第一篇：四六級翻譯新題型
1、孔子（Confucius）是春秋時期（the Spring and Autumn Period）的大思想家、大教育家和儒家學派（Confucianism）的創始人，是古代中國人心目中的圣人。孔子的言論和生平活動記錄在由他的弟子或再傳弟子編成的《論語》（The Analects）一書中。《論語》是中國古代文化的經典著作。在孔子之后幾千年的中國歷史上，沒有哪一位思想家、文學家和政治家不受《論語》的影響。不研究《論語》，就不能真正把握中國幾千年的傳統文化。
2、大約在兩千多年前，中國就出現了蠟染（wax printing）。在中國服飾中，蠟染是一種流傳時間長、流行范圍大、使用領域廣的服裝工藝。蠟染是在布匹著色的過程中，以蜂蠟（beeswax）作為防止染色的材料。蜂蠟干了之后，會產生一些裂紋，這些裂紋在染色過程中滲透進靛藍色，于是形成了如冰花式樣的美妙紋理。這樣自然天成的紋理可以說是蠟染的靈魂所在。
3、景泰藍（cloisonné）是馳名中外的傳統工藝，它集青銅藝術、瓷器和雕刻諸種工藝制作技巧于一身，是一門地道的北京絕活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品，也是人們居家使用的精美物品。這項工藝始創于明代景泰年間，初創時的顏色主要是藍色，故得名“景泰藍”。到了成化年間，景泰藍技術進一步成熟，這個時期的作品沉穩凝重又透明靈動，而且銅胎也極為講究。
4、西塘在浙江嘉興，位于上海和杭州之間。這個占地規模并不大的古鎮有著悠久的歷史，它初建于春秋時期（the Spring and Autumn Period），位于吳國和越國的交界處。西塘的大致規模在宋代之前就已經形成，今所見西塘著名的橋梁望仙橋（Wangxian Bridge）就是宋代的遺跡。在明清時期，西塘既是遠近聞名的魚米之鄉，又是著名的絲綢制造之地，還以制陶業（ceramics）而享譽全國。
5、秧歌舞（Yangko dance）是中國漢族的一種傳統民間舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動作迅速有力。在農歷春節、元宵節等節日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上觀看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些城市的老年人自發組織了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳舞來保持健康，同時他們也樂在其中。
6、中國的青銅器時代（Bronze Age）從夏開始，經歷商、西周到春秋時期（the Spring and Autumn Period），前后持續了一千五百多年的時間。大量出土的青銅器物表明，中國創造了燦爛的青銅文明。這些青銅器物不僅有豐富的政治和宗教內涵，而且還具有很高的藝術價值。今藏于中國歷史博物館的大盂鼎（the Great Ding for Yu）是中國青銅器時代的代表性作品之一。它是西周康王（King Kang）時期的作品，距今大約有三千多年。
7、1911 年，中國爆發了歷史上的第一次資產階級革命——辛亥革命（the Revolution of 1911），它推翻了中國封建社會的最后一個朝代——清朝，廢除了中國延續了2000 多年的封建帝制，建立了中國的第一個民主共和國——中華民國。民國政府成立以后，要求全國人民都剪掉頭上的辮子（queues），選擇自己喜歡的發型。至此，在中國延續了280 多年的辮子法令終于被解除。
8、出現在中國五代時期的婦女纏足（foot-binding），雖然最初是宮廷舞女為了方便跳舞而采用的一種行為，但由于有人認為腳裹起來更好看，所有很多人就開始效仿起來。到了宋代，封建社會的綱常思想非常嚴重，受到男尊女卑的封建禮教的影響，女子裹腳的風氣被傳承下來，并逐漸成為一種習俗。為了與婦女的小腳相適應，宋代還出現了專門為裹足婦女制作的弓鞋（gongxie）。
9、據中國古代史書記載，治水有功的大禹通過禪讓制接替舜成為部落聯盟首領。但大禹死后，他的兒子夏啟卻破壞禪讓的傳統，自立為國王，建立了中國歷史上第一個奴隸制國家——夏。從此，王位實行世襲制度，中國社會從此步入階級社會。夏代處在中國社會從原始社會向奴隸社會過渡的時期，社會生活的各個方面依然保存著原始社會的種種痕跡。
10、北京烤鴨是自封建帝王時代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴，如今它被認為是中國的一道國菜。這道菜以它薄而脆的酥皮，以及廚師們在客人面前片鴨子的真實情形而著稱。專門用于制作烤鴨的鴨子在養殖65 天后就被屠宰了，鴨子在烤制前要先用調料腌制（season），然后才送進燜爐或者掛爐。鴨肉通常配上蔥（scallion）、黃瓜和甜面醬，用薄餅卷著食用。
【漢譯英 7】敲擊鍵盤的聲音也許是現代社會的一種白色噪音，但其實，他們所透露出的信息比疏忽的打字者意識到的要更多。通過簡單分析擊鍵聲音的錄音，計算機專家們現在就能夠準確無誤的解析出一篇通過鍵盤輸入的文字的腳本，甚至包括輸入的密碼。與其他計算機比起來，這個過程簡單很多，僅僅需要一個便宜的麥克風和一臺電腦。
【漢譯英 8】人類之間為了鉆石而相互殘殺；國家之間為了石油而發動戰爭。但如果沒有水，這世界上最珍貴的東西將一文不值。淡水是維持生命的必需品，無可替代。水，盡管幾乎無法估價，卻是世界上最貴重的東西。自然規律決定了水的供給是有限的。但隨著世界人口的增加和生活水平的提高，人類對水的需求量增加的趨勢是不可避免的。家庭、工廠和辦公場所正在消耗越來越多的水，但是這個星球對于食物（和生產莊家和肉類過程中使用的水）日益增長的需求才是最憂心的問題。
【漢譯英 5】隨著中國日益成為韓國的重要貿易伙伴，兩國的聯系從外交和貿易延伸到了教育領域。中國是韓國最大的出口目的地，吸收了韓國約四分之一的出口產品，同時也吸引了韓國超過四分之一的留學生。雖然在美國留學的好處之一是可以練習英語（對找工作的人來說英語依然是最重要的語言），但韓國雇主對有中國經歷的畢業生的需求越來越大。比如三星集團兩年前說，具有中文語言能力的求職者會得到額外的加分。
【漢譯英 6】他們毒害年輕人的心靈，腐化年輕人的靈魂。正是它們，讓年輕人坐在沙發上虛度時光，沉浸于危險重重的幻想世界。18世紀的批評家們對于新媒體對年輕人的沖擊感到憂心忡忡，他們向小說提出了如此的控訴。時至今日，小說害人的說法聽起來已是如此的荒謬。對于當今時代那些控訴電視游戲使年輕人變成暴力罪犯的批評者們，歷史最終也將對他們做出同樣的審判。
【漢譯英3】我整整一生都處于對武術的癡迷之中。但是當我搬到一個有功夫俱樂部的城市時，我才真正體會到了武術的魅力，同時也完全理解了為什么人們稱它為一種藝術。它是一種戰斗同時也是在進行一種自我防衛，這其實也達到了讓你更加了解自己的身體，從而使它變得更加強壯和健康的目的。功夫是一門完整的哲學，而且是中國文化的重要組成部分。當我開始練習功夫的時候，我才意識到它有多么地困難，哪怕是簡單的一踢或者一打就需要幾個月的時間去練習。但是我太愛它了！一個全新的世界正向我敞開它的大門。
【漢譯英4】來自利物浦大學的科學家、心理學家和英文教授發現，閱讀莎士比亞及其他古典作家的作品對心智發展大有裨益。這些作品能夠抓住讀者的注意力，引發讀者的自我反思。研究還發現，閱讀書籍，尤其是詩歌，可以增加與“自傳體記憶”有關的大腦右半球的活動頻率，有助于讀者根據閱讀內容對個人經歷進行反思和重新評價。學者們表示，這意味著閱讀古典作品比閱讀自助類書籍更有幫助。
【漢譯英1】波士頓咨詢公司最近做的一項研究顯示，到2020年中國將會有2.2億家庭收入在2萬到100萬美元的富裕消費者。這些消費者中75%住在“較小城市”。隨著網絡的發展，較小城市的消費者的一種必然趨勢是他們更加依賴社交網絡服務上的信息。很多網絡顧客都是通過微信、微博和QQ空間分組的。據估計今年中國將會有2.5億消費者進行網購，位于四線城市的消費者平均每人會花費他們50%或者更高的工資在網購上，這一數據要比一線城市的消費者的花費高。
【漢譯英2】聘金是中國傳統習俗的一部分。這一習慣在整個中國都很普遍。但是近幾年來其標準不斷上升，致使大多數家庭都很難達到。高額的聘禮常常“搶劫”了新郎父母必生的積蓄，甚至引起家庭糾紛。此外，許多新婚夫婦被迫舉行奢侈的婚禮宴會，在這個過程中，大量債務的累積可能使他們的新婚生活變得辛酸，至少在最初階段是這樣。想想老一輩節儉的婚禮，雖然簡簡單單，但也幸福美滿，沒有給他們婚后的生活帶來任何負擔。
第二篇：大學四六級新題型段落翻譯常用詞(整理)
英語四級段落翻譯常用詞匯：中國經濟
總需求 aggregate demand
總供給 aggregate supply
制造業 manufacturing industry
壟斷行業 monopoly industries
市場多元化 market diversification
企業文化 corporate/entrepreneurial culture
市場經濟 market economy
企業形象 corporate image(Cl);enterprise
市場監管 market supervision image
跨國公司 cross-national corporation
創業精神 enterprising spirit;pioneering spirit
外資企業 foreign-funded enterprise
獵頭公司head-hunter
假日經濟 holiday economy
人力資本human capital
航空和航天工業aerospace industry
飛機制造工業aircraft industry
電子工業 electronic industry
汽車制造工業 car industry
娛樂業 entertainment industry
信息產業 information industry
知識密集型產業 knowledge-intensive
industry
國有大中型企業 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises
輕工業 light industry
博彩業 lottery industry
購買力 purchasing power 熊市 bear market 牛市 bull market
城鎮化 urbanization 房地產 real estate 首付 down-payment 業主 home owner
個人購房貸款 individual housing loan 經濟全球化 economic globalization 經濟特區 special economic zones(SEZ)經濟增長 economic growth
泡沫經濟 bubble economy 關稅tariff 納稅人tax payer 宏觀經濟macro economy
貨幣投放量 the size of money supply 流動性過剩excess liquidity 經濟過熱 overheated economy 通貨膨脹inflation
抑制通貨膨脹curb inflation
注入流動性 to inject liquidity
貼現率 discount rate
存款準備金率 reserve requirement ratio(RRR)
公開市場業務 open market operation(OMO)
逆回購 reverse repurchase agreement;reverse repo
引導降低市場借貸成本to guide the market borrowing costs to a lower level
穩健的貨幣政策prudent monetary policy
微調貨幣政策 to fine-tune monetary policy
硬著陸 hard landing
軟著陸 soft landing
二十國集團 Group of Twenty(G2O)
財政部長 Finance Minister 全年預期經濟增長目標the expected growth target for the whole year
經濟活力 economic vitality
大規模經濟刺激計劃 a massive economic stimulus package
結構改革 structural reform
硬資產 hard assets
軟資產 soft assets
有形資產 tangible assets
經濟走廊 economic corridor
整頓市場秩序 to rectify the market order
反壟斷 antitrust;anti-monopoly
定價浮動 price fluctuations
謀求利益最大化 to maximize profit
債務審計audit of debt
地方性政府債務 local government debt/liability
公共財政體制改革 an overhaul of the public finance system
債務管理 debt management
信用支持 credit support
英語四級段落翻譯常用詞匯：中國社會
多元文化論 cultural pluralism
文化適應 acculturation
社會保障 social security
班車 shuttle bus
相定遷戶 a relocated unit or household 大齡青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age
獨生子女 the only child in a family
單親 single parent
福利彩票 welfare lotteries
家政服務 household management service
民工 migrant laborers
名人 celebrity
農村剩余勞動力 surplus rural labor/laborers
青春期 puberty
全民健身運動 nationwide fitness campaign
全國人口普查 nationwide census
社會保險 social insurance
暫住證 temporary residence permit/card
青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency
性騷擾 sexual harassment
走私 smuggling
*性另歧視 gender/sexual discrimination
年齡歧視 age discrimination
工作歧視 job discrimination
享樂主義hedonism
文盲 illiteracy
貧富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor
盜版 pirated/illegal copies
一國兩制 One Country, Two Systems
三個代表 the Three Represents Theory
兩會(人大、政協)Two Conferences(NPC and CPPCC)
南南合作 South-South Cooperation
南北對話 North-South Dialog
人大常委會 People’s Congress Standing Committee
法制觀念 awareness of law
法制國家 a country with an adequate legal system
改革開放 reform and opening-up
公務員 civil servants
官僚主義作風 the bureaucratic style of work
和諧并存 harmonious coexistence
計劃生育 family planning
計劃生育基本國策 the basic state policy of family planning
青才申文明建設 the construction of spiritual civilization
居委會 neighborhood committee
科教興國 national rejuvenation through science and education
可持續發展 sustainable development
廉潔高效 honesty and high efficiency
兩岸關系 cross-straits relations
兩岸談判 cross-straits negotiations
領 土完整 territorial integrity
民族精神 national spirit
普選制 general election system
求同存異 seek common ground while shelving differences
人大代表NPC member
物質文明和精神文明 material and spiritual civilization
小康社會 a well-off society
小康水平a well-off standard
一個中國原則 the one-China principle
與時俱進 keep pace with the times
綜合國力 overall national strength
共同愿望common desire
“走出去”(戰略)going global
不結盟 non-alignment
單邊主義 unilateralism
多邊政策 multilateralism
多極世界 multipolar world
人 口 老齡化 aging of population
人口出生率birth rate
社區月服務 community service
道德法庭 court of ethics
盜用公款embezzlement
成人夜校 night school for adults
在職進修班 on-job training courses
政治思想教育 political and ideological education
畢業生分酉己 graduate placement;assignment of graduate
充電 update one’s knowledge
初等教育 elementary education
大學城 college town
大學社區 college community
高等教育 higher education
高等教育“211 工程” the “211 Project” for higher education
高等學府 institution of higher education
綜合性大學 comprehensive university
文科院校 colleges of(liberal)arts
理工科大學 college / university of science and engineering
師范學院 teachers’ college;normal college
高分低能 high scores and low abilities
高考(university/college)entrance examination
高校擴招 the college expansion plan
教育界 education circle
教育投入 input in education
九年義務教育 nine-year compulsory education
考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools
課外活動 extracurricular activities
必修課 required/compulsory course
選修課 elective/optional course
基礎課 basic courses
專業課 specialized courses
課程表 school schedule
教學大綱 teaching program;syllabus
學習年限 period of schooling
學歷 record of formal schooling
學分 credit
啟發式教學 heuristic teaching
人才交流 talent exchange
人才戰 competition for talented people
商務英語證書 Business English Certificate(BEC)
適齡兒重入學率 enrollment rate for children of school age
升學率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade;enrollment rate 英語四級段落翻譯常用詞匯：中國歷史與文化
京劇 Peking opera
秦腔 Qin opera
功夫Kungfo
太極Tai Chi
口 技 ventriloquism
木偶戲puppet show
皮影戲 shadowplay
折子戲 opera highlights
雜技 acrobatics
相聲 witty dialogue comedy
刺繡 embroidery
蘇繡 Suzhou embroidery
泥人 clay figure
書法 calligraphy
中國畫 traditional Chinese painting
水墨畫 Chinese brush painting
中國結 Chinese knot
中國古代四大發明 the four great inventions of ancient China
火藥 gunpowder
印刷術printing
造紙術 paper-making
指南針 the compass
青銅器 bronze ware
瓷器 porcelain;china
唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty
景泰藍cloisonne
秋千swing
武術 martial arts
儒家思想Confucianism
儒家文化 Confucian culture
道教 Taoism
墨家Mohism
法家 Legalism
佛教 Buddhism
孔子 Confucius
孟子 Mencius
老子 Lao Tzu
莊子 Chuang Tzu
墨子 Mo Tzu
孫子Sun Tzu
象形文字 pictographic characters
八股文 eight-part essay
五言絕句 five-character quatrain
七言律詩 seven-character octave
旗袍 cheongsam
中山裝 Chinese tunic suit 文房四寶(筆墨紙觀)the Four Treasures of the Study(brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)
《大學》The Great Learning
《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean
《論語》The Analects of Confucius
《孟子》The Mencius
《孫子兵法》The Art of War
《三國演義》Three Kingdoms
《西游爺己》Journey to the West
《紅樓夢》Dream of the Red Mansions
《水滸傳》Heroes of the Marshes
《山海經》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers
《資治通鑒》History as a Mirror
《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals
《史記》Historical Records
《詩經》The Book of Songs
《易經》The I Ching;The Book of Changes
《禮記》The Book of Rites
《三字經》Three-character Scriptures
唐裝 Tang suit
風水 Fengshui;geomantic omen 陽歷 Solar calendar 陰歷 Lunar calendar 閏年 leap year 十二生肖zodiac
春節 the Spring Festival 元宵節 the Lantern Festival 清明節 the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午節 the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋節 the Mid-autumn Day 重陽節 the Double-ninth Day 七夕節 the Double-seventh Day 春聯 spring couplets 廟會 temple fair 爆竹 firecracker
年畫(traditional)New Year pictures 壓歲錢 New Year gift-money 舞龍dragon dance
元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings
花燈 festival lantern
燈謎 lantern riddle
舞獅 lion dance
踩高蹺 stilt walking
皮蛋 100-year egg;century egg
蛋炒飯 fried rice with egg
糖葫蘆 tomatoes on sticks
火鍋hot pot
長城 the Great Wall of China
賽龍舟 dragon boat race
胡同hutong
山東菜 Shandong cuisine
川菜 Sichuan cuisine
粵菜 Canton cuisine
揚州菜 Yangzhou cuisine
月餅 moon cake
年糕 rice cake
油條 deep-fried dough sticks
豆漿 soybean milk
饅頭 steamed buns
花卷 steamed twisted rolls
包子 steamed stuffed buns
北京烤鴨 Beijing roast duck
拉面 hand-stretched noodles
餛飩 wonton(dumplings in soup)
豆腐 tofu? bean curd
麻花 fried dough twist
燒餅 clay oven rolls
烽火臺 beacon tower
秦士臺皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵馬俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses 大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda 絲綢之路the Silk Road 敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes 華清池 Huaqing Hot Springs 五臺山"Wutai Mountain 九華山 Jiuhua Mountain 蛾眉山Mount Emei
泰山 Mount Tai
黃山 Mount Huangshan;the Yellow Mountain 故宮 the Imperial Palace 天壇 the Temple of Heaven 午門 Meridian Gate 大運河 Grand Canal 護城河the Moat 回音壁Echo Wall 居庸關 Juyongguan Pass
九龍壁 the Nine Dragon Wall
黃帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi
十三陵 the Ming Tombs
蘇州園林 Suzhou gardens
西湖 West Lake
九寨溝 Jiuzhaigou Valley
日月潭 Sun Moon Lake
布達拉宮Potala Palace
鼓樓 drum tower
四合院 quadrangle;courtyard complex
孔廟 Confucius Temple
樂山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha
十八羅漢 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha
喇嘛Lama
第三篇：六級翻譯新題型
中國是世界上最大的發展中國家，人口約占世界總人口的22%。在過去相當長的時期里，由于諸多原因，貧困一直困擾著中國。20世紀80年代中期，中國農村絕大多數地區憑借自身的發展優勢，經濟得到快速增長，但少數地區由于經濟、社會、歷史、自然等方面的制約，發展相對滯后。中國政府在致力于經濟和社會全面發 展的進程中，在全國范圍內實施了以解決貧困人口溫飽問題為主要目標的有計劃、有組織的大規模扶貧開 發，極大地緩解了貧困現象。參考答案
China is the largest developing country in the world and its population accounts for about 22 percent of the world’s total.For a long period of its history, China has been plagued by poverty for various reasons.In the mid-1980s, the economy of an overwhelming majority of the rural areas in China grew dramatically by virtue of their own advantages, but a small number of areas still lagged behind because of the constraints of their economic, social, historical, and natural conditions.The Chinese government, while working on all-round economic and social development, has nationwide implemented a large-scale program for development-oriented poverty relief in a planned and organized way.With the main objective of helping poverty-stricken people solve the food and clothing problems, this program has gone a long way toward alleviating poverty.難點精析
1.發展中國家：英語中對應的表達為developing country，該句結構簡單，直譯即可。： ：
2.人口約占世界總人口的??：此句緊接上文，和前面一個分句共享一個主語China，為了指代清楚并且避免重復，此處的“人口”可譯為its population。表達“(數量、比例上)占”有一個常用的詞組account for。“世界總人 口”如果直譯的話是the world’s total population或者the total population of the world，但是由于該分句的主語中已經出現了一次population,故此處可將total活用作名詞，意為“總數”。
3.在過去相當長的時期里：該分句如果直譯的話可譯為for a long time in the past，但是根據語境，此處“相當長的時期”指的是“中國歷史中的一個很長的時期”，又由于該分句所在句的主語隨后緊接著出現，因:
而可以意譯為for a long period of its history。!
4.由于諸多原因：此處較為簡單，可以有多種譯法。“由于”可以用because of, due to, out of來表達，也可以用一個簡潔的單詞for。“諸多”的表達方式也有很多，如many, various, a lot of, lots of等。因而該分句可簡潔地譯為for various reasons。:
貧困一直困擾著??：表達“被貧困所困擾”較為常用的譯法是be plagued by，由于此處表達的是過去已經發生并且其影響持續到現在的一種狀態，因而注意時態要采用現在完成時。此處可譯為?has been lagued by poverty。
20世紀80年代中期??發展相對滯后：該句較長，翻譯時要注意平衡句子的結構。“經濟發展較快”中的: “經濟”指的是“中國農村絕大多數地區的經濟”，在翻譯時可以照此調整一下句子的語序。“滯后”常用lag behind 來表達
中國政府在致力于??緩解了貧困現象：該句內容較多，翻譯時可以根據語義將該長句拆分成兩個獨立的句子，即：“中國政府在致力于經濟和社會全面發展的進程中，在全國范圍內實施了有計劃、有組織的大規模扶貧開發。扶貧開發以解決貧困人口的溫飽問題為主要目標，極大地緩解了貧困現象。” “致力于”可以用短語work on來表達。“扶貧開發”實際上是一個項目，因而可靈活譯為a program for development-oriented poverty relief：
第四篇：英語四六級翻譯題型-中國傳統習俗(含參考答案)
……這就是重五這一別稱的由來。端午節里流傳最廣的活動是吃粽子、喝雄黃酒以及賽龍舟。其他常見的活動還包括掛鐘馗像、寫符咒和佩戴香囊藥包。古代的人們認為，所有這些活動，連同喝雄黃酒，都能有效防病驅邪、促進生活安康。
This is the origin of its alternative name, Double Fifth.Three of the most widespread activities for Duanwu Festival are eating zongzi, drinking realgar wine, and racing dragon boats.Other common activities include hanging up icons of Zhong Kui, writing spells and wearing perfumed medicine bags.All of these activities, together with the drinking of realgar wine, were regarded by the ancients as effective in preventing disease and evil, and promoting health and well-being.蹴鞠是中國古代的一項球類運動。它是競技運動，要把球踢進網內。該運動是為了訓練士兵而發明的。在漢代，從軍隊到皇室，乃至貴族階層，蹴鞠很很盛行。由于社會經濟的發展，蹴鞠在宋代甚至風靡社會各階層。當時，職業蹴鞠球員十分普遍。這些球員分為兩類：一類是由皇室訓練并為皇室表演，而另一類則由靠蹴鞠謀生的平名百姓組成。
Cuju is an ancient Chinese ball name.It is a competitive game that involves kicking a ball through an opening into a net.The game was invented for military training purposes.During the Han Dynasty, the popularity of Cuju spread from the army to the royal courts and upper classes.Due to social and economic development, the sport even extended its popularity to every class in society during the Song Dynasty.At that time, professional Cuju played were quite popular.These players fell into two groups: One was trained by and performed for the royal court and the other consisted of civilians who made a living as Cuju players.故宮雄偉、壯麗，是中國古代古建筑藝術的巔峰之作，其規模和獨具特色的風格享譽世界。故宮內保存著大量珍貴。稀有的古物，它們對研究明、清兩代歷史和歷代藝術具有十分重要的意義。1925年故宮改名為故宮博物館，并成為世界上最大的博物館之一。新中國成立后，人民政府投入了大量資金對故宮進行保護和維修。它現在是北京最受歡迎的旅游景點之一。
The Forbidden City, grand and magnificent, represents the highest peak of ancient Chinese architecture and enjoys worldwide fame for its scale and unique style.Preserved here are a large number of rare and precious antiques, which are of great significance to the study of Ming and Qing history and the arts of past dynasties.In 1925, the Forbidden City was renamed Palace Museum and became one of the largest museums in the world.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the national government has spent large sums on the protection and maintenance of the Forbidden City.At present it is one of the most popular tourism sites in Beijing.無論中國人走到哪里，都不會改掉喝茶的習慣。茶最先由中國人發現，它是中國人生活中不可或缺的組成部分。有一句中國諺語將基本的日常必需品稱為柴米油煙醬醋茶。一千多年以來，飲茶的習俗已經在中國人心中根深蒂固。唐朝時，一個名叫陸羽的人寫了世界上第一部關于茶的著作——《茶經》，這部書有助于在中國推廣飲茶藝術。
Wherever the Chinese go, the custom of drinking tea follows.Tea was first discovered by the Chinese and it is an indispensable part of the life of the Chinese.A Chinese saying identifies the basic daily necessities as fuel, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea.The custom of drinking tea has been ingrained in the Chinese for over a thousand years.In Tang Dynasty, a man named Lu Yu created the first compendium in the world on tea, Book of Tea.This work helped to popularize the art of tea drinking all across China.刺繡是一種具有悠久傳統的民間藝術，在中國藝術和手工藝品史上占有重要地位。刺繡的長期發展離不開蠶的飼養和紡絲技術的發展。中國是世界上第一個發現和使用絲綢的國家。早在5000年前，中國就已經開始飼養蠶。絲絨和絲制品的生產促進了刺繡藝術的誕生。時至今日，絲繡幾乎已經傳遍整個中國。最好的繡品通常被認為來源于下面四省：江蘇（尤其是蘇州）、湖南、四川和廣東，各省繡品各具特色。
Embroidery, a folk art with a long tradition, occupies an important position in the history of Chinese arts and crafts.It is, in its long development, inseparable from silkworm-raising and silk reeling and weaving.China is the first country in the world that discovered the use of silk.Silkworms were domesticated as early as 5000 years ago.The production of silk thread and fabrics gave rise to the art of embroidery.Today, silk embroidery is practised nearly all over China.It is
generally agreed that the best commercial products come from four provinces: Jiangsu(notably Suzhou), Hunan, Sichuan and Guangdong, each with its distinctive features.Traditional Chinese paintings constitute a unique school of art, a school that, in style and techniques is widely different from any other art school in the world.Traditional Japanese art may be the only exception, but it has to be remembered that it has been heavily influenced by the Chinese culture.The Chinese do paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink or paint and then skillfully wielding them.Painters produce on the paper pictures with lines and dots-some heavy, and some light, and some deep, and some pale.In the hands of a good painter, brushes and ink are not only tools for drawing pictures, but also the symbol of his or her artistic pursuit.Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by LuoGuanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD 280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800,000 words, 1,191 characters, and 120 chapters.孔子是一位思想家、政治家、教育家，也是中國儒學思想的創始人。儒學，這個道德和宗教哲學的大系統建立在孔圣人的教學上。馮友蘭，中國思想史上20世紀偉大的權威之一，把孔子在中國歷史上的影響比作西方的蘇格拉底。
Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung.Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius’ influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.中國是茶的故鄉。據說早在五六千年前，中國就有了茶樹，而且有關茶樹的人類文明可以追溯到兩千年前。來自中國的茶和絲綢、瓷器一樣，在1000年前為世界所知，而且一直是中國重要的出口產品。目前世界上40多個國家種植茶，其中亞洲國家的產量占世界總產量的90%。其他國家的茶樹都直接或間接地起源于中國。
China is the homeland of tea.It is believed that China has tea shrubs as early as five to six thousand years.Tea from China, along with her silk and porcelain, began to be known the world over more than a thousand years ago and has since always been an important Chinese export.At present more than forty countries in the world grow tea with Asian countries producing 90% of the world’s total output.All tea trees in other countries have their origin directly or indirectly in China.中國扇子的歷史可以追溯到3000多年前的商朝。第一種扇子叫做“扇汗”，是栓在馬車上用來擋住強烈的陽光，給乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有點像現在的雨傘。后來“扇汗”變成了由薄但是結實的絲綢或者鳥的羽毛做成的長柄扇，稱為中山扇，它主要用于皇帝的儀仗裝飾。
The history of Chinese fan can be dated to over 3000 years ago, around the Shang Dynasty.The first type of fan, known as Shanhan, was tied to a horse-drawn carriage to shut out the strong sunshine and shelter the passengers from the rainfall.The Shanhan was a bit like today’s umbrella.Later this Shanhan became a long-handled fan made of thin and tough silk or bird’s feathers, called a Zhangshan fan, which was mainly used by the emperor’s honor guarded as decoration.公元220年開始的300年里，中國分成了三個小王國。一個是魏國，位于中國北部，由曹氏家族統治。還有一個王國叫做蜀漢，位于中國的西南部，由劉備統治。另外一個王國叫做吳國，位于中國的東南部，由孫權統治。中國文化里最偉大的書籍之一——《三國演義》就是關于這段時間的。For three hundred years starting in 220 AD, China was divided into three smaller kingdoms.One kingdom that lies in north was called Wei, and it was ruled by the Ts’ao family.The second kingdom was called Shu Han, and it was ruled by Liu Bei.It was in the south-west part of China.The third kingdom was called Wu, and it was ruled by Sun Ch’uan.Wu was in the south-east part of China.One of the great books of Chinese literature, the Romance of Three Kingdoms, is about this time.舞龍是中華文化中一種傳統的舞蹈表現形式。傳統上來講，其表演動作象征著龍的歷史地位，顯示了力量與尊貴。舞龍起源于漢代。人們認為它最初是作為耕作收成文化的一部分；同時也是一種治病防病的方法起源。舞龍在宋代已十分流行，成為了一項民間活動，且最常見于各種節日慶典中。舞龍是世界各地唐人街舉辦春節慶典的一個重頭戲。
Dragon dance is a form of traditional performance in Chinese culture.The movements in the performance traditionally symbolize historical roles of dragons, demonstrating power and dignity.The dragon dance originated in the Han Dynasty.It is believed to have begun as part of the farming and harvest culture, also with origins as a method of healing and preventing sickness, It was already a popular event during the Song Dynasty when it had become a folk activity and was most often seen in various festival celebrations.The dragon dance is a highlight of Chinese New Year celebrations held worldwide in Chinatown around the world.中國以創造各種方式/方法來方便人類生活而廣為人知。在中國古代的發明中，四大發明不僅為中國的發展，還為世界經濟和文化的發展，做出了巨大貢獻。中國古代的四大發明分別是造紙術，印刷術，火藥和指南針。中國古代的四大發明為世界經濟和人類文化作出了重要貢獻，而且這也是中國作為世界文明大國的重要象征。
China is well known for its introduction of ways and means to help ease the life of mankind.Among the inventions of Ancient China, four
emerged as great contributions to the developments and changes not only to the country, but also to the world’s economy and culture.The Four Great Inventions of ancient China were papermaking, commercial printing, gunpowder, and the compass.China’s four great ancient inventions made tremendous contributions to the world’s economy and the culture of mankind.They were also important symbols of China’s role as a great and world civilization.中國人喜歡在一起吃飯，這個傳統可以追溯到很久之前。這反映出中國人喜歡團圓，不愿分離的觀念——圓桌，圓盤，圓碗都象征著團圓和美滿。盤子通常放在桌子的中央，這樣坐在面前的所有人都可以吃得到。一鍋熱湯尤其可以增加和諧，團圓的氣氛。朋友們也喜歡在一起吃飯，生活。最近一位美國漢學家的著作認為，中國人的集體觀念就是從一同吃飯發展而來的。
Chinese like to eat together, which is a tradition that can be traced back a long time ago.It reflects the Chinese notion of union versus division_ round tables, round dishes, and round bowls all symbolize union and perfection.Dishes are usually placed at the center of the table so that everyone around the table can share them.A hot pot, in particular, adds to the atmosphere of harmony and union.Friends also like to eat and live together.A recent book by an American Sinologist held that the Chinese collective tradition developed out of the practice of eating together.幾個世紀以來，中國在自然界中尋求靈感和自知之明。因此，在中國園林中引發自然世界。由于城市土地一直昂貴，中國城市的園林相對都比較小，但是每一個中國園林都致力于巖石，植物，水看起來比它實際上要更好，因為中國的園林設計師用巧妙的方式帶領游客從一個獨特的有歷史交到另一個有利視角。
For centuries, the Chinese have sought inspiration and self-knowledge in nature.Hence, the gardens in China evoke the natural world.Because land has always been expensive in cities, urban China gardens are relatively small, but the space of every Chinese garden devoted to rocks, plants and water seems much greater than it actually is because of the clever ways in which Chinese garden designers lead the visitor from one unique vantage point to another.在傳統的中國家庭文化中，同一祖先的幾代后裔居住在一起，形成一個大家庭。這種自治家族制度是中國傳統社會的基本單位。中國的孩子們跟隨他們父親的姓。這和西方文化是一樣的。如今在中國，孩子跟父親的姓或母親的姓在法律上都是合法的。除了那些因為結婚加入到家庭中的人以外，人們的姓氏都是一樣的。
In traditional Chinese family culture, descendants of several generations from the same ancestor lived together and formed a big family system.This kind of autonomous family system was the basic unit of traditional Chinese society.Chinese children follow their father’s family name.This is the same as western culture.Nowadays in China it is legally fine for a child to follow either father’s family name or mother’s family name.Within each family system, of course people except those who jointed this family system through marriage all have the same family name.孫大圣是中國古典文學名著《西游記》中的一個主要的人物。他是唐僧第一個徒弟。其實在中國，他最受歡迎的名字不是“孫大圣”，而是“孫悟空”，這是教他72變的第一個師傅給他起的名字。“悟”的意思是“啟迪”。“空”的意思是“無”，這是佛學中最重要的一個認識。在佛學中，人必須放棄欲望和所有對財富、名聲的渴望，以培養自己為佛。
Monkey King is one of the main characters in Chinese classic literature masterpieces “Journey to the West”.He is the first disciple of Tang Monk.Actually in Chinese, his most popular name is not “Monkey King” but “Sun Wukong”, which was given by his first Master who taught him the 72 supernormal abilities.“Wu” means enlightening.“Kong” means emptiness, which is one of the most important understandings in Buddhism.In Buddhism, one has to give up every human desire and all attachments including the attachments to wealth and fame etc, in order to cultivate oneself into a Buddha.中醫是世界醫學的遺產。中醫有比西方醫學更好的治病方法。因為中醫的效果和醫治方式，在世界上中醫現在越來越流行了。中醫起源于古代，已經發展了很長一段時間，它收集了治療不同疾病的各種方法。傳統中醫講究人們身體系統的平衡。這是說，一旦人的身體系統平衡，疾病就會消失。身體系統的損害是疾病的根源。
Chinese medicine is a heritage of world medicine.Traditional Chinese medicine has a power to heal people better than the western ones.China medicine now is more and more popular in the world due to its effect and its way to heal people.Originated from the ancient time, the Chinese medicine has developed in a long time and it has collected various ways to treat different illness.The traditional Chinese medicine pays attention to the balance the body system of people.It is said that once the system of people is in balance, the illness will disappear.The damage of the body system is the source of disease.
第五篇：四六級翻譯
四六級翻譯
1.中國酒文化
Chinese wine culture
中國人在7000年以前就開始用谷物釀酒。總的來說，不管是古代還是現代，酒都和中國文化息息相關。長久以來，中國的酒文化在人們生活中一直扮演著重要的角色。我們的祖先在寫詩時以酒助興，在宴會中和親朋好友敬酒。作為一種文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活不可分割的部分，比如生日宴會，送別晚宴，婚禮慶典等。
Chinese people began to make spirits with grains seven thousand years ago.Generally speaking, wine has a close connection with culture in china in both ancient and modern times.Chinese wine culture has been playing a quite important role in Chinese people’s life for a time.Our Chinese ancestors used wine to enjoy themselves while writing poetry,or to make a toast to their 中國酒文化
Chinese wine culture
中國人在7000年以前就開始用谷物釀酒。總的來說，不管是古代還是現代，酒都和中國文化息息相關。長久以來，中國的酒文化在人們生活中一直扮演著重要的角色。我們的祖先在寫詩時以酒助興，在宴會中和親朋好友敬酒。作為一種文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活不可分割的部分，比如生日宴會，送別晚宴，婚禮慶典等。
Chinese people began to make spirits with grains seven thousand years ago.Generally speaking, wine has a close connection with culture in china in both ancient and modern times.Chinese wine culture has been playing a quite important role in Chinese people’s life for a time.Our Chinese ancestors used wine to enjoy themselves while writing poetry,or to make a toast to their relatives and friends during a feast.Wine culture ,as a kind of culture form ,is also an inseparable part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday party ,farewell dinner ,wedding,etc.relatives and friends during a feast.Wine culture ,as a kind of culture form ,is also an inseparable part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday party ,farewell dinner ,wedding,etc.2.中國書法
Chinese Calligraphy
中國書法歷史悠久，它不僅是漢字的傳統書寫形式，也是體現自我修養和自我表達的藝術。作者的內心通過美妙的字體得以體現。書法在中國藝術中擁有舉足輕重的地位，因為它影響到了其它的中國藝術形式，比如古典詩歌，雕塑，傳統音樂及舞蹈，建筑及手工藝品。作為傳統的藝術瑰寶，中國書法被全世界人民所喜愛，且越來越受到歡迎。
Characters Chinese calligraphy is not only a traditional Chinese characters writing with a long history ,but also an art of self-expression.Inner world of the help of beautiful Chinese script.Chinese calligraphy plays an important role in Chinese art ,for it has influenced other Chinese artistic forms like classical poetry ,sculpture ,traditional music and dance ,architecture and handicrafts.As a treasured artistic form of Chinese culture,Chinese calligraphy is enjoyed by people throughout the world and is becoming more and more popular.3.中國山水畫
Landscape Painting
山水畫一直以來都被譽為中國繪畫的最高境界。它品位高端，很受歡迎。一般意義上，中國山水畫被認為是書法，繪畫及詩歌的結合或延伸。漢語“山水”這個詞是由“山”和“水”兩個漢字組成，且與道教的哲學思想相聯系，它強調的是人與自然的和諧。中國畫家描繪的不總是真實的世界，他們呈現出來的是自己想象出來的風景，這些風景不再只是對眼前世界的描繪，而是畫家內在思想的寫照。因此，人們認為欣賞山水畫除了可以很好地了解畫家的內心世界之外，還可以凈化自己的靈魂。
Landscape painting is traditionally considered as the highest form of Chinese painting styles.It is very popular and is associated with refined scholarly taste.Chinese Landscape painting in general is seen as a combination or extension of calligraphy ,painting ,and poetry.The Chinese term for “landscape” is made up of two characters meaning “mountains and water”.It is linked with the philosophy of Daoism ,which emphasizes harmony with the natural world.Chinese artists do not usually paint real place but imaginary landscape which is no longer about the description of conveying the inner mind.People therefore believe that looking at landscape painting is a good way to realize the artist’s inner heart as well as a way to purify their souls.4.中國戲曲
Chinese Opera
在中國，戲曲是一種很流行的戲劇形式，一般來說，可以追溯到唐朝時期，當時的皇帝唐玄宗創立了“梨園”。如今，許多外國人也很喜歡中國的戲曲。最吸引他們的則是獨有風格-臉譜，它不僅是戲曲中的一大亮點，同時還要求獨特的繪畫技藝。每個演員臉上夸張的扮相代表其扮演的角色的性格和命運。熟知戲曲的觀眾通過觀察演員的臉譜和服裝就可以知道角色背后的故事。通常紅色臉譜代表忠誠與勇敢；黑色代表兇猛；黃色和白色代表口是心非；金色和銀色代表神秘。對于中國人，特別是老年人，欣賞戲曲是他們的一大樂趣。
Chinese Opera is a popular form of drama in China.In general ,it dates back to the Tang Dynasty with Emperor XuanZhong ,who founded the “Pear Garden”.Now Chinese opera is warmly welcomed by many foreign people.What appeals foreigners most might be the distinctive style of facial make-up, which is one of the highlights and requires distinctive designs are painted on each performer’s face to symbolize a character’s personality,and fate.Audiences who are familiar with opera can know the story by observing the facial painting as well as the costumes.Generally,a red face represents loyalty and bravery;a black face ,rough;yellow and white faces,duplicity;and golden and silver faces,mystery.For Chinese,especially older folks, to listen to opera is a real pleasure.5.京劇
Peking Opera
京劇是中國的一種傳統藝術。它是中國戲曲的一種，誕生于1790年四大徽班（Four Great Anhui Troupes）入京表演的時候。19世紀中期得到快速發展，到清朝達到全盛階段。京劇被看成是中國的文化瑰寶之一。雖然它被稱為京劇，但是它的發源地卻是中國的安徽省和湖北省。京劇起初是宮廷表演藝術，而后才慢慢普及到民間。在數百年前，京劇作為一種新的戲曲形式，無論在哪進行表演，都飽受歡迎。而在現代社會中，包括京劇在內的傳統戲曲卻不大能被年輕人接受，面臨著巨大的生存危機。
Peking opera is a traditional art in china.It is a kind of Chinese opera which was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes came to Beijing in 1790,arose in the mod-19th century and was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty.Peking opera is widely regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China.Although it is called Beijing opera,its originally staged for the court and came into the public later.Hundreds of years ago,as a new drama form,wherever it was performed,it would be warmly welcomed.Unfortunately,in the modern world,traditional operas including Peking Opera have to face the existential crisis,because they are not easily accepted by younger generations.6.昆曲 Kunqu Opera
昆曲是中國古老戲曲中的一種，起源于江蘇昆山，擁有600多年的歷史。它是連接過去與現在，中國與世界的紐帶，對現今中國的戲曲形式，包括川劇與京劇在內，都產生了重要的影響。昆曲蘊育了各種意象美，從音樂，舞蹈到詩歌，人們的精神世界甚至中國人的靈魂，都有所體現。正因為如此，昆曲在過去廣受歡迎，也成了中國文化遺產中最珍貴的部分。但是現在，昆曲不僅面臨著來自大眾流行文化的挑戰，而且年輕人也對其缺乏興趣。只有進行適當的保護，昆曲才能擁有美好的未來。
Kunqu Opera,which originated in the Kunshan region of Jiangsu province,is one of China’s classical operas with a history of more than 600 years.Kunqu Opera serves as a link between past and present,China and the world.It has exerted a dominant influence on recent forms of opera in China,including the Sichuan and Beijing operas.Kunqu Opera embraced every imaginable beauty,from music and dance,to poetry and people’s spirit world and even very soul of the Chinese nation,so that Kunqu Opera is facing competition from mass culture and a lack of interest amongst the young.It can only have a bright future when it is protected in a proper way.7.唐詩 Poems of the Tang Dynasty
唐代，是中國古典詩歌的鼎盛時期，在不到300年的時間里，涌現出了許多著名的詩人和詩作。清朝時編輯的《全唐詩》（Poems of the Tang Dynasty)已收錄2200多位詩人創作的48900多首詩歌。這些詩歌讓人們深入了解到當時社會生活的各個方面。中國人很喜歡唐詩，就連小孩子也能背出幾首，如李白的《靜夜思》（Thoughts in the Silent Night)，杜甫的《春夜喜雨》(Good Rain on a Spring Night)等等。唐詩不僅是中國古代文學史上最光輝的一頁，而且也是人類文化史中的一個奇跡。
The Tang Dynasty witnessed the peak of Chinese ancient poetry,with many renowned poets and famous woeks appearing over a period of less than 300 years.Pomes of the Tang Dynasty edited during the Qing Dynasty has collected more than 48900 poems written by over 2200 poets.These poems provide an insight into all aspects of the social life of the period.Chinese people are very foud of Tang poetry ,and even children can recite some from memory,such as Thoughts in the Silent Night by Li Bai,Good Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu ,etc.Tang poetry not only serves as a most brilliant page in the history of ancient Chinese literature,but is also a miracle in the history of human culture.8.中國武術 Chinese Martial Arts/Kunfu
中國武術擁有悠久的歷史，在中國廣為流行。受中國古典美學所提倡的剛柔并濟的影響，中國武術形成了自己的審美標準。現在很多人習武是為了健康，娛樂和競技。為了更好地傳承這一古老的技藝，全國各地開設有很多的武術俱樂部和協會。自1980年起，一大批的武術專業的畢業生被分配到學校里教授武術。現在很多專家通過將搏斗技巧和健康結合到一起，試著將武術變為一項科學的運動。他們希望有一天，武術可以作為一項賽事納入奧運會中。
Chinese martial arts enjoy a long history and great popularity in China.Influenced by ancient Chinese aesthetics which advocated a balance between hardness and softness,Chinese martial arts have formed their own aesthetic standards.Today,many people practice it to pursue heath,entertainment and competition.In order to inherit the ancient art,many martial arts clubs and associations have been established across China.Since 1980,a large number of graduates majoring in martial arts have been assigned to teach martial arts into a scientific sport by combining fighting skills with heath.They hope that one day martial arts will become a sport event at the Olympic Games.9.長城
The Great Wall
長城，作為中國的象征之一，不僅是中國的奇跡，也是整個世界的奇跡。它始建于春秋戰國時期，秦始皇統一中國后，連結了各段長城以抵御外敵入侵。先純的長城遺跡主要為建于14世紀的明長城。長城有著兩千多年的歷史，于1987年被聯合國教科文組織列為世界遺產。現如今，長城仍是世界上最受歡迎的景點之一。
As one of the symbols of China, the Great Wall is a wonder not only to China but also to the whole world.The Great Wall was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.After the unification of China,the first Emperor of Qing linked up different sections of the walls to prevent the invasion of the enemies.The present preserved Great Wall of China is the major parts built in the 14th century,called Ming Great Wall.With a long history of more than 2000 years,the Great Wall of China was listed as World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987.Until now,the Great Wall is still one of the most popular attractions in the world.10.故宮
The Imperial Palace
故宮又名紫禁城，位于北京市中心，占地面積72萬平方米。它擁有眾多的庭院，四面有高墻和護城河保護。明清兩代的皇帝和他們的家眷以及數百名宮女，太監曾在這里居住。紫禁城于明朝1420年建成，普通百姓不能進入。在924年清朝末代皇帝被逐出故宮后，故宮與1925年變成了故宮博物院并對外開放。
Standing/Lying in the center of Beijing,the Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City,covers an area of 72000 square meters.It consists of dozens of courtyards and is protected by high walls and amoat on all four sides.The emperors of two dynasties,the Ming and the Qing,lived here with their families and hundreds of court ladies and palace eunuchs.The Forbidden City was completed in 1420 during the Ming Dynasty,which was been open tothe public after the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty was driven out of the Palace in 1924.
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