底，全國31個省（區(qū)、市）開展了和諧勞動關(guān)系創(chuàng)建活動。

積極發(fā)揮工會組織的重要作用。中國工會組織是職工利益的代表者和維護者，在創(chuàng)建和諧勞動關(guān)系的過程中，發(fā)揮著重要的、不可替代的作用。2009年，全國基層工會組織有184.5萬個，覆蓋企事業(yè)機關(guān)單位395.9萬家，全國工會會員總數(shù)達2.263億人。各級工會組織積極履行維權(quán)職責(zé)，幫助指導(dǎo)勞動者與用人單位依法訂立勞動合同，代表職工與企業(yè)開展集體協(xié)商和簽訂集體合同，組織職工參與本單位民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督，參與勞動人事爭議調(diào)解仲裁，為職工提供法律服務(wù)，督促用人單位遵守國家法律法規(guī)。

加強對企業(yè)職工的人文關(guān)懷。近年來，針對個別企業(yè)用工方面存在的問題，中國各級政府采取積極措施，督促、倡導(dǎo)企業(yè)切實加強對職工的人文關(guān)懷，改善職工生產(chǎn)生活條件，完善職工訴求表達機制，建立職工交流互助平臺，開展職工心理健康咨詢服務(wù)。同時積極引導(dǎo)社會輿論，努力形成共建和諧勞動關(guān)系的良好社會氛圍。公正及時解決勞動人事爭議

通過調(diào)解仲裁解決勞動人事爭議，是一項具有中國特色的權(quán)益救濟和保障制度。仲裁委員會由政府行政主管部門代表、工會代表和用人單位代表三個方面組成，以保證爭議案件審理過程的透明度和公正性。截至2009年底，中國共有仲裁辦案機構(gòu)4800多個、仲裁員3.3萬人。

勞動人事調(diào)解仲裁工作遵循公正原則，鼓勵協(xié)商，先行調(diào)解，及時妥善處理勞動人事爭議，維護當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益。2009年，全國各級勞動人事爭議仲裁機構(gòu)共處理勞動人事爭議案件87.5萬件；立案受理勞動爭議案件68.4萬件，比上年下降1.3%；涉及勞動者101.7萬人，比上年下降16.3%。依據(jù)中國法律，當(dāng)事人對勞動人事爭議仲裁裁決不服的，可以向人民法院提起訴訟。2009年，中國各級人民法院審結(jié)勞動爭議案件31.7萬件，有效維護了當(dāng)事人雙方合法權(quán)益。加大勞動保障監(jiān)察力度

勞動保障監(jiān)察執(zhí)法是維護勞動者合法權(quán)益的重要途徑。勞動保障監(jiān)察機構(gòu)的主要職責(zé)是，積極宣傳勞動保障法律法規(guī)，接受并依法查處勞動者投訴舉報案件，并主動對用人單位守法情況進行監(jiān)督檢查。截至2009年底，中國共建立勞動保障監(jiān)察機構(gòu)3291個，配備專職監(jiān)察員2.3萬名。近年來，勞動保障監(jiān)察機構(gòu)開展專項檢查，對違反勞動保障法律法規(guī)的突出問題進行集中整治；加強對社會反映強烈的重大違法案件的專項督辦工作，及時組織查處。通過監(jiān)察執(zhí)法，保障了勞動者在職業(yè)介紹、勞動合同簽訂、工作時間、工資支付、社會保險、特殊勞動保護等方面權(quán)益的落實。2009年，全國勞動保障監(jiān)察機構(gòu)共主動檢查用人單位175.1萬戶，涉及勞動者9029.8萬人，查處各類勞動保障違法案件43.9萬件，督促用人單位為1073.7萬名勞動者補簽勞動合同。從2009年起，中國政府在全國60個城市開展了勞動保障監(jiān)察網(wǎng)格化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化管理工作試點，對用人單位進行全面動態(tài)監(jiān)管，實現(xiàn)對勞動糾紛的早期預(yù)防和及時介入。試點工作取得良好成效，即將在全國范圍逐步推行

六、積極開展國際交流與合作

中國政府高度重視人力資源領(lǐng)域的國際交流與合作，認真履行國際義務(wù)，不斷拓寬渠道和領(lǐng)域，推動形成全方位、多層次的交流與合作格局。

中國尊重《聯(lián)合國憲章》促進人權(quán)和基本自由的宗旨與原則，致力于維護人的生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)，合理確定、依法頒布和逐步完善勞動標準。中國政府結(jié)合本國經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展實際，先后批準了《男女同工同酬公約》、《準予就業(yè)最低年齡公約》、《消除最惡劣形式童工公約》、《消除就業(yè)和職業(yè)歧視公約》等25個國際勞工公約，并積極實施有關(guān)公約。中國不斷完善本國人力資源開發(fā)的法律法規(guī)，推動包括國際勞工組織核心勞工公約的批準進程。

中國政府高度重視與國際勞工組織、聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計劃署、亞太經(jīng)合組織、世界銀行、亞洲開發(fā)銀行等國際組織或機構(gòu)建立人力資源領(lǐng)域的合作關(guān)系，積極發(fā)展與其他國家或地區(qū)雙邊或多邊的人力資源交流與合作。中國政府自1983年正式恢復(fù)在國際勞工組織的活動以來，積極參加國際勞工事務(wù)，在促進就業(yè)、完善社會保障制度、建立和諧勞動關(guān)系以及制定勞動法律法規(guī)方面開展了一系列國際合作。2004年和2007年，中國與國際勞工組織共同舉辦了“中國就業(yè)論壇”和“亞洲就業(yè)論壇”。自1992年以來，中國政府積極參與亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源開發(fā)領(lǐng)域的合作并發(fā)揮出重要作用。2001年，中國成功舉辦亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源能力建設(shè)高峰會議，通過了《北京倡議》。2010年9月，第五屆亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源開發(fā)部長級會議在北京舉行，為亞太各經(jīng)濟體討論金融危機后的就業(yè)、人力資源開發(fā)等提供重要平臺。中國1994年加入國際社會保障協(xié)會成為正式會員。2004年第28屆國際社會保障協(xié)會全球大會在北京召開，通過了《北京宣言》。截至2009年底，中國政府人力資源和社會保障部門已經(jīng)與80多個國家和一些重要的國際組織建立了合作伙伴關(guān)系。為便利人員流動，中國先后與德國、韓國簽署了社會保險互免協(xié)定。

改革開放以來，中國實施更加開放的人才政策。中國政府堅持“支持留學(xué)、鼓勵回國、來去自由”的留學(xué)方針，努力拓寬留學(xué)渠道，積極吸引人才回國，為留學(xué)人員回國工作、為國服務(wù)、回國創(chuàng)業(yè)提供支持，創(chuàng)造良好的生活和工作環(huán)境。從1978年至2009年底，中國各類出國留學(xué)人員總數(shù)達162.07萬人，留學(xué)回國人員總數(shù)達49.74萬人。實施“中國留學(xué)人員回國創(chuàng)業(yè)啟動支持計劃”和“海外赤子為國服務(wù)行動計劃”，鼓勵和吸引海外留學(xué)人員回國工作、創(chuàng)業(yè)。中國重視和支持外國公民來華留學(xué)，從1978年至2009年，中國接受的來華留學(xué)人員累計達到169萬人次，輻射190個國家和地區(qū)。中國積極利用國際教育培訓(xùn)資源培養(yǎng)人才，實施領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部經(jīng)濟管理培訓(xùn)項目、高級公務(wù)員海外培訓(xùn)項目等培訓(xùn)計劃，2009年共選派5.02萬人出國（境）培訓(xùn)。中國積極協(xié)助聯(lián)合國在華舉行“國家競爭考試”，推薦優(yōu)秀人才到國際組織任職，截至2009年底，共有1002名中國國際職員在各類國際組織中任職。中國政府積極引進國外智力，2009年來中國大陸工作的境外專家約48萬人次。2009年末持外國人就業(yè)證在中國工作的外國人共22.3萬人。截至2009年底，中國累計授予1099名外國專家“友誼獎”，授予43名外國專家“國際科學(xué)技術(shù)合作獎

結(jié)束語

伴隨著中國經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，中國的人力資源事業(yè)有了長足進步。但中國作為一個發(fā)展中國家，仍然面臨著就業(yè)壓力大、人力資源結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出、高層次創(chuàng)新型人才匱乏等問題。中國人力資源發(fā)展面臨的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)前所未有。

在新的歷史起點上，中國政府將堅持以人為本，關(guān)心人的全面發(fā)展，鼓勵和支持人人都作貢獻，人人都能成才；堅持以促進教育公平為重點，以提高教育質(zhì)量為核心，構(gòu)建完備的終身教育體系，讓全體人民學(xué)有所教、學(xué)有所成、學(xué)有所用；堅持就業(yè)是民生之本，更好地實施擴大就業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策，促進以創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)；堅持人才優(yōu)先，更好地實施人才強國戰(zhàn)略，突出培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型科技人才，大力開發(fā)國民經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展重點領(lǐng)域急需緊缺專門人才，統(tǒng)籌推進各類人才建設(shè)；堅持管理創(chuàng)新，通過不斷深化改革，擴大開放，破除不合時宜的體制機制障礙，營造充滿活力、富有效率、更加開放的社會環(huán)境。

在未來的歲月里，中國人民的智慧與力量一定會更好地迸發(fā)出來，國家的發(fā)展與進步一定會有更加堅實的人力與人才資源基礎(chǔ)

China's Human Resources Foreword China is a developing country with the largest population in the world.Its 1.3 billion people are a vast reservoir of human resources.Actively developing human resources, bringing into full play the po-tential ability and value of each individual and promoting the people's all-round development so as to provide powerful labor and intellectual support for China's modernization drive and to realize its transformation from a country rich in human resources to one with powerful human resources, is a significant aim the Chinese government has been cher-ishing and a major undertaking it has been unremittingly advancing.Since the founding of New China in 1949, and especially since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced in the late 1970s, the Chinese government, upholding the idea of putting people first, has ac-tively implemented the principle of respecting labor, knowledge, talent and creativity, and has adopted a series of policies and measures to boost employment and develop education, science and technology, culture, public health and social security, striving to create a favorable environment and conditions for the people's all-round development.Currently, China's employment situation is stable on the whole;the people's education and health levels have been remarkably improved;and a galaxy of talented people in various fields urgently needed by national construction has appeared.They are playing an important role in promoting the development of all economic and social undertakings.In accordance with the requirements of the socialist market econ-omy system, and to promote sustainable development and social har-mony, the Chinese government pays attention to the fundamental func-tion of the market in deploying human resources, while vigorously promoting institutional reforms in the fields of economy, science, technology and education, constantly deepening the reform of the cad-re related system, and pursuing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and that of strengthening the nation with trained personnel, and a proactive employment policy.It has also established and improved the human resources development mecha-nism to train, attract, use and support talented people, and accelerated human resources legal construction, thereby opening up a human re-sources development path conforming to China's national conditions

I.The Basic Situation of China's Human Resources A large population and rich human resources constitute the basic national situation of China.For years, the Chinese government has pursued proactive and effective policies and measures to enhance the development and utilization of human resources, bringing about re-markable changes in this field.Human resources growing in scale.By the end of 2009 China's total population had reached 1.33474 billion(excluding that of the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan Province), which contains a labor force of 1.06969 billion persons, 112.67 million more than in 2000;the number of employees had reached 779.95 million, of whom 311.2 million were urban employees, increases of 59.1 million and 79.69 million, respectively, compared with the year 2000.chart 1 Changes in Labor Force(2000-2009)(Unit: 10,000 people)Chart 2 Changes in the Number of Employees in Urban and Rural Areas(2000-2009)(Unit: 10,000 people)

Remarkable improvement of education.China gives priority to education in its development strategy, and has established a com-paratively complete national modern educational system.In 2000 Nine-Year Compulsory Education was made universal throughout the country, and illiteracy among people between the ages of 20 and 50 was basically eliminated.The number of teenagers attending senior middle school has increased greatly;vocational education has been especially enhanced;and higher education is becoming more popular.In 2009 the total number of senior middle school students in China amounted to 24.3428 million;students at various secondary vocational schools numbered 21.9516 million;undergraduates studying at all sorts of universities and colleges numbered 21.4466 million and postgradu-ate students 1.4049 million.The development of national education has remarkably raised employees' educational level.By the end of 2009, the average schooling of people above 15 years old had reached nearly 8.9 years, while that of the majority of the working population was 9.5 years, of which 9.9% had received higher education.The average edu-cation time of newly increased labor force amounted to 12.4 years.Chart 3 Changes in the Number of University and College Graduates(2001-2009)(Unit: 10,000 people)

Optimized employment structure.With China's economic de-velopment and industrial structure adjustment, the proportion of those employed in primary industry has dropped significantly while that in tertiary industry has risen greatly.In 2009 the proportion of employ-ment in primary, secondary and tertiary industries changed to 38.1%, 27.8%, and 34.1% from 50%, 22.5% and 27.5%, respectively in 2000.Chart 4 Changes in the Employment Structure of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries(2000-2009)

Good progress in talent development.People having professional knowledge or special skills who con-tribute to society through creative work are highly regarded in China.They are a high-ability and high-quality labor force among human re-sources.The Chinese government has drawn up and implemented a se-ries of major principles and policies to advance the building of contingents of people of all kinds for the Party and government, enter-prise operation and management, professional techniques, high tech-nology, rural affairs and social work in an all-round way.Through years of efforts, the number of talented people has maintained a stable increase, with improved quality, optimized structure and gradually ris-ing utilization efficiency.By the end of 2008 the total number of such people in China had reached 114 million.Gradual improvement of income, health care and social se-curity as guarantees for human resources development.With the country's sustained and rapid socioeconomic develop-ment, the income of urban and rural residents has maintained a stable growth.The average disposable income of urban residents increased from less than RMB 100 yuan in 1949 to 15,781 yuan in 2008;and the average net income of rural residents increased from RMB 44 yuan in 1949 to 4,761 yuan in 2008.Great efforts have been mobilized to build up the public health system so as to provide guarantee for improving the health of people nationwide.By the end of 2009 there were 289,000 medical institutions nationwide, 5.22 million medical workers and 3.96 million hospital beds in total.In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously accelerated the building of the social secu-rity system to cover rural and urban residents and to provide basic life assurance for each individual.In 2009, urban basic retirement insur-ance covered 235.5 million people;the total number of urban employ-ees covered by basic medical insurance, urban residents covered by basic medical insurance and people in the countryside covered by the new rural cooperative medical insurance reached 1.2 billion;unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance covered 127.15 million, 148.96 million and 108.76 million people, respectively.China implements a subsistence allowance sys-tem.By the end of 2009, 23.477 million urban residents and 47.593 million rural residents had enjoyed subsistence allowances from the government.China has implemented planned and organized large-scale poverty relief programs throughout the country.In 2009, the rural population living in poverty was reduced to 35.97 million, with the nationwide poverty rate dropping to 3.6% II.Legal System for Human Resources Development II.Legal System for Human Resources Development

Adhering to the strategy based on the rule of law, China actively promotes democratic and scientific legislation to provide legal security for the fair and equal rights of individual development for everyone, and the scientific development of human resources.Through years of development, China has established a human resources development legal system with the Constitution as the essential basis, the Labor Law and the Civil Servant Law as the foundation, the Labor Contract Law, the Employment Promotion Law, and the Law on Mediation and Arbi-tration of Labor Disputes as the main contents, and other separate laws and administrative regulations as major components.Legal system for promoting employment

To achieve the goal of expanding and stabilizing employment, China promulgated the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China in 1994, which expressly states that the state strives to create job op-portunities and expand employment through promoting economic and social development.The Employment Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China adopted in 2007 has laid down the principle of “in-dependent job-seeking by workers, employment based on market forces and the promotion of employment by the government,” requir-ing the building of a government responsibility system for promoting employment, the implementing of industry, investment, finance and taxation policies favorable for boosting employment, making an over-all plan for balanced employment between urban and rural areas, in various regions and among different social groups.According to this Employment Promotion Law the state will establish an unemployment precaution system, improve the public employment service, vocational training and employment aid systems.The enforcement of these laws has greatly facilitated the interaction between economic development and employment promotion.The state ensures that workers in China enjoy the rights of equal employment and independent job-seeking in accordance with the law.Since 1988 China has promulgated the Law of the People's Republic of China for the Protection of Disabled Persons, Law of the People's Republic of China for the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests, Law of the People's Republic of China for the Protection of Minors, Regulations Concerning the Labor Protection of Female Staff and Workers, Provisions Concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Child Labor, Regulations on the Employment of the Disabled, and other laws and administrative regulations.The Employment Promotion Law has a special chapter on equal employment, which stipulates that no em-ployees shall be discriminated against on the grounds of ethnicity, race, gender and religion, and specially provides that rural employees work-ing in cities should enjoy the same labor rights as urban employees.The state also promotes vocational education and training through legislation.Since 1995 China has promulgated the Education Law of the People's Republic of China, Vocational Education Law of the Peo-ple's Republic of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on Promotion of Privately-run Schools and similar laws, and has estab-lished a vocational education and training mechanism on the principle of “the market guiding training, and training promoting employment.” Based on vocational education institutions and training organizations at various levels, China has improved multi-form and multi-level vo-cational education, and formed a vocational education and training system connecting education at various levels, and linking vocational education with general education.Proactive efforts have been made by the state to standardize the management of professional and technical staff.Since 1993 China has promulgated the Teachers Law of the People's Republic of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on Medical Practitioners, Law of the People's Republic of China on Lawyers, Law of the People's Republic of China on Certified Public Accountants, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Certified Public Architects, and other related laws and regulations.These laws and regulations stipulate the qualifi-cations and certificate standards of professional and technical staff, and their right to receive continuing education as well as their professional ethics, thereby standardizing the employment requirements for profes-sional and technical staff and improving the quality of professional services.Legal system for public human resources management

In 1993 China promulgated the Interim Regulations on Civil Ser-vants, which launched the civil service system.The Civil Servants Law of the People's Republic of China went into effect in 2006, since when a series of related regulations have been issued concerning the employ-ment and training, assessment and award, appointment and removal, promotion, demotion and transfer, punishment and appeal, resignation and dismissal of civil servants, penalties for violating civil service en-trance examination rules, and appointment and ranking of new recruits.Over 1,000 regulations have been issued, covering the major compo-nents of public human resources management, including the wages and welfare of employees in government departments and public institu-tions, human resources management in public institutions, personnel mobility management and macro-control of human resources.Legal system for human resources rights protection

In the mid-1980s China started the trial implementation of the la-bor contract system, which was officially established through the promulgation of the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China in the 1990s.The Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, promulgated in 2007, and the later Regulations on the Implementa-tion of the Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, have further improved the labor contract system, specified the rights and obligations of employers and employees, the rules for signing, implementing, revising, canceling or terminating labor contracts and corresponding liabilities, and, taking into account the trend toward diversified forms of employment, made provisions about how to regulate labor dispatch services and part-time employment, and other aspects.Collective consultation, together with a collective contract system, is being actively implemented in China.The Labor Law of the Peo-ple's Republic of China and the Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China both prescribe a collective contract system, encour-aging enterprises to adopt collective consultation and to sign collective contracts.The framework of the collective contract system with collec-tive enterprise consultation as the main body, and with regional and trade collective consultation as the supplement, has been gradually formed.In recent years, the coverage of the collective contract system has been continuously enlarged with increasing effectiveness.A col-lective labor relations coordination system characterized by equal consultation between trade union or employee representatives and en-terprise or enterprise organization representatives has been basically established.For the fair and timely settlement of labor disputes, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Mediation and Arbitration of Labor Disputes was adopted in 2007, stipulating the scope, procedures, or-ganizations, personnel and mechanism for labor dispute mediation and arbitration.In addition, a tripartite labor relations coordination mecha-nism has been established, comprising government departments, trade unions and enterprises, so as to better mediate and arbitrate labor disputes and give better legal redress for the timely and appropriate settlement of labor disputes and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the relevant parties.The Regulations on Labor Security Supervision have been issued and put into effect, specifying the func-tions, implementation and legal liabilities of labor security supervision, thereby providing significant legal support for safeguarding the legiti-mate rights and interests of employees III.The Government Shoulders Human Resources Public Management and Public Service Responsibility In recent years the Chinese government has played an active role in public management of and public service for human resources, accel-erated the transformation of its functions, and improved the govern-ment accountability system, to create a favorable policy and social environment for workers to work with dignity and for talented people to excel others.Implementing an active employment policy

Long facing the difficulty that supply of labor outstrips demand, China always has the arduous task to secure stable employment and create more jobs.The Chinese government always makes employment promotion the top priority for economic and social development.To fully develop and make effective use of human resources, it imple-ments a strategy that promotes job creation and a policy that actively increases employment, and strives to help urban and rural workers en-hance their overall qualities, gradually expanding employment.The government is shouldering more responsibilities in promoting em-ployment, and government investment has been increased to provide equal employment opportunities for all.By intensifying its efforts in offering employment assistance such as occupational skill training courses, the government helps zero-employment families and people who have difficulty finding employment land jobs.A unified labor market has been set up to provide equal opportunities and services for both urban and rural workers.Relying on policy support and market orientation, the government has solved the re-employment problem for over 30 million workers laid off by state-owned enterprises, and incorporated subsistence allowances of laid-off workers into their unemployment insurance.From 2005 to 2009, over 50 million new jobs were provided in urban areas, and nearly 45 million surplus rural workers were transferred to non-agricultural sectors.At the end of 2009 the number of registered unemployed persons in urban areas was 9.21 million, with an unemployment rate of 4.3%.After the 2008 financial crisis swept the world, the Chinese gov-ernment adopted a more active employment policy to meet the chal-lenge.For enterprises in difficulties, it postponed their payment of social insurance premiums or lowered the rate of some social insurance premiums;and it adopted relevant tax reduction or exemption policies, encouraging enterprises to maintain or increase their levels of em-ployment.Moreover, the government carried out a special vocational training program, and launched a series of employment service activi-ties, striving to create more jobs through multiple channels.Focusing on college graduates, it encouraged them to find jobs at the primary level, in medium-sized and small, and non-public enterprises.In 2009 a total of 11 million urban jobs were created;the employment rate of college graduates reached 87.4%;over five million laid-off workers found new jobs;and over 1.5 million people with difficulty finding jobs got re-employed.Implementing the strategy of rejuvenating China through human resources development

Human resources are the primary factor in economic and social development, and are playing an increasingly important role in China's modernization.China has always paid great attention to human re-sources development.In the new century, China has made a major de-cision to rejuvenate the nation through human resources development, aiming to train thousands of millions of high-quality workers, hun-dreds of millions of professionals and a large group of top-notch inno-vative personnel, and set up a large-scale and rationally structured contingent of high-caliber personnel.In 2001 the Chinese government incorporated this strategy into the Five-Year Plan for National Eco-nomic and Social Development.Since 2006 it has intensified efforts in the sphere of top-level design and systematic planning of human re-sources development.It formulated the Outline of the National Plan for Medium-and Long-term Scientific and Technological Develop-ment(2006-2020), Outline of the National Plan for Medium-and Long-term Human Resources Development(2010-2020)and Outline of the National Plan for Medium-and Long-term Educational Reform and Development(2010-2020), focusing on a strategy of prioritizing human resources development in the course of economic and social development.The plans formed the country's guidelines on the overall development of human resources in urban and rural areas, among dif-ferent regions, industries and trades, and among the public and non-public sectors, ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity in benefiting from related policies and participating in human resources development, and striving to realize a coordinated development of human resources of all types.To meet the need of establishing an innovative nation, the Chinese government has launched the National High-tech R&D Program(863 Program), National Key Basic Research Program(973 Program), Na-tional Key Technology R&D Program, National Natural Science Foundation and other national programs and foundations.It has also built the National Engineering Research Center and the National En-gineering Laboratory, implemented the Skills Training Plan of the “Hundred-Thousand-Ten Thousand Project,” Changjiang Scholars Program and some other major human resources-related programs.In addition, it has invested more in science and technology and imple-mented the Project on Upgrading the Knowledge of Technical Profes-sionals.As a result, it has trained a large number of scientific and technical professionals with high qualifications, and attracted high-caliber personnel from overseas.In 2008 the full-time R&D per-sonnel nationwide reached 1,965,400, some 2.9 times the 1991 figure.Among these there were 1,593,400 full-time scientists and engineers, 3.4 times the 1991 figure.A total of 2,146 centers for post-doctoral studies and 1,642 post-doctoral workstations were set up, and the number of post-doctoral researchers exceeded 70,000.To meet the needs of taking a new road to industrialization and op-timizing and upgrading the industrial structure, the Chinese govern-ment has implemented the National Plan for Developing Skilled Personnel, set up public training bases and national demonstration bases for the training of highly-skilled personnel, and striven to create a contingent of skilled personnel for different industries.The state has made great efforts to train people with practical skills for the country-side, implemented a plan to enhance these people's quality and put in place a project to train such people for the new countryside, and worked hard to improve the scientific and technical attainments, voca-tional skills and business capabilities of such people.It has also trained teachers, doctors and agricultural technicians to meet the urgent needs of rural development, and encouraged and guided personnel with dif-ferent qualifications to work in the countryside.Promoting equity in education

Free nine-year compulsory education is now available to all chil-dren, urban or rural, throughout the country.Since 2006 the Chinese government has reformed and adjusted the mechanism for ensuring funding for rural compulsory education;and since 2008 urban students undergoing compulsory education have been exempted from tuition and other fees.Nine-year compulsory education has been fully incor-porated into the national financial security system.China has been active in promoting balanced compulsory educa-tion.The government has prioritized rural areas, outlying poor areas and regions inhabited by ethnic-minority groups in allocating public educational resources, and implemented programs such as the National Compulsory Education in Poor Areas, Building Boarding Schools in Western China's Rural Areas, Modern Distance Education for Ele-mentary and Middle Schools in Rural China, Renovating Junior Mid-dle Schools in Central and Western China and the Plan for Special Education in Central and Western China, so as to narrow the gap be-tween urban and rural areas and between different regions and guaran-tee that disadvantaged groups have access to education.The financial aid system has been improved.The Chinese govern-ment adopts a national scholarship system, student subsidy system and national student loan system applicable to regular institutions of higher learning and vocational schools.It has provided more financial aid to ensure that students from families with financial difficulties can con-tinue their studies.By the end of 2009 some 90% of students from secondary vocational schools and 20% of university students had re-ceived financial aid on a total of 43.06 million occasions.Since 2009 students from poor rural families studying at secondary vocational schools and students studying agriculture-related subjects in such schools have been exempted from tuitions.Strengthening human resources training

The Chinese government has put cadre education and training in a prominent place.The state has drawn up and issued the Regulations on the Work of Cadre Education and Training(Trial), National Plan for Cadre Education and Training(2006-2010)and Opinions on the Im-plementation of Cadre Training Work on a Large Scale(2008-2012).With focus on the requirements of major government work and civil service posts, the government has conducted initial training, post-related training, professional training and in-service training, carried out train-ing plans geared to the needs of the posts, promoted formal schooling training, and sent cadres to temporary posts in other places, thus effec-tively developing the human resources of the civil service and pro-moting career development for civil servants.The Chinese government has carried out the Project on Upgrading the Knowledge of Technical Professionals.The state has, with specific and effective plans and step by step, conducted special training pro-grams on new theories, knowledge, technologies and methods for mid-dle-and high-level professionals in the fields important for economic, social, scientific and technological development.From 2005 to 2009, altogether three million middle-and high-level professionals partici-pated in such training programs.The government has worked hard to build a continuing education system for technical specialists, a system that sets clear levels and categories, and that brings into full play the initiative of all aspects, gradually forming a demand-driven, continuing education mechanism characterized by the combination of the gov-ernment guidance and employers' initiative, individuals' fulfillment of their duties and studying on their own initiative.In 2009 professionals involved in continuing education around China reached 30 million person/times.To promote human resources development in Western China, the Chinese government issued the Opinions on Strengthening Human Resources Development in Western China and carried out a training plan for the backbone personnel in the scientific and techno-logical field in the Xinjiang Uygur and Tibet autonomous regions, and for professionals in the Sanjiangyuan area of Qinghai Province.In 2009 China trained 2,888 backbone scientific and technical personnel and much-needed professionals of ethnic-minority groups.To meet the demands of different groups in finding employment, and geared to different stages of careers, the government has con-ducted vocational training programs, set up a vocational training sys-tem with technical schools as the mainstay and vocational training institutions as the supplement, and given full play to the roles of trade unions, Communist Youth League, women's federation, and other mass and social organizations.By the end of 2009 there were over 6,000 technical schools and employment training centers, over 20,000 pri-vately-run vocational training institutions, and over 260,000 demonstra-tion bases of science and technology for women, providing different education and training programs for women on 120 million occasions and enhancing women's capability of self-development.For junior and senior high school graduates who have failed to gain higher education, the government offers pre-job training courses to help them master some vocational skill or obtain a professional certificate before job hunting.For unemployed people, the government offers re-employment training courses that are relevant, practical and effective, so as to better prepare unemployed people for re-employment.For urban and rural workers who want to start businesses of their own and who have the qualifications, the government offers entrepreneurship training courses to enhance their abilities to start small businesses.For surplus rural workers who want to transfer to non-agricultural fields and urban areas, the government offers vocational training and carries out such special programs as the Sunshine Project, Training Plan for the Transfer of Rural Labor Force, Spark Technical Training and Yulu Plan to enhance their abilities to find employment in new sectors.Since 1994, in order to comprehensively improve the quality of workers and strengthen their capabilities in finding jobs and doing their work well, China has established a professional qualification cer-tificate system.By the end of 2009 a total of 18.433 million profes-sionals in various fields throughout the country had obtained the required qualifications, and over 100 million qualification certificates for workers of different skill levels were issued.Improving public service for human resources

The Chinese government has gradually increased its input in this area.In 2008 China's investment in human capital accounted for 10.75% of its GDP.In 2009 the state treasury spent 198.139 billion yuan on education, an increase of 84.1% over 2007;127.321 billion yuan on medical and health care, an increase of 91.66% over 2007;329.667 billion yuan on employment and social security, an increase of 43.2% over 2007;and 151.202 billion yuan on science and technology, an increase of 51.2% over 2007.The government has worked hard to improve the public employ-ment and human resources service system.It has set up integrated ser-vice institutions at the county or district level, and service centers and entities providing employment training and entrepreneurship service at the sub-district(township)and community levels, thereby forming a five-level network providing services at the province, city, county or district, sub-district(town and township)and community(administra-tive village)levels.By the end of 2009 there were over 10,000 public employment and human resources service institutions at or above the county or district level nationwide, and 37,000 service centers at the sub-district, town or township level, covering 97% of the country's sub-districts and 89% of its towns and townships.The government has improved its functions in public employment and human resources service, providing free services such as policy information, release of supply and demand information of the market, information about job vacancies, vocational guidance, employment assistance and entrepre-neurship training, shouldering responsibilities such as employment and unemployment registration and management, and providing such ser-vices as social security management, archive management, examination and certification, and specialized services.The government has made human resources service more IT-based.It has carried out the Golden Social Security Project, and set up an e-government system of labor and social security that covers the whole country and is based on networks at three levels: the central govern-ment level, provincial and municipal levels.It provides services such as policy consultation, access to information, handling business-related affairs and personal account checking by issuing social security cards, activating the 12333 public service line and SMS center, and building government service websites.Deepening the reform of the personnel system for cadres

Since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced in 1978, China has made constant efforts to deepen the reform of the personnel system for cadres.It has successively issued the Guideline on Deepen-ing the Reform of the Personnel System for Cadres and the Outline of the Plan on Deepening the Reform of the Personnel System for Cadres(2010-2020).It has adopted a system of classified management of cadres based on different characteristics of Party and government or-gans, public institutions and state-owned enterprises;and has gradually brought into being a personnel system for cadres that is fair and just, and full of vitality and under which people of ability have suitable posts, are able to display their abilities to the full, and can be promoted or demoted in their positions.The civil servant system has been implemented in Party and gov-ernment organs.A competitive mechanism, under which open selection, competition for positions and other competitive methods are used for cadre selection from appointment to promotion, has been introduced, and consequently competent cadres and personnel can stand out.From 2006 to 2009 over 528,000 people were recruited as civil servants through examinations.From 2003 to 2009 a total of 40,000 leading cadres of the Party and government were appointed through open selec-tion, and 339,000 Party and government cadres at different levels took leading posts through competition.The principle of democracy is fully applied in the selection and appointment, performance assessment, management and supervision of cadres;democratic recommendation has become a compulsory procedure during the selection and appoint-ment of cadres;public opinion surveys and democratic assessment are widely used;and cadre-related work has become more democratic.Cadre transfer work has been improved and has been institutionalized at key departments and critical posts.Centering on national strategies of economic and social development and strategies of human resources development, local plans for economic and social development, and the construction of pillar industries and major projects, leading Party and government cadres are transferred between cities, counties, provinces and central Party and government departments;and a large group of cadres have been selected from central organs and developed regions in Eastern China and sent to work in the western parts of the country.From 2003 to 2009 a total of 2.302 million cadres were transferred around China.The system regarding cadres' term of office, retirement, dismissal and resignation has been improved, making it possible for cadres to be promoted or demoted, and thus a mechanism for regular renewal and rotation of cadres has come into being.A wage system for civil servants that combines post and rank has been adopted, rationally showing the relationship between responsibilities and wages.A personnel employment system has been introduced in public in-stitutions.By means of employment contracts, the relationship between employing units and employees is clearly defined.By institutionalizing post setting, open recruitment, competition for positions, performance assessment and subsequent rewards and punishment, as well as resig-nation and dismissal, it has gradually brought into being a personnel management system for public institutions that has clearly defined rights and responsibilities, scientific classifications, flexible mecha-nisms and effective supervision.By the end of 2009 some 80% of the total staff in public institutions around China had signed employment contracts.In 2009 over 80% of all the new employees in public institu-tions in 22 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government were recruited through open recruitment.Public institutions have put in place a wage system based on post and performance, as well as a payment and incentive mechanism that closely links payment and bonus to responsibilities, performance and contribution, and encourages innovation and creation.These efforts have brought into full play the enthusiasm and creativity of human resources in these institutions.Personnel system of state-owned enterprises has been improved.In line with the requirements of the modern corporate system, state-owned enterprises have started to form standard boards of directors, providing an institutional guarantee for the sustained, rapid and healthy develop-ment of these enterprises.They have established and improved systems concerning the selection and appointment, performance assessment, and incentives and supervision of managerial and administrative per-sonnel.They have put in place a wage system with regulation by the market, distribution independently by enterprises, democratic partici-pation of employees, and supervision and guidance by the government, thus promoting the development of enterprises and enhancing em-ployees' wages.As a result, the basic role of the market in allocating human resources has been brought into full play, and a mechanism of personnel selection and appointment by the market has been estab-lished.From 2003 to 2009 the number of managerial and administra-tive personnel employed by way of open recruitment and competition for positions increased from 334,000 to 521,000.Establishing a national system of honors and rewards

The Chinese government adheres to the principle of combining morale boosting with material reward, with the focus on the former, and has therefore set up a national system of honors and rewards which is being constantly improved.The state awards workers who have made major contributions to national development with the honorary titles of “National Model Worker” and “National Outstanding Worker” — the former for work-ers, farmers and managerial personnel of enterprises, and the latter for personnel of government departments and public institutions.Since 1989 the Chinese government has held a national conference once every five years to award such titles to model and outstanding workers from all walks of life.So far 14,578 people have received one of the titles.The state honors citizens and organizations making brilliant con-tributions to scientific and technological development with the Science and Technology Award.Since 2000, a total of 27,772 people have won this award, and among them 16 prominent scientists won the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award of China.China has two titles for academicians: One is Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the highest title in the field of science and technology, and the other is Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the highest title in the field of engineering and technology.By the end of 2009 there were 1,143 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sci-ences and 861 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, all of whom won the title by way of assessment and selection.Since 1990, China also practices a system of special government allowances.The Chinese government has issued certificates of honor to experts, scholars, technicians and highly-skilled personnel who have made bril-liant contributions to their fields.In addition, it gives special govern-ment allowances to these people.By 2009, 158,000 people had received such allowances.In addition, the state has put in place a national sys-tem for rewarding outstanding professionals.Since 1999 a total of 200 people have won the title of “National Outstanding Professional.” Since 1995 a total of 120 people have won the state's “Grand Skill Award of China” and 2,976 have won “National Technical Expert” award.They are role models of high-skilled workers in China.The government has also established a national system to reward prominent personnel from rural areas, and 160 people have been commended under this system since 2000

IV.Bringing into Play the Fundamental Role of Market Allocation As a socialist market economy is gradually taking root in China, the Chinese government — by way of following the objective laws of human resources development — has set out to reform the cur-rent human resources system to enable the market to play its due role in the allocation of human resources and respect workers' freedom to choose jobs.The government has been making efforts to foster and develop the human resources market, gradually achiev-ing the transition from a planned to a market allocation of human resources.A market allocation mechanism for human resources has basically taken shape.Since the 1980s a multi-dimensional human resources market has gradually been formed in China as its economy, dominated by the public ownership, is growing along with diverse forms of ownership.From 1998 to 2009, the number of those working in state-owned en-tities dropped from 90.58 million to 64.20 million, a decrease from 41.9% of all urban employees to 20.6%;the number of those work-ing in limited liability companies and companies limited by shares rose from 8.94 million to 33.89 million, an increase from 4.1% of all urban employees to 10.9%;and those working in private entities or self-employed grew from 32.32 million to 97.89 million, a rise from 15% to 31.5%.Chart 5 Percentage of China's urban employees in different forms of ownership in 2009

Since the mid-1980s China has gradually been reforming its per-manent worker system established under the planned economy, known as the “unified distribution of the work force.” It gives employers the right to freely choose their workers while at the same time gives work-ers the right to freely choose their jobs, thus establishing a new mode of labor relations, formed basically through mutual choices, free con-sultation and the signing of employment contracts between employers and employees.All these factors have improved the vibrancy and effi-ciency of the human resources market.To adapt to the needs of a so-cialist market economy, the Chinese government has removed one obstacle after another in mechanisms that restrain the free flow of the work force, by reforming social security, household registration and university graduate distribution systems.These measures have con-tributed to the vibrant flow of labor force across the country's regions, industries and trades.In 2009 workers registered for employment at various human resources service agencies was 97 million, and 36 million people succeeded in landing jobs or changing their jobs, an increase of 77 million and 26 million respectively, as compared with the year 2000.In 2009 farmers who went to cities to seek employ-ment or worked in non-agricultural sectors in local areas for at least six months totaled 229.78 million, of which migrant workers working outside their localities accounted for 145.33 million and those em-ployed in secondary or tertiary industry not far from their villages reached 84.45 million.Human resources service industry has grown rapidly.Since the 1980s China has constantly expanded the scale and ele-vated the level of the human resources service industry.The service has become diversified in terms of scope and content, moving from recruitment and personnel agencies in the early period to training, la-bor dispatch, employment guidance, professional assessment, man-agement consultation and human resources service outsourcing.As a result, a relatively complete service chain in this respect has been formed.In 2008 China had more than 49,000 agencies providing human resources services, basically forming a multi-level, multi-dimensional human resources service system, which consists of govern-ment-sponsored employment and personnel service agencies, private human resources service agencies and Chinese-foreign joint ventures specializing in human resources service.Since its entry into the WTO in 2001 China has actively fulfilled its commitments, leading to a steady rise in the number of for-eign-invested human resources service agencies.In 2009 there were 160 Sino-foreign human resources service agencies in Chinese territory, compared to 30 in 2003 V.Strengthening the Protection of the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Workers

It has been the Chinese government's consistent development con-cept to respect people's right to work, stress the protection of workers' rights and interests, realize the dignity of labor and promote people's all-round development.The Chinese government has adopted a series of policies and measures to strengthen the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of workers, and is effectively promoting the sound development of human resources.Guaranteeing equal employment In recent years, the Chinese government has endeavored to strengthen the building and management of a unified and standard market of human resources, overcome the divide between urban and rural areas, between people of different identities and between differ-ent regions — which is caused by historical factors, eliminate institu-tional obstacles to the development of the human resources market, and establish an equal employment system for urban and rural workers.By improving market supervision, carrying out examination of law enforcement in the human resources market, and cleaning up and rectifying illegal acts in the market, the relevant departments of the Chinese government has effectively protected the lawful rights and interests of all market elements, including job seekers.The state makes every effort to ensure that women have equal rights to employment with men, and endeavors to remove barriers to women's equal employment.The country mobilizes various non-governmental sectors to expand the employment channels for women, and formulates and implements policies supporting women's self-employment.The positive role of women's federations at all levels is brought into full play in making known to authorities women's demands, in promoting equal employment and equal pay for equal work, and in providing rights protection services.By 2008 women workers accounted for more than 45.4% of the working population nationwide.The Chinese government is formulating an overall plan for the em-ployment of the disabled and has adopted the principle of combining centralized and decentralized employment, so as to guarantee the right to employment for the disabled.It formulates and implements policies favorable for the disabled people's employment, stipulating that every employer must hire at least one and a half persons with disabilities out of every 100 employees working in the company.Any employer with one quarter of its employees being persons of disabilities will enjoy tax preference.The government also gives advice to and helps the disabled to establish welfare enterprises of persons of disabilities, and encour-ages and supports them to explore flexible ways of employment.The China Disabled Persons' Federation at all levels protects the legitimate rights and interests of disabled persons and promotes their equal par-ticipation in social life.A total of 3,043 employment service agencies have been set up at the provincial, municipal and county levels to pro-vide special employment services for the disabled.By the end of 2009 the number of disabled employees in urban areas nationwide had reached 4.434 million, and 17.57 million disabled persons in the rural areas had found stable jobs.The state pays great attention to the protection of rural migrant workers' rights and interests.Rural migrant workers are a special group of workers that has emerged in the process of China's reform and opening-up, industrialization and urbanization.They have made great contributions to the economic and social development of the country.In 2006 the State Council established the Joint Conference System to coordinate and guide the work on rural migrant workers across the country.China has eliminated many unreasonable restric-tions on rural migrant workers' seeking jobs in cities, strengthened work safety and public health training, expanded social insurance to cover more migrant workers, established a retirement pension scheme, which ensures continuity of one's retirement insurance wherever he or she lives, and carried out such supporting programs as “Spring Warmth Action” and “Spring Breeze Action.” By the end of 2009 a total of 80.1482 million rural migrant workers had become members of trade unions, almost 80% of the migrant workers' children were receiving free compulsory education at public schools in urban areas, and the number of migrant workers covered by insurance for work-related injuries, medical insurance, basic retirement insurance for employees of enterprises in urban areas and unemployment insurance had reached 55.87 million, 43.35 million, 26.47 million and 16.43 million, respectively.Establishing a coordination mechanism for labor relations

China promotes the all-round implementation of the labor contract system.By the end of 2009, some 96.5% of China's state-owned en-terprises and enterprises of other ownership with annual sales revenue over five million yuan had signed labor contracts with their employees.The contents of labor contracts had become more standardized, and most of the labor contracts were being properly observed.China ac-tively promotes group consultations and the group contract system, so as to enhance mutual understanding and trust between employers and employees, and seek mutual benefits for both parties to the labor con-tracts.By the end of 2009, the number of effective group contracts had reached 703,000, covering more than 94 million employees.China brings into full play the function of the tripartite labor rela-tions coordination mechanism.In 2009 a total of 14,000 tripartite labor relations coordination organizations had been established in cities above the prefecture level and counties(including county-level cities and districts)of 26 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), which comprised government, trade union and enterprise representatives.Centering on major issues of labor relations, the tripartite mechanism plays an important role in promoting harmonious and stable labor relations through active com-munication, enhanced cooperation and elimination of differences.China is vigorously promoting the building of harmonious labor relations.In 2006 the government began the campaign to establish harmonious labor relations in enterprises and industrial parks.By for-mulating and implementing standards of harmonious labor relations, promoting the establishment of a coordination mechanism for labor relations and commending successful examples, China promoted har-monious and stable labor relations in enterprises and industrial parks.By the end of 2009, a total of 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government had engaged in building harmonious labor relations.China gives full play to the important role of trade unions.China's trade unions, which represent and safeguard workers' interests, play an important and irreplaceable role in promoting harmonious labor rela-tions.In 2009 there were 1.845 million trade unions at the grassroots level, covering 3.959 million enterprises and public institutions, and the number of trade union members nationwide had reached 226.3 mil-lion.Trade unions at various levels work actively to safeguard the rights of the workers, provide guidance and help for workers in signing labor contracts with employers according to law, represent workers in group consultations and signing group contracts with employers, or-ganize workers' participation in democratic decision making, man-agement and supervision, take part in labor dispute mediation and arbitration, provide legal services to workers and urge employers to abide by state laws and regulations.China is showing more care for enterprise employees.In recent years, the Chinese government has adopted active measures to deal with the misconduct of some enterprises in labor employment, urged them to give more care to the well-being of workers, improve their employees' working and living conditions, improve the mechanism for workers to voice their demands, establish platforms for workers to communicate with and help each other, and provide psychological and health consultation services for employees.Meanwhile, China properly guides public opinion with a view to creating a favorable social at-mosphere conducive to the building of harmonious labor relations.Settling labor disputes fairly and promptly

Settling labor disputes through mediation and arbitration is a reme-dial system with Chinese characteristics for safeguarding legitimate rights and interests of employees.To guarantee fairness and transpar-ency in dealing with labor dispute cases, arbitration commissions are composed of three parties, namely, the representatives of appropriate departments of the government, trade unions and employers.By the end of 2009, China had 33,000 arbitrators in some 4,800 arbitration organizations.The method of mediation and arbitration in settling labor disputes adheres to the principle of fairness, encourages parties in dispute to settle their disputes properly through consultations and mediation, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of parties concerned.In 2009 labor dispute arbitration organizations at various levels nation-wide handled 875,000 cases.Some 684,000 cases were accepted for arbitration, a decrease of 1.3% compared to the previous year.The cases involved 1.017 million workers, a decrease of 16.3% compared to the previous year.According to Chinese law, parties that disagree with labor dispute arbitration award may institute proceedings to the people's courts.In 2009 people's courts at various levels completed 317,000 labor dispute cases, and successfully protected the legitimate rights and interests of the parties in dispute.Enhancing labor security supervision

Law enforcement as regards labor security supervision is an im-portant way to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers.Labor security supervision organizations are mainly responsible for publicizing laws and regulations concerning labor security, accepting and handling workers' complaints and reports, and supervising em-ployers' observance of the relevant laws.By the end of 2009, China had established 3,291 labor security supervision organizations staffed by a total of 23,000 supervisors.In recent years, China's labor security supervision organizations have launched campaigns to investigate breaches of laws and regula-tions related to labor security, and strengthened supervision on and timely handled major law-breach cases with serious social impacts.The supervision of law enforcement protects workers' rights in career introduction, labor contract signing, working hours, salary payment, social insurance and special labor protection.In 2009 China's labor security supervision organizations inspected 1.751 million employers, involving 90.298 million workers;they examined and dealt with 439,000 cases of violation of labor security laws, and ordered employ-ers who failed to sign labor contracts with their employees to sign la-bor contracts with 10.737 million employees.Since the beginning of 2009 the Chinese government has launched pilot projects of online labor security supervision and management in 60 cities so as to carry out comprehensive and dynamic supervision of employers for labor dispute prevention and timely intervention.Now, with the pilot projects working well, the new method will soon be ap-plied nationwide

VI.Actively Developing International Exchanges and Cooperation The Chinese government attaches great importance to international exchange and cooperation in human resources development, earnestly fulfilling its international obligations and continuously expanding the corresponding channels and scope so as to promote the establishment of the pattern for omni-directional and multi-level exchanges and co-operation in this regard.China values the purposes and principles for the promotion of hu-man rights and fundamental freedoms set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, committing itself to the protection of people's rights to subsistence and development.It establishes, promulgates and improves labor standards in a rational and gradual manner.The Chinese gov-ernment, in line with its own economic and social development, has ratified 25 international labor conventions, such as the Convention Concerning Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value, Convention on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, Convention on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor, and Convention Concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation, and has implemented these conventions.China is improving the laws and regulations concerning its human re-sources development, and promoting the ratification of conventions concerning labor, including the core ones under International Labor Organization.The Chinese government sets great store by establishing coopera-tive relations with international organizations or agencies such as the International Labor Organization(ILO), United Nations Development Program(UNDP), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC), World Bank and Asian Development Bank(ADB)in the field of human re-sources development, actively developing bilateral or multilateral ex-change and cooperation with other countries and regions in this regard.Since China resumed its activities in the ILO in 1983, it has actively participated in international labor-related affairs, and engaged in inter-national cooperation to boost employment, improve the social security system, establish harmonious labor relations, and formulate labor laws and regulations.In 2004 and 2007, respectively, China and the ILO jointly held the China Employment Forum and Asia Employment Fo-rum.Since 1992 the Chinese government has actively participated and played an important role in cooperation with APEC concerning the development of human resources.In 2001 China hosted the APEC High-level Meeting on Human Capacity Building, and adopted the Beijing Initiative.In September 2010 the 5th APEC Ministerial Meet-ing on Human Resources Development will be held in Beijing, serving as an important platform for Asia-Pacific economies to discuss issues such as employment after the financial crisis and human resources de-velopment.China became a full member of the International Social Security Association(ISSA)in 1994, and held the 28th ISSA Interna-tional Conference in Beijing in 2004, at which the Beijing Declaration was adopted.By the end of 2009, human resources and social security departments of the Chinese government had established cooperative partnership relations with more than 80 countries and some important international organizations.The Chinese government has signed ac-cords for mutual exemption of social insurance premiums with Ger-many and the Republic of Korea to facilitate the flow of labor.China has implemented a more open human resources policy since its adoption of reform and opening up to the outside world some three decades ago.The Chinese government upholds a policy that encour-ages people to study abroad and return home to work, and gives them perfect freedom to make their own decisions.It strives to provide more opportunities for people to study abroad, and actively attracts the tal-ented people to come back, providing the necessary support for those who return to find work or start their own businesses, and creating good working and living conditions for them.From 1978 to the end of 2009, Chinese people who studied abroad totaled 1.6207 million, of whom 497,400 had returned to China upon completion of their studies.China implements the Support Plan for Overseas Students to Return and Start Businesses and the Project for Returned Overseas Students to Serve the Country, encouraging and attracting its overseas students to return home to work and start businesses.The Chinese government encourages foreigners to study in China and pays great attention to relative work.From 1978 to 2009, the number of foreign students from 190 countries and regions studying in China reached 1.69 mil-lion/times.China actively uses international education and training re-sources to cultivate talented people, initiating economic management training programs for leading officials, and overseas training programs for senior civil servants.It sent a total of 50,200 people overseas on training programs in 2009.It actively assists the United Nations in its organization of examinations in China, recommending qualified people to work in various international organizations.By the end of 2009, there were 1,002 Chinese working in different international organiza-tions.The Chinese government has been active in bringing in foreign talent, and the number of foreign experts who came to work in China reached 480,000 person/times in 2009.By the end of 2009, there were 223,000 foreigners working in China with employment permits.By the end of 2009, China had conferred “Friendship Awards” on 1,099 for-eign experts, and “International Scientific and Technological Coopera-tion Awards” on 43 foreign experts

Conclusion Along with its economic and social development, and improvement in people's living standards, China has made remarkable headway in its human resources development.But as a developing country, China is still faced with many problems such as great challenges in employ-ment, structural imbalance in human resources development, and lack of high-level, innovative people.China faces unprecedented opportu-nities and challenges in the sphere of human resources development.In the new phase of the new century, the Chinese government will put people's interests first, concentrate its care on all-round human de-velopment, and encourage and support everyone to make contributions and become accomplished in one or more fields.It will build a com-plete lifelong education system with the focus on making education more equitable and with improving educational quality as the core, so that all the people can enjoy their rights to education, make progress and apply what they have learned to practice.Bearing in mind that employment is the bedrock of the people's livelihood, the government will work harder to implement the strategy for increasing employment and a more active employment policy, encouraging people to start their own businesses to create more job opportunities.It will give priority to cultivating competent personnel, work harder to carry out the strategy of strengthening our nation through human resources development, focus on cultivating innovative scientists and engineers, train profes-sionals who are in short supply and are needed by key areas for na-tional economic and social development, and develop all types of human resources in a coordinated and all-round way.At the same time, it will persist in management innovation, break down outdated insti-tutional barriers by deepening the reform and opening wider to the outside world, and strive to create a social environment that is full of vitality, highly efficient and more open.In the future, wisdom and strength of the Chinese people will play a still better role, and there is bound to have a more solid foundation of human capability and human resources for the development and progress of China

第二篇：2009年中國的人力資源狀況(白皮書)

中國的人力資源狀況

（2010年9月）

中華人民共和國 國務(wù)院新聞辦公室

目錄

前言

一、中國人力資源的基本狀況

二、人力資源開發(fā)的法律體系

三、履行政府公共管理服務(wù)職責(zé)

四、發(fā)揮市場配置的基礎(chǔ)性作用

五、加強對勞動者權(quán)益的保護

六、積極開展國際交流與合作

結(jié)束語

前言

中國是世界上人口最多的發(fā)展中國家，13億人口中蘊涵著極其豐富的人力資源。積極開發(fā)人力資源，充分發(fā)揮每個人的潛能和價值，促進人的全面發(fā)展，為國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)提供強大的人力和智力支撐，實現(xiàn)由人力資源大國向人力資源強國的轉(zhuǎn)變，是中國政府始終面臨的重大課題和不懈推進的重大事業(yè)。

新中國成立后特別是20世紀70年代末實行改革開放以來，中國政府堅持以人為本的理念積極貫徹“尊重勞動、尊重知識、尊重人才、尊重創(chuàng)造”的方針，制定了一系列解決就業(yè)問題發(fā)展教育、科技、文化、衛(wèi)生、社會保障事業(yè)的政策措施，努力為實現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境和條件。當(dāng)前，中國就業(yè)形勢保持總體穩(wěn)定，國民受教育程度和健康水平顯著提高，一大批國家建設(shè)急需的各類人才脫穎而出，為推動中國經(jīng)濟社會各項事業(yè)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。

按照建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的要求，為推動科學(xué)發(fā)展，促進社會和諧，中國政府注重揮市場配置人力資源的基礎(chǔ)性作用，大力推進經(jīng)濟、科技、教育等體制改革，不斷深化干部人事制度改革，實施科教興國戰(zhàn)略、人才強國戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，建立和完善人力資源培養(yǎng)、吸引、使用和保障機制，加快人力資源法制建設(shè)，走出了一條適合中國國情的人力資源開發(fā)道路

一、中國人力資源的基本狀況

人口眾多、勞動力資源豐富是中國的基本國情。多年來，中國政府采取積極有效的政策措施大力加強人力資源的開發(fā)利用，使中國的人力資源狀況發(fā)生了顯著變化。人力資源規(guī)模不斷擴大截至2009年底，中國總?cè)丝谶_到133474萬人（不含香港、澳門特別行政區(qū)和臺灣省），其中勞動力資源106969萬人，比2000年增加11267萬人；就業(yè)人員77995萬人，其中，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員31120萬人，分別比2000年增加5910萬人和7969萬人。

國民受教育水平明顯提高。中國實行教育優(yōu)先的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，建成了比較完善的現(xiàn)代國民教育體系。2000年實現(xiàn)了基本普及九年制義務(wù)教育和基本掃除青壯年文盲的目標。高中階段教育普及率大幅提升，職業(yè)教育得到重點加強，高等教育進入大眾化階段。2009年，全國普通高中在校生2434.28萬人，各類中等職業(yè)教育在校生2195.16萬人；普通高等教育本專科在校生2144.66萬人，在學(xué)研究生140.49萬人。教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展，使就業(yè)人員的受教育水平顯著提高。截至200年底，全國15歲以上人口平均受教育年限接近8.9年；主要勞動年齡人口平均受教育年限為9年，其中受過高等教育的比例為9.9%；新增勞動力平均受教育年限達到12.4年。

就業(yè)人員產(chǎn)業(yè)布局日趨優(yōu)化。隨著中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，第一產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例大幅下降，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例有較大提高。2009年，第一、二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員的比例由20年的50.0:22.5:27.5改變?yōu)?8.1:27.8:34.1。

人才資源開發(fā)取得積極進展。人才是指具有一定的專業(yè)知識或?qū)ｉT技能，進行創(chuàng)造性勞動并對社會作出貢獻的人，是人力資源中能力和素質(zhì)較高的勞動者。中國政府制定和實施一系列重大方針政策，統(tǒng)籌推進黨政人才、企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才、專業(yè)技術(shù)人才、高技能人才、農(nóng)村實用人和社會工作人才等各類人才隊伍建設(shè)。經(jīng)過多年努力，人才資源總量不斷增加，人才素質(zhì)明顯提高，人才結(jié)構(gòu)進一步優(yōu)化，人才使用效能逐漸提高。截至2008年底，全國人才資源總量達到1.1億人。

收入、衛(wèi)生、社會保障等人力資源發(fā)展的保障條件逐步改善。隨著社會經(jīng)濟持續(xù)快速發(fā)展城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)步增長。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入，由1949年的不足100元人民幣提高到2008年的15781元人民幣；農(nóng)村居民人均純收入由1949年的44元人民幣提高到2008年的476元人民幣。國家大力開展公共衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)，為國民健康水平的提高提供保障，截至2009年底全國共有衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)28.9萬個、衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員522萬人、醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生院床位396萬張。近年來，中國政府大力推動社會保障制度建設(shè)，加快建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會保障體系，努力實現(xiàn)人人享有基本生活保障。2009年，城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險參保人數(shù)達23550萬人；城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險參保人數(shù)合計超過12億人；失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險參保人數(shù)分別達到12715萬人、14896萬人和10876萬人。中國實行最低生活保障制度，截至2009年底，有2347.7萬城鎮(zhèn)居民和4759.3萬農(nóng)村居民享受了政府最低生活保障。國家在全國范圍內(nèi)實施有計劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，2009年農(nóng)村貧困人口減少為3597萬人，貧困發(fā)生率為3.6%。

二、人力資源開發(fā)的法律體系

中國堅持依法治國方略，積極推進民主立法、科學(xué)立法，為人人享有公正平等的發(fā)展權(quán)利為科學(xué)開發(fā)人力資源提供法制保障。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中國逐步形成以憲法為根本依據(jù)，以勞動法公務(wù)員法為基礎(chǔ)，以勞動合同法、就業(yè)促進法、勞動爭議調(diào)解仲裁法為主體，其他單項法律和行政法規(guī)為重要組成部分的人力資源開發(fā)法律體系。

促進就業(yè)的法律制度

為實現(xiàn)擴大和穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的發(fā)展目標，1994年中國頒布《中華人民共和國勞動法》，明確提出國家通過促進經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)條件，擴大就業(yè)機會。2007年頒布《中華人民共和國就業(yè)促進法》，確立了國家執(zhí)行“勞動者自主擇業(yè)、市場調(diào)節(jié)就業(yè)、政府促進就業(yè)”的方針，建立促進就業(yè)的政府責(zé)任體系，實施有利于促進就業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)、投資、財稅政策，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域和不同社會群體的就業(yè)，建立失業(yè)預(yù)警制度，完善公共就業(yè)服務(wù)制度、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)制度和就業(yè)援助制度這些法律的實施，有效推動了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與促進就業(yè)的良性互動。

國家保障勞動者依法享有平等就業(yè)和自主擇業(yè)的權(quán)利。1988年以來，頒布了《中華人民共和國殘疾人保障法》、《中華人民共和國婦女權(quán)益保障法》、《中華人民共和國未成年人保護法和《女職工勞動保護規(guī)定》、《禁止使用童工規(guī)定》、《殘疾人就業(yè)條例》等法律和行政法規(guī)《就業(yè)促進法》專門設(shè)立了“公平就業(yè)”章，規(guī)定勞動者就業(yè)不因民族、種族、性別、宗教信仰等不同而受歧視，并特別指出農(nóng)村勞動者進城就業(yè)享有與城鎮(zhèn)勞動者平等的勞動權(quán)利。

國家通過立法促進職業(yè)教育和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。1995年以來，頒布了《中華人民共和國教育法》《中華人民共和國職業(yè)教育法》、《中華人民共和國民辦教育促進法》等法律，建立了“市場引導(dǎo)培訓(xùn)、培訓(xùn)促進就業(yè)”的職業(yè)教育與培訓(xùn)機制。依托各級各類職業(yè)院校和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)，完善多形式、多層次的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，形成不同層次教育相銜接、職業(yè)教育和普通教育相溝通的職業(yè)教育和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)制度。

國家積極規(guī)范專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的管理。1993年至今，中國頒布了《中華人民共和國教師法》《中華人民共和國執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師法》、《中華人民共和國律師法》、《中華人民共和國注冊會計師法》《中華人民共和國注冊建筑師條例》等法律法規(guī)，對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的資質(zhì)條件、職業(yè)資格標準接受繼續(xù)教育權(quán)利以及職業(yè)道德規(guī)范作出明確規(guī)定，規(guī)范了專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的職業(yè)準入，提高了專業(yè)服務(wù)質(zhì)量。

公共人力資源管理的法律制度

1993年，中國頒布《國家公務(wù)員暫行條例》，實行公務(wù)員制度。2006年開始施行《中華人民共和國公務(wù)員法》，并陸續(xù)出臺了公務(wù)員錄用、培訓(xùn)、考核、獎勵、職務(wù)任免與升降、調(diào)任處分、申訴、辭去公職、辭退、錄用考試違紀違規(guī)行為處理、新錄用公務(wù)員任職定級等一系列配套規(guī)章。在機關(guān)與事業(yè)單位工資福利、事業(yè)單位人事管理、人才流動管理、人力資源宏觀調(diào)控等方面，國家制定規(guī)范性文件1000多件，涵蓋了公共人力資源管理的主要環(huán)節(jié)。

人力資源權(quán)益保護的法律制度

20世紀80年代中期，中國開始試行勞動合同制度。到90年代，《中華人民共和國勞動法正式確立了勞動合同制度。2007年頒布的《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》及此后出臺的《中華人民共和國勞動合同法實施條例》，進一步完善了勞動合同制度，明確用人單位和勞動者的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，對勞動合同的訂立、履行、變更、解除或者終止以及相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任作出了明確規(guī)定，時針對勞動用工形式多樣化的發(fā)展趨勢，對勞務(wù)派遣和非全日制用工等行為專門進行了規(guī)范。

中國積極發(fā)揮集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度的作用。《中華人民共和國勞動法》和《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》相繼對集體合同制度作出了規(guī)定。鼓勵企業(yè)積極開展集體協(xié)商，簽訂集體合同逐步形成以企業(yè)集體協(xié)商為主體、以區(qū)域性和行業(yè)性集體協(xié)商為補充的集體合同制度框架。近年來，集體合同制度覆蓋面不斷擴大，實效性逐步增強，初步建立了以工會或職工代表與企業(yè)或企業(yè)組織平等協(xié)商為特征的集體勞動關(guān)系調(diào)整機制。

為公正、及時解決勞動爭議，中國2007年頒布了《中華人民共和國勞動爭議調(diào)解仲裁法》明確勞動爭議調(diào)解和仲裁的范圍、程序、組織機構(gòu)、人員和處理機制。建立由政府部門、工會組織、企業(yè)組織共同協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系的三方機制，強化調(diào)解、完善仲裁、加強司法救濟，及時妥善理勞動爭議，維護當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益。頒布實施《勞動保障監(jiān)察條例》，明確了勞動保障監(jiān)察的責(zé)、實施、法律責(zé)任，為維護勞動者的合法權(quán)益提供重要法律保障。

三、履行政府公共管理服務(wù)職責(zé)

近年來，中國政府積極發(fā)揮人力資源公共管理與服務(wù)的職能作用，加快職能轉(zhuǎn)變，健全政府責(zé)任體系，努力為勞動者的體面勞動和優(yōu)秀人才的脫穎而出，創(chuàng)造良好的政策環(huán)境與社會環(huán)境

實施積極的就業(yè)政策

長期以來，中國面臨著勞動力供大于求的總量性矛盾，穩(wěn)定和擴大就業(yè)的任務(wù)十分繁重。中國政府始終把促進就業(yè)作為經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的優(yōu)先目標，以充分開發(fā)和合理利用人力資源為出發(fā)點，實施擴大就業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，促進城鄉(xiāng)勞動者提高整體素質(zhì)，逐步實現(xiàn)更加充分的社會就業(yè)。不斷強化各級政府在促進就業(yè)方面的責(zé)任，持續(xù)加大公共投入，促進平等就業(yè)通過加強就業(yè)援助，開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，幫助就業(yè)困難人員和零就業(yè)家庭實現(xiàn)就業(yè)。建設(shè)城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)一的人力資源市場，為城鄉(xiāng)勞動者提供平等的就業(yè)機會和服務(wù)。通過政策扶持和市場導(dǎo)向，解決了國有企業(yè)3000多萬下崗職工再就業(yè)問題，實現(xiàn)下崗職工基本生活保障向失業(yè)保險的并軌。200年至2009年，全國城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)5000多萬人，農(nóng)業(yè)富余勞動力向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)近4500萬人。2009年末，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)人數(shù)921萬人，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率4.3%。

2008年國際金融危機爆發(fā)后，為應(yīng)對國際金融危機的沖擊，中國政府實施更加積極的就業(yè)政策。實施困難企業(yè)緩繳社會保險費或降低部分社會保險費率、相關(guān)稅收減免等政策，鼓勵企業(yè)穩(wěn)定和增加就業(yè)。實施特別職業(yè)培訓(xùn)計劃，開展就業(yè)服務(wù)系列活動，多渠道開辟就業(yè)崗位。以高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)為重點，大力促進高校畢業(yè)生到城鄉(xiāng)基層、到中小企業(yè)和非公有制企業(yè)就業(yè)。2009年全年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)超過1100萬人，高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率達到87.4%，下崗失業(yè)人員再就業(yè)超過50萬人，困難群體再就業(yè)超過150萬人。

實施人才強國戰(zhàn)略

人才是經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的第一資源，在國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。中國歷來重視人才工作，進入新世紀作出實施人才強國戰(zhàn)略的重大決策，努力造就數(shù)以億計的高素質(zhì)勞動者、數(shù)以千萬計的專門人才和一大批拔尖創(chuàng)新人才，建設(shè)規(guī)模宏大、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、素質(zhì)較高的人才隊伍。2001年，中國政府將實施人才戰(zhàn)略納入國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展五年規(guī)劃。2006年以來，加強對人才資源開發(fā)的頂層設(shè)計和系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃，先后制定《國家中長期科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（200—2020年）》、《國家中長期人才發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》和《國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》等三個國家中長期發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要，確立在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展中人才優(yōu)先發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略布局，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域、產(chǎn)業(yè)、行業(yè)和不同所有制人才資源開發(fā)，促進人人等享受人才政策和平等參與人才開發(fā)，努力實現(xiàn)各類人才隊伍協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。

為適應(yīng)建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國家的需要，中國政府設(shè)立“863計劃”、“973計劃”、國家科技支撐計劃、自然科學(xué)基金等國家科技計劃（基金），建設(shè)國家工程研究中心和國家工程實驗室，實“百千萬人才工程”、“長江學(xué)者獎勵計劃”等重大人才項目，不斷增加科技投入，實施專業(yè)術(shù)人才知識更新工程，培養(yǎng)造就了一支具有較大規(guī)模和較高水平的科技人才隊伍，引進了一批海外高層次人才。2008年，全國研究與發(fā)展（R&D）折合全時人員達196.54萬人年，其中科學(xué)家工程師159.34萬人年，分別是1991年的2.9倍和3.4倍；全國設(shè)立博士后科研流動站2146個博士后科研工作站1642個，博士后研究人員達7萬多人。

為適應(yīng)走新型工業(yè)化道路和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化升級的需要，中國政府實施國家技能人才振興計劃，建立公共實訓(xùn)基地和國家高技能人才培養(yǎng)示范基地，努力培養(yǎng)造就一支門類齊全、技藝精湛的技能人才隊伍。國家大力培養(yǎng)農(nóng)村實用人才隊伍，實施農(nóng)村實用人才素質(zhì)提升計劃和新農(nóng)村實用人才培訓(xùn)工程，全面提高農(nóng)村實用人才的科技素質(zhì)、職業(yè)技能和經(jīng)營能力，大力培養(yǎng)教師、醫(yī)生、農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)人員等農(nóng)村發(fā)展急需人才，鼓勵和引導(dǎo)各類人才向農(nóng)村流動。

促進教育公平

全面實現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)免費義務(wù)教育。從2006年開始，中國政府改革并逐步調(diào)整完善了農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育經(jīng)費保障機制，并從2008年開始，免除城市義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生學(xué)雜費，將九年義務(wù)教育全面納入國家財政保障范圍。

積極推進義務(wù)教育均衡發(fā)展。堅持公共教育資源向農(nóng)村地區(qū)、邊遠貧困地區(qū)和民族地區(qū)傾斜實施國家貧困地區(qū)義務(wù)教育工程、西部地區(qū)農(nóng)村寄宿制學(xué)校建設(shè)工程、農(nóng)村中小學(xué)現(xiàn)代遠程教育工程、中西部農(nóng)村初中改造工程、中西部地區(qū)特殊教育建設(shè)規(guī)劃等扶持計劃，努力縮小城鄉(xiāng)和區(qū)域差距，保障困難群體接受教育。

健全國家助學(xué)體系。中國政府在普通高校、職業(yè)學(xué)校實行國家獎學(xué)金、助學(xué)金和國家助學(xué)貸款等制度，加大資助力度，保障家庭經(jīng)濟困難學(xué)生不因貧困而失學(xué)。2009年底，中等職業(yè)學(xué)校學(xué)生受助面達到90%，高等學(xué)校學(xué)生受助面超過20%，資助學(xué)生4306萬人次。從2009年開始，國家對中等職業(yè)學(xué)校農(nóng)村家庭經(jīng)濟困難學(xué)生和涉農(nóng)專業(yè)學(xué)生免除學(xué)費。

加強人力資源培訓(xùn)

國家把干部教育培訓(xùn)擺在突出位置，制定頒布了《干部教育培訓(xùn)工作條例（試行）》、《200—2010年全國干部教育培訓(xùn)規(guī)劃》和《關(guān)于2008—2012年大規(guī)模培訓(xùn)干部工作的實施意見》。圍繞政府中心工作以及職位要求，對公務(wù)員進行初任培訓(xùn)、任職培訓(xùn)、專門業(yè)務(wù)培訓(xùn)和在職培訓(xùn)實施對口培訓(xùn)計劃，促進學(xué)歷培訓(xùn)，實行掛職鍛煉，有效開發(fā)公務(wù)員人力資源，促進公務(wù)員職業(yè)的發(fā)展。

國家對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員實施專業(yè)技術(shù)人才知識更新工程，有計劃、有步驟地在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和科技發(fā)展的重要領(lǐng)域，對中高層專業(yè)技術(shù)人才，開展新理論、新知識、新技術(shù)、新方法的專項培訓(xùn)，2005年至2009年，共培訓(xùn)300萬名中高級專業(yè)人才。構(gòu)建分層分類的專業(yè)技術(shù)人才繼續(xù)教育體系，充分發(fā)揮各方面積極性，逐步形成以需求為導(dǎo)向，政府主導(dǎo)與單位自主相結(jié)合，個人履行義務(wù)與自覺自愿學(xué)習(xí)相結(jié)合的繼續(xù)教育運行機制。2009年，全國專業(yè)技術(shù)人員參加繼續(xù)教育達3000萬人次。為加強西部地區(qū)人才開發(fā)，中國政府制定《關(guān)于進一步加強西部地區(qū)人才隊伍建設(shè)的意見》，實施新疆、西藏少數(shù)民族科技骨干和青海三江源地區(qū)專業(yè)技術(shù)人才培養(yǎng)計劃。2009共培養(yǎng)2888名少數(shù)民族科技骨干人才和急需專業(yè)技術(shù)人才。

針對不同群體就業(yè)需要和勞動者職業(yè)生涯發(fā)展不同階段需要，國家開展相應(yīng)的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，建立了以技工學(xué)校為骨干、職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)為補充的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)體系，并充分發(fā)揮工會、共青團、婦聯(lián)等人民團體和社會組織在職業(yè)培訓(xùn)等方面的作用。截至2009年底，全國共有技工學(xué)校和就業(yè)訓(xùn)練中心6000多所、民辦職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)2萬多所；建立巾幗科技示范基地26萬多個，為1.2億次婦女提供各類教育培訓(xùn)，增強了婦女的自我發(fā)展能力。針對城鄉(xiāng)未能繼續(xù)升學(xué)的初高中畢業(yè)生實施勞動預(yù)備制培訓(xùn)，幫助其掌握一門職業(yè)技能或取得相應(yīng)職業(yè)資格證書后再進入勞動力市場針對失業(yè)人員開展再就業(yè)培訓(xùn)，加強培訓(xùn)的針對性、實用性和有效性，提高失業(yè)人員的再就業(yè)力。針對有創(chuàng)業(yè)愿望并具備一定創(chuàng)業(yè)條件的城鄉(xiāng)勞動者開展創(chuàng)業(yè)能力培訓(xùn)，提高其創(chuàng)辦小企業(yè)的能力。針對擬向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)和城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)移的農(nóng)村富余勞動力開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，實施“陽光工程”“農(nóng)村勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移培訓(xùn)計劃”、“星火科技培訓(xùn)”、“雨露計劃”等專項培訓(xùn)，提高其轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)能力。

為全面提高勞動者素質(zhì)，增強勞動者的就業(yè)能力和工作能力，1994年以來，國家建立職業(yè)資格證書制度。截至2009年底，全國累計有1843.3萬人取得各類專業(yè)技術(shù)人員職業(yè)資格證書；計有超過1億人次取得不同等級技能人員職業(yè)資格證書。

完善人力資源公共服務(wù)

逐步增加公共投入。2008年，中國人力資本投資占GDP比例達到10.75%。2009年，中央財政用于教育支出1981.39億元人民幣，比2007年增長84.1%；用于醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生支出1273.21億元人民幣，比2007年增長91.66%；用于就業(yè)和社會保障支出3296.67億元人民幣，比2007年增長43.2%；用于科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的支出1512.02億元人民幣，比2007年增長51.2%。

完善公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)體系。建立縣區(qū)以上綜合性服務(wù)機構(gòu)，街道（鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)）社區(qū)服務(wù)口以及就業(yè)訓(xùn)練、創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)等服務(wù)實體，形成了覆蓋省、市、縣（區(qū)）、街道（鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)）、社區(qū)（行政村）的五級服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。截至2009年底，全國共有縣（區(qū)）以上公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)機構(gòu)萬多個；街道、鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)服務(wù)窗口共3.7萬個，覆蓋了97%的街道和89%的鄉(xiāng)、鎮(zhèn)。公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)職能不斷增強，免費開展政策咨詢、市場供求信息發(fā)布、職業(yè)介紹、職業(yè)指導(dǎo)、就業(yè)援助創(chuàng)業(yè)服務(wù)，承擔(dān)就業(yè)登記、失業(yè)登記管理，提供人力資源社會保障事務(wù)代理、檔案管理、考試認證、專家服務(wù)等服務(wù)項目。

提高人力資源服務(wù)的信息化程度。實施“金保工程”，初步建立以中央、省、市三級網(wǎng)絡(luò)依托，覆蓋全國的統(tǒng)一的勞動和社會保障電子政務(wù)系統(tǒng)。通過發(fā)行社會保障卡，開通12333專公益服務(wù)電話號碼、短信平臺和建立政府服務(wù)網(wǎng)站等形式，為政策咨詢、信息獲取、業(yè)務(wù)辦理個人賬戶查詢等提供便捷的信息化服務(wù)。

深化干部人事制度改革

改革開放以來，中國不斷深化干部人事制度改革，先后頒布《深化干部人事制度改革綱要和《2010—2020年深化干部人事制度改革規(guī)劃綱要》，針對黨政機關(guān)、事業(yè)單位和國有企業(yè)的不同特點實行分類管理，逐步形成廣納群賢、人盡其才、能上能下、公平公正、充滿活力的干部事制度。

黨政機關(guān)推行公務(wù)員制度。從進入隊伍到職務(wù)晉升引進競爭機制，普遍推行公開選拔、競爭上崗等競爭性選拔干部方式，促進了優(yōu)秀人才脫穎而出。2006年至2009年，全國通過考試共錄用公務(wù)員52.8萬余人。2003年至2009年，全國共公開選拔黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部4萬人，各級黨政機關(guān)通過競爭上崗走上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位的干部共33.9萬人。在干部選拔任用、考核評價、管理監(jiān)督等環(huán)節(jié)充分發(fā)揚民主，民主推薦成為干部選拔任用的必經(jīng)程序，民意調(diào)查、民主測評得到廣泛運用，干部工作民主化程度進一步提高。干部交流力度不斷加大，重點部門、關(guān)鍵崗位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部交流形成制度，圍繞國家經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和人才戰(zhàn)略、地方經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展布局和支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)及重大項目的建設(shè)，加強了市、縣和中央國家機關(guān)、省級黨政機關(guān)之間領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的相互交流，從中央國家機關(guān)和東部發(fā)達地區(qū)選拔大批干部到西部地區(qū)掛職、任職。2003年至2009年，全國機關(guān)干部共交流230.2萬人。完善職務(wù)任期、退休和辭退、辭職等制度，推進干部能上能下，形成正常的更新交替機制。實行國家統(tǒng)一的職務(wù)與級別相結(jié)合的公務(wù)員工資制度，合理體現(xiàn)了工作職責(zé)大小與工資高低的關(guān)系。

事業(yè)單位推行人員聘用制度。通過簽訂聘用合同，規(guī)范單位和職工的人事關(guān)系。建立崗位設(shè)置、公開招聘、競爭上崗、考核獎罰、辭職辭退等制度，逐步形成權(quán)責(zé)清晰、分類科學(xué)、機制靈活、監(jiān)管有力的事業(yè)單位人事管理制度。截至2009年底，全國事業(yè)單位簽訂聘用合同的人員達到80%。2009年，22個省（區(qū)、市）事業(yè)單位新進人員中，采用公開招聘方式的占總數(shù)80%以上事業(yè)單位實行崗位績效工資制度，初步建立了與工作人員崗位職責(zé)、工作業(yè)績、實際貢獻緊密系和鼓勵創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造的分配激勵機制，調(diào)動了事業(yè)單位各類人力資源的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。

國有企業(yè)人事制度不斷健全完善。按照現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度要求，國有企業(yè)推進規(guī)范董事會的建設(shè)為企業(yè)持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展提供了體制保障。建立健全企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才選拔任用、業(yè)績考核、激勵監(jiān)督等管理制度。建立市場機制調(diào)節(jié)、企業(yè)自主分配、職工民主參與、政府監(jiān)控指導(dǎo)的工資分配制度，促進了企業(yè)的發(fā)展和職工工資水平的提高。注重發(fā)揮市場配置人才的基礎(chǔ)性作用，初步建立起市場化選人用人機制，2003年至2009年通過公開招聘、競爭上崗等方式選聘的經(jīng)營管理人才，從33.4萬人增加到52.1萬人。

建立國家榮譽和表彰獎勵制度

中國政府堅持精神獎勵與物質(zhì)獎勵相結(jié)合、以精神獎勵為主的原則，建立健全國家榮譽和獎勵制度。

國家設(shè)立“全國勞動模范”和“全國先進工作者”榮譽稱號，授予在國家建設(shè)事業(yè)中作出重大貢獻的勞動者。1989年以來，中國政府一般每五年召開一次全國勞動模范和先進工作者表彰大會，對全國各行各業(yè)涌現(xiàn)出的先進人物予以表彰，其中授予工人、農(nóng)民、企業(yè)管理人員等“全國勞動模范”榮譽稱號，授予機關(guān)事業(yè)單位工作人員“全國先進工作者”榮譽稱號。截至目前共表彰“全國勞動模范”和“全國先進工作者”14578人。

國家設(shè)立科學(xué)技術(shù)獎，獎勵在科學(xué)技術(shù)工作中作出突出貢獻的公民、組織。自2000年以來共有27772人獲得國家科學(xué)技術(shù)獎。其中有16名杰出科學(xué)家獲得國家最高科學(xué)技術(shù)獎。國家設(shè)立科學(xué)院和工程院院士稱號，中國科學(xué)院院士和中國工程院院士是國家在科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域和工程科技領(lǐng)域設(shè)立的最高學(xué)術(shù)稱號，截至2009年底，共評選產(chǎn)生中國科學(xué)院院士1143人、中國工程院士861人。自1990年起，中國政府實行政府特殊津貼制度，向作出突出貢獻的專家、學(xué)者、技術(shù)人員和高技能人才頒發(fā)榮譽證書，發(fā)放政府特殊津貼。到2009年，全國共有15.8萬人享政府特殊津貼。建立全國優(yōu)秀專業(yè)技術(shù)人才表彰制度，自1999年以來共有200人獲得“全國杰出專業(yè)技術(shù)人才”稱號。建立中華技能大獎和全國技術(shù)能手評選表彰制度，自1995年以來已有120人榮獲“中華技能大獎”稱號，2976人榮獲“全國技術(shù)能手”稱號，樹立了一批中國高技人才楷模人物。建立全國農(nóng)村優(yōu)秀人才表彰制度，自2000年以來已表彰了160名全國農(nóng)村優(yōu)秀人才。

四、發(fā)揮市場配置的基礎(chǔ)性作用

隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制在中國的逐步建立，中國政府遵循人力資源開發(fā)的客觀規(guī)律，以市場配置人力資源為改革取向，尊重勞動者的自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，努力培育和發(fā)展人力資源市場，逐實現(xiàn)人力資源從計劃配置到市場配置的轉(zhuǎn)變。

人力資源市場配置機制基本形成

20世紀80年代以來，以公有制為主體，多種所有制形式共同發(fā)展，逐步形成了多元化的市場用人主體。1998年至2009年，在城鎮(zhèn)從業(yè)人員中，國有單位就業(yè)人員從9058萬人下降到642萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從41.9%下降到20.6%；有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司就業(yè)人員從894萬人上升到3389萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從4.1%上升到10.9%；私營單位和個體經(jīng)濟就業(yè)人員從3232萬人上升到9789萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從15.0%提高到31.5%。

20世紀80年代中期以來，中國逐步改革計劃經(jīng)濟體制下“統(tǒng)包統(tǒng)配”的固定工制度，落實單位用工自主權(quán)和勞動者自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，以雙向選擇、自主協(xié)商、訂立勞動合同作為確立勞動關(guān)系的基本方式，增強了人力資源市場的活力和效率。為適應(yīng)建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的要求，中國政府改革社會保障制度、戶籍制度、高校畢業(yè)生分配制度，不斷破除勞動者自由流動的體制性障礙，勞動者跨地區(qū)、跨部門、跨行業(yè)流動日趨活躍。2009年，在各類人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)登記求職的勞動者達到9700萬人次，成功實現(xiàn)就業(yè)和轉(zhuǎn)換工作的達到3600萬人次，分別比2000年增加7700萬人次和2600萬人次。同年，全國外出就業(yè)和本地非農(nóng)從業(yè)6個月以上的農(nóng)村勞動力總數(shù)達到22978萬人，其中外出農(nóng)民工達到14533萬人，就近到二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)實現(xiàn)就業(yè)的本地農(nóng)民工達到8445萬人。

人力資源服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速

20世紀80年代以來，中國人力資源服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)模和水平不斷提升。服務(wù)領(lǐng)域和內(nèi)容日益多元化，從最初的招聘服務(wù)、人事代理發(fā)展到包括培訓(xùn)服務(wù)、勞務(wù)派遣、就業(yè)指導(dǎo)、人才測評管理咨詢和人力資源服務(wù)外包等多種業(yè)務(wù)，形成較為完善的服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。2008年，全國各類人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)達4.9萬余家，基本形成由公共就業(yè)和人才服務(wù)機構(gòu)、民營人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)、外合資人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)共同組成的多層次、多元化的人力資源市場服務(wù)體系。

中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織以來，積極履行承諾，使進入中國市場的外資人力資源服務(wù)機構(gòu)逐步增加。2009年，中國境內(nèi)的中外合資人才服務(wù)機構(gòu)從2003年的30家增加到160家。

五、加強對勞動者權(quán)益的保護

尊重人的勞動權(quán)利，注重勞動者的權(quán)益保護，實現(xiàn)人的體面勞動，促進人的全面發(fā)展，是中國政府一貫堅持的發(fā)展理念。中國政府采取一系列政策措施加強勞動者權(quán)益保護，有效促進人力資源的良性發(fā)展。

保障平等就業(yè)

近年來，中國政府加強統(tǒng)一規(guī)范的人力資源市場的建設(shè)與管理，努力打破歷史原因造成的城鄉(xiāng)分割、身份分割和地區(qū)分割等問題，消除人力資源市場的體制性障礙，形成城鄉(xiāng)勞動者平等就業(yè)的制度。國家有關(guān)部門通過完善市場監(jiān)管體系，開展人力資源市場執(zhí)法檢查活動，清理整頓市場不法行為，有力維護了求職者等市場主體的合法權(quán)益。

國家高度重視并保障婦女享有與男子平等的勞動權(quán)利，努力消除阻礙婦女平等就業(yè)的壁壘動員和組織社會力量拓寬吸納女性勞動力就業(yè)的渠道，制定和執(zhí)行扶持婦女自主創(chuàng)業(yè)的政策。充分發(fā)揮各級婦聯(lián)組織在反映婦女訴求、促進平等就業(yè)和同工同酬、提供維權(quán)服務(wù)等方面的積極作用。到2008年，全國就業(yè)人口中女性超過45.4%。

中國政府加強對殘疾人就業(yè)的統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，實行集中就業(yè)與分散就業(yè)相結(jié)合的方針，保障殘疾人的勞動權(quán)利。制定和實施促進殘疾人就業(yè)政策，規(guī)定用人單位安排殘疾人就業(yè)的比例不得低于1.5%，對安置殘疾人員達到職工總數(shù)25%比例的集中使用殘疾人的用人單位給予稅收優(yōu)惠，指導(dǎo)和幫助殘疾人組織興辦殘疾人福利企業(yè)，鼓勵和支持殘疾人通過多種形式靈活就業(yè)。中國各級殘疾人聯(lián)合會努力維護殘疾人合法權(quán)益，幫助殘疾人平等參與社會生活。建立省、市、縣級殘疾人就業(yè)服務(wù)機構(gòu)3043個，專門為殘疾人提供就業(yè)援助服務(wù)。截至2009年底，全國城鎮(zhèn)實際在業(yè)疾人數(shù)443.4萬，農(nóng)村殘疾人有1757萬實現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。

國家高度重視保障農(nóng)民工權(quán)益。農(nóng)民工是中國改革開放和工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化進程中出現(xiàn)的特殊勞動群體，為國家經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻。2006年，國務(wù)院建立農(nóng)民工工作聯(lián)席會議制度，統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)和指導(dǎo)全國農(nóng)民工工作。取消各種針對農(nóng)民進城就業(yè)的不合理限制，加強勞動安全衛(wèi)生培訓(xùn)，擴大農(nóng)民工參加社會保險覆蓋面，建立養(yǎng)老保險接續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)移制度，實施“春暖行動”“春風(fēng)行動”等專項扶持計劃。截至2009年底，有8014.82萬農(nóng)民工成為工會會員，近80%的農(nóng)民工隨遷子女在城鎮(zhèn)公辦中小學(xué)免費接受義務(wù)教育，全國參加工傷保險、醫(yī)療保險、城鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險、失業(yè)保險的農(nóng)民工分別達到5587萬人、4335萬人、2647萬人和1643萬人。

建立勞動關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機制

全面推進勞動合同制度的實施。截至2009年底，全國規(guī)模以上企業(yè)勞動合同簽訂率達到96.5%；勞動合同內(nèi)容趨于規(guī)范，勞動合同履行情況良好。積極推進集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度，增進勞動者與用人單位之間的相互理解和信任，推動勞動關(guān)系雙方互利共贏。截至2009年底，全國當(dāng)期有效集體合同達到70.3萬份，覆蓋職工9400多萬人。

充分發(fā)揮協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系三方機制的作用。2009年，全國地級以上城市和26個省份的縣（市區(qū)建立了由政府、工會和企業(yè)方面代表組成的協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系三方機制，各級協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系三方機制組織共計1.4萬多家。協(xié)調(diào)勞動關(guān)系三方機制圍繞勞動關(guān)系的重大問題，積極溝通，加強合作消除分歧，在促進勞動關(guān)系和諧穩(wěn)定中發(fā)揮了重要作用。

大力推動和諧勞動關(guān)系創(chuàng)建活動。2006年，中國開始開展“創(chuàng)建勞動關(guān)系和諧企業(yè)與工業(yè)園區(qū)”活動，通過制定、實施和諧勞動關(guān)系創(chuàng)建標準、推動建立勞動關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機制、表彰先進典等措施，促進企業(yè)和工業(yè)園區(qū)內(nèi)勞動關(guān)系的和諧穩(wěn)定。截至2009年底，全國31個省（區(qū)、市開展了和諧勞動關(guān)系創(chuàng)建活動。

積極發(fā)揮工會組織的重要作用。中國工會組織是職工利益的代表者和維護者，在創(chuàng)建和諧勞動關(guān)系的過程中，發(fā)揮著重要的、不可替代的作用。2009年，全國基層工會組織有184.5萬個覆蓋企事業(yè)機關(guān)單位395.9萬家，全國工會會員總數(shù)達2.263億人。各級工會組織積極履行維權(quán)職責(zé)，幫助指導(dǎo)勞動者與用人單位依法訂立勞動合同，代表職工與企業(yè)開展集體協(xié)商和簽訂集體合同，組織職工參與本單位民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督，參與勞動人事爭議調(diào)解仲裁，為職工提供法律服務(wù)，督促用人單位遵守國家法律法規(guī)。

加強對企業(yè)職工的人文關(guān)懷。近年來，針對個別企業(yè)用工方面存在的問題，中國各級政府采取積極措施，督促、倡導(dǎo)企業(yè)切實加強對職工的人文關(guān)懷，改善職工生產(chǎn)生活條件，完善職工訴求表達機制，建立職工交流互助平臺，開展職工心理健康咨詢服務(wù)。同時積極引導(dǎo)社會輿論，努力形成共建和諧勞動關(guān)系的良好社會氛圍。

公正及時解決勞動人事爭議

通過調(diào)解仲裁解決勞動人事爭議，是一項具有中國特色的權(quán)益救濟和保障制度。仲裁委員會由政府行政主管部門代表、工會代表和用人單位代表三個方面組成，以保證爭議案件審理過程的透明度和公正性。截至2009年底，中國共有仲裁辦案機構(gòu)4800多個、仲裁員3.3萬人。

勞動人事調(diào)解仲裁工作遵循公正原則，鼓勵協(xié)商，先行調(diào)解，及時妥善處理勞動人事爭議維護當(dāng)事人合法權(quán)益。2009年，全國各級勞動人事爭議仲裁機構(gòu)共處理勞動人事爭議案件87.萬件；立案受理勞動爭議案件68.4萬件，比上年下降1.3%；涉及勞動者101.7萬人，比上年下降16.3%。依據(jù)中國法律，當(dāng)事人對勞動人事爭議仲裁裁決不服的，可以向人民法院提起訴訟。2009年，中國各級人民法院審結(jié)勞動爭議案件31.7萬件，有效維護了當(dāng)事人雙方合法權(quán)益。

加大勞動保障監(jiān)察力度

勞動保障監(jiān)察執(zhí)法是維護勞動者合法權(quán)益的重要途徑。勞動保障監(jiān)察機構(gòu)的主要職責(zé)是，積極宣傳勞動保障法律法規(guī)，接受并依法查處勞動者投訴舉報案件，并主動對用人單位守法情況進行監(jiān)督檢查。截至2009年底，中國共建立勞動保障監(jiān)察機構(gòu)3291個，配備專職監(jiān)察員2.3萬名

近年來，勞動保障監(jiān)察機構(gòu)開展專項檢查，對違反勞動保障法律法規(guī)的突出問題進行集中整治；加強對社會反映強烈的重大違法案件的專項督辦工作，及時組織查處。通過監(jiān)察執(zhí)法，保障了勞動者在職業(yè)介紹、勞動合同簽訂、工作時間、工資支付、社會保險、特殊勞動保護等方面益的落實。2009年，全國勞動保障監(jiān)察機構(gòu)共主動檢查用人單位175.1萬戶，涉及勞動者9029.萬人，查處各類勞動保障違法案件43.9萬件，督促用人單位為1073.7萬名勞動者補簽勞動合同

從2009年起，中國政府在全國60個城市開展了勞動保障監(jiān)察網(wǎng)格化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化管理工作試點對用人單位進行全面動態(tài)監(jiān)管，實現(xiàn)對勞動糾紛的早期預(yù)防和及時介入。試點工作取得良好成效即將在全國范圍逐步推行。

六、積極開展國際交流與合作

中國政府高度重視人力資源領(lǐng)域的國際交流與合作，認真履行國際義務(wù)，不斷拓寬渠道和領(lǐng)域，推動形成全方位、多層次的交流與合作格局。

中國尊重《聯(lián)合國憲章》促進人權(quán)和基本自由的宗旨與原則，致力于維護人的生存權(quán)和發(fā)權(quán)，合理確定、依法頒布和逐步完善勞動標準。中國政府結(jié)合本國經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展實際，先后批準了《男女同工同酬公約》、《準予就業(yè)最低年齡公約》、《消除最惡劣形式童工公約》、《消除就業(yè)和職業(yè)歧視公約》等25個國際勞工公約，并積極實施有關(guān)公約。中國不斷完善本國人力資源開發(fā)的法律法規(guī)，推動包括國際勞工組織核心勞工公約的批準進程。

中國政府高度重視與國際勞工組織、聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計劃署、亞太經(jīng)合組織、世界銀行、亞洲開發(fā)銀行等國際組織或機構(gòu)建立人力資源領(lǐng)域的合作關(guān)系，積極發(fā)展與其他國家或地區(qū)雙邊或多邊的人力資源交流與合作。中國政府自1983年正式恢復(fù)在國際勞工組織的活動以來，積極參加國際勞工事務(wù)，在促進就業(yè)、完善社會保障制度、建立和諧勞動關(guān)系以及制定勞動法律法規(guī)方面開展了一系列國際合作。2004年和2007年，中國與國際勞工組織共同舉辦了“中國就業(yè)論壇”和“亞洲就業(yè)論壇”。自1992年以來，中國政府積極參與亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源開發(fā)領(lǐng)域的合作并發(fā)揮出重要作用。2001年，中國成功舉辦亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源能力建設(shè)高峰會議，通過了《北京倡議》。2010年9月，第五屆亞太經(jīng)合組織人力資源開發(fā)部長級會議在北京舉行，為亞太各經(jīng)濟體討論金融危機后的就業(yè)、人力資源開發(fā)等提供重要平臺。中國1994年加入國際社會保障協(xié)會成為正式會員。2004年第28屆國際社會保障協(xié)會全球大會在北京召開，通過了《北京宣言》截至2009年底，中國政府人力資源和社會保障部門已經(jīng)與80多個國家和一些重要的國際組織建立了合作伙伴關(guān)系。為便利人員流動，中國先后與德國、韓國簽署了社會保險互免協(xié)定。

改革開放以來，中國實施更加開放的人才政策。中國政府堅持“支持留學(xué)、鼓勵回國、來去自由”的留學(xué)方針，努力拓寬留學(xué)渠道，積極吸引人才回國，為留學(xué)人員回國工作、為國服務(wù)回國創(chuàng)業(yè)提供支持，創(chuàng)造良好的生活和工作環(huán)境。從1978年至2009年底，中國各類出國留學(xué)員總數(shù)達162.07萬人，留學(xué)回國人員總數(shù)達49.74萬人。實施“中國留學(xué)人員回國創(chuàng)業(yè)啟動支持計劃”和“海外赤子為國服務(wù)行動計劃”，鼓勵和吸引海外留學(xué)人員回國工作、創(chuàng)業(yè)。中國視和支持外國公民來華留學(xué)，從1978年至2009年，中國接受的來華留學(xué)人員累計達到169萬人次，輻射190個國家和地區(qū)。中國積極利用國際教育培訓(xùn)資源培養(yǎng)人才，實施領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部經(jīng)濟管培訓(xùn)項目、高級公務(wù)員海外培訓(xùn)項目等培訓(xùn)計劃，2009年共選派5.02萬人出國（境）培訓(xùn)。中國積極協(xié)助聯(lián)合國在華舉行“國家競爭考試”，推薦優(yōu)秀人才到國際組織任職，截至2009年底共有1002名中國國際職員在各類國際組織中任職。中國政府積極引進國外智力，2009年來中國大陸工作的境外專家約48萬人次。2009年末持外國人就業(yè)證在中國工作的外國人共22.3萬人截至2009年底，中國累計授予1099名外國專家“友誼獎”，授予43名外國專家“國際科學(xué)技術(shù)合作獎”。

結(jié)束語

伴隨著中國經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，中國的人力資源事業(yè)有了長足進步。但中國作為一個發(fā)展中國家，仍然面臨著就業(yè)壓力大、人力資源結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出、高層次創(chuàng)新型才匱乏等問題。中國人力資源發(fā)展面臨的機遇和挑戰(zhàn)前所未有。

在新的歷史起點上，中國政府將堅持以人為本，關(guān)心人的全面發(fā)展，鼓勵和支持人人都作貢獻，人人都能成才；堅持以促進教育公平為重點，以提高教育質(zhì)量為核心，構(gòu)建完備的終身教育體系，讓全體人民學(xué)有所教、學(xué)有所成、學(xué)有所用；堅持就業(yè)是民生之本，更好地實施擴大就的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策，促進以創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動就業(yè)；堅持人才優(yōu)先，更好地實施人才強國戰(zhàn)略，突出培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新型科技人才，大力開發(fā)國民經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展重點領(lǐng)域急需緊缺專門人才，統(tǒng)推進各類人才建設(shè)；堅持管理創(chuàng)新，通過不斷深化改革，擴大開放，破除不合時宜的體制機制障礙，營造充滿活力、富有效率、更加開放的社會環(huán)境。

在未來的歲月里，中國人民的智慧與力量一定會更好地迸發(fā)出來，國家的發(fā)展與進步一定會有更加堅實的人力與人才資源基礎(chǔ)。

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第三篇：中國的人力資源狀況

中國的人力資源狀況[全文] 目 錄

前 言???????????????????

一、中國人力資源的基本狀況?????????

二、人力資源開發(fā)的法律體系?????????

三、履行政府公共管理服務(wù)職責(zé)????????

四、發(fā)揮市場配置的基礎(chǔ)性作用????????

五、加強對勞動者權(quán)益的保護?????????

六、積極開展國際交流與合作?????????

結(jié)束語???????????????????

前 言

中國是世界上人口最多的發(fā)展中國家，１３ 億人口中蘊涵著極其豐富的人力資源。積極開發(fā)人力資源，充分發(fā)揮每個人的潛能和價值，促進人的全面發(fā)展，為國家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)提供強大的人力和智力支撐，實現(xiàn)由人力資源大國向人力資源強國的轉(zhuǎn)變，是中國政府始終面臨的重大課題和不懈推進的重大事業(yè)。

新中國成立后特別是２０ 世紀７０ 年代末實行改革開放以來，中國政府堅持以人為本的理念，積極貫徹“尊重勞動、尊重知識、尊重人才、尊重創(chuàng)造”的方針，制定了一系列解決就業(yè)問題和發(fā)展教育、科技、文化、衛(wèi)生、社會保障事業(yè)的政策措施，努力為實現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的環(huán)境和條件。當(dāng)前，中國就業(yè)形勢保持總體穩(wěn)定，國民受教育程度和健康水平顯著提高，一大批國家建設(shè)急需的各類人才脫穎而出，為推動中國經(jīng)濟社會各項事業(yè)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。

按照建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的要求，為推動科學(xué)發(fā)展，促進社會和諧，中國政府注重發(fā)揮市場配置人力資源的基礎(chǔ)性作用，大力推進經(jīng)濟、科技、教育等體制改革，不斷深化干部人事制度改革，實施科教興國戰(zhàn)略、人才強國戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，建立和完善人力資源培養(yǎng)、吸引、使用和保障機制，加快人力資源法制建設(shè)，走出了一條適合中國國情的人力資源開發(fā)道路。

一、中國人力資源的基本狀況

人口眾多、勞動力資源豐富是中國的基本國情。多年來，中國政府采取積極有效的政策措施，大力加強人力資源的開發(fā)利用，使中國的人力資源狀況發(fā)生了顯著變化。人力資源規(guī)模不斷擴大。截至２００９年底，中國總?cè)丝谶_到１３３４７４萬人（不含香港、澳門特別行政區(qū)和臺灣省），其中，勞動力資源１０６９６９萬人，比２０００年增加１１２６７萬人；就業(yè)人員７７９９５萬人，其中，城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員３１１２０萬人，分別比２０００年增加５９１０萬人和７９６９萬人。

國民受教育水平明顯提高。中國實行教育優(yōu)先的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，建成了比較完善的現(xiàn)代國民教育體系。２０００ 年實現(xiàn)了基本普及九年制義務(wù)教育和基本掃除青壯年文盲的目標。高中階段教育普及率大幅提升，職業(yè)教育得到重點加強，高等教育進入大眾化階段。２００９年，全國普通高中在校生２４３４.２８萬人，各類中等職業(yè)教育在校生２１９５.１６萬人；普通高等教育本專科在校生２１４４.６６萬人，在學(xué)研究生１４０.４９萬人。教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展，使就業(yè)人員的受教育水平顯著提高。截至２００９ 年底，全國１５歲以上人口平均受教育年限接近８.９ 年；主要勞動年齡人口平均受教育年限為９.５年，其中受過高等教育的比例為９.９％ ；新增勞動力平均受教育年限達到１２.４年。

就業(yè)人員產(chǎn)業(yè)布局日趨優(yōu)化。隨著中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，第一產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例大幅下降，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員比例有較大提高。２００９年，第一、二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人員的比例由２０００ 年的５０.０ ∶２２.５ ∶２７.５ 改變?yōu)椋常?１ ∶２７.８ ∶３４.１。

人才資源開發(fā)取得積極進展。人才是指具有一定的專業(yè)知識或?qū)ｉT技能，進行創(chuàng)造性勞動并對社會作出貢獻的人，是人力資源中能力和素質(zhì)較高的勞動者。中國政府制定和實施一系列重大方針政策，統(tǒng)籌推進黨政人才、企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理人才、專業(yè)技術(shù)人才、高技能人才、農(nóng)村實用人才和社會工作人才等各類人才隊伍建設(shè)。經(jīng)過多年努力，人才資源總量不斷增加，人才素質(zhì)明顯提高，人才結(jié)構(gòu)進一步優(yōu)化，人才使用效能逐漸提高。截至２００８年底，全國人才資源總量達到１.１４ 億人。

收入、衛(wèi)生、社會保障等人力資源發(fā)展的保障條件逐步改善。隨著社會經(jīng)濟持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)步增長。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入，由１９４９年的不足１００元人民幣提高到２００８年的１５７８１元人民幣；農(nóng)村居民人均純收入由１９４９年的４４元人民幣提高到２００８年的４７６１元人民幣。國家大力開展公共衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)，為國民健康水平的提高提供保障，截至２００９年底，全國共有衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)２８.９ 萬個、衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員５２２萬人、醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生院床位３９６萬張。近年來，中國政府大力推動社會保障制度建設(shè)，加快建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會保障體系，努力實現(xiàn)人人享有基本生活保障。２００９ 年，城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險參保人數(shù)達２３５５０萬人；城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險參保人數(shù)合計超過１２億人；失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險參保人數(shù)分別達到１２７１５萬人、１４８９６萬人和１０８７６萬人。中國實行最低生活保障制度，截至２００９年底，有２３４７.７萬城鎮(zhèn)居民和４７５９.３ 萬農(nóng)村居民享受了政府最低生活保障。國家在全國范圍內(nèi)實施有計劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，２００９年農(nóng)村貧困人口減少為３５９７萬人，貧困發(fā)生率為３.６％。

第四篇：英語求職信(附漢英對照)

求職信范文20篇，漢英對照

Letter 1 敬啟者:

貴公司十二月二十五日在《北京青年報》刊登招聘廣告，本人特備此函應(yīng)征該職位。

我今年32歲，畢業(yè)于北京外國語大學(xué)，曾在NCC公司擔(dān) 任推銷員歷五年之久。由于任職的公司宣布解散，只好去職。

茲隨函附履歷表及照片一份，希望閣下能夠滿意。至于月薪一事，希望能從五千港幣起薪，加上傭金。倘若閣下愿意接見本人以了

解我的能力，我將隨時侯教。

XX啟

Dear Sir，In reply to your advertisement in Beijing Youth Daily of December 25, I respectfully offer my services for the situation.I am thirty-two years old and a graduate of Beijing Foreign Studies University, My experience in this line of work includes five years as a salesman with the NCC Company.The reason for leaving my present employment is because they're closing their office.I am enclosing my resume together with my photo, and I believe that they may be found satisfactory.As regards salary, I would be glad to start with HK$ 5,000 per month plus commission.If you would like to know more about my ability, I can be available for an interview at any time convenient to you.Letter 2 敬啟者：

就以我過去的推銷背景而言，本人自信可以勝任貴公司星期四在XX報招聘的職務(wù)，敬請給予考慮。

我于1993年從北京商學(xué)院畢業(yè)，曾在當(dāng)代公司男裝部擔(dān)任 推銷員兩年，后在世都百貨公司男裝店三年，目前仍在此工作。

之所以離職，是因目前似無晉升機會，就我的工作能力和所受訓(xùn)練及我對工作的熱情，我認為我應(yīng)該獲得晉升和較高待遇。

我樂于奉告閣下，如閣下要求提供查詢?nèi)耍员懔私馕业墓ぷ髑闆r和性格，我可以滿足閣下要求。

XX啟

Gentlemen，Because I believe that my sales background fits me for the position you advertised in Thursday's newspaper, I ask that you consider my qualification.I was graduated from Beijing Commercial College in July 1993.My experience has included two year as salesman in the Men's Clo-thing Department for DangDai;and three years in the Men's Shop for ShiDu, where I am still employed.My reason for wishing to make a change at this time is that there seems no opportunity for advancement in my present position, and I feel that my ability and training, as well as my interest in my work, should lead to advancement and a higher salary.I am happy to refer you upon your request people who can tell you of my work and my character.Truly yours，Letter 3 敬啟者：

貴公司在七月二十三日XX報上所刊登的征聘職位正是本人 想要得到的。

一九八八年七月，我畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)中文系。畢業(yè)后在《 中東國際》雜志擔(dān)任副編輯工作，主要任務(wù)是負責(zé)校對、改寫 以及撰寫長篇、短篇文章。到目前為止，本人已有十年工作經(jīng)驗，且熟悉一切辦公室例行工作。

附上我的簡歷表和相片，希望能令你滿意。

至于我的品德，您可函詢《中東國際》雜志主任史密斯先生。

XX啟

Gentleman，In reply to your advertisement in the newspaper of July 23, I wish to say that I am seeking the kind of position you offer.I hold a degree in Chinese literature from Beijing University in July 1988.After graduating I worked as assistant editor in Middle East International, where my duties consisted chiefly of reading proof and rewriting, as well as composing lengthy articles and short item.I have had ten years of experience and am familiar with all phases of office routine by now.Enclosed you will find a copy of my resume and my photo.I believe they may be found satisfactory.Concerning my character I am permitted to refer to Mr.Smith, Managing editor of the magazine.Yours truly，Letter 4 敬啟者：

本人正在尋求一份工作，但不是任何公司的任何工作，而只能是貴公司的一個職位。

貴公司不僅僅是商業(yè)機構(gòu)，而是當(dāng) 地的一個知名組織。貴公司的公正和誠實無論在雇員心中還是 在顧客心中都享有崇高美譽。

在大學(xué)主修國際貿(mào)易的四年中，我一直有一個秘密的心愿，渴盼能到貴公司工作。今年七月本人即將從大學(xué)畢業(yè)，寫此信時，確實不知貴公司目前是否有空缺職位，但隨函附寄的資歷 卻使我冒昧提出申請。

如能為貴公司效力，本人將不勝榮幸。

閣下耐心讀完這篇申請，本人至為感激，并請盡速惠函示知。

XX啟

Dear Sir，I am securing a job.Not any job with any company, but a particular job with your company only.Your organization is more than just a business house.It is an institution in the minds of the local public.It has a reputation for fair play and honesty with both employees and customers alike.For the past four years, while specializing in international trade at college, I have had a secret ambition to work for your organization.I will graduate in July this year.As I write this letter, I do not know that there is an opening at present in your company.I am enclosing my qualifications which prompt me to make application now.I would be very happy to work under your supervision if it is possible.Thank you very much for your kind attention.Please send me an answer at your earliest convenience.Respectfully yours，Letter 5 敬啟者：

我希望能在貴公司謀得一份職業(yè)。我畢業(yè)于上海商學(xué)院，主修商業(yè)管理。

我今年剛滿24歲，三個月前離開校門。求學(xué)期間還曾努力訓(xùn)練速記與打字，現(xiàn)在速記及打字各為每分鐘90 字和70字。

我相信我可以擔(dān)任貴公司的任何工作，如蒙錄用，愿意隨時接受閣下指派。

承蒙閣下的關(guān)懷和禮遇，至此表示感謝。

XX啟

Dear Sir，I am looking for a job.I graduate from Shanghai Commercial College and my major is business management.I am just over twenty-four years of age and have left college about three months ago, during which time I have been striving to make myself proficient in shorthand and typewriting, and have attained a speed of ninety and seventy words a minute respectively.I believe that I can fulfill the requirements in your company.I hope you will be able to place me somewhere.Thank you in advance for your consideration and courtesy.Sincerely yours，Letter 6 敬啟者：

貴公司一月十五日，在XX報刊登招聘職員（秘書、會計、職員、推銷員等），現(xiàn)擬應(yīng)征。

我現(xiàn)年25歲，畢業(yè)于某大學(xué)，曾在ABC公司擔(dān)任助理會計員六年之久。本人離職的原因，系因該公司即將倒閉。

茲隨函附履歷表及照片一份，諒閣下滿意。至于薪金一事，我希望月薪伍千元起，如獲貴公司錄用，本人可向貴公司保證，將盡力而為，令閣下滿意。

xx啟

Dear Sir, In response to your advertisement in the newspaper of January 15, I wish to apply for the position of(secretary, accountant, clerk, salesman, etc).I am twenty-five years old and a graduate of ____ college.My experience in this line of work includes six years as an assistant accountant with the ABC Company.The reason for leaving my present employment is because they are closing their office.I am enclosing my resume together with my photo, and believe that they may be found satisfactory.With respect to salary, I shall expect HK$5,000 a month.I assure you that if appointed, I will do my best to give your satisfaction.Very truly yours，Sample 7 敬啟者：

頃閱今日XX報，得悉貴公司招聘職員，本人符合報載所列條件，擬參加應(yīng)征。

我于三年前，畢業(yè)于某大學(xué)外文系，自信能符合貴公司征求精通英文之要求。

本人除在大學(xué)主修英文外，并在ABC貿(mào)易公司擔(dān)任秘書工作歷三年之久。

另謀他職的主要原因，是希望從較大的貿(mào)易公司如貴公司工作，能獲得更多的工作經(jīng)驗，就以我所受的教育與經(jīng)驗，物來在貴公司工作會有助益。

茲隨函附履歷表、畢業(yè)證書及大學(xué)校長推薦函各一件，倘蒙閣下接見，將不勝感激。

xx啟

Dear Sir, In reply to your advertisement in today's newspaper regarding a vacancy in your office, I wish to apply for the position of senior clerk, which you have specified.I feel confident that I can meet your special requirements indicating that the candidate must have a high command of English, for I graduated from the English Language Department of _____ University three years ago.In addition to my study of English while in the University, I have worked for three years as secretary in the firm of ABC Trading Co.Ltd.The main reason for changing my employment is to gain more experience with a superior trading company like yours.I believe that my education and experience will prove useful for work in your office.I am enclosing my personal history, certificate of graduation and letter of recommendation from the president of the University, I shall be obliged if you will give me a personal interview at your convenience.Very truly yours，Sample 8 敬啟者：

本人將于今秋大學(xué)畢業(yè)，屆時擬謀與進出口貿(mào)易有關(guān)的工作，我對貴公司出口部的業(yè)務(wù)范圍略悉，諒閣下也許能為我安排一份工作。

我身體健康、機智，到明年七月滿二十歲，目前尚在XX大學(xué)就讀。在三年內(nèi)已完成所修課程，將于今年七月大學(xué)畢業(yè)。雖然缺乏商業(yè)經(jīng)驗，但我大學(xué)成績甚佳。茲附上資料一份，供閣下參閱。關(guān)于本人行為與能力，某大學(xué)校長趙博士將樂于奉告。本人愿隨時晉見并按受面試。

xx啟

Dear Sir, On my graduation form college this fall, I am desirous of securing a position that will offer me opportunity in the field of import and export trading.Knowing something of the scope and enterprise of your huge export department, I thought perhaps you would keep me in mind for a possible opening.I am strong and alert, and shall be twenty years of age in July next year.At present I am a student in the college of _____ but I shall graduate from the college this coming July, finishing the requirements in three years.I have had no business experience, but my college record has been good.A copy of my antecedents is enclosed for your reference.Dr.B.Chao, President of the college of _____ will be glad to tell you more about my character and ability, I shall be glad to call at any time for an interview.Very truly yours，Sample 9 敬啟者：

頃閱分日xx報，得悉貴公司招聘秘書，本人擬應(yīng)征。

我今年三十歲，自一九八零年XX大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，即在詹姆斯公司任英文秘書工作，至今已五年之久。本人精于使用各種辦公室設(shè)備，自信能擔(dān)任貴公司秘書工作，對以后執(zhí)行工作方面，保證滿意。

敬請貴公司對本人之應(yīng)征，惠予考慮，并請賜函告知。

xx啟

Dear Sir, In reply to your advertisement in today's newspaper I beg to offer my services as secretary with your firm.I am 30 years of age, and have had five years' experience in the line of secretary.Graduating from(the name of the)University in July 1980, I served with James & Co.as secretary until last month.Besides I am skilled in almost all kinds of office machine.So I feel confident of my ability to fill a position such as you announce as vacant and give entire satisfaction in the discharge of my duties.Trusting you will give my application kind consideration and hoping to hear favorably from you at your convenience.Yours faithfully，Sample 11 敬啟者：

頃閱星期四XX報，獲悉貴公司招聘人才。本人曾擔(dān)任新世界產(chǎn)品公司銷售部高級職員四年之久，自信有充分工作經(jīng)驗，可擔(dān)任貴公司所招聘的職務(wù)。

本人自一九八一年開始，一直擔(dān)任售貨業(yè)務(wù)以及函件的撰寫工作。在工作期間，除正式業(yè)務(wù)范圍外，與各地區(qū)客戶頗有來往，并利用公余時間，學(xué)會了很多有關(guān)商業(yè)問題的處理。

在新世界公司任職前，我曾在長兄會計公司擔(dān)任過秘書工作。在任職期間，學(xué)會很多有關(guān)會計名詞及會 計作業(yè)程序。

本人現(xiàn)年二十五歲，未婚，一九七四年畢業(yè)于華仁書院，我希望有機會充分利用自己工作能力，從事更大范圍工作之需要，這是我急于離開現(xiàn)職的主要原國。本人現(xiàn)任職的公司老板，對我的工作雄心頗為贊許，因此，愿協(xié)助找另謀他職。

如果方便的話，我愿親赴貴公司辦公室晉見閣下，以便詳細說明。

xx啟

Dear Sir, Four years as a senior clerk in sales department of the New World Products Company have, I believe, given me the experience to qualify for the job you advertised in Thursday's newspaper.Since 1981 I have been responsible for all office details in the administration of sales, including writing much of the correspondence.In the course of my work, I have become familiar with the various sales territories, and have also in my spare time experience of handling business problems other than my proper sphere.The years before I was employed at the New World, I was a secretary for Long Brother, an accounting firm.There I became familiar with accounting terms and procedures．

I was graduated at Wah Yan College, in June 1974.I am twenty-five years of age and single．

I am leaving my present position because I can use my capabilities more fully in a position with wider scope.My present employer knows of my ambition and is helping me to find a new place.May I see you at your office to tell you more about myself and show you just how well I can do the work you require.Yours faithfully，Sample 12 貴公司在六月二日布里斯多報上所刊登征求的職位正是本人想要得到的。我今年十九歲，這個月即將從布里斯多高工畢業(yè)。在學(xué)三年中，我操作過各機械，曾協(xié)助學(xué)校工場機器的建立和修理工作。家父為一名司機，我時常幫他修理汽車。去年夏天，我加入一群遠征隊旅行三周，在西伊平地方?jīng)]有修理站，我的機件嚴重損壞，我不得不逕行修護兩門汽缸，裝配一支暫用的駕駛盤。

附上我的簡歷表和相片，希望二者令您滿意。至于我的品德您可函詢布里斯多高工機械科主任，史列德先生。倘若您能考慮我的申請，并給予面試機會，我將十分感謝。

（簽名）

309 Lake Ave.Bristol, Ohio

June 17, 19-

Crown Laundry Co.Bristol, Ohio

Gentlemen: In reply to your advertisement in the Bristol News of June 2, I wish to say that I am seeking the kind of position your offer.I am nineteen years old, and expect to graduate from the Bristol Technical High School this month.During three years of the course I have been working with many kinds of machinery and have helped to set up and repair the machinery in one of the school shops.My father is a chauffeur, and I helped him in repairing automobiles.Last summer I took a party of excursionists on a three weeks‘tour.While we were in West Epping, away from repair shops, my machine was badly damaged.I had to repair two cylinders and rig up a temporary steering wheel.Enclosed you will find a copy of my resume-and my photo.I believe they may be found satisfactory.Concerning my character I am permitted to refer to Mr.H.L.Sled, Head of the Mechanical section of the Bristol Technical High School.Yours truly, signature

Sample 13 敬啟者：

不揣冒昧，特申函向閣下毛遂自薦，敬請原諒。

本人于一九八一年，畢業(yè)于美國工校動力班及電力裝備修護班。又于一九八五年，畢業(yè)于美國工業(yè)大學(xué)工業(yè)管理系。

我剛從美國回來，擬參加貴公司工作。如蒙賜允，本人確信在閣下領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，定能勝任愉快。

請閣下惠予為貴公司服務(wù)機會，茲隨函附美國畢業(yè)證書三件及自傳一份，謹供參考。

敬請盡速賜復(fù)為感。

xx啟 Dear Sir, I take the liberty of writing you to apply for a position in your corporation.In 1981, graduated from the Powerman Course and Electrical Equipment Repair Course of the U.S.Engineer College and also graduated from the Management Course of Industrial College of the U.S.University in 1985.I have just returned from the United State.I would like to work in your corporation.I believe that I can perform well under your leadership．

I sincerely hope that you could give me an opportunity of first of all.Enclosed herewith are three copies of the U.S.diplomas and a copy of my resume for your reference.Your prompt reply in this matter would be greatly appreciated.Yours very truly，Sample 14 敬啟者：

向閣下寫信，希望填補貴公司適合的空缺，至感冒昧。我可擔(dān)任行政人員工作。

我現(xiàn)就讀大學(xué)，尚有月余畢業(yè)，主修行政管理。我所有課程，成績均佳。倘若閣下有意審閱，當(dāng)可稍后寄上。我曾在某貿(mào)易公司擔(dān)任過秘書，希望找個有發(fā)展的工作。我現(xiàn)年25歲，誠實可靠，若閣下需要這種條件者，請惠函賜知。

承蒙閣下惠賜厚意，至為感激。xx啟 Dear Sir, I take the liberty to write you in the hope that you might need someone to fill in for you.I feel that I am qualified as an administrator.I am currently a student at college, I have over a month more to complete before I graduate.My major is business administration.I have excellent grades in all my subjects.If you wish to look at these information it will be sent to you later.I have worked at a trading company as a secretary, but I hope to seek more responsible employment.I am 25 years old and very honest and dependable.If you need someone with my qualifications, please let me know.Thank you very much for your kind attention.Sincerely yours，Sample 15 敬啟者：

貴公司上周在XX報刊登廣告，招聘推銷員一職，我擬應(yīng)聘，敬請給予考慮。

我于一九八六年六月商學(xué)系畢業(yè)。此后，即在理工學(xué)院選讀銷售技術(shù)與大眾媒介廣告課程。

過去三年，在威廉福特公司擔(dān)任汽車推銷員、目前擔(dān)任該公司銷售主任，已有一年半之久。擔(dān)任此職前，曾在澄士百貨公司推銷電器，以賺取傭金。雖然我仍年青，但自感有能力賺取實際利潤。

自感目前工作發(fā)展不大，擬改變一下目前工作環(huán)境，故自信個人能力和所受訓(xùn)練，似應(yīng)獲得較佳之工作。就我目前工作，將來無多大發(fā)展前途。

倘若閣下愿意接見本人以了解我的能力，我將隨時候教。

xx啟

Dear Sir, I would like to ask you to consider my qualification for the position in sales that you advertised in last week's newspaper.I graduated from the College of Business in June of 1986.Since that time I have been taking night courses at Polytechnics in Sales Techniques and Mass Media Advertising.I have worked as a vehicle salesman for the Ford Co.for the past three years.At present I am their chief salesman and account for over one half of the sales.Before my present employment, I worked for the Chains Department Store as a salesclerk in the electrical appliance section.We worked mainly on commission and I was able to earn a substantial amount although I was very young.I would like to make a change now because I feel that I can go no further in my present job, I feel that my ability and my training should enable me to advance into a better and more responsible position, and it appears that this will not be forthcoming at my present position.If you would like to know more about my ability, I can be available for an interview at any time convenient to you.Sincerely yours，Sample 16 敬啟者：

我意欲應(yīng)征貴公司于十二月十二日在XX報刊登招聘生物化學(xué)實驗室助理研究員一職。

我現(xiàn)年28歲，一九八六年畢業(yè)于加州大學(xué)化學(xué)專業(yè)，獲理學(xué)碩士。在校期間，曾選讀過很多有關(guān)化學(xué)和生物方面課程，略列如下： 普通化學(xué)

有機化學(xué)

物理化學(xué)

生物化學(xué)兩年

分析化學(xué)（有機與無機）

在研究所研讀時，曾擔(dān)任過加州大學(xué)生物化學(xué)教授約翰·威廉斯博士的助教。在此期間，曾協(xié)助威廉斯博士從事新陳代謝中磷光循環(huán)之基礎(chǔ)研究。如貴公司有意聘雇本人的話，當(dāng)可寄上成績單一份，供作參考。

自研究所畢業(yè)后，即受聘波士頓大學(xué)，擔(dān)任副教授，仍繼續(xù)從事研究工作，并在紐約發(fā)表過幾篇論又。我的上司威廉·拉森博士，愿意為我提供介紹信。

我受過良好教育，且有經(jīng)驗，深信能夠擔(dān)任貴公司的研究工作，故希望貴公司盡早代為安排接見事宜。

Dear Sir, I would like to inquire about the position of laboratory research assistant in the field of biochemistry that you advertised in newspaper on December 12.I am twenty-eight years old.In 1986 I received my M.S.in Chemistry from the University of California.As a student I took many Chemistry and Biology courses a few of which are listed here: General Chemistry Organic Chemistry Physical Chemistry

Biochemistryboth organic and Inorganic

As I was a graduate student, I worked as a research assistant for Dr.John Williams, Professor of biochemistry, University of California.During this time I assisted Dr.Williams in basic research concerning the phosphates cycle in metabolism.I can supply u with a copy of the resulting paper at your request.Since my graduation I have been employed by Boston university as an assistant professor.I have continued my research in this time, and several of my papers have been published in New York.my immediate superior, Dr.William Larson, has indicated his willingness to provide my with a reference.I feel that I have sufficient education and experience in my background to fulfill the qualifications for your position.I hope that you will schedule me for an interview at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours, xx啟

Sample 17 敬啟者：

我將在今年六月畢業(yè)于堪薩斯州立大學(xué)，將獲得藥劑學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，倘若可能，我希望在畢業(yè)前能找到一份工作。

我系香港華人，畢業(yè)于香港大學(xué)，曾獲得學(xué)土學(xué)位。我早已渴望畢業(yè)后，能進入貴院工作，因為貴院是本地區(qū)最有名氣的醫(yī)院。如有這份榮幸，能進入貴院藥房工作，我確信對我的學(xué)習(xí)和提高，將有極大裨益。

今年六月畢業(yè)前，我將完成藥劑學(xué)標準課程是無疑的。同時，我亦選讀了學(xué)校有關(guān)藥劑學(xué)現(xiàn)有課程，為做一名醫(yī)院藥劑師準備條件。我校幾位教授已答應(yīng)以他們的名義，為我作保證，如約翰·哈金博士，密兒特莉.卡特博士，愛倫.舒爾茲博士。

畢業(yè)后，貴院如能為我安排工作，至為感激，若不能，亦請將我姓名記下。因為我認為貴院藥劑部是本地區(qū)最有名的。

xx啟

Dear Sir, I will graduate from the University of Kansas with a Masters degree in June of this year.My major is Pharmacy and I am very interested in securing a position before I graduate, if possible.I am a Hong Kong Chinese and my bachelor's degree is from Hong Kong University.I have long been hopeful of working for you after I graduate, because I consider you the finest hospital in this region, I as sure that if I have the privilege of serving in your pharmacy, I will greatly increase my education and my experience.Needless to say, I will have completed a standard course in pharmacy before I graduate in June.In addition, I have chosen to elect all the courses available at my school in Hospital Pharmacy.I did this because I have always wanted to be a hospital pharmacy.My professors, Sr.John Harkin, Dr.Mildred Carter, and Dr.Iriny Schultz have give me permission to use their names as reference.If you have a position available after I graduate, I would appreciate it.If not, please keep my name on your file, because I consider your Pharmacy the best in this region.Sincerely yours，Sample 18 Dec.28th , 2002 Human Resources Manager Lianchuang Software Company

Dear Sir，Your advertisement for a network programmer on Talents Plaza of Dec.26 interested me because your requirements closely parallel my work experience.You will find enclosed a resume of my education record and business experience together with 2 copies of references.Honestly, I have proficient computer skills and I hold College English Test Band 4 certificate and law school certificate(self-taught)

My chief reason for applying is to seek greater opportunity for advancement in a transnational, well respected corporation as yours.Mr.David Williams of your company, Nanjing Branch knows me quite well and would provide further information about my qualification and suitability later this week.Thank you for your attention and consideration.I appreciate a personal interview soon.Truly yours，Sample 19 Direction： There is a conference going to be held at your local university that you would like to attend.Write a letter to the organizer of the conference.Explain your reasons for wanting to attend.Give some information about yourself and ask for any relevant information.Dear Professor Huang，I write for information regarding the forthcoming International Education Conference to be held at your university.I am about to complete a B.A.degree in Education from Nanjing University, and have a particular interest in the teaching of work place skills and employer’s perceptions of new graduates.I plan to attend the conference and would like information about the contributory speakers, the content of their talks, and their research interests.However, although I have been living in Nanjing for the past four years I am unfamiliar with Nanjing.Therefore, if you could please also send the details of how to get to your university it would make my arrangements much easier.In addition, if you could let me have details of the accommodation that is available(bearing in mind I’m still a student)I would be more than grateful.I look forward to receiving the information and meeting you in person.Sincerely yours, Frank

Sample 20 Dear Sir/Madam, I’m a college graduate seeking opportunities to work for your company.I have received a bachelor’s degree in management science / international trade, proficient at English, both written and spoken.My academic achievement ranks among top ten of one hundred graduate students in my university, working for our student union for over three years.As a boy, I love playing football and basketball, organizing such matches both in spring and autumn, very popular with my fellow students.Moreover, I have kept doing a part-time job in a medium-sized company in Beijing for years, working in sales department.I would accept a job in either marketing or human resources management, for I not only have specialized in these two fields but also have keen interest in them.My wages are expected to range from 2000 to 4,500 yuan each month, excluding the Social Security.Of course, it is desirable that your company provide me with a small room.I hope you will give preference to my application and give me a chance to prove that I am worth more than you pay me.Best wishes!Sincerely yours Peter Chen

第五篇：《道德經(jīng)》漢英對照_(Waley_譯本)

《道德經(jīng)》漢英對照（Waley 譯本）

老子 著

Arthur Waley 英譯

注：英文翻譯不能完全表達古文愿意，敬請讀者斟酌

一章

道，可道，非恒道。名，可名，非恒名。無名，天地之始；有名，萬物之母。故常無欲，以觀其妙；常有欲，以觀其徼。此兩者同出而異名，同謂之玄。玄之又玄，眾妙之門。

The Way that can be told of is not an Unvarying Way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the Nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.Truly, ―Only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the Secret Essences‖;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the Outcomes.These two things issued from the same mould, but nevertheless are different in name.This ―same mould‖ we can but call the Mystery, Or rather the ―Darker than any Mystery‖，The Doorway whence issued all Secret Essences.------------------二章

天下皆知美之為美，斯惡已；皆知善之為善，斯不善矣。有無相生，難易相成，長短相形，高下相盈，音聲相和，前后相隨，恒也。是以圣人處無為之事，行不言之教，萬物作而弗始，生而弗有，為而弗恃，功成而弗居。夫唯弗居，是以不去。

It is because every one under Heaven recognizes beauty as beauty, That the idea of ugliness exists.And equally if every one recognized virtue as virtue, this would merely create fresh conceptions of wickedness.For truly, Being and Not-being grow out of one another;Difficult and easy complete one another.Long and short test one another;High and low determine one another.Pitch and mode give harmony to one another.Front and back give sequence to one another.Therefore the Sage relies on actionless activity, Carries on wordless teaching，But the myriad creatures are worked upon by him;He does not disown them.He rears them, but does not lay claim to them, Controls them, but does not lean upon them, Achieves his aim, but does not call attention to what he does;And for the very reason that he does not call attention to what he does He is not ejected from fruition of what he has done.------------------三章

不尚賢，使民不爭；不貴難得之貨，使民不為盜；不見可欲，使民心不亂。是以圣人之治，虛其心，實其腹；弱其志，強其骨。常使民無知無欲。使夫知不敢弗為而已，則無不治。

If we stop looking for ―persons of superior morality‖(hsien)to put in power, There will be no more jealousies among the people.If we cease to set store by products that are hard to get, There will be no more thieves.If the people never see such things as excite desire, Their hearts will remain placid and undisturbed.Therefore the Sage rules By emptying their hearts And filling their hearts? Weakening their intelligence And toughening their sinews Ever striving to make the people knowledgeless and desireless.Indeed he sees to it that if there be any who have knowledge, They dare not interfere.Yet through his actionless activity all things are duly regulated.------------------四章

道沖，而用之或不盈。淵兮，似萬物之宗。挫其銳，解其紛，和其光，同其塵。湛兮，似或存。吾不知誰之子，象帝之先。

The Way is like an empty vessel That yet may be drawn from Without ever needing to be filled.It is bottomless;the very progenitor of all things in the world.In it all sharpness is blunted, All tangles untied，All glare tempered, All dust soothed.It is like a deep pool that never dries.Was it too the child of something else? We cannot tell.But as a substanceless image it existed before the Ancestor.------------------五章

天地不仁，以萬物為芻狗；圣人不仁，以百姓為芻狗。天地之間，其猶橐龠乎？虛而不屈，動而愈出。多聞數(shù)窮，不如守中。

Heaven and Earth are ruthless;To them the Ten Thousand things are but as straw dogs.The Sage too is ruthless;To him the people are but as straw dogs.Yet Heaven and Earth and all that lies between Is like a bellows In that it is empty, but gives a supply that never fails.Work it, and more comes out.Whereas the force of words is soon spent.Far better is it to keep what is in the heart.------------------六章

谷神不死，是謂玄牝。玄牝之門，是謂天地根。綿綿若存，用之不勤。

The Valley Spirit never dies.It is named the Mysterious Female.And the doorway of the Mysterious Female Is the base from which Heaven and Earth sprang.It is there within us all the while;Draw upon it as you will, it never runs dry.------------------七章

天長地久。天地所以能長且久者，以其不自生，故能長生。是以圣人后其身而身先，外其身而身存。不以其無私邪？故能成其私。

Heaven is eternal, the Earth everlasting.How come they to be so? It is because they do not foster their own lives;That is why they live so long.Therefore the Sage Puts himself in the background;but is always to the fore.Remains outside;but is always there.Is it not just because he does not strive for any personal end That all his personal ends are fulfilled?

------------------八章

上善若水。水善利萬物而不爭，居眾人之所惡，故幾于道。居善地，心善淵，與善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，動善時。夫唯不爭，故無尤。

The highest good is like that of water.The goodness of is that it benefits the ten thousand creatures;Yet itself does not scramble, But is content with the places that all men disdain.It is this makes water so near to the Way.And if men think the ground the best place for building a house upon, If among thoughts they value those that are profound, If in friendship they value gentleness, In words, truth;in government, good order;In deeds, effectiveness;in actions, timelinessI have seen that they do not succeed.For that which is under heaven is like a holy vessel, dangerous to tamper with.Those that tamper with it, harm it.Those that grab at it, lose it.For among the creatures of the world some go in front, some follow;Some blow hot when others would be blowing cold.Some are feeling vigorous just when others are worn out.Therefore the Sage ―discards the absolute, the all-inclusive, the extreme‖.------------------三十章

以道佐人主者，不以兵強天下，其事好還：師之所居，荊棘生焉。大軍之后，必有兇年。善有果而已，不以取強。果而勿矜，果而勿伐，果而勿驕，果而不得已，果而勿強。物壯則老，是謂不道，不道早已。

He who by Tao purposes to help a ruler of men Will oppose all conquest by force of arms;For such things are wont to rebound.Where armies are, thorn and brambles grow.The raising of a great host Is followed by a year of dearth.Therefore a good general effects his purpose and then stops;he does not take further advantage of his victory.Fulfils his purpose and does not glory in what he has done;Fulfils his purpose and does not boast of what he has done;Fulfils his purpose, but takes no pride in what he has done;Fulfils his purpose, but only as a step that could not be avoided.Fulfils his purpose, but without violence;For what has a time of vigour also has a time of decay.This is against Tao, And what is against Tao will soon perish.------------------三十一章

夫兵者，不祥之器。物或惡之，故有道者不居。君子居則貴左，用兵則貴右，故兵者非君子之器。不祥之器，不得已而用之，恬淡為上。勝而不美，而美之者，是樂殺人。夫樂殺人者，則不可得志于天下矣。吉事尚左，兇事尚右。偏將軍居左，上將軍居右，言以喪禮處之。殺人之眾，以悲哀泣之，戰(zhàn)勝以喪禮處之。

Fine weapons are none the less ill-omened things.(People despise them, therefore, Those in possession of the Tao do not depend on them.)That is why, among people of good birth, In peace the left-hand side is the place of honour, But in war this is reversed and the right-hand side is the place of honour.(Weapons are ill-omened things, which the superior man should not depend on.When he has no choice but to use them，The best attitude is to retain tranquil and peaceful.)The Quietist, even when he conquers, does not regard weapons as lovely things.For to think them lovely means to delight in them, And to delight in them means to delight in the slaughter of men.And he who delights in the slaughter of men Will never get what he looks for out of those that dwell under heaven.(Thus in happy events, The left-hand side is the place of honour, in grief and mourning, The right-hand is the place of honour.The lieutenant general stands on the left, While the supreme general stands on the right, Which is arranged on the rites of mourning.)A host that has slain men is received with grief and mourning;He that has conquered in battle is received with rites of mourning.------------------三十二章

道常無名。樸雖小，天下莫能臣。侯王若能守之，萬物將自賓。天地相合，以降甘露，民莫之令而自均。始制有名，名亦既有，夫亦將知止。知止可以不殆。譬道之在天下，猶川谷之于江海。

Tao is eternal, but has no fame(name);The Uncarved Block, though seemingly of small account, Is greater than anything that is under heaven.If kings and barons would but possess themselves of it, The ten thousand creatures would flock to do them homage;Heaven-and-earth would conspire To send Sweet Dew, Without law or compulsion, men would dwell in harmony.Once the block is carved, there will be names, And so soon as there are names, Know that it is time to stop.Only by knowing when it is time to stop can danger be avoided.To Tao all under heaven will come As streams and torrents flow into a great river or sea.------------------三十三章

知人者智，自知者明；勝人者有力，自勝者強。知足者富。強行者有志。不失其所者久。死而不亡者壽。

To understand others is to have knowledge;To understand oneself is to be illumined.To conquer others needs strength;To conquer oneself is harder still.To be content with what one has is to be rich.He that works through violence may get his way;But only what stays in its place Can endure.When one dies one is not lost, there is no other longevity.------------------三十四章

大道泛兮，其可左右。萬物恃之而生而不辭，功成而不名有。衣養(yǎng)萬物而不為主，可名于小；萬物歸焉而不為主，可名為大。以其終不自為大，故能成其大。

Great Tao is like a boat that drifts;It can go this way;it can go that.The ten thousand creatures owe their existence to it and it does not disown them;Yet having produced them, it does not take possession of them.Makes no claim to be master over them,(And asks for nothing from them.)Therefore it may be called the Lowly.The ten thousand creatures obey it, Though they know not that they have a master;Therefore it is called the Great.So too the Sage just because he never at any time makes a show of greatness In fact achieves greatness.------------------三十五章

執(zhí)大象，天下往。往而不害，安平泰。樂與餌，過客止。道之出口，淡乎其無味，視之不足見，聽之不足聞，用之不足既。

He who holding the Great From goes about his work in the empire Can go about his, yet do no harm.All is peace, quietness and security.Sound of music, smell of good dishes Will make the passing stranger pause.How difference the words that Tao gives forth!

So thin, so flavourless!If one looks for Tao, there is nothing solid to see;If one listens for it, there is nothing loud enough to hear.Yet if one uses it, it is inexhaustible.------------------三十六章

將欲歙之，必故張之；將欲弱之，必故強之；將欲廢之，必故興之；將欲取之，必故與之。是謂微明。柔弱勝剛強。魚不可脫于淵，國之利器不可以示人。

What is in the end to be shrunk Must first be stretched.Whatever is to be weakened Must begin by being made strong.What is to be overthrown Must begin by being set up.He who would be a taker Must begin as a giver.This is called ―dimming‖ one's light.It is thus that the soft overcomes the hard And the weak, the strong.“It is best to leave the fish down in his pool;Best to leave the State's sharpest weapons wherenone can see them.‖

------------------三十七章

道恒無名，侯王若能守之，萬物將自化。化而欲作，吾將鎮(zhèn)之以無名之樸。無名之樸，夫亦將不欲。不欲以靜，天地將自正。

Tao never does;Yet through it all things are done.If the barons and kings would but possess themselves of it, The ten thousand creatures would at once be transformed.And if having been transformed they should desire to act, We must restrain them by the blankness of the Unnamed.The blankness of the Unnamed Brings dispassion;To be dispassionate is to be still.And so, of itself, the whole empire will be at rest.------------------三十八章

上德不德，是以有德；下德不失德，是以無德。上德無為而無以為；下德無為而有以為。上仁為之而無以為；上義為之而有以為。上禮為之而莫之應(yīng)，則攘臂而扔之。故失道而后德，失德而后仁，失仁而后義，失義而后禮。夫禮者，忠信之薄，而亂之首。前識者，道之華，而愚之始。是以大丈夫居其厚，不居其薄；居其實，不居其華。故去彼取此。

The man of highest ―power‖ does not reveal himself as a possessor of ―power‖;Therefore he keeps his ―power‖.The man of inferior ―power‖ cannot rid it of the appearance of ―power‖;Therefore he is in truth without ―power‖.The man of highest ―power‖ neither acts nor is there any who so regards him;The man of inferior ―power‖ both acts and is so regarded.The man of highest humanity, though he acts, is not regarded;Whereas a man of even the highest morality both acts and is so regarded;While even he who is best versed in ritual not merely acts, But if people fail to respond Then he will pull up his sleeves and advance upon them.That is why it is said: “After Tao was lost, then came the 'power';After the 'power' was lost, then came human kindness.‖ After human kindness was lost, then came morality, After morality was lost, then came ritual.Now ritual is the mere husk of loyalty and promise-keeping And is indeed the first step towards brawling.‖ Foreknowledge may be the ―flower of doctrine‖, But it is the beginning of folly.Therefore the full-grown man takes his stand upon the solid substance And not upon the mere husk, Upon the fruit and not upon the flower.Truly, ―he reject that and takes this‖.------------------三十九章

昔之得一者：天得一以清；地得一以寧；神得一以靈；谷得一以盈；侯得一以為天下正。其致之。天無以清，將恐裂；地?zé)o以寧，將恐廢；神無以靈，將恐歇；谷無以盈，將恐竭；侯王無以貴高，將恐蹶。故貴以賤為本，高以下為基。是以侯王自謂「孤」、「寡」、「不谷」。此非以賤為本耶？非乎？故致數(shù)譽無譽。是故不欲祿祿如玉。珞珞如石。

As for the things that from of old have understood the Whole —

The sky through such understanding remains limpid, Earth remains steady, The spirits keep their holiness, The abyss is replenished, The ten thousand creatures bear their kind, Barons and princes direct their people.It is the Whole that causes it.Were it not so limpid, the sky would soon get torn, Were is not for steadiness, the earth would soon tip over, Were it not for their holiness, the spirit would soon wither away.Were it not for this replenishment, the abyss would soon go dry, Were it not that ten thousand creatures can bear their kind, They would soon become extinct.Were the barons and princes no longer directors of their people And for that reason honoured and exalted, they would soon be overthrown.Truly ― the humble is the stem upon which the mighty grows, The low is the foundation upon which the high is laid.‖

That is why barons and princes refer to themselves as ―The Orphan‖, “The Needy‖, ―The Ill-provided.Is this not indeed a case of might rooting itself upon humility? True indeed are the sayings: “Enumerate the parts of a carriage, And you still have not explained what a carriage is,‖

And They did not want themselves to tinkle like jade-bells, While others resounded like stone chimes‖.------------------四十章

反者道之動；弱者道之用。天下萬物生于有，有生于無。

In Tao the only motion is returning;The only useful quality, weakness.For though all creatures under heaven are the products of Being, Being itself is the product of Not-being.------------------四十一章

上士聞道，勤而行之；中士聞道，若存若亡；下士聞道，大笑之。不笑不足以為道。故建言有之：「明道若昧，進道若退，夷道若類，上德若谷，大白若辱，廣德若不足，建德若偷；質(zhì)真若渝，大方無隅，大器晚成，大音希聲；大象無形。」道隱無名，夫唯道，善始且善成。

When the man of highest capacities hears Tao He does his best to put it into practice.When the man of middling capacity hears Tao He is in two minds about it.When the man of low capacity hears Tao He laughs loudly at it.If he did not laugh, it would not be worth the name of Tao.Therefore the proverb has it: “The way out into the light often looks dark, The way that goes ahead often looks as if it went back.‖

The way that is least hilly often looks as if it went up and down, The ―power‖ that is really loftiest looks like an abyss, What is sheerest white looks blurred.The ―power‖ that is most sufficing looks inadequate, The ―power‖ that stands firmest looks flimsy.What is in its natural, pure state looks faded;The largest square has no corners, The greatest vessel takes the longest to finish, Great music has the faintest notes, The Great From is without shape.For Tao is hidden and nameless.Yet Tao alone supports all things and brings them to fulfillment.------------------四十二章

道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物。萬物負陰而抱陽，沖氣以為和。人之所惡，唯「孤」、「寡」、「不谷」。而王公以為稱。故，物或損之而益，或益之而損。人之所教，我亦教之：「強梁者不得其死」，吾將以為教父。

Tao gave birth to the One;The One gave birth successively to two things, Three things, up to ten thousand.These ten thousand creatures cannot turn their backs to the shade Without having the sun on their bellies, And it is on this blending of the breaths that their harmony depends.To be orphaned, needy, ill-provided is what men most hate;Yet princes and dukes style themselves so.Truly, ―things are often increased by seeking to diminish them And diminished by seeking to increase them.‖

The maxims that others use in their teaching I too will use in mine.Show me a man of violence that came to a good end, And I will take him for my teacher.------------------四十三章

天下之至柔，馳騁天下之至堅。無有入無間。吾是以知無為之有益。不言之教，無為之益，天下希及之。

What is of all things most yielding Can overwhelm that which is of all things most hard.Being substanceless it can enter even where is no space;That is how I know the value of action that is actionless.But that there can be teaching without words, Value in action that is actionless, Few indeed can understand.------------------四十四章

名與身孰親？身與貨孰多？得與亡孰病？是故，甚愛必大費，多藏必厚亡。知足不辱，知止不殆，可以長久。

Fame or one's own self, which matters to one most? One's own self or things bought, which should count most? In the getting or the losing, which is worse? Hence he who grudges expense pays dearest in the end;He who has hoarded most will suffer the heaviest loss.Be content with what you have and are, and no one can despoil you;Who stops in time nothing can harm.He is forever safe and secure.------------------四十五章

大成若缺，其用不弊。大盈若沖，其用不窮。大直若屈，大巧若拙，大辯若訥。躁勝寒，靜勝熱，清靜為天下正。

What is most perfect seems to have something missing;Yet its use is unimpaired.What is most full seems empty;Yet its use will never fail.What is most straight seems crooked;The greatest skill seems like clumsiness, The greatest eloquence like stuttering.Movement overcomes cold;But staying still overcomes heat.So he by his limpid calm Puts right everything under heaven.------------------四十六章

天下有道，卻走馬以糞。天下無道，戎馬生于郊。禍莫大于不知足；咎莫大于欲得。故，知足之足，常足矣。

When there is Tao in the empire The galloping steeds are turned back to fertilize the ground by their droppings.When there is not Tao in the empire War horses will be reared even on the sacred mounds below the city walls.(No lure is greater than to possess what others want,)No disaster greater than not to be content with what one has, No presage of evil greater than men should be wanting to get more.Truly: “He who has once known the contentment that comes simply through being content, Will never again be otherwise than contented‖.------------------四十七章

不出戶，知天下；不窺牖，見天道。其出彌遠，其知彌少。是以圣人不行而知，不見而明，不為而成。

Without leaving his door He knows everything under heaven.Without looking out of his window He knows all the ways of heaven.For the further one travels The less one knows.Therefore the Sage arrives without going，Sees all without looking, Does nothing, yet achieves everything.------------------四十八章

為學(xué)日益，為道日損。損之又損，以至于無為。無為而無不為。取天下常以無事。及其有事，不足以取天下。

Learning consists in adding to one's stock day by day;The practice of Tao consists in ―subtracting day by day, Subtracting and yet again subtracting Till one has reached inactivity.But by this very inactivity Everything can be activated.‖

Those who of old won the adherence of all who live under heaven All did so not interfering.Had they interfered, They would never have won this adherence.------------------四十九章

圣人常無心，以百姓心為心。善者吾善之，不善者吾亦善之，得善。信者吾信之，不信者吾亦信之，得信。圣人在天下，歙歙焉，為天下渾其心，圣人皆孩之。

The Sage has no heart of his own;He uses the heart of the people as his heart.Of the good man I approve, But of the bad I also approve, And thus he gets goodness.The truthful man I believe, but the liar I also believe, And thus he gets truthfulness.The Sage, in the dealings with the world, seems like one dazed with fright;For the world's sake be dulls his wits.The Hundred Families all the time strain their eyes and ears, The Sage all the time sees and hears no more than an infant sees and hears.------------------五十章

出生入死。生之徒，十有三；死之徒，十有三；人之生，動之死地，亦十有三。夫何故？以其生之厚。蓋聞善攝生者，陵行不遇兕虎，入軍不被甲兵。兕無所投其角，虎無所措其爪，兵無所容其刃。夫何故？以其無死地。

He who aims at life achieves death.If the ―companions of life‖ are thirteen，So likewise are the ―companions of death‖ thirteen.How is it that the ―death-stops‖ in man's life And activity are also thirteen? It is because men feed life too grossly.It is said that he who has a true hold on life, When he walks on land does not meet tigers or wild buffaloes;In battle he is not touched by weapons of war.Indeed, A buffalo that attacked him would find nothing for its horns to butt, A tiger would find nothing for its claws to tear, A weapon would find no place for its point to enter in.And why? Because such men have no ―death-spot‖ in them.------------------五十一章

道生之，德畜之，物形之，器成之。是以萬物莫不尊道而貴德。道之尊，德之貴，夫莫之命而常自然。故道生之，德畜之。長之育之，亭之毒之，養(yǎng)之覆之，生而不有，為而不恃，長而不宰，是謂玄德。

Tao gave them birth;The ―power‖ of Tao reared them, Shaped them according to their kinds, Perfected them, giving to each its strength.Therefore Of the ten thousand things there is not one that does not worship Tao And do homage to its ―power‖.No mandate ever went forth that accorded to Tao the right to be worshipped, Nor to its ―power‖ the right to be worshipped, Nor to its ―power‖ the right to receive homage.It was always and of itself so.Therefore as Tao bore them and the ―power‖ of Tao reared them, Made them grow, fostered them, Harboured them, Brewed for them，So you must rear them, but not lay claim to them, Control them, but never lean upon them, Be chief among them, but not manage them.This is called the mysterious power.‖

------------------五十二章

天下有始，以為天下母。既得其母，以知其子。既知其子，復(fù)守其母，沒身不殆。塞其兌，閉其門，終身不勤。啟其兌，濟其事，終身不救。見小曰明，守柔曰強。用其光，復(fù)歸其明，無遺身殃，是為習(xí)常。

That which was the beginning of all things under heaven We may speak of as the ―mother‖ of all things.He who apprehends the mother Thereby knows the sons.And he who has known the sons, Will hold all the tighter to the mother, And to the end of his days suffer no harm;“Block the passages, shut the doors, And till the end your strength shall not fail.Open up the passages, increase your doings, And till your last day no help shall come to you.‖ As good sight means seeing what is very small So strength means holding on to what is weak.He who having used the outer-light can return to the innerlight Is thereby preserved from all harm.This is called resorting to the always-so.------------------五十三章

使我介然有知，行于大道，唯施是畏。大道甚夷，而民好徑。朝甚除，田甚蕪，倉甚虛，服文采，帶利劍，厭飲食，財貨有馀，是為盜竽。非道也哉！

He who has the least scrap of sense, Once he has got started on the great highway has nothing to fear So long as he avoids turnings.For great highways are safe and easy.But men love by-paths.So long as Court is in order They are content to let their fields run to weed

And their granaries stand empty.They wear patterns and embroideries, Carry sharp swords, glut themselves with drink and food, Have more possessions than they can use.These are the riotous ways of brigandage;they are not the Highway.------------------五十四章

善建者不拔，善抱者不脫，子孫以祭祀不輟。修之于身，其德乃真；修之于家，其德乃馀；修之于鄉(xiāng)，其德乃長；修之于邦，其德乃豐；修之于天下，其德乃普。故以身觀身，以家觀家，以鄉(xiāng)觀鄉(xiāng)，以邦觀邦，以天下觀天下。吾何以知天下然哉？以此。

What Tao plants cannot be plucked, What Tao clasps, cannot slip.By its virtue alone can one generation after another carry on the ancestrial sacrifice.Apply it to yourself and by its power you will be freed from dross.Apply it to your household and your household shall thereby have abundance.Apply it to the village, and the village will be made secure.Apply it to the kingdom, and the kingdom shall thereby be made to flourish.Apply it to an empire, and the empire shall thereby be extended.Therefore just as through oneself one may contemplate Oneself, So through the household one may contemplate the Household, And through the village, one may contemplate the Village, And through the kingdom, one may contemplate the Kingdom, And through the empire, one may contemplate the Empire.How do I know that the empire is so? By this.------------------五十五章

含「德」之厚，比于赤子。毒蟲不螫，猛獸不據(jù)，攫鳥不搏。骨弱筋柔而握固。未知牝牡之合而□作，精之至也。終日號而不嗄，和之至也。知和曰常，知常曰明，益生曰祥，心使氣曰強。物壯則老，謂之不道，不道早已。

The impunity of things fraught with the ―power‖ May be likened to that of an infant.Poisonous insects do not sting it, Nor fierce beasts seize it, Nor clawing birds maul it, Its bones are soft, its sinews weak;but its grip is strong.Not yet to have known the union of male and female, But to be completely formed, Means that the vital force is at its height;To be able to scream all day without getting hoarse Means that the harmony is at its perfection.To understand such harmony is to understand the always so.To understand the always-so is to be illumined.But to fill life to the brim is to invite omens.If the heart makes calls upon the life-breath, rigidity follows.Whatever has a time of vigour also has a time of decay.Such things are against Tao, And whatever is against Tao is soon destroyed.------------------五十六章

知者不言，言者不知。塞其兌，閉其門，挫其銳，解其紛，和其光，同其塵，是謂玄同。故不可得而親，不可得而疏；不可得而利，不可得而害；不可得而貴，不可得而賤。故為天下貴。

Those who know do not speak;Those who speak do not know.Black the passages, Shut the doors, Let all sharpness be blunted, All tangles untied, All glare tempered.All dust smoothed.This is called the mysterious leveling.He who has achieved it cannot either be drawn into friendship or repelled, Cannot be benefited, cannot be harmed, Cannot either be raised or humbled, And for that very reason is highest of all creatures under heaven.------------------五十七章

以正治國，以奇用兵，以無事取天下。吾何以知其然哉？以此：天下多忌諱，而民彌貧；人多利器，國家滋昏；人多伎巧，奇物滋起；法令滋彰，盜賊多有。故圣人云：「我無為，而民自化；我好靜，而民自正；我無事，而民自富；我無欲，而民自樸。」

“Kingdoms can only be governed if rules are kept;29

Battles can only be won if rules are broken.‖

But the adherence of all under heaven can only be won by letting-alone.How do I know that it is so? By this.The more prohibitions there are, the more ritual avoidances, The poorer the people will be.The more ―sharp weapons‖ there are，The more benighted will the whole land grow.The more cunning craftsmen there are, The more pernicious contrivances will be invented.The more laws are promulgated, The more thieves and bandits there will be.Therefore a sage has said: So long as I ―do nothing‖ the people will of themselves be transformed.So long as I love quietude, the people will of themselves go straight.So long as I act only by inactivity the people will of themselves become prosperous.So long as I have no wants The people will of themselves return to the ―state of the Uncarved Block‖.------------------五十八章

其政悶悶，其民淳淳；其政察察，其民缺缺。禍兮，福之所倚，福兮，禍之所伏。孰知其極？其無正。正復(fù)為奇，善復(fù)為妖。人之迷，其日固久！是以圣人方而不割，廉而不劌，直而不肆，光而不耀。

When the ruler looks repressed the people will be happy and satisfied;When the rule looks lively and self-assured the people will be carping and discontented.“It is upon bad fortune that good fortune leans, upon good fortune that bad fortune rests.‖ But though few know it, there is a bourn where there is neither right nor wrong;In a realm where every straight is doubled by a crooked, And every good by an ill, surely mankind has gone long enough astray? Therefore the Sage Squares without cutting, Shapes the corners without iopping, Straightens without stretching, Gives forth light without shining.------------------五十九章

治人、事天，莫若嗇。夫為嗇，是謂早服，早服謂之重積德。重積德則無不克。無不克則莫 30

知其極。莫知其極，可以有國。有國之母，可以長久。是謂深根固柢，長生久視之道。

You cannot rule men nor serve heaven unless you have laid up a store;This ―laying up a store‖ means quickly absorbing，And ―quickly absorbing‖ means doubling one's garnered ―power‖.Double your garnered power and it acquires a strength that nothing can overcome.If there is nothing it cannot overcome, it know no bounds, And only what knows no bounds is huge enough to keep a whole kingdom in its grasp.But only he who having the kingdom goes to the Mother can keep it long.This is called the art of making the roots strike deep by fencing the trunk, Of making life long by fixed staring.------------------六十章

治大國若烹小鮮。以道蒞天下，其鬼不神。非其鬼不神，其神不傷人。非其神不傷人，圣人亦不傷人。夫兩不相傷，故德交歸焉。

Ruling a large kingdom is indeed like cooking small fish.They who by Tao all that is under heaven Did not let an evil spirit within them display its powers.Nay, it was not only that the evil spirit did not display its powers;Neither was the Sage's good spirit used to the hurt of other men.Nor was it only that his good spirit was not used to harm other men, The Sage himself was thus saved from harm.And so, each being saved from harm, Their ―powers‖ could converge towards a common end.------------------六十一章

大國者下流，天下之牝，天下之交。牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下。故大國以下小國，則取小國；小國以下大國，則取大國。故或下以取，或下而取。大國不過欲兼畜人，小國不過欲入事人。夫兩者各得所欲，大者宜為下。

A large kingdom must be like the low ground towards which all streams flows down.It must be a point towards which all things under heaven converge.Its part must be that of the female in its dealings with all things under heaven.The female by quiescence conquers the male;by quiescence gets underneath.If a large kingdom can in the same way succeed in getting underneath a small kingdom

Then it will win the adherence of the small kingdom;And it is because small kingdoms are by nature in this way underneath large kingdoms That they win the adherence of large kingdoms.The one must get underneath in order to do it;The other is underneath and therefore does it.(What large countries really need is more inhabitants;And what small countries need is some place Where their surplus inhabitants can go and get employment.)Thus each gets what it needs.That is why I say the large kingdom must ―get underneath‖.------------------六十二章

道者，萬物之奧。善人之寶，不善人之所保。美言可以市尊，美行可以加人。人之不善，何棄之有？故立天子，置三公，雖有拱璧以先駟馬，不如坐進此道。古之所以貴此道者何？不曰：求以得，有罪以免邪？故為天下貴。

Tao in the Universe is like the south-west corner in the house.It is the treasure of the good man, The support of the bad.There is a traffic in speakers of fine words;Persons of grave demeanour are accepted as gifts;Even the bad let slip no opportunity to acquire them.Therefore on the day of an Emperor's enthronement Or at the installation of the three officers of State Rather than send a team of four horses, preceded by a disc of jade, Better were it, as can be done without moving from one's seat, To send this Tao.For what did the ancients say of this Tao, How did they prize it? Did they not say of those that have it “Pursuing, they shall catch;pursued, they shall escape?‖

They thought it, indeed, most precious of all things under heaven.------------------六十三章

為無為，事無事，味無味。大小多少，報怨以德。圖難于其易；為大于其細。天下難事，必作于易；天下大事，必作于細。是以圣人終不為大，故能成其大。夫輕諾必寡信，多易必多難。是以圣人猶難之，故終無難矣。

It acts without action, does without doing, Finds flavour in what is flavourless, Can make the small great and the few many, “Requites injuries with good deeds, Deals with the hard while it is still easy, With the great while it is still small.‖

In the governance of empire everything difficult Must be dealt with while it is still easy, Everything great must be dealt with while it is still small.Therefore the Sage never has to deal with the great;And so achieves greatness.But again ―Light assent inspires little confidence And 'many easies' means many a hard.‖

Therefore the Sage knows too how to make the easy difficult, And by doing so avoid all difficulties!

------------------六十四章

其安易持；其未兆易謀；其脆易泮；其微易散。為之于未有，治之于未亂。合抱之木，生于毫末；九層之臺，起于累土；千里之行，始于足下。為者敗之；持者失之。是以，圣人無為，故無敗；無持，故無失。民之從事，常于幾成而敗之。慎終如始，則無敗事。是以圣人欲不欲，不貴難得之貨，學(xué)不學(xué)，復(fù)眾人之所過。以輔萬物自然而不敢為。

“What stays still is easy to hold;Before there has been an omen it is easy to lay plans.What is tender is easily torn, What is minute is easy to scatter.‖

Deal with things in their state of not-yet-being, Put them in order before they have got into confusion.For ―the tree big as a man's embrace began as a tiny sprout, The tower nine storeys high began with a heap of earth, The journey of a thousand leagues began with what was under the feet‖.He who acts, harms;he who grabs, lets slip.Therefore the Sage does not act, and so does not harm;Does not grab, and so does not let slip.Whereas the people of the world, at their tasks, Constantly spoil things when within an ace of completing them.“Heed the end no less than the beginning,‖ And your work will not be spoiled.Therefore the Sage wants only things that are unwanted, Sets no store by products difficult to get，33

And so teaches things untaught, Turning all men back to the things they have left behind, That the ten thousand creatures may be restored to their Self-so.This he does;but dare not act.------------------六十五章

古之善為道者，非以明民，將以愚之。民之難治，以其智多。故以智治國，國之賊；不以智治國，國之福。知此兩者亦稽式。常知稽式，是謂玄德。玄德深矣，遠矣，與物反矣，然后乃至大順。

In the days of old those who practiced Tao with success did not, By means of it, Enlighten the people, but on the contrary sought to make them ignorant.The more knowledge people have, the harder they are to rule.Those who seek to rule by giving knowledge Are like bandits preying on the land.Those who rule without giving knowledge Bring a stock of good fortune to the land.To have understood the difference between these who things Is to have a test and standard To be always able to apply this test and standard Is called the mysterious ―power‖, so deep-penetrating, So far-reaching, That can follow things back —

All the way back to the Great Concordance.------------------六十六章

江海所以能為百谷王者，以其善下之，故能為百谷王。是以圣人欲上民，必以言下之；欲先民，必以身后之。是以圣人居上而民不重，居前而民不害。是以天下樂推而不厭。以其不爭，故天下莫能與之爭。

How did the great rivers and seas get their kingship Over the hundred lesser streams? Through the merit of being lower than they;That was how they got their kingship.Therefore the Sage In order to be above the people

Must speak as though he were lower than the people.In order to guide them He must put himself behind them.Only thus can the Sage be on top and the people not be crushed by his weight.Only thus can he guide, and the people not be led into harm Indeed in this way everything under heaven will into harm be pushed by him And will not find his guidance irk-some.This he does by not striving;And because he does not strive, none can contend with him.------------------六十七章

天下皆謂我道大，似不肖。夫唯大，故似不肖。若肖，久矣其細也夫！我有三寶，持而保之：一曰慈，二曰儉，三曰不敢為天下先。慈，故能勇；儉，故能廣；不敢為天下先，故能成器長。今舍慈且勇，舍儉且廣，舍后且先，死矣。夫慈，以戰(zhàn)則勝，以守則固。天將救之，以慈衛(wèi)之。

Every one under heaven says that our Way is greatly like folly.But it is just because it is great, that it seems like folly.As for things that do not seem like folly — well, There can be no question about their smallness!Here are my three treasures.Guard and keep them!The first is pity;The second, frugality;The third, refusal to be ―foremost of all things under heaven.‖ For only he that pities is truly able to be brave;Only he that is frugal is able to be profuse.Only he that refuse to be foremost of all things Is truly able to become chief of all Ministers.At present your bravery is not based on pity, Nor your profusion on frugality, Nor your vanguard on your rear;and this is death.But pity cannot fight without conquering or guard without.But pity cannot fight without conquering or guard without saving.Heaven arms with pity those whom it would not see destroyed.------------------六十八章

善為士者，不武。善戰(zhàn)者，不怒。善勝敵者，不與。善用人者，為之下。是謂不爭之德，是 35

謂用人之力，是謂配天，古之極。

The best charioteers do not rush ahead;The best fighters do not make displays of wrath.The greatest conqueror wins without joining issue;The best user of men acts as though he were their inferior.This is called the power that comes of not contending, Is called the capacity to use men, The secret of being mated to heaven, to what was of old.------------------六十九章

用兵有言：「吾不敢為主，而為客；不敢進寸，而退尺。」是謂行無行，攘無臂，執(zhí)無兵，乃無敵矣。禍莫大于輕敵，輕敵幾喪吾寶。故抗兵相若，哀者勝矣。

The strategists have the sayings: “When you doubt your ability to meet the enemy's attack, Take the offensive yourself‖

And ―If you doubt your ability to advance an inch, then retreat a foot‖.This latter is what we call to march without moving, To roll the sleeve, but present no bare arm, The hand that seems to hold, yet had no weapon in it, A host that can confront, yet presents no battle-front.Now the greatest of all calamities is to attack and find no enemy.I can have no enemy only at the price of losing my treasure.Therefore when armies are raised And issues joined it is he who does not delight in war that wins.------------------七十章

吾言甚易知，甚易行。天下莫能知，莫能行。言有宗，事有君。夫唯無知，是以不我知。知我者希，則我者貴。是以圣人被褐而懷玉。

My words are very easy to understand And very easy to put into practice.Yet no one under heaven understands them;No one puts them into practice.But my words have an ancestry, my deeds have a lord;And it is precisely because men do not understand this That they are unable to understand me.36

Few then understand me, but it is upon this very fact my value depends.It is indeed in this sense that ―the Sage wears hair-cloth on top, But carries jade under neath his dress.‖

------------------七十一章

知不知，上，不知不知，病。圣人不病，以其病病，是以不病。

“To know when one does not know is best.To think one knows when one does not know is a dire disease.Only he who recognizes this disease as a disease Can cure himself of the disease.The Sage's way of curing disease Also consists in making people recognize their diseases as diseases And thus ceasing to be diseased.------------------七十二章

民不畏威，則大威至。無狎其所居，無厭其所生。夫唯不厭，是以不厭。是以圣人自知不自見，自愛不自貴。故去彼取此。

Never mind if the people are not intimidated by your authority.A Mightier Authority will deal with them in the end.Do not narrow their dwelling or harass their lives;And for the very reason that you do not harass them, They will cease to turn from you.Therefore the Sage knows himself but does not show himself.Knows his own value, but does not put himself on high.Truly, he rejects that but takes this‖.------------------七十三章

勇于敢，則殺，勇于不敢，則活。此兩者，或利或害。天之所惡，孰知其故？天之道，不爭而善勝，不言而善應(yīng)，不召而自來，姍然而善謀。天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不失。

He whose braveness lies in daring, slays.He whose braveness lies in not daring , gives life.37

Of these two, either may be profitable or unprofitable.But ―Heaven hates what it hates;None can know the reason why‖.Wherefore the Sage, too, disallows it.For it is the way of Heaven not to strive but none the less to conquer, Not to speak, but none the less to get an answer, Not to beckon;yet things come to it of themselves.Heaven is like one who says little, yet none the less has laid his plans.Heaven's net is wide;Coarse are the meshes, yet nothing slips through.------------------七十四章

民不畏死，奈何以死懼之？若使民常畏死，而為奇者，吾得執(zhí)而殺之，孰敢？常有司殺者殺。夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斫。夫代大匠斫者，希有不傷其手矣。

The people are not frightened of death.What then is the use of trying to intimidate them with the death-penalty?

And even supposing people were generally frightened of death And did not regard it as an everyday thing, Which of us would dare to seize them and slay them?

There is the Lord of Slaughter always ready for this task, And to do it in his stead is like thrusting oneself into the master-carpenter's place And doing his chipping for him.Now ―he who tries to do the master-carpenter's chipping for him is lucky if he does not cut his hand.‖

------------------七十五章

民之饑，以其上食稅之多，是以饑。民之不治，以其上之有為，是以不治。民之輕死，以其上求生之厚，是以輕死。夫唯無以生為者，是賢于貴生。

The people starve because those above them eat too much tax-grain.That is the only reason why they starve.The people are difficult to keep in order because those above them interfere.That is the only reason why they are so difficult to keep in order.38

The people attach no importance to death, Because those above them are too grossly absorbed in the pursuit of life.That is why they attach no importance to death.And indeed, in that their hearts are so little set on life They are superior to these who set store by life.------------------七十六章

人之生也柔弱，其死也堅強。草木之生也柔脆，其死也枯槁。故堅強者死之徒，柔弱者生之徒。是以兵強則滅，木強則折，強大居下，柔弱居上。

When he is born, man is soft and weak;In death he becomes stiff and hard.The ten thousand creatures and all plants And trees while they are alive are supple and soft, But when and dead they become brittle and dry.Truly, what is stiff and hard is a ―companion of death‖;What is soft and weak is a ―companion of life‖.Therefore ―the weapon that is too hard will be broken, The tree that has the hardest wood will be cut down‖.Truly, the hard and mighty are cast down;The soft and weak set on high.------------------七十七章

天之道，其猶張弓歟？高者抑之，下者舉之，有馀者損之，不足者補之。天之道，損有馀而補不足。人之道，則不然：損不足以奉有馀。孰能有馀以奉天下？唯有道者。是以圣人為而不恃，功成而不居，其不欲見賢。

Heaven's way is like the bending of a bow.When a bow is bent the top comes down and the bottom-end comes up.So too does Heaven take away from those who have too much, And give to those that have not enough.But if it is Heaven's way to take from those who have too much And give to those who have not enough, this is far from being man's way.He takes away from those that have not-enough in order To make offering to those who already have too much.One there is and one only, so rich that he the possessor of Tao.39

(If, then, the Sage ―though he controls does not lean, And when he has achieved his aim does not linger‖，It is because he does not wish to reveal himself as better than others.)

------------------七十八章

天下莫柔弱于水，而攻堅強者莫之能勝，以其無以易之。弱之勝強，柔之勝剛，天下莫不知，莫能行。是以圣人云：「受國之垢，是謂社稷主；受國不祥，是為天下王。」正言若反。

Nothing under heaven is softer or more yielding than water;But when it attacks things hard and resistant there is not one of them that can prevail.For they can find no way of altering it.That the yielding conquers the resistant And the soft conquers the hard is a fact known by all men, Yet utilized by none.Yet it is in reference to this that the Sage said “Only he who has accepted the dirt of the country can be lord of its soil shrines;Only he who takes upon himself the evils of the country Can become a king among those what dwell under heaven.‖ Straight words seem crooked.------------------七十九章

和大怨，必有馀怨，安可以為善？是以圣人執(zhí)左契而不責(zé)于人。有德司契，無德司徹。天道無親，恒與善人。

(To requite injuries with good deeds.)To allay the main discontent, But only in a manner that will certainly produce further discontents can hardly be called successful.Therefore the Sage behaves like the holder of the left-hand tally, Who stays where he is and does not go round making claims on people.For he who has the ―power‖ of Tao is the Grand Almoner;He who has not the ―power‖ is the Grand Perquisitor.“It is Heaven's way, without distinction of persons, To keep the good perpetually supplied.‖

------------------八十章

小邦寡民。使有什伯之器而不用；使民重死而不遠徙。雖有舟輿，無所乘之；雖有甲兵，無所陳之。使民復(fù)結(jié)繩而用之。甘其食，美其服，安其居，樂其俗。鄰邦相望，雞犬之聲相聞，民至老死，不相往來。

Given a small country with few inhabitants, He could bring it about that through There should be among the people contrivances requiring ten times, A hundred times less labour, they would not use them.He could bring it about that the people would be ready To lay down their lives and lay them down again in defence of their homes, Tather than emigrate.There might still be boats and carriage, But no one would go in them;There might still be weapons of war, But no one would drill with them.He could bring it about that “The people should have no use for any from of writing save knotted ropes, Should be contented with their food, pleased with their clothing, Satisfied with their homes, Should take pleasure in their rustic tasks.The next place might be so near at hand That one could one could hear the cocks crowing in it, the dogs barking;But the people would grow old and die without ever having been there‖.------------------八十一章

信言不美，美言不信。善者不辯，辯者不善。知者不博，博者不知。圣人不積，既以為人己愈有，既以與人己愈多。天之道，利而不害；圣人之道，為而不爭。

True words are not fine-sounding;Fine-sounding words are not true.The good man does not prove by argument;The he who proves by argument is not good.True wisdom is different from much learning;Much learning means little wisdom.The Sage has no need to hoard;When his own last scrap has been used up on behalf of others，41

Lo, he has more than before!When his own last scrap has been used up in giving to other, Lo, his stock is even greater than before!For heaven's way is to sharpen without cutting, And the Sage's way is to act without striving.------------------42