第一篇:英國文學浪漫主義時期作家.
William Wordsworth(7 April 1770 –23 April 1850 was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth's masterpiece is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semi autobiographical poem of his early years which the poet revised and expanded a number of times.The work was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as the poem “to Coleridge”.Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three maen bec ame known as“Lake Poets”.騷塞,柯勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并稱為“湖畔詩人”。
Wordsworth was a defining member of the English Romantic Movement.華茲華斯是英國浪漫主義詩歌的代表人物之一。
Like other Romantics, Wordsworth’s personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country, in which he spent most of his mature life.對自然的熱愛以及他大部分人生所度過的地方--湖區--的風光景色都對他的性格和作品有著深遠的影響。
A profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he displayed a high seriousness tempered with tenderness and a love of simplicity.他是一位真摯深刻的思想者,作品在嚴謹中充滿純真質樸與敏感。I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我孤獨地漫游,像一朵云 William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud 我孤獨地漫游,像一朵云
That floats on high o'er vales and hills, 在山丘和谷地上飄蕩, When all at once I saw a crowd, 忽然間我看見一群 A host, of golden daffodils;金色的水仙花迎春開放, Beside the lake, beneath the trees, 在樹蔭下,在湖水邊, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.迎著微風起舞翩翩。Continuous as the stars that shine 連綿不絕,如繁星燦爛, And twinkle on the milky way, 在銀河里閃閃發光, They stretched in never-ending line 它們沿著湖灣的邊緣 Along the margin of a bay: 延伸成無窮無盡的一行;Ten thousand saw I at a glance, 我一眼看見了一萬朵, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.在歡舞之中起伏顛簸。The waves beside them danced;but they 粼粼波光也在跳著舞, Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: 水仙的歡欣卻勝過水波;A poet could not but be gay, 與這樣快活的伴侶為伍, In such a jocund company: 詩人怎能不滿心歡樂!I gazed--and gazed--but little thought 我久久凝望,卻想象不到 What wealth the show to me had brought: 這奇景賦予我多少財寶,—— For oft, when on my couch I lie 每當我躺在床上不眠, In vacant or in pensive mood, 或心神空茫,或默默沉思,They flash upon that inward eye 它們常在心靈中閃現, Which is the bliss of solitude;那是孤獨之中的福祉;And then my heart with pleasure fills, 于是我的心便漲滿幸福, And dances with the daffodils.和水仙一同翩翩起舞。拜倫
1788年1月22日出生于倫敦,父母皆出自沒落貴族家庭。他天生跛一足,并對此很敏感。十歲時,拜倫家族的世襲爵位及產業(紐斯泰德寺院是其府邸落到他身上,成為拜倫第六世勛爵。哈羅公學畢業后,1805-1808年在劍橋大學學文學及歷史,他是個不刻苦的學生,很少聽課,卻廣泛閱讀了歐洲和英國的文學、哲學和歷史著作,同時也從事射擊、賭博、飲酒、打獵、游泳、拳擊等各種活動。1809年3月,他作為世襲貴族進入了貴族院,他出席議院和發言的次數不多,但這些發言都鮮明地表示了拜倫的自由主義的進步立場。
劍橋大學畢業。曾任上議院議員。學生時代即深受啟蒙思想影響。1809-1811年游歷西班牙、希臘、土耳其等國,受各國人民反侵略、反壓迫斗爭鼓舞,創作《恰爾德?哈羅德游記》(Child Harold's Pilgrimage, 1809-1818。其代表作品有《恰爾德?哈羅德游記》《唐璜》(Don Juan, 1818-1823等。在他的詩歌里塑造了一批“拜倫式英雄”。他們孤傲、狂熱、浪漫,卻充滿了反抗精神。他們內心充滿了孤獨與苦悶,卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德?哈羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個“拜倫式英雄”。拜倫詩中最具有代表性、戰斗性,也是最輝煌的作品是他的長詩《唐璜》,詩中描繪了西班牙貴族子弟唐璜的游歷、戀愛及冒險等浪漫故事,揭露了社會中黑暗、丑惡、虛偽的一面,奏響了為自由、幸福和解放而斗爭的戰歌。拜倫不僅是一位偉大的詩人,還是一個為理想戰斗一生的勇士;他積極而勇敢地投身革命,參加了希臘民族解放運動,并成為領導人之一。
從1809-1811,拜倫出國作東方的旅行,是為了要“看看人類,而不是只在書本上讀到他們”,還為了掃除“一個島民懷著狹隘的偏見守在家門的有害后果”。在旅途中,他
開始寫作《恰爾德?哈洛爾德游記》和其他詩篇,并在心中醞釀未來的東方故事詩。《恰爾德?哈洛爾德游記》的第一、二章在1812年2月問世,轟動了文壇,使拜倫一躍成為倫敦社交界的明星。然而這并沒有使他和英國的貴族資產階級妥協。他自早年就知道這個社會及其統治階級的頑固、虛偽、邪惡及偏見,他的詩一直是對這一切的抗議。
1811-1816年,拜倫一直在生活在不斷的感情旋渦中。在他到處受歡迎的社交生活中,逢場作戲的愛情俯拾即是,一個年青的貴族詩人的風流韻事自然更為人津津樂道。拜倫在1813年向一位安娜?密爾班克小姐求婚,于1815年1月和她結了婚。這是拜倫一生中所鑄的最大的錯誤。拜倫夫人是一個見解褊狹的、深為其階級的偽善所宥的人,完全不能理解拜倫的事業和觀點。婚后一年,便帶著初生一個多月的女兒回到自己家中,拒絕與拜倫同居,從而使流言紛起。以此為契機,英國統治階級對它的叛逆者拜倫進行了最瘋狂的報復,以圖毀滅這個膽敢在政治上與它為敵的詩人。這時期的痛苦感受,也使他寫出像《普羅米修斯》那樣的詩,表示向他的壓迫者反抗到底的決心。
What is an ode? a lyric poem typically of elaborate or irregular metrical form and expressive of exalted or enthusiastic emotion.珀西·比希·雪萊,是英國文學史上最有才華的抒情詩人之一。William Wordsworth曾稱其為“One of the best artists of us all“,同時期的拜倫稱其為 ”Without exception the best and least selfish man I ever knew", 更被譽為詩人中的詩人。其一生見識廣泛,不僅是柏拉圖主義者,更是個偉大的理想主義者。創作的詩歌節奏明快,積極向上。
雪萊習慣性的將他關于上帝、政治和社會等問題的想法寫成小冊子散發給一些素不相識的人,并詢問他們看后的意見。
1811年3月25日,由于散發《無神論的必然》(The Necessity of Atheism,入學不足一年的雪萊被牛津大學開除。雪萊的父親是一位墨守成規的鄉紳,他要求雪萊公開聲明自己與《無神論的必然》毫無關系,而雪萊拒絕了,他因此被逐出家門。被切
斷經濟支持的雪萊在兩個妹妹的幫助下過了一段獨居的生活,這一時期,他認識了哈麗雅特·韋斯特布魯克(Harriet Westbrook,他妹妹的同學,一個小旅店店主的女兒。雪萊與這個十六歲的少女僅見了幾次面,她是可愛的,又是可憐的,當雪萊在威爾士看到她來信稱自己在家中受父親虐待后便毅然趕回倫敦,帶著這一身世可憐且戀慕他的少女踏上私奔的道路。他們在愛丁堡結婚,婚后住在約克。
Ode to the West Wind If Winter comes , can Spring be far behind? 冬天既快來,春天難道還遠嗎? 在寫作上,詩作以象征手法見長。狂暴的西風既是自然界的風,更是革命的風暴,詩人明寫自然之風,本意卻在呼喚、盼望革命的風暴,象征手法使西風這一意象更加飽滿而意蘊深刻。此外,詩作各部分重復“哦,你聽”,重章復唱,既為了引起讀者的參與,又使作品表現出一種跳動的節奏感、韻律感!瑪麗.雪萊
英國著名小說家,因其1818年創作里文學史上第一部科幻小說《弗蘭肯斯坦》(或譯《科學怪人》,而被譽為科幻小說之母。她是英國著名浪漫主義詩人雪萊的第二任妻子。
1797年8月30日,瑪麗·雪萊生于倫敦。她的父母同是政界名人:母親是著名女權主義者、教育家和作家瑪莉·渥斯頓克雷福特,父親是自由主義者、哲學家、信奉無政府主義的記者、及信奉無神論的異見人士威廉·戈德溫。1797年瑪麗出生后十天母親就因產后感染而去世,這使得瑪麗一直抱有“自己害死了母親”的想法。瑪麗的父親很快另覓新歡,瑪麗只好和繼母,異母兄弟一起生活。
1814年5月她結識了年輕的詩人珀西·雪萊,珀西當時已經成家,卻很快為瑪麗非凡的容貌、舉止和才智所折服。兩個月后,他們不顧眾人反對,一起私奔離開了英
國。當雪萊的第一個妻子在1816年12月自殺去世后,他們正式結婚。然而瑪麗婚后卻接連喪失了三個孩子,并經歷了丈夫早早去世的痛苦。
雪萊既歿,瑪麗帶了不滿三歲的兒子伯熙回到英國。雪萊的父親對她很苛嚴,只供她微薄的津貼,而且禁止她張揚雪萊的“劣跡”,否則就斷絕接濟。瑪麗毅然辛苦筆耕,成為自食其力的專業作家。
早在她十九歲那年,拜倫與雪萊在日內瓦夜談興起,拜倫提議大家何不各寫一篇神怪小說。四個人都動了筆,包括兩位詩人,瑪麗和拜倫的醫生巴利多里。三位男士都無法終篇,瑪麗越寫越認真,竟然完成了一篇杰作。在倫敦引起轟動。這就是后來的傳世名著《弗蘭肯斯坦》。
1818年,她的第一部也是最重要的一部作品《弗蘭肯斯坦》出版了。引起當時社會輿論,特別是科學界的廣泛爭論。這部小說后來經過多次改編,以多種藝術形式表現,并搬上銀幕,成為科幻題材電影最早的藍本之一。《弗蘭肯斯坦》,除科幻色彩外,這部作品中既有浪漫氣氛,又有深切的人文關懷,更有令人毛骨悚然的恐怖因子,故此也被人譽為“有史以來最偉大的恐怖作品之一”。對于一個20歲的作者來說,這是一個非凡的成就。這部作品立即取得了關鍵的廣泛的成功,并為瑪麗贏得了極大的聲譽。
瑪麗另一項貢獻就是為亡夫編印遺作。雪萊死后留下不少迄未發表的作品,那首五百多行的未完成長詩《生之凱旋》就是一例。一八二四年,她出版了《雪萊詩遺作》,一八三九年又發行一套《雪萊詩集》。
瑪麗·雪萊的主要科幻作品除了《弗蘭肯斯坦》(1818之外,還有一部《最后一個人》(1826。1851年她去世后由別人整理出版了《故事集》。此外還有純文學小說等。
【《弗蘭肯斯坦》】
【瑪麗·雪萊的科幻名著——《弗蘭肯斯坦》】
主人公弗蘭肯斯坦是一位從事人的生命科學研究的學者,他力圖用人工創造出生命。在他的實驗室里,通過無數次的探索,他創造了一個面目可憎,奇丑無比的怪物。開始時,這人造的怪物秉性善良,對人充滿了善
意和感恩之情。他要求他的創造者和人們給予他人生的種種權利,甚至要求為他創造一個配偶。但是,當他處處受到他的創造者和人們的嫌惡和岐視時,他感到非常痛苦。他憎恨一切,他想毀滅一切。他殺害了弗蘭肯斯坦的弟弟威廉,他又企圖謀害弗蘭肯斯坦的未婚妻伊麗莎白。弗蘭肯斯坦懷著滿腔怒火追捕他所創造的惡魔般的怪物。最后,在搏斗中,弗蘭肯斯坦和怪物同歸于盡。
本書揭示了作者的哲學觀點。她認為人具有雙重性格——善與惡。長期受人嫌惡、岐視和迫害會使人變得邪惡而干出種種壞事,甚至發展到不可收拾的地步。它還為英語添加了一個新的單詞Frankerstein,一個最終毀了它的創造者的東西。
弗蘭肯斯坦已成為好萊塢經典的形象之一。沃爾特·司各特
瓦爾特·司各特(1771—1832(Scott,Walter是一個英國著名的歷史小說家和詩人。他生于蘇格蘭的愛丁堡市,父親是位律師。司各將畢業于愛丁堡大學,當過律師,擔任過副郡長、高等民事法庭書記宮等職
生平
生于1771年,1832年去世。司各特18個月時患小兒麻痹癥而有腿萎縮。12歲時進愛丁堡大學。他十分欣賞德國的“狂飆文學”,翻譯過德國著名民謠《萊諾爾》。1802年司各特出版《蘇格蘭邊區歌兩集》。1805年他第一部有分量的作品《最后一個吟游詩人之歌》問世。此后他投資印刷行業。1808年出版詩歌《瑪米恩》,以后他創作了《湖邊夫人》、《特里亞明的婚禮》、《島嶼的領主》等一系列詩歌。他最后一部長詩是《無畏的哈羅爾德》。
編輯本段
司各特的作品簡介
司各特的詩充滿浪漫的冒險故事,深受讀者歡迎。但當時拜倫的詩才遮蔽了司各特的才華,司各特轉向小說創作,從而首創英國歷史小說,為英國文學提供了30多部歷史小說巨著。最早的一部歷史小說《威佛利》1813年出版,其取材于蘇格蘭。司各特關于英格蘭歷史小說有膾炙人口的《艾凡赫》(《撒克遜劫后英雄傳》等,關于歐洲史的小說有《昆丁·達威
爾特》及《十字軍英雄記》等。司各特的小說情節浪漫復雜,語言流暢生 動。后世許多優秀作家都曾深受他的影響。1826 年,他投資的印刷廠倒閉,司各特以英雄氣概承擔了 114,000 英鎊的全部債務。他拼命地寫作,還清 了債務。過分緊張的工作使他的身體垮了下來。司各特之死使英國舉國悲 傷。司各特誠實守信 光榮的死 英國著名的小說家瓦爾特司各特是一個誠實守信的人,雖然為他很 貧窮,但是人們都很尊敬他。司各特為人正直,他的一個朋友看見他的生活很困難,就幫他辦了一 家出版印刷公司,可是他不善于經營,不久就倒閉破產了。這使原本就很 貧窮的作家又背對背上了六萬美元的債務包袱。司各特的朋友們商量,要湊足夠的錢幫助他還債。司各特拒絕了,說: “不,憑我自己這雙手我能還清債務。我可以失去任何東西,但惟一不能 失去的就是信用。” 為了還清他的債務,他像拉板車的老黃牛一樣努力工作,他的朋友們 都非常佩服他的勇氣,都說他是一個真正的男子漢,是一個正直高尚的人。當時的很多家報紙都報道了他的企業倒閉的消息,有的文章中充滿了 同情和遺憾。他把這些文章統統扔到火爐里,他的心里對自己說:“瓦爾 特司各特不需要要憐憫和同情,他有寶貴的信用和戰勝生活的勇氣。” 在那以后他更加努力地工作,學會了許多以前不會干的活,經常一天 跑幾個單位,變換不同的工作,人累得又黑又瘦。有一次,他的一個債主看了司各特寫的小說后,專程跑來對他說:“司 各特先生,我知道您很講信用,但是您更是一個很有才華的作家,您應該 把時間更多地花在寫作上,因此我決定免除您的債務,您欠我的那一部分 錢就不用還了。” 司各特說:“非常感謝您,但是我不能接受您的幫助,我不能做沒有 信用的人。” 這件事之后,他在日記本里這樣寫道:“我從來沒有像現在這樣睡得 這樣踏實和安穩。我的債主對我說,他覺得我
是一個誠實可靠的人,他說 可以免掉我的債務,但我不能接受。盡管我的前方是一條艱難而黑暗的路,但卻使我感到光榮,為了保全我的信譽,我可能困苦而死,但我卻死得光 榮。” 由于繁重的勞動,司各特曾經病倒過。在病中,他經常對自己說:“我 欠別人的債還沒還清呢,我一定要好起來,等我賺了錢,還了債,然后再 光榮而安詳的死。” 司各特熱愛蘇格蘭家鄉,從小對故鄉豐富的歷史傳說和民間歌謠產生 了濃厚的興趣。一八 0 二年至一八 0 三年間他搜集整理并出版了《蘇格蘭
邊區歌謠》,引起人們的注意,也為他日后的創作打下了基礎。一八 0 五 年,司各特創作的敘事長詩《末代歌者之歌》出版,轟動了英國文壇,給 他帶來了聲譽。此后他又創作了長詩《瑪密恩》和《湖上夫人》等。在這 些敘事詩里,司各特運用浪漫抒情的手法描繪了蘇格蘭瑰麗的自然景色,敘述了蘇格蘭和英格蘭古老的歷史傳說,引起了人們極大的興趣,奠定了 自己在英國文壇上的詩人地位。一八一四年,司各特匿名出版了一部以蘇格蘭詹姆士黨人一七四五年 起義為題材的歷史小說《威弗利》,受到讀者極其熱情的歡迎。這時,拜 倫已在詩壇上嶄露頭角,司各特自嘆不如,于是決心轉到小說創作方面。勝炙人口的作品 從一八一四年到一八三二年司各特去世為止,他一共創作了二十余部 歷史小說,其中最為勝炙人口的有以蘇格蘭歷史為背景的《中洛辛郡的心 臟》、《修墓老人》、《紅古羅伯》,以英格蘭歷史為背景的《艾凡赫》 和以法國歷史為背景的《驚婚記》。社會評價 司各特的歷史小說氣勢磅礴,宏偉壯麗,出色地反映了英格蘭、蘇格 蘭和歐洲歷史重大轉折時刻的矛盾沖突。在他的筆下,歷史事件毫不枯燥,總是和故事人物悲歡離合的曲折遭遇有機地結合在一起。司各特的創作對歐洲歷史小說起了開創作用,被尊為歷史小說的創 始人。英國的狄更斯、斯蒂文森,法國的雨果、巴爾扎克、大仲馬,俄國 的普希金,意大利的曼佐尼,美國的庫柏等著名作家都曾受到司各特的深 刻影響。
第二篇:英國文學作家及作品簡介
英國文學作家及作品簡介
1.Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗雷.喬叟 The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 2.Thomas More 托馬斯.莫爾 Utopia 烏托邦 3.Edmund Spenser 斯賓塞 The Fairy Queen 仙后
4.Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫.馬洛 Tamburlaine 鐵木爾 / The Jew of Malta 馬耳他的猶太人 / Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士
5.Shakespeare 莎士比亞 四大喜劇 The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》、Much Ado About Nothing 《無事生非》、As you like it 《皆大歡喜》、Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》;四大悲劇 Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》、Othello 《奧賽羅》、Kin g Lear《李爾王》 Macbeth 《麥克白》; Romeo and Juliet 《羅密歐與朱麗葉》。
6.Francis Bacon 弗蘭西斯.培根 Of Study 談讀書 7.John Milton 約翰 彌爾頓 Paradise Lost 失樂園
8.John Bunyan 約翰 班揚 The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路歷程 9.John Dryden An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 10.Alexander Pope亞歷山大.蒲波
11.Jonathan Swift 江納森.斯威夫特 Gulliver’s Travels 格列夫游記 12.Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福 Robinson Crusoe 魯賓遜漂流記 13.Samuel Richardon 塞繆爾.理查德遜 Pamela 帕美拉
14.Henry Fielding 亨利.費爾丁 The history of Tom Hones, a Foundling 湯姆瓊斯
15.Richard B.Sheridan 理查德.謝立丹 The School for Scandal 造謠學校 16.Samuel Johnson 塞繆爾.約翰生 A Dictionary of the English Language 17.William Blake 威廉.布萊克 Songs of Innocence 天真之歌;Songs of Experience 經驗之歌
18.Oliver Goldsmith 奧列夫.哥爾斯密 The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲爾德牧師傳;The Citizen of the World 世界公民;She Stoops to Conquer 委曲求全;The Deserted Village 荒村
19.Robert Burns 羅伯特.彭斯 蘇格蘭詩人 A Red Red Rose 一朵紅紅的玫瑰
20.William Wordsworth 威廉.華茲華斯 桂冠詩人 Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌謠集 Lucy Poems 露西組詩 She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways 她住在人跡罕至的路邊 I wandered lonely as a cloud 我好似一朵孤獨的流云 Tintern Abbey 廷騰寺
21.Samuel Taylor Coleridge 柯勒律治 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子吟/ 老船夫; kublan Khan 忽必烈汗
22.George Gorden Bryon 拜倫 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 恰爾德.哈羅德游記;Don Juan 唐璜
23.Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪萊 Queen Mab 麥布女王 Ode to the West Wind 西風頌 Ode to a Skylark 致云雀 Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普羅米修斯 24.John Keats 約翰濟慈 Edymion 恩低彌翁 Ode to a Grecian Urn 希臘古甕頌 Ode to a Nightingale 夜鶯頌 To Autumn 秋送
25.Charles Lamb 查爾斯.蘭姆 Eassay of Elia 伊利亞文集
26.Walter Scot 司各特 歷史小說家 The Minister of the Scottish Border 蘇格蘭邊區歌謠集 The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人 Ivanhoe 艾凡赫 27.Jane Austin 簡.奧斯丁 Pride and Prejudice 傲慢與偏見 Sense and sensibility 理智與情感 Emma 愛瑪 Mansfield Park 曼斯菲爾德公園 Persuasion 勸導 Northanger Abbey 諾桑覺寺
28.Dickens 狄更斯 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 匹克威克外傳 Oliver Twist 霧都孤兒 The Old Curiosity 老古玩店 Dombey and Son 董貝父子 David Copperfiled 大衛.科波菲爾 Hard Times 艱難時事 Martin Chuzzlewit 馬丁.朱述爾維特 A Tale of Two Cities 雙城記 Great Expectations 遠大前程
29.Thackeray 薩克雷 Vanity Fair 名利場----A Novel Without a Hero 30.Charlotte Bronte 夏綠蒂.勃朗特 Jane Eyre 簡愛 31.Emily Bronte 埃米莉 勃朗特 Wuthering Heights 呼嘯山莊 32.Anne Bronte 安恩 勃朗特 Agnes Grey 艾格尼斯.格雷 33.Mrs.Gaskell 蓋斯凱爾 Mary Barton 瑪麗巴頓
34.George Eliot 喬治愛略特 Adam bede 亞當比德 The Mil on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨房 Silas Marner 織工馬南 Middlemarch 米德爾馬契
35.Alfred Tennyson 阿弗瑞德 丁尼生 詩人 The Princess 公主 Idylls of the King 國王之歌 In Memorian H.H 悼念哈拉姆
36.William Norris 威廉 諾里斯 A dream of John Ball 夢見約翰.保爾 News from Nowhere 烏有鄉消息
37.Robert Browning 布朗寧(dramatic monologue 戲劇性獨白)Men and women 男男女女 The Ring and the Book 指環與書
38.Oscar Wilde 奧斯卡.王爾德 19世紀末英國唯美派劇作家、詩人、小說家和散文家。倡導 “art for art’s sake ” 為藝術而藝術 作品: The Picture of Dorian Grey 道林格雷的畫像 An ideal Husband 理想丈夫 A Women of No Important 一個無足輕重的婦女 The Happy Prince and other Tales 快樂王子集
39.Chartist Literature 憲章文學
主要作家 :Ernest Jones 艾內斯特瓊斯 Thomas Cooper William James Linton 40.Thomas Hardy 托馬斯哈代 性格與環境小說: Tess of the D’Urbervilles 德伯家的苔絲 Far From the Madding Crowd 遠離塵囂 Jude the Obscure 無名的裘德 The Return of the Native 還鄉 The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特橋市長 Under the Greenwood Tree 綠蔭下
41.John Galsworthy 約翰高爾斯華綏 a humanist social novelist and reforming dramatist.The Forsyte Saga 福賽世家(三部曲)A modern Comedy 現代喜劇
42.George Bernard Shaw 蕭伯納 劇作家 Mrs.Warren’s Profession 華倫夫人的職業 Widower’s Houses 鰥夫的房產 Man and Superman 人與超人 Major Barbara 巴巴拉少校 The Apple Cart 蘋果車 Heartbreak Home 傷心之家 Too True to be God 真相畢露
43.W.B.Yeats 葉慈 / 葉芝 愛爾蘭詩人、劇作家、批評家 從事喀爾特復興運動,作品:Responsibilities 責任 The Tower 塔 The Winding Stair 盤旋的樓梯 The Land of Heart’s Desire 理想的國土
44.T.S.Eliot 愛略特 二十世紀具有重要影響的現代派詩人和文藝評論家 詩作:The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock J阿爾弗雷的.普魯夫洛克的情書
The Waste Land 荒原 The Hollow Man 空心人 Ash-Wednesday 圣灰星期三 Four Quarters 四部四重奏 劇作: Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂謀殺案 Sweeney Agonistes 力士斯威尼 The Cocktail Party 雞尾酒會 The Confidential Clerk 機要秘書 評論集: The Sacred Wood 圣林 Homage to John Dryden 向約翰.德萊頓致敬
45.Henry James 亨利詹姆斯 international theme / psychological realism 作品:The Portrait of a Lady 貴婦人的畫像; The Wings of the Dove 鴿翼; The Ambassadors 大使;The Golden Bowl 金碗 Daisy Miller 黛西米勒 46.D.H.Laurence 勞倫斯 Son and Lovers 兒子與情人 ; The Rainbow 彩虹; Women in Love 戀愛中的女人 Lady Chatterley’s Lover 查特萊夫人的情人 47.Joseph Conrad 約瑟夫康拉德 Lord Jim 吉姆老爺 The Heart of Darkness 黑暗的心
48.E.M.Forster 福斯特 Where Angels Fear to Tread 天使不敢踐踏的地方;A passage to India 印度之行 The longest Journey 最漫長的旅程 A Room with a View 可以遠眺的房間
49.James Joyce 詹姆斯 喬伊斯 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 青年藝術家的畫像 Ulysses 尤里西斯 Finnegans Wake 芬尼根的覺醒
50.Virginia Woolf 維吉尼亞沃爾芙 英國小說家,散文家 Bloomsbury Group 作品:Mrs.Dalloway 達洛維夫人 To the Lighthouse 到燈塔去 The Waves 海浪 51.Kinsley Amis 金斯萊 the most important representative of the Angry Young Man 作品:Luck Jim 幸運的吉姆
52.William Golding 威廉 戈爾丁 獲諾貝爾獎 Lord of the Flies 蠅王
第三篇:英國文學18-19世紀浪漫主義
Part Five: Romanticism in England the Age of Poetry Teaching Arrangement: I.Historical Background II.Romanticism III.A.poets
1.Escapist romanticists / Lake Poets(湖畔派詩人)(William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey)
2.active romanticists /demonic group/Satanic school(撒旦派)(George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats)
B.essayists(Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey)
C.novelist(Walter Scott)I.Historical Background(1)Industrial Revolution —transformed Britain from agricultural to industrial country, responsible for the change in the pattern of social life and the worsening of social contradictions;?(2)American revolution in 1775— the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, with its emphasis on individual rights;(3)The French revolution in 1789 —introduced the democratic ideals: liberty, equality and fraternity for everybody;
(4)the abolition of slavery in the British colonies;(5)the introduction of system of national education;(6)the Factory Acts《工廠法案》 by which the employment of children under nine was forbidden by the law.(7)Lyrical Ballads, 《抒情歌謠集》 a collection of poem by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, published in 1798, which marked the start of Romanticism as a literary trend.II.English Romanticism 1.definition—English Romanticism is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge‘s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill《改革法案》 in the Parliament.English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason.The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism.Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois.In the realm of literature, they revolt against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc.and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc.2.The features of the Romantic writings: 1)? Dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.2)Their writings filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures.3)pay attention to spiritual and emotional life of man.Most works are supernatural and full of imagination.4)interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar, the bizarre 5)strong desire to escape from the reality.6)concerned much about the influence of nature.7)Their writings free from any rules, they fight against the tenure of new classicism: order, harmony, balance, reason.They ask for the freedom of expression.8)A feeling of loneliness & a note of melancholy
8)The glorification of the commonplace---the aim of good poetry is “to choose incidents and situations from common life” and to use a “selection of language really spoken by men”, and to awaken in the reader “freshness of sensation” in the presentation of “familiar objects”.9)characterized by 5 “I”s: Imagination, Intuition, Idealism, Inspiration, Individuality.3.Two schools of Romanticism A.escapist romanticists, “the Lake Poets”湖畔派, represented by William Wordsworth華茲華斯, Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治 and Robert Southey騷塞.B.active romanticists, “the Satanic school”撒旦派, with Byron拜倫, Shelly雪萊 and Keats濟慈 as representatives
湖畔派Lake Poets
18~19世紀的英國浪漫主義詩歌流派。主要成員有華茲華斯、柯爾律治和騷塞。由于他們三人曾一同隱居于英國西北部的昆布蘭湖區,先后在格拉斯米爾和文德美爾兩個湖畔居住,以詩贊美湖光山色,所以有“湖畔派詩人”之稱。
在詩歌題材上,他們主張寫下層人民的日常生活,強調詩人的內心探索和感情的自然流露;在詩體方面,主張發展民間詩歌的藝術傳統,采用民間口語,發揮詩人的想象力。他們的理論和實踐結束了英國古典主義詩學的統治,對英國詩歌的改革和發展起了很大作用。但是他們否定詩歌的社會作用,美化中世紀的田園生活,提倡唯心主義、唯靈主義、神秘主義;把“聽天由命”看成是人的“天性的永恒部分”;拜倫和雪萊對此進行過激烈的批評。
湖畔派詩人起初都同情法國革命,隨著革命的深入,由害怕革命而退卻,進而逃避現實,迷戀過去,美化中世紀的宗法制,幻想從古老的封建社會中去尋找精神的安慰與寄托。當湖畔派詩人的消極傾向日益明顯的時候,青年詩人拜倫、雪萊開始登上文壇,向湖畔派詩人展開論爭。拜倫在一八O九年完成的諷刺長詩《英格蘭詩人和蘇格蘭評論家》中,不僅回答了消極浪漫主義者操縱的刊物《愛丁堡評論》對拜倫詩作的攻擊,而且還嚴厲地譴責了湖畔派詩人的消極傾向。由于他們敢于向湖畔派詩人作斗爭,因而被英國紳土們斥之為撒旦(惡魔),所以文學史上稱拜倫、雪萊和濟慈為“撒旦派”。
一般說,湖畔派詩人代表消極浪漫主義傾向,撒旦派代表積極浪漫主義精神。雖然湖畔派詩人在與古典主義的斗爭中有過貢獻,在詩歌的藝術上有較深的造詣,但其歷史地位遠不及撒旦派重要。
III.poets—Lake Poets 1.William Wordsworth威廉·華茲華斯(重點)1.1 life Born in 1770 in a lawyer?s family Orphaned when he was 14 Went to school in Hawkshead, developed a deep love for nature 1787-1791 Studied at Cambridge--political enthusiasm roused 1790-1792 visited France twice In 1797, moved to Somerset with his sister Dorothy and made friends with Coleridge, all devoting their time writing poetry Published Lyrical Ballads together with Coleridge.Two periods of his literary career A revolutionist with liberal politics idea and ambiguous religion A conservative, coming to believe that man?s wild spirit is needed taming by the church
1.2 major works: 1)Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌謠集》
followed by “The Preface to the Lyrical Ballads”—served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.2)famous short poems:
About nature: “I wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “獨自漫游似浮云”,or “The Daffodils” “詠水仙”
“Intimation of Immortality” “不朽頌”
“Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”
“丁登寺”;“To the Cuckoo” “致布谷鳥”;“My Heart Leaps up When I Behold” “我心雀躍”;“To a Butterfly” “致蝴蝶” “An Evening Walk” “黃昏漫步 ”
About human life:--sympathy for the poor
Lucy Poems 《露西組詩》
“The Solitary Reaper” “孤獨的收割者”
“The Old Cumberland Beggar” “康伯蘭的老乞丐”
“Michael” “邁克爾”
“We are Seven” “我們七個”
3)“The Prelude” “序曲”--Wordsworth’s autobiographical poem in 14 books published after his death, a spiritual record of his mind, showing his own thought and sentiment.1.3 Comment on Wordsworth A.The poet of nature Nature---medium---revelation(啟示)
Nature---entity---communicating with God, learning more about God, and enjoying the holy and awesome feelings Nature---purest, most uncorrupted form, a manifestation of God?s creation power
B.Wordsworth?s definition to poetry
Good poetry must speak “the real language of man” and write about the life of common people in an imaginative way.Good poetry is “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”詩是強烈情感的自然流露。Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”.詩源于情感,但在平靜中回憶。
The objects which excited these emotions were to be ordinary ones.The style selected for the new poetry was also to be simple.A poet should give pleasure and reveal universal truth.Poetry is “the most philosophic of all writing” 1.4 “I wondered Lonely as a Cloud” 我好似一朵孤獨的流云,高高地飄游在山谷之上,突然我看到一大片鮮花,是金色的水仙遍地開放。它們開在湖畔,開在樹下 它們隨風嬉舞,隨風飄蕩
它們密集如銀河的星星,像群星在閃爍一片晶瑩; 它們沿著海灣向前伸展,通往遠方仿佛無窮無盡; 一眼看去就有千朵萬朵,萬花搖首舞得多么高興。
粼粼湖波也在近旁歡跳,卻不如這水仙舞得輕俏;
詩人遇見這快樂的旅伴 又怎能不感到歡欣雀躍; 我久久凝視--卻未領悟
這景象所給予我的精神至寶。
后來多少次我郁郁獨臥,感到百無聊賴心靈空漠;
這景象便在腦海中閃現,多少次安慰過我的寂寞
我的心又隨水仙跳起舞來,我的心又重新充滿了歡樂。
The poem contains 4 six-lined stanzas of Iambic tetrameter with the rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza.Theme: eulogy頌詞 for the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and man
Analysis of “I wondered Lonely as a Cloud” :
A.the first and the second stanza---a vivid picture of a host of golden daffodils dancing happily in the breeze B.the third stanza---the happiness brought to the poet?s soul by the dancing daffodils
C.the last stanza---the happiness brought by the daffodils lasts forever in the poet?s memory.孤獨的割麥女
看,一個孤獨的高原姑娘,在遠遠的田野間收割,一邊割一邊獨自歌唱,請你站住。或者俏悄走過!她獨自把麥子割了又捆,唱出無限悲涼的歌聲,屏息聽吧!深廣的谷地 已被歌聲漲滿而漫溢!? 還從未有過夜鶯百囀,唱出過如此迷人的歌,在沙漠中的綠蔭間 撫慰過疲憊的旅客; 還從未有過杜鵑迎春,聲聲啼得如此震動靈魂,在遙遠的赫布利底群島 打破過大海的寂寥。她唱什么,誰能告訴我? 憂傷的音符不斷流涌,是把遙遠的不幸訴說? 是把古代的戰爭吟詠? 也許她的歌比較卑謙,只是唱今日平凡的悲歡,只是唱自然的哀傷苦痛—— 昨天經受過,明天又將重逢?
姑娘唱什么,我猜不著,她的歌如流水永無盡頭; 只見她一邊唱一邊干活,彎腰揮鐮,操勞不休?? 我凝神不動,聽她歌唱,然后,當我登上了山崗,盡管歌聲早已不能聽到,它卻仍在我心頭繚繞。Homework:
Give an analysis of “The Solitary Reaper”, which should include: Metrical pattern(格律): Rhyme scheme(押韻): General meaning of each stanza: The theme of the poem(deliver your homework through the online teaching system)Lucy Poems--“She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”《她住在人跡罕至的地方 》 她住在人跡罕至的地方, 圣潔的小溪在身邊流淌, 沒有誰把這少女贊頌, 少有人為她掛肚牽腸。
她是紫羅蘭身影半露, 生苔的墓碑將她遮擋;美麗如一顆孤星, 在夜空里閃閃發亮。
沒有誰了解她曾活在世上, 少有人知道她何時夭亡;躺在墓中的露西啊,唯有我與別人都不一樣。
(國際關系學院06考研題)
Questions:(1)What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?(2)Are there any images in this poem? Please point them out.(3)Can the second stanza be omitted? What role does it play in this poem?(4)Please paraphrase the poem in less than 100 words.(1)The rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef(2)Yes, there are images in this poem: “a half hidden violet” and “a star shining in the sky”.(3)No.the image of the violet shows that she is so modest, shy and unknown that no one will pay attention to her;the image of the star shining in the sky indicates that in her lover?s eyes, she is like the single star shining brightly and beautifully in the sky.(4)She lived in an isolated place beside the springs of Dove, Nobody praised her and few people loved her.She is like a violet beside a mossy tone, unnoticed by people.She is like a star shinning in the sky, fair and loving in her lover?s heart.When she is alive, nobody knows her;thus when she dies, few people feel sad about her.But for me it is different to know her death(because I loved her so much and I feel so sad).2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge(了解)2.1 life born into a clergyman?s family, a genius.At 6, read the Bible, Robinson Crusoe and Arabian Nights.full of fantasy and dreams.made friends with Charles Lamb, the great essayist of English Romanticism in his Cambridge years.ran away from the university and enlisted in the army;
returned to Cambridge without getting a degree;joined Robert Southey in a utopian plan of establishing an ideal democratic community in America in 1749 which didn?t come to any fruition;
Split with Southey and married Sara Fricker, but an unhappy and short-lived marriage;In 1796, addicted to opium with a view to relieving his headache and depression;In 1797, began his friendship with Wordsworth;
In 1798, published The Lyrical Ballads with Wordsworth;In 1810, quarreled seriously with Wordsworth.Reconciled later;In later years, turned conservative and resorted to theology for his spiritual support.2.2 major works: Demonic Poems: 魔幻詩
The Rime of the Ancient Marine《古舟子詠》 Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》 Christabel 《克里斯塔貝爾》 Conversational poems 對話詩 Frost at Morning《午夜寒霜》
Dejection: An Ode 《沮喪:一首頌歌》 Essays Biographia Literaria 《文學傳記》
Lectures on Shakespeare between 1808 and 1815 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子詠》
It is Coleridge?s contribution to The Lyrical Ballads.It is a long poem, telling a story in the form of ballad.Three guests are on their way to a wedding party when an ancient mariner stopped one of them.The mariner tells of his adventures on the sea.His story is full of horrors.When his ship sails towards the South Pole, an albatross(信天翁)comes through the snow-fog and alights on the rigging.Outline of the Story:
A.pointless slaughter of an albatross--omen of bad luck B.awful punishment that his crime brought about C.realization of the sacredness of life Theme
It is a psychologically profound study of guilt, of remorse, of the nature of evil.Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
Kubla Khan is a dream-poem.During an illness in 1797 Coleridge retired to a lonely farmhouse.One day he fell asleep while he was reading a passage about Kubla Khan from a book of travels.While dreaming he composed a poem about 200 or 300 lines.On waking he began to write down the poem.But he was interrupted by a person and the vision faded.He left a fragment of only 54 lines and never finished the poem.第一節: 忽必烈汗忽必烈汗建立“上都”,修起富麗的逍遙宮,那兒有神河阿爾浮 流經深不可測的巖洞,注入不見太陽的海中。那兒有十哩方圓的沃土,城墻、高塔四面圍繞,明媚的花園,曲折的小溪,丁香、豆蔻芳華四溢,樹林像山丘一樣古老,環抱著陽光燦爛的草地。第二節:
但沿著松柏蒼蒼的山坡 急轉直下,卻是懸崖深谷!一片荒蕪!好像施過魔術,會有女子在下弦月下出沒,為她的惡魔情人哀哭!深谷里煮沸了一鍋騷亂,仿佛大地在急促地氣喘,一股強大的噴泉不時騰空,在它一陣陣爆發之中 巨石彈起,如同冰雹,如同谷粒在連枷之下蹦跳!
在這些石塊的狂舞中,有時神河也被高高拋起,它扭成五哩蜿蜓的迷宮,它穿過森林和谷地,到達深不可測的巖洞,喧嘩著沉入死水洋底。
忽必烈汗遠遠諦聽,在喧嘩中 聽到祖先的聲音在預言戰爭!
第三節
逍遙宮的影子青幽,在波浪之中漂流,噴泉與巖洞交響,構成韻律的重奏。
奇跡在此匯集,鬼斧神工,陽光燦爛的宮和冰的巖洞!第四節:
我夢幻中看見
一個操琴的女郎—— 阿比西尼亞姑娘,她輕輕撥動琴弦,把阿波拉山吟唱。啊,但愿我能在心底 把她的樂曲和歌聲復制。那時我就會如醉如癡,我只消用那悠揚的仙樂 就能重建那天宮瑤池,那陽光燦爛的宮和冰的洞窟!
凡是聆聽者都將目睹,大家都將高呼:“當心!當心!瞧他飄揚的頭發,閃亮的眼睛!我們要繞他巡行三圈,在神圣的恐懼中閉上雙眼,因為他嘗過蜜的露水,飲過樂園里的乳泉。”(1)identify the author(2)What is his theory of poems?(3)What kind of philosophy is behind the italic words “His flashing eyes?.milk of paradise”?(北航08考研題)
Answer:(1)Samuel Taylor Coleridge(2)Coleridge believed in the “feeling heart,” in the spiritual power of the individual imagination, the completeness and harmonious beauty of God?s creation.though Coleridge shared with Wordsworth a desire to return poetry to the ordinary, the concrete, and the language of speech, he was also desirous of discovering the spiritual, supernatural and exotic.Coleridge expresses his conception of poetry in terms of a synthesis of imaginative vision and of actual perception, of “outer” and “inner,” or of “object” and “subject.”
a poem is a growing unity, the parts related to one another and all comprising a whole.The “end” of poetry is pleasure, not instruction, and yet a poem tells a higher truth.(3)The poet says that he once saw an Abyssinian maid who played her dulcimer and sang of Mount Abora.The song of the Abyssinian maid can be the poet?s source of inspiration.If he could receive “her symphony and song” within him, he could rebuild his own dome of pleasure in the air.And all who saw him would cry “Beware of ?his flashing eyes, his floating hair!? ”.The listeners would circle him and close their eyes with “holy dread”, knowing that he had tasted honeydew, and “drunk the milk of Paradise”.The poet wants to express that people have certain awe and even fear for nature and enjoys its beauty with utmost piety.注:《忽必烈汗》一詩中既無故事情節,也沒有明確的主旨,而只是傳達了一種幻覺或印象,雖然以忽必烈汗為題目,但并沒有刻意描寫或贊頌這位中國帝王的偉業,而是將這位傳奇人物當作寄情表意的媒介充分發揮詩人的想象力。這里,詩人的情感與豪華的宮殿、仙女的愛情、少女的琴聲和中國的忽必烈汗交織在一起,創造了一種優美的旋律和超凡的意境。初看起來,全詩的確缺乏一種邏輯統一性,但讀起來并不感到雜亂無章。倒是詩中所迸發的那種神秘的異國情調常常讓讀者遐思不已。另外,這首詩在敘述方面的確具有獨創性,開拓了西方詩歌的新視野。詩人在敘述過程中不斷出現語義斷裂和不連貫現象可以使讀者更加關注詩歌的形式,充分領略其神奇而優美的韻律。今天,該詩與《古舟子詠》一樣已成為英國文學中的瑰寶。
Christabel 《克里斯塔貝爾》
Another of Coleridge’s unfinished poem written in ballad meter.It tells a story of a sorcerer(男巫)who casts a spell over a pure young girl.Its mysterious atmosphere and the Gothic horror may freeze our blood.Biographia Literaria《文學傳記》
A literary autobiography.Point of view:
(1)The task of literary criticism is not to judge but to appreciate and interpret.(2)The poet is a creator and the critic is an assistant to the work of creation.The critic must enter into the poet?s purpose and art, and interpret ideas and beauty for the benefit of the reader.(3)The poet, as a man endowed with imaginative genius and fine perception, must be allowed to present the truth in his own way without regard to rules or models.2.3 artistic features:
(1)Mysticism神秘主義 and demonism魔鬼信仰with strong imagination;(2)Depiction of unusual and supernatural images.(3)pay close attention to language of poetry.He maintains that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty”, not to instruct.3.Robert Southey 羅伯特·騷塞(了解)3.1 One of the “Lake Poets”
Expelled from Westminster School for his outspoken composition against corporal punishment In Oxford, made acquaintance of Coleridge and Wordsworth, and shared their revolutionary ardor in the 1790s Radicalism faded at the turn of the century, changed from a revolutionist to a Tory, made Poet Laureate 3.2 major Works epic— Joan of Arc 《圣女貞德》 Drama– Wat Tyler 《瓦特·泰勒》
Short poems— The Inchcape Rock《因尺角之石》 The Battle of Blenheim《布萊尼姆之戰》
My Days among the Dead Are Passed《我與死者做伴的日子已結束》 Prose— The Life of Nelson《納爾遜傳》 Poetical romances--Thalaba the Destroyer 《薩拉巴》 Madoc《麥道克》
The Curse of Kehama《克哈馬的詛咒》 Roderick, the Last of the Goths 《羅德里克,最后的高斯人》
1.1 life
Born in an aristocratic family Became Lord Byron after inheriting the title and estate of his grand-uncle a radical supporter of worker?s movement.In 1811, took seat in the House of Lords(貴族院/上議院).He made vehement speeches to attack English government’s policy for the Luddites(workers who destroy machinery).Byron left England for ever in 1816.He first visited Switzerland, where he made acquaintance with Shelley.Then he moved to Italy, where he finished Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰爾德·哈羅德游記》and wrote his masterpiece Don Juan《唐璜》.Upon hearing the news of the Greek revolt against the Turks, Byron plunged himself into the struggle.The Greeks made him commander in chief(總司令)of their forces in 1824.Due to months’ hard work under bad weather, he fell ill and died.April 19, 1824, Byron died with “ Forward!Forward!Follow me!” The Greek people mourned over his premature death.Byron was regarded as the “satanic poet” by the English government when he died.It was not until 1969 that a white marble memorial to Byron was erected in Westminster Abbey.Nowadays his name is put in the Poets? Corner.1.2 major works:(1).Hours of Idleness 《閑散的時刻》--his first collection of poems composed in college dealing with childish recollections and early friendship, but was mercilessly criticized by Edinburgh Review, a blow to the young man, but didn’t discourage him;(2).English Bards and Scotch Reviewers《英國詩人和蘇格蘭評論家》--a satirical poem against Edinburgh Review, in which Wordsworth, Southey and some other celebrities of the day were satirized;
(3)Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰爾德·哈羅德游記》
an autobiographical narrative poem written in Spenserian stanzas.It tells the travels and the reflections of a pilgrim, Childe Harold, who is tired of the empty life of pleasure and is now seeking spiritual rebirth.In this poem, Childe Harold was the poet himself.They both lamented over the corrupted reality and wanted to make a change;they loved freedom and were eager to build a marvelous career.The poem is an imaginative and romantic presentation of the poet?s disturbing emotion and eagerness for freedom.It also emphasizes individualism.(4)Don Juan《唐·璜》
Byron’s masterpiece, an epic satire in ottava rima(八行體), A stanza of poem consisting of 8 lines in iambic pentameter rhyming abababcc.16,000 lines long in 16 cantos.Don Juan is an aristocratic libertine, amiable and charming to ladies—a great lover and seducer of women.In the conventional sense, Juan is immoral, yet Byron takes this poem as the most moral.And Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, which, according to Byron, are virtues neglected by the modern society.The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearance and reality, or what things seem to be and what they actually are.The third canto of the poem is different from the rest of the poem metrically.It consists of sixteen 6-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter, the rhyme scheme being ababcc.《唐璜》是拜倫后期最重要的一部長詩。唐璜原是一名西班牙家傳戶曉的一名傳說人物,他并不是一個英雄,相反他卻是一個因為誘騙了某貴族少婦而被驅逐并到處流亡的青年無賴式的人物。但在拜倫的筆下得以重新塑造,成為一個“極美貌、驕傲、大膽而又運氣好的人”。雖然他屢次身陷險境,但又每次都能從死神的身邊安全逃開;雖然他經受過無數與情人生離死別的痛苦煎熬,但總有新的愛情給他帶來新的幸福。他熱情沖動、敏感正直,在遭遇饑餓的恐怖和沉船的厄運后,遇見了美麗的希臘少女海蒂。正陶醉于愛情和大自然時,一個游吟詩人的吟唱將唐璜帶到了殘酷的現實。這塊如海蒂一般美麗的土地正飽受著土耳其的侵擾,并面臨著即將滅亡的噩運。這段吟唱帶給唐璜以巨大的震撼,詩人拜倫對這一切當然也感同身受。因為種種原因,作為希臘異族人的拜倫在他后來的生命歲月里選擇了與希臘人民站在一起、并共同抵御外辱。而這段在《唐璜》中并不太起眼的第三章中的一節就在詩內和詩外的世界里也因此具有了特殊的意義。Selective reading P 305 From Don Juan, Canto III— “The Isles of Greece”《哀希臘》(read the first 6 stazas)Background: in the early 19th century, Greece was under the rule of Turks.Task: What techniques? What effect? What theme? 1.3 Contribution: chief contribution--“Byronic hero”(拜倫式英雄)Byronic hero--Byron?s poetry is based on his own experience.His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, and then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales《東方故事集》,Manfred, 《曼弗雷德》 and Dan Juan in different guises.2.Percy Bysshe Shelley(雪萊)(1792-1822)2.1 life born in Sussex;father a conservative narrow-minded country gentleman;though gentle by nature, he could not stand any injustice
In 1811, expelled from Oxford for an anti-religion pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism《無神論的必然》
at 19, alone in London, homeless.married a 16-year-old schoolgirl Harriet in 1812, went to Ireland, Address to the Irish People 《告愛爾蘭人民書》
in 1813, back in England wrote Queen Mab《麥布女王》 in 1814, broke with Harriet
in 1816, married Mary Godwin, daughter of radical philosopher Godwin
in 1818, Shelley?s happy marriage was broken by the sudden death of Harriet who jumped into a river.The scandal made by political enemies compelled Shelley to leave England again, then he lived in Italy to support the independence wars of Italy, Spain and Greece.in 1816 met Byron
In 1818 The Revolt of Islam 《伊斯蘭的反叛》
in 1819, Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普羅米修斯》,Ode to the West Wind《西風頌》 Masque of Anarchy 《專制魔王的化妝旅行》,The Cenci 《欽契》A Defense of Poetry《詩辯》 In 1820, To a Skylark 《致云雀》
in 1822.July 8th, a sudden tempest struck his boat, drowned.Inscription on his tombstone: “ P.B.Shelley.COR CORDIUM” = the heart of hearts 眾心之心
他的一切并沒有消逝
只是經歷過海的變異
已變得豐富而且神奇
2.2 major works A.“Queen Mab” 1813 《麥布女王》
A revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth B.“ The Revolt of Islam” 1818 《伊斯蘭的反叛》
a revolutionary epic--a brother and a sister are united in their common ideal of liberty, equality and fraternity;they arouse the spirit of revolt among their Islam people against their tyrants.“a sister-comrade”--women’s position
C.“Prometheus Unbound” 《解放了的普羅米修斯》1820 lyrical drama in 4 acts.Greek myth--Prometheus is reconciled to Zeus.But Shelley reinterpreted it.Prometheus is supported by public.He refuses to yield to the tyrant in heaven.At last Zeus is overthrown.Prometheus is released and throws off his fetters.The figure of Prometheus has been symbolic of those noble-hearted revolutionaries, who devote themselves to the just cause of the people and suffer great pains at the hands of tyrants.D.Ode to the West Wind 《西風頌》(重點)best of Shelley?s lyrics
Expression of poet?s envy of the boundless freedom of the west wind Melancholy in tune But optimistic and resolute in theme Poet?s conviction---the good will certainly defeat the evil
frequently quoted epigram: “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”
《西風頌》是秋天的歌,是時代的聲音。《西風頌》不免帶有“婉轉而憂愁”的調子。但雪萊對革命前途和人類命運始終保持著樂觀主義的堅定信念,他堅信正義必定戰勝邪惡,光明必定代替黑暗。詩人以“天才的預言家”的姿態向全世界大聲宣告:
如果冬天來了,春天還會遠嗎?
Selective reading: P312 《西風頌》(1)Form: The poem is divided into 5 parts.Each part consists of four stanzas of terza rima and one couplet lines, rhymed aba bcb cdc ded ee(2)content: the poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea, and expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind, and his wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among mankind.(3)Theme: Revolutionary spirit.Wish to destroy the old and build up a new.(4)In what way is the west wind both a destroyer and a preserver?(南京大學07)The west wind is considered the “destroyer” for driving the last signs of life from the trees;it is considered the “preserver” for scattering the seeds which come to life in the spring.Definition: terza rima(三行體)—verse form consisting of stanzas of three lines(tercets);the first and third lines rhyming with one another and the second rhyming with the first and third of the following tercet.五個小節格律完整,可以獨立成篇。從內容來看,它們又熔為一體,貫穿著一個中心思想。第一節描寫西風掃除林中殘葉,吹送生命的種籽。(大地)第二節描寫西風攪動天上的濃云密霧,呼喚著暴雨雷電的到來。(天空)第三節描寫西風掀起大海的洶涌波濤,摧毀海底花樹。(海上)三節詩三個意境,詩人幻想的翅膀飛翔在樹林、天空和大海之間,飛翔在現實和理想之間,形象鮮明,想象豐富,但中心思想只有一個,就是歌唱西風掃除腐朽、鼓舞新生的強大威力。從第四節開始,由寫景轉向抒情,由描寫西風的氣勢轉向直抒詩人的胸臆,抒發詩人對西風的熱愛和向往,達到情景交融的境界,而中心思想仍然是歌唱西風。因此,結構嚴謹,層次清晰,主題集中,是《西風頌》一個突出的藝術特點。
《西風頌》采用象征手法,從頭至尾環繞著秋天的西風作文章,無論是寫景還是抒情,都沒有脫離這個特定的描寫對象,沒有使用過一句政治術語和革命口號。然而讀過后,我們卻深深感受到,雪萊不完全是歌唱西風,詩人實質上是通過歌唱西風來歌唱革命。詩中的西風、殘葉、種籽、流云、暴雨雷電、大海波濤、海底花樹等等,都不過是象征性的東西,它們包含著深刻的寓意,大自然風云激蕩的動人景色,乃是人間蓬勃發展的革命斗爭的象征。從這個意義上說,《西風歌》不是風景詩,而是政治抒情詩,雖然沒有一句直接描寫革命,但整首詩都是在反映革命。尤其是結尾膾炙人口的詩句,既概括了自然現象,也深刻地揭示了人類社會的歷史規律,指出了革命斗爭經過艱難曲折走向勝利的光明前景。
第四篇:浪漫主義時期歌劇
四、簡述浪漫主義時期意大利歌劇的發展?
1、浪漫主義時期意大利歌劇的特點
意大利歌劇產生于巴羅克時期,并在這一百五十年的時間里輾轉于意大利各大城市,期間它經歷了產生、發展和成熟三個階段,并影響了歐洲各國。佩里和卡契尼等作曲家使歌劇初具雛形,蒙特威爾第和A.斯卡拉蒂使歌劇趨于完善,并使它在歐洲音樂史上占有重要地位;隨后意大利歌劇在發展中經歷了三個重要時期:古典主義時期、浪漫主義時期和真實主義時期,其中后兩個時期最關鍵。
音樂史上的浪漫主義時期大約是19世紀前后的100多年,該時期的音樂不像巴羅克音樂那樣壯觀、華麗,在細節上精致修飾;也不像古典主義音樂那樣具有精練、樸實的音樂語言,形式結構明晰勻稱;它更多地強調個性與自我感受,無拘無束地表達情感世界,體現了浪漫主義所特有的激情。浪漫主義音樂的這些特點都在意大利浪漫主義歌劇中得到了體現,它強調強烈的感情渲染、個人主義精神的展現以及強烈的個性表現,重視歌唱性和抒情性,以自由、平等、博愛為創作宗旨,反對古典主義音樂的傳統形式和內容,作曲家們期望最大程度地體驗各種感受。這些都是當時意大利歌劇的鮮明特點。
2、浪漫主義時期意大利歌劇發展的背景
浪漫主義時期意大利歌劇的發展和成熟與法國大革命的影響是不可分割的,法國大革命促進了意大利民族意識的覺醒,整個19世紀意大利人民都在為民族統一和獨立而斗爭,所以民族主義問題成為影響當時音樂發展的主要因素。浪漫主義者強調音樂文化的民族精神,作曲家們也在關注不同民族文化的差異性,這使得一些民族文化復興運動高漲的國家形成了具有自身特色的傳統音樂。同時,浪漫主義思潮與現實的民族斗爭結合在一起,帶來了意大利文化的繁榮,使18世紀末衰退的歌劇藝術重獲新生。雖然浪漫主義因素對歐洲各國有著深遠的影響,但對意大利歌劇來說,它沒有像德奧或法國音樂那樣具有激進的浪漫主義傾向,而是更多地扎根于本民族生活的原有傳統,遵循本民族的審美習慣和歌劇體裁的傳統,所以浪漫主義因素只是逐步地滲入意大利歌劇。意大利喜歌劇和正歌劇兩種體裁直到19世紀仍然并存發展,但是它們的基本任務從體現民間生活轉向為發展民族文化而斗爭,使歌劇藝術受到時代生活的影響而形成新的風格。
3、浪漫主義時期意大利歌劇的發展過程
浪漫主義風格的意大利歌劇從羅西尼開始,經過貝里尼、唐尼采蒂到威爾第早期,內容主要體現了愛國情感與英雄主義。到威爾第的創作后期,出現了新的音樂潮流——真實主義歌劇,馬斯卡尼的《鄉村騎士》(1890)、列昂卡瓦洛的《丑角》(1892)、普契尼的《藝術家的生涯》(1894)等作品是推動這股潮流向前發展的代表作。真實主義歌劇不僅保持了真實主義文學反映社會現實生活的特點,而且還繼承了來自法國比才《卡門》的現實主義傳統。
19世紀早期浪漫主義風格的意大利歌劇代表作曲家:羅西尼(1792-1868),意大利歌劇最多產的作曲家,他生活在浪漫主義早期,是古典主義歌劇與浪漫主義歌劇過渡時期的重要作曲家。他創作的近四十部歌劇為意大利歌劇注入了新的活力和色彩,他的《塞維利亞的理發師》集意大利喜劇的精華,語言生動,形式自由,是意大利喜歌劇的代表作;《威廉·退爾》則是大歌劇的經典作品,為19世紀的歌劇創作提供了新的經驗。他在遵循意大利傳統歌劇創作原則的基礎上進行歌劇改革,縮小了宣敘調和詠嘆調的區別,把歌劇中獨立的分曲形式發展成“場”的結構,并在音樂高潮時創用了“羅西尼漸強” 的表現方式。他復興了意大利歌劇藝術,使它與德國歌劇、法國歌劇形成抗衡。如果把1820——1850年稱為美聲時期,那么羅西尼就是這個美聲時期的締造者。他為歌劇帶來了神奇和歡笑,使人們重新回憶起意大利歌劇一枝獨秀的魅力。
唐尼采蒂(Gactano Donizetti,1797-1848)和貝里尼(V.Bellini,1801-1835)延續和發展了羅西尼的歌劇風格,前者旋律豐富多彩,炫耀聲樂技巧,由于過多強調感官上的愉悅而缺乏內涵,但對意大利“美聲”學派的產生有著直接的影響,《拉美摩爾的露西亞》和《愛的甘醇》是他的傾情之作;后者重視音樂與語言的關系,強調音樂的表情作用,旋律純樸自然而富有感染力,《諾爾瑪》、《清教徒》,特別是《夢游女》,以其抒情和細膩令人陶醉。他們使意大利浪漫主義歌劇逐漸成熟,通過努力確立了意大利歌劇的地位。意大利歌劇在唐尼采蒂、貝里尼之后的很長一段時間都沒有超越這兩位大師的作曲家出現,直到威爾第的出現才真正使意大利浪漫主義歌劇有了起色,并將它發展到極致。威爾第(Giusppe Verdi,1813-1901)是一位革新者,他受民族獨立運動思潮的影響,作品內容涉及社會各階層的人物,使意大利歌劇擺脫了思想和創作方面的危機;他把意大利的文學藝術和現實主義結合在一起,使作品既具有崇高思想,又被人們廣泛接受。音樂上,他在大多數歌劇作品中依舊遵循分曲結構的寫法,同時又著重研究瓦格納歌劇的特點,并對它分場而不分曲的結構和主導動機的手法加以創造性的運用,在保持民族風格與傳統習慣的同時,創作出富于戲劇力量、光彩動人的旋律。他一生共創作了26部歌劇,較著名的有:《弄臣》、《游吟詩人》、《茶花女》、《唐·卡洛斯》、《阿伊達》、《奧賽羅》。威爾第創造出真正意義的現實主義歌劇,他使意大利歌劇傳統在歐洲浪漫主義時代,不僅保持著民族本色,而且煥發出勃勃生機。
到19世紀晚期,歐洲文學界掀起了以法國左拉(1840-1902)為代表的真實主義運動,同時意大利也興起了真實主義文藝思潮。真實主義作家們力求真實地描寫和表現社會生活的現實狀況,并客觀地再現生活。第一部真實主義歌劇是馬斯卡尼(Pietro Mascagni,1863—1945)創作的《鄉村騎士》(Cavalleria Rusticana),這部歌劇吸引了眾多觀眾,開真實主義歌劇的先河,并確立了真實主義歌劇作為一種風格流派在音樂史上的地位。緊隨其后的另一部作品《丑角》(Paliacci英文譯為“Punchinello”或“Clown”)是同一時期作曲家列昂卡瓦洛(Ruggiero Leoncavallo,1857—1919)的杰作,雖然《丑角》的音樂不如《鄉村騎士》那么優美,但它卻更獲得群眾的理解,更真實地再現現實生活的情景。在同一時期最卓越的作曲家當屬普契尼(Giacomo Puccini,1858-1924),他創作了一批具有真實主義歌劇特征的經典作品,如《繡花女》、《托斯卡》、《蝴蝶夫人》、《圖蘭多》等。他的歌劇結構簡練,力求直接地表達劇本所提示的戲劇感染力,注重旋律與戲劇的貫穿發展,拋開詠嘆調與宣敘調截然分開的傳統,善于用音樂渲染氣氛;擅長塑造各種柔弱的、生活苦難的婦女形象,如繡花女咪咪、歌伎巧巧桑、歌女托斯卡、女仆柳兒等;另外他還喜歡把東方異國情調的音樂作為創作素材。普契尼歌劇改變了意大利歌劇只重人聲不重器樂的狀況,他在繼承威爾第等大師傳統的基礎上,揭開了20世紀意大利歌劇的新篇章。
4、浪漫主義時期意大利歌劇的影響
意大利歌劇從16、17世紀開始,經過了18世紀的歌劇改革,到19世紀的成熟發展,經歷了三個時期,它們使意大利歌劇的結構更完美,也使音樂、舞蹈、文學、舞美、音響等形成一個整體,共同構成歌劇不可缺少的組成部分。浪漫主義時期意大利歌劇的內容、旋律、美聲演唱等,對當時的歐洲各國甚至后世都有著深遠的影響。
五、何謂真實主義歌劇?
真實主義歌劇是在真實主義文學的影響下,于19世紀晚期在意大利產生的一種歌劇體裁。真實主義歌劇描寫的是社會底層小人物的貧苦生活,力求真實地再現社會生活的現實狀況,揭露社會的陰暗面。真實主義歌劇中往往會出現在原始情感沖動下做出的暴力、兇殺等行為,戲劇發展緊迫迅速,舞臺人物性格突出,生活環境描寫富有色彩,音樂與民間歌舞密切關聯,且旋律易記動聽。
馬斯卡尼的獨幕歌劇《鄉村騎士》與列昂卡瓦洛的兩幕歌劇《丑角》是意大利真實主義歌劇的典型代表,這兩部作品經常同場演出,故有“騎士”與“丑角”之稱。普契尼的《繡花女》、《托斯卡》、《蝴蝶夫人》也是真實主義歌劇的代表作品。
三、簡述浪漫主義時期法國歌劇的發展?
19世紀法國歌劇處在一個動蕩的發展時期,這種動蕩來自幾個方面的影響:其一,受到政治因素的影響。法國大革命以及拿破侖稱帝,使社會文化生活發生了變化,白天觀看斷頭臺,晚上蜂擁看歌劇,從而導致歌劇從內容到體裁發生了變化。其二,受奢華的巴黎文化市場的影響。當時巴黎成為世人關注的焦點,要想出人頭地就必須在那里嶄露頭角,音樂藝術人才蜂擁而至,由此也帶來了歌劇的發展變化。其三,受格魯克歌劇改革的影響。許多作曲家遵循格魯克歌劇改革的主張,不斷嘗試歌劇的創作。其四,受到法國自身民族歌劇的影響。浪漫主義歌劇在法國抒情悲劇和喜歌劇的基礎上進行發展。由于這些因素的影響,19世紀前后法國產生了幾種具有代表意義的歌劇,以下進行簡要闡述。
1、拯救歌劇(rescue opera)及其代表人物和作品
拯救歌劇是法國大革命時期(1800年前后)產生的一種歌劇體裁,歌劇內容中代表封建惡勢力的陰謀終不能得逞,受迫害的一方總能在悲劇的最后一刻被拯救出來。這種歌劇有著明顯的政治傾向和時代特征,它隨著大革命的產生而形成,同時也隨著大革命的衰退而消失。
格雷特里(André Ernest Modeste Grétry,1741-1813)的《獅心王理查》一般被認為是第一部拯救歌劇;德國音樂家貝多芬的歌劇《菲岱里奧》在題材選擇上也受到法國拯救歌劇的影響,同樣成為拯救歌劇的代表作品。
2、大歌劇(grand opera)及其代表人物和作品
大歌劇是19世紀上半葉流行于法國的一種嚴肅歌劇,相對于當時的喜歌劇。它通常是四或五幕的大型歌劇,反映歷史性內容,追求奢華的舞臺效果,在劇中穿插華麗的芭蕾舞場面,不用干念宣敘調,采用大合唱和大樂隊等宏大場面。
最重要的代表作是邁耶貝爾的《新教徒》、《非洲女郎》。
3、輕歌劇(opera buffa)及其代表人物和作品
輕歌劇與喜歌劇一樣,是一種生活氣息與娛樂性較強的歌劇,產生于19世紀中期的法國,與大歌劇相對,與18世紀的喜歌劇相仿。多取材于日常生活,常帶有諷刺性,用說白代替宣敘調,旋律取自當時流行的音樂,通俗易懂,結構短小,多采用獨幕形式。
該體裁的奠基人是德裔法國作曲家奧芬巴赫(Jacques Offenbach,1819-1880),代表作品有《地獄中的奧菲歐》、《美麗的海倫》、《霍夫曼的故事》。
4、抒情歌劇(lyric opera)及其代表人物和作品
抒情歌劇形成于19世紀后半葉的法國,是一種規模介于大歌劇與輕歌劇之間的歌劇形式,它的篇幅比一般喜歌劇長,但沒有大歌劇的浮華。風格與喜歌劇一樣,輕松愉悅,重視對人物心理及情感的細致刻畫。它沒有大歌劇的沉重與夸張,卻經常安排大歌劇形式所必備的舞蹈場面,內容多采用文學名著中有關愛情的情節,音樂為一些常見的歌曲、舞曲和進行曲,注重抒情旋律的感染力,以說白代替宣敘調。代表作品有古諾(Francois Gounod,1818-1893)的《浮士德》、《羅密歐與朱麗葉》;馬斯涅(F.Massenet,1842-1912)的《曼儂》、《泰伊斯》;托瑪斯(A.Thomas,1811-1896)的《迷娘》;圣-桑斯(C.Saint-Sa?ns,1835-1921)的《參孫與達里拉》等。
5、比才與歌劇《卡門》
比才(G.Bizet,1838-1875),法國作曲家。他的早期作品受意大利羅西尼等人的影響,傾心于意大利流暢的旋律風格。直到戲劇配樂《阿萊城的姑娘》的問世,他自身的音樂才華才真正顯示出來,1875年創作的歌劇《卡門》(Carmen,1875)成為法國及世界歌劇史上劃時代的作品,是至今上演最多,流行最廣的歌劇作品之一。比才的藝術成就集中體現在歌劇《卡門》上,該劇取材于梅里美的小說《嘉爾曼》。這部作品所體現的現實主義傾向,不僅震動了當時法國的歌劇界,對19世紀末的意大利真實主義歌劇以及俄羅斯的民族主義歌劇也產生了十分重要的影響。
歌劇《卡門》的結構為傳統的分曲形式,同時借鑒了瓦格納的主導動機手法,用西班牙音調刻畫了一個個鮮明的、性格各異的人物形象,如《哈巴涅拉》、《斗牛士之歌》等。劇中貫穿著愛情、仇恨、欲望等內容,且不失光彩亮麗、生機勃勃的動人情節,具有獨特的戲劇魅力。其流暢的旋律繼承了意大利和法國的歌劇傳統,給人以至美的享受。該劇被視為法國歌劇里程碑式的作品,也是至今西方音樂史中最突出的幾部歌劇之一。
法國大歌劇和抒情歌劇
19世紀上半葉,法國巴黎成為歐洲重要的歌劇藝術中心。格魯克的歌劇改革,法國大革命的動蕩,中產階級的解放,和拿破侖帝國的城市文化生活發展都為歌劇發展提供了條件。大革命時期,巴黎的中產階級經歷了壓迫與解放,所以他們特別偏愛“拯救歌劇”(rescue operas),其情節常是忠誠的愛人甘愿冒一切危險去拯救身陷囹圄的英雄。如凱魯比尼(Luigi Cherubini,1760—1842,意大利作曲家)的《兩天》和在歌劇創作方面欽佩凱魯比尼的貝多芬創作的唯一一部歌劇《菲岱里奧》。
19世紀20年代出現了大歌劇(grand opera)。這是一種四或五幕的大型歌劇,史詩或歷史性內容,帶有芭蕾舞,注重大場面,運用大合唱和大的管弦樂隊。作者有時為了追求轟動的舞臺效果和跌蕩的情節不惜犧牲戲劇展開的邏輯。奧柏(Daniel Auber,1782—1871,法國作曲家,凱魯比尼的學生)的《波蒂契的啞女》可稱為第一部大歌劇。
而使大歌劇在30年代影響廣泛的是梅耶貝爾(GiacomoMeyerbeer,1791—1864)。這位德國人起初寫作意大利歌劇,后來專心研究法國歷史和藝術,創作了《惡魔羅勃》、《胡格諾教徒》、《先知》和《非洲女》等作品。他的歌劇聲樂風格華麗,追求大樂隊,多喜用升降號的調性,轉調頻繁,追求舞臺戲劇效果。法國大歌劇對法意兩國的許多重要歌劇作家都產生了影響。
同時吸取了大歌劇和喜歌劇的因素,法國作曲家在19世紀下半葉又創造出一種新的歌劇體裁——抒情歌劇(opera-lyrique)。抒情歌劇多有牽動人心弦的故事情節,感染人的旋律。作曲家們重又選擇了那些著名的愛情故事作為歌劇題材:托馬(Ambroise Thomas 1811—1896)的《迷娘》、古諾(charlesGounod,1818—1893)的《浮士德》和《羅米歐與朱麗葉》、馬斯內(Jwles massenet,1842—1921)的《曼儂》、圣桑(CainilleSaint—Saens,1835—1921)的《參孫與達里拉》。
比才(Georges Bizet,1838—1875)的《卡門》也是創作于這一時期。盡管它初演并不成功,但現在是最流行的一部法國歌劇。比才反對當時歌劇的傷感或神話的故事情節,他選材方面的現實主義傾向預示了19世紀末的歌劇新潮流。《卡門》戲劇場景和音樂表現出異國情調(比才早期歌劇已有此特點),富有表現力的色彩性旋律,強烈的西班牙節奏,清晰的配器,形成一種清新的音樂風格,音樂在表現人性的本質和激情方面的成功,使其成為一部完美的抒情悲劇。
二、簡述浪漫主義時期德國歌劇的發展?
1、威伯——西歐浪漫主義歌劇的創始人
(1)生平簡介:威伯(Carl Maria von Weber,1786-1826),德國作曲家,浪漫主義歌劇的先行者。和許多浪漫主義藝術家一樣,威伯是一個多才多藝的音樂家,在德國浪漫主義歌劇舞臺上發揮了他的天賦之才,同時又是一位評論家、作家。威伯的音樂創作領域很廣,其最著名的代表作體現在歌劇和鋼琴作品兩方面。
(2)代表作品:歌劇《魔彈射手》、《奧伯龍》等,鋼琴曲《邀舞》等。(3)藝術成就:
① 《魔彈射手》的誕生(1821年首演于柏林)標志著歐洲歌劇發展史上一個新時期的開始,成為歐洲浪漫主義歌劇的奠基之作,威伯也被譽為西歐浪漫主義歌劇的創始人。
② 威伯的《魔彈射手》使德國歌劇擺脫了意大利歌劇的影響,它的特點在于:吸收了德國歌唱劇的特征,用說話代替宣敘調,詠嘆調中常滲透著民謠素材,音樂描寫著重于渲染氣氛,富有浪漫的幻想性。歌劇序曲與劇情聯系緊密,而且運用了“主導動機”的手法,這些特征為瓦格納的歌劇開辟了新的道路,并直接導致了俄羅斯、捷克、波蘭等民族歌劇的興起。
③《邀舞》是浪漫主義鋼琴音樂中的一首杰作,樂曲描繪了舞會前相互結識、交往、邀舞的生動過程。這首鋼琴作品后由柏遼茲改編為管弦樂曲,得到了更廣泛的流傳。
2、瓦格納——浪漫主義歌劇的改革者、樂劇的倡導者
(1)生平簡述:瓦格納(Wagner,Wilhelm Richard,1813-1883),德國作曲家、劇作家、指揮家、哲學家。在德國音樂界,自貝多芬后,沒有一個作曲家像瓦格納那樣具有宏偉的氣魄和巨大的改革精神,他頑強地制定并實施自己的目標與計劃,改革歌劇、倡導樂劇,從而奠定了在音樂史上的地位。同時,在世界音樂史上也幾乎找不到像瓦格納那樣,在世界觀、創作之間存在明顯矛盾的音樂家。
(2)主要作品:他創作的主要領域是歌劇,包括《尼伯龍根的指環》(《萊茵的黃金》、《女武神》、《齊格弗里德》、《眾神的黃昏》)、《特里斯坦與伊索爾德》、《漂泊的荷蘭人》、《羅恩格林》、《湯豪瑟》、《黎恩濟》、《紐倫堡的名歌手》、《帕西法爾》等,另外還有管弦樂曲《浮士德序曲》等。
(3)藝術成就:
① 對傳統歌劇進行了徹底的改革。他在改革中實施了“整體藝術觀”、“無終旋律”以及“主導動機”的手法,并強調戲劇第一,音樂第二,堅持音樂必須服從戲劇內容需要進行創作的原則,改革后的歌劇被稱為樂劇(Das Musikdrama)。
② 創作了《尼伯龍根的指環》和《特里斯坦與伊索爾德》等劃時代的經典樂劇,使浪漫主義歌劇發展到頂峰。
③ 擴大了歌劇中管弦樂隊的編制(三管制或四管制),加強了樂隊的表現力,改變了傳統歌劇將樂隊當作“巨型吉它”,使其處于人聲伴奏狀態的做法。他抓住了樂隊的表現特點,通過“主導動機”的運用來闡述戲劇內容,使樂隊成為表達劇情內容的有效工具。
④ 建立半音化和聲,淡化調式調性,創建了“特里斯坦”和弦,對20世紀音樂觀念產生了重要影響。附相關概念注解:
(1)整體藝術(Das Gesamtkunstwerk):“整體藝術”是瓦格納在《未來藝術作品》中,針對戲劇作品提出的概念,認為音樂戲劇應該仿照古希臘藝術,成為一種詩歌、音樂、舞蹈、繪畫、建筑等的綜合體。(2)樂劇(Das Musikdrama):1848年瓦格納在他的《羅恩格林》問世之后,用樂劇指代他的歌劇。樂劇將文學與詩歌、歷史與神話、舞臺與建筑、音樂與戲劇創作融為一體,是一種整體性的戲劇藝術。
(3)無終旋律(unendlich Melodie):是瓦格納在他的樂劇中采用的音樂手法。在戲劇中,音樂自始至終不停頓地向前發展,取消了傳統歌劇中割裂戲劇的分曲結構(詠嘆調、宣敘調、重唱、合唱),沒有詠嘆調、宣敘調之分,聲樂富于朗誦性,在敘述的同時也帶有抒情性,這種不間斷連貫發展的樂劇音樂形式被稱為“無終旋律”。
(4)主導動機(Das Leitmotiv):也稱主導主題。在大型音樂作品如歌劇、舞劇及標題作品中,用以象征某一特定人物、事件、情景或情感,并始終與所象征的人物或劇情密切聯系在一起的音樂片斷,被稱為主導動機。主導動機具有標簽和符號的意義,1877年沃爾錯根從主導動機的角度研究瓦格納《尼伯龍根的指環》中的《眾神的黃昏》后,人們才開始用Leitmotiv這個詞。㈡德奧藝術歌曲 教材第43頁、45頁
帶伴奏的獨唱歌曲在文藝復興后期興起于意大利,但是這種寫作勢頭并沒有在意大利等國家持續下去,因為意大利人后來更熱衷于創作更為精致而復雜的歌劇詠嘆調;而后法國人則熱衷于寫芭蕾音樂;英國在這方面的創作長期處于停頓狀態,連改編民歌這類事情,也邀請外國人海頓和貝多芬代勞;只有在德國,這種藝術歌曲在18世紀下半葉古典時期有了初步的興盛,而且順利的導致19世紀浪漫主義藝術歌曲的空前繁榮。
19世紀初,歐洲興起了浪漫主義思潮。浪漫主義時期人們追求崇高的理想和熱烈的情感表現,追求個性化的表現方式。藝術歌曲狹義上就是特指浪漫主義時期的德奧藝術歌曲。因為歌曲有歌詞的內容,能直接的反映人的心理和感情或大自然的景色,與交響樂相比,更容易被人的思想所接受,因此,浪漫主義時期的音樂家們都喜歡用詩人的作品來譜寫歌曲。以舒伯特、舒曼、門德爾松、布拉姆斯等人的作品為典范。歌德、席勒、海涅等偉大的文學家們為歌曲創作提供了無數優美的詩歌。如歌德的《紡車旁的瑪格麗特》、《野玫瑰》、《魔王》,海涅的《乘著歌聲的翅膀》、《蓮花》等等。詩人們的作品具有非常優美的韻律、節奏,豐富的情感,多變的形式,為音樂家們創作優秀的藝術歌曲奠定了極其有力的基礎。
德國藝術歌曲從起源到它的鼎盛時期,經歷了漫長的歲月。“歌曲之王”舒伯特的出現,使藝術歌曲達到了空前繁榮的時代。它順應了歷史發展的潮流,向更廣闊的情感世界發展。德國藝術歌曲開創了世界音樂曲獻的新紀元,所以“Lied”成為藝術歌曲的代名詞。
德奧藝術歌曲以其特殊的創作體裁和演唱形式在世界音樂寶庫中散發著獨特的藝術魅力,有著她不可估量的藝術價值。它使我們看到了世界藝術大師們在聲樂史上的不朽貢獻,也使我們從中了解了世界各國音樂大師們的思想、境遇和他們豐富的情感。她還可以讓我們了解不同時期不同國家藝術歌曲的發展,以及他們的音樂創作風格。㈢德奧藝術歌曲的特點
德奧藝術歌曲之所以具有珍貴的藝術價值,歸納起來有以下幾點:
1.藝術歌曲的歌詞寓意深刻,內涵豐富。
從德國的藝術歌曲大師們的聲樂作品看來,全都出自于著名詩人的詩歌內容。由此奠定了藝術歌曲的歌詞內容具有一定的文學價值。在藝術歌曲中歌詞與音樂得到完美的結合。音樂因詩歌的啟迪引發作曲者和聽眾無盡的聯想;詩歌因音樂的演示達到更高的境界。
2.藝術歌曲的音樂細膩精致,嚴謹規范,整體感強。旋律浪漫而富有生活感。
因為作曲家的靈感來自于詩歌的啟迪,所以他們的曲調流暢優美,既有浪漫色彩,又貼近生活。但歌曲創作手法嚴謹,自由而不松散。啟、承、轉、合,整體結構非常鮮明。3.藝術歌曲的伴奏具有很強的藝術表現力
藝術歌曲區別于其他歌曲形式的一個重要方面就是它非常強調歌曲伴奏的表現力。藝術歌曲的伴奏多數用鋼琴來伴奏。伴奏部分在作曲家的手下和歌曲旋律相得益彰,互相呼應,形成一個整體。旋律音樂和伴奏音樂的交融,構成了藝術歌曲完美的意境 4.藝術歌曲的演唱細膩準確和精美。
一般來說藝術歌曲都出自于有素養作曲家的具有嚴肅藝術意味的聲樂獨唱曲,因而藝術歌曲的演唱主要采用美聲唱法。尤其是德奧藝術歌曲,由于旋律細膩流暢的線條,決定了典型的藝術歌曲的演唱必須是講究音色的變化和音量的控制。它的演唱不同與歌劇的演唱。總體來說藝術歌曲需要柔和而又精美的演唱,就象潺潺的溪水輕柔的流向遠方。但每個國家的藝術歌曲演唱的風格還有差別。要想真正唱好藝術歌曲必須具備良好的文化底蘊,較高的藝術修養和獨到的理解力。
第五篇:浪漫主義時期測試題
Test to Romantic Age Fill in the blanks.(30’)
The Romantic Age began in 1798 when __________________ and ___________________ published _______________________ and ended in 1832 when _________________ died.Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English ____________________ against the neoclassical ___________________, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.In the preface of the 2nd and 3rd editions of ___________________, Wordsworth laid down the principles of poetry composition.__________________, __________________, and ____________________ are referred as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.The plot of Shelley’s lyrical drama _____________________ is borrowed from _________________________, a play of the Greek tragedian Aeschylus.Many critics regard Shelley as one of the greatest of all English poets.They point especially to his ______________________._________________________ was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death.Byron employed ________________________ from Italian mock-heroic poetry.His first experiment was made in________________.Child Harold’s Pilgrimage is a long poem created by _____________________.It contains four cantos in the ____________________ stanza, namely a 9-line stanza rhymed ababbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are in iambic pentameter while the ninth in iambic hexameter.Shelley mourned for __________________’s premature death in an elegy “Adonais”, writing “He is made one with Nature”.In “To Autumn”, Keats writes, “Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,/ Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun,/ Conspiring with him how to load and bless/ With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;/…” The figure of speech used in the lines is ________________________.______________________ are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works._______________________ is considered “the father of the historical novel” which opens up to fiction the rich and lively realm of history._______________________ is a great critic of the Romantic Age on Shakespeare, Elizabethan Drama, and English poetry.He is also a master of the familiar essays.With _______________________, the essay is no longer chiefly a mode of intellectual inquiry and moral address.Rather, the essay becomes a medium for a delightful literary treatment of life’s small pleasures and reassurances.Pride and Prejudice is generally accepted as ____________________’s masterpiece, while Ivanhoe is the masterpiece of ______________________.___________________________ and _________________________ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic Movement.Thomas Gray’s poem _________________________________ is taken as a model of sentimentalist poetry, esp.the Graveyard school._______________________ wrote some patriotic poems, in which he expressed his deep love for his motherland, such as My Heart’s in the Highlands.Identify the author with his or her work.(6’)________(20)Shelley
(A)Emma ________(21)Byron
(B)To a Nightingale ________(22)Keats
(C)Essays of Elia ________(23)Lamb
(D)Characters of Shakespeare’s Play ________(24)Austen
(E)Oriental Tales ________(25)Hazlitt
(F)To a Skylark Choose the best answer.(15’)
26.Which of the following works are not written by Thomas De Quincey?
A.The Confession of an English Opium-Eater
B.On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth
C.The Spanish Military Nun
D.Wit and Humor 27.As a poet, Leigh Hunt is chiefly remembered for ______________.A.About Ben Adhem
B.Jenny Kissed Me
C.The liberal
D.The Story of Rimini 28.“Beauty is truth, truth is beauty” is an epigrammatic line by _______________.A.John Keats
B.William Blake
C.William Wordsworth
C.Percy Bysshe Shelley 29.The first poem in The Lyrical Ballads is Coleridge’s masterpiece ______________.A.The Prelude
B.Kubla Khan
C.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
D.Tintern Abbey 30.Which of the following is Shelley’s love lyric?
A.One Word is Too Often Profaned
B.When We Two Parted
C.A Red, Red Rose
D.Song to Celia 31.Jane Austen’s view of life is generally a _______________ one.A.romantic
B.sentimental
C.realistic
D.pessimistic 32.The Romantic period is a great age of all literary genres EXCEPT ______________.A.poetry
B.prose
C.drama
D.novel 33.Which are Shelley’s lyrics on nature?
A.The Cloud
B.Ode to the Nightingale
C.Prometheus Bound
D.Song to the Men of England 34.Which poem shows Shelley’s attitude towards the position of women in society, besides the theme of revolutionary?
A.The Revolt of Islam
B.Prometheus Unbound
C.Song to the Men of England
D.Ode to the West Wind 35.Choose the poetic play written by Byron.A.Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill
B.Manfred
C.Hours of Idleness
D.Oriental Tales 36.___________________ was made poet laureate in 1813.But most of his works, according to modern critics, are “the product of literary industry, not of literary creation.”
A.William Wordsworth
B.Samuel Taylor Coleridge
C.Robert Southey
D.George Gordon Byron 37.Which of the following statements is not true about Don Juan?
A.It was written in Italy during the years 1818-1823.B.The story describes Don Juan’s, an English youth of noble birth, life and adventures in many countries.C.In a Greek island, Don Juan met his sweetheart, Haidee, and fell in love with her.D.The last cantos are taken up with a satirical description of the English ruling classes, whose reactionary policy has aroused the hatred from the other nations.38.As contrasted with the classicists who made reason, order and the old, classical traditions the criteria in their poetical creations, _________________ based his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”
A.Samuel Taylor Coleridge
B.George Gordon Byron
C.Percy Bysshe Shelley
D.William Wordsworth 39.Which of the following statement is true about Charles Lamb?
A.He described his meeting with Coleridge and Wordsworth in his famous essay My First Acquaintance with Poets.B.His essays have had noticeable influence on the prose-writing of modern Chinese literature after the May 4th Movement in 1919.C.His work marked a great turn in English prose style from plain to ornate prose-writing.D.His essays, like The Plain Speaker and Winter-slow are popular with readers.40.Which sonnet is NOT written by John Keats?
A.London, 1802
B.When I Have Fears
C.Bright Star
D.On the Grasshopper and Cricket Define the literary terms.(4’)41.lyric 42.ode Give brief answers to the questions.(10’)
43.Living in England was impossible for him.“I felt,” he wrote, “that, if what was whispered, and muttered, and murmured, was true, I was unfit for England;if false, England was unfit for me.” On April 25th , 1816, he set sail for Europe, never to return.He fist went to Switzerland.In 1823 he went to Greece and plunged into the struggle for the national independence of that country.In 1824 he died there.His death was mourned by the Greek people and by all progressive people throughout the world.A.Who is mentioned in the above words?(1’)
B.What is his masterpiece?(1’)In his works appear a kind of heroes, how much do you know about them?(3’)
44.He appealed directly to individual sensations, i.e., pleasure, excitement and enjoyment, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” A poet’s emotion extends from human affairs to nature, but emotion immediately expressed is as raw as wine newly bottled.Tranquil contemplation of an emotional experience matures the feeling and sensation, and makes possible the creation of good poetry like the refining of old wine.A.Who does “he” refer to in the above description?(2’)
B.From which work are these quotations taken?(1’)What function does this work serve for the English Romantic Movement?(2’)
Read the quotations carefully and then answer the questions.(35’)45.The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The plowman home ward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.Questions: Find out the meter and rhyme scheme of the poem.(2’)Find the irregular foot in the second line.(1’)
Briefly explain the significance of this irregularity.(2’)46.O, my Luve's like a red, red rose
That‘s newly sprung in June.O, my Luve's like a melody.That‘s sweetly played in tune.As fair as you, my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I;
And I will luve you still, my dear,Till all the seas gone dry.Till all the seas gone dry, my dear,And the rocks melt with the sun;
I will luve you till, my dear,While the sands of life shall run.And fare you well, my only luve
And fare you well, a while!
And I will come again, my luve,Though it were ten thousand mile.Questions: The poem is written by ___________________.(1’)The title of this poem is ___________________.(1’)The theme of the poem is about __________________.(1’)The poem is written in ____________________.(1’)a.ballad meter
b.sonnet
c.blank verse The odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters while the even-numbered lines are iambic _________________.(1’)
The rhyme scheme is __________________.(1’)What do you know about the poem?(4’)
47.O WILD West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being—
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes!—O thou Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odours plain and hill— Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere— Destroyer and Preserver—hear O hear!Questions: What is the title of the poem? Who is the poet?(2’)B.Can you find the rhyme scheme of the poem?(2’)
C.What is the symbolic meaning of “the west wind”?(3’)Explain the theme of the poem.(3’)48.It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.“My dear Mr.Bennet,” said his lady to him one day, “have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?”
Mr.Bennet replied that he had not.“But it is,” returned she;“for Mrs.Long has just been here, and she told me all about it.”
Mr.Bennet made no answer.“Do you not want to know who has taken it?” cried his wife impatiently.“You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.” This was invitation enough.“Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs.Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England;that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr.Morris immediately;that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.” “What is his name?” “Bingley.” “Is he married or single?” “Oh!Single, my dear, to be sure!A single man of large fortune;four or five thousand a year.What a fine thing for our girls!” “How so? How can it affect them?” “My dear Mr.Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome!You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
“Is that his design in settling here?” “Design!Nonsense, how can you talk so!But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.” “I see no occasion for that.You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr.Bingley may like you the best of the party.” “My dear, you flatter me.I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now.When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty.” Questions: This excerpt is taken from the novel entitled _________________ by _______________________.(2’)
Comment on the characters of Mr.and Mrs.Bennet.(3’)
C.Analyze the first sentence in the excerpt, “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”
(5’)Expanded Exercises: 1.Which novel do you think is the most famous masterpiece written by Jane Austen? Make a comment on it.