第一篇：考研英語語法代詞解析(一) 中公考研

給人改變未來的力量

一、人稱代詞

(一)人稱代詞的主格、賓格

人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語、表語，賓格作及物動詞或介詞的賓語，主格和賓格不可混用。

例句： When school was over，Jack and me went home together.分析： me應改為I，因為它處在主語的位置上。

例句： Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.(1996年第14題)

分析： 該句是復合句，其中which a person smokes是修飾each cigarette的定語從句，he指代前面的a person。

譯文： 一個人吸的每一支煙都對他的身體有害，最終他將因吸煙患上一種嚴重的疾病。

(二)it的用法

1.代替除人以外的一切生物或事物(可代替單個詞、詞組或句子)。

例句： The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.(2000年第19題)

分析： 該句是復合句，其中he composes是省略了關系代詞which/that的定語從句，修飾the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作狀語修飾enjoys。

譯文： 理想的聽眾是當音樂奏響時既能置身其中又可超然其外的人，并且幾乎可以像作曲家在創作音樂時那樣享受音樂。

例句： You have saved my life and I will never forget it.分析： it指you have saved my life。

譯文： 你曾經挽救過我的生命，我決不會忘記這件事。

2.表示時間、距離、天氣等自然現象。

例句： It is time now to tell the Americans they are on the wrong track.譯文： 現在是時候告訴美國人他們走錯路了。

例句： She didn’t come back until it was 12:00.中公考研 http://www.tmdps.cn

給人改變未來的力量

譯文： 直到12點她才回來。

例句： It is about 50 miles to school.譯文： 到學校大概50英里。

3.作形式主語(真正的主語為動名詞、不定式或主語從句)

例句： But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free，happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small，subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience.(選自2011年Text 4)

分析： 該句是復合句。其中it是形式主語，真正的主語是to wonder if the images aren’t contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience;we see every week of stress-free，happiness-enhancing parenthood是一個定語從句，修飾the images;介詞短語in some small，subconscious way作狀語，表示方式。

譯文： 我們想知道每周看到的“毫無壓力、提升幸福感”的為人父母形象是否在以某種細微的、潛意識的方式加劇我們對現行生活體驗的不滿呢?這很有意思。

例句： In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.(2007年第49題)

分析： 該句是復合句。it是形式主語，定語從句who do not have a clear grasp...Constitution修飾journalists，can do是賓語從句how...的謂語部分。

譯文： 事實上，很難想象那些對加拿大憲法的基本要點缺乏清晰了解的新聞記者能勝任政治新聞的報道工作。

4.作形式賓語

例句： The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.(選自2011年Text 2)

分析： 該句是簡單句。其中it作形式賓語，真正的賓語是to be between jobs or to leave a bad one，more acceptable作賓語補足語。

中公考研 http://www.tmdps.cn

給人改變未來的力量

譯文： 金融危機已經使得等待工作機會或者辭去糟糕的工作這種行為更容易被人接受了。

例句： There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does.(1998年第7題)

分析： 該句是簡單句。no matter what he does在句中作狀語，表示讓步，分詞短語making...作over 100 night schools的補足語。

譯文： 這個城市有100多所夜校，這使得專業人員無論從事什么工作都有可能接受再教育。

5.引出強調句(強調謂語以外的其他成分)

用強調句型： It is/was+被強調部分+that(who/whom/which)+其他部分，被強調部分常為主語(從句)、賓語(從句)、狀語(從句)，強調狀語時不能用when或where，要用that，翻譯成漢語時被強調部分常用“是”、“正是”等來表示強調含義。判斷是不是強調句的標準是去掉“it is/was”和“that(who/whom/which)”，如果余下部分是一個完整的句子，說明原句是一個強調句，否則就是一個由it作形式主語的句子。

例句： It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane.(選自2002年Use of English)

分析： 該句是復合句。分詞短語beginning with...作主語the communications revolution的補足語，該強調句強調狀語during the same time。

譯文： 與此同時，通訊革命也在加速發展，從交通運輸、鐵路開始，發展到電報、電話、無線電和電影再到20世紀的汽車和飛機。

例句： Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.(選自1998年Text 1)

分析： 該句是簡單句。句子主干為humankind’s long suffering...makes...so fascinating。其中短語at the mercy of...意為“聽憑??擺布，完全受??支配”。

中公考研 http://www.tmdps.cn

給人改變未來的力量

譯文： 也許正是由于人類長期聽任旱澇之災的擺布，才使得讓洪水聽從人類的調遣這種理想令人如此癡迷。

二、物主代詞

(一)物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞

形容詞性物主代詞只能修飾名詞而不能代替名詞，而名詞性物主代詞可以代替名詞詞組，即“形容詞性物主代詞+前面所提到的名詞”。

例句： All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read affectionate letters from their families.(1998年第35題)

分析： 該句是復合句。出現了as引導的時間狀語從句。

譯文： 海洋石油勘探隊員們讀情深意濃的家書時個個情緒高漲。

例句： He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, but hers is quite good.分析： 該句是并列句。第一部分是個復合句，出現了as引導的原因狀語從句。

譯文： 他因為糟糕的發音而不夠資格當英文老師，但她的發音卻非常好。

(二)不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞修飾名詞

如：不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞同時修飾一個名詞時，男性物主代詞置于女性物主代詞前。

例句： Who do you like best，his or her friends?

譯文： 你最喜歡他的還是她的朋友?

(三)名詞性物主代詞(除its外)可與介詞of搭配，構成雙重所有格

a/an/some/any/no/another/each/such/several/which/this/that/these/those+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。

如：

a book of mine

no fault of hers

that pen of his 中公考研 http://www.tmdps.cn

給人改變未來的力量

例句： In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for additions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems.(選自2006年Part B)

分析： 該句是簡單句。got和wrote是兩個并列的謂語動詞。

譯文： 1998年3月，威廉姆斯的一個朋友把他強行送入一家戒賭治療中心，并寫信通知賭場有關威廉姆斯的賭博問題。

三、反身代詞

反身代詞在句中作賓語、表語和同位語，使用時注意反身代詞與其指代對象在人稱、數和性上保持一致。

例句： According to one belief, if truth is to be known, it will make itself apparent, so one had better wait instead of searching for it.(2001年第3題)

分析： 該句是復合句，其中had better+ do意為“最好做某事”。

譯文： 按照一種觀點，真理若想眾人皆知，真理就應該顯而易見，所以人們最好是等待而不是去探尋它。

例句： Prof.White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to avail myself of every chance to improve my English.(1999年第35題)

分析： 該句是簡單句。avail oneself of...意為“利用(機會等)”。

譯文： 我敬愛的導師懷特教授經常提醒我抓住每個機會提高英語水平。

例句： The house belongs to myself.(作介詞賓語)

You yourself did wrong to him.(作同位語)

四、相互代詞

相互代詞只有each other和one another兩種，通常前者表示兩者之間的相互關系，后者表示兩者以上的人或事物之間的相互關系。

例句： Language, culture, and personality may be considered independently of each other in thought，but they are inseparable in fact.(1996年第31題)

分析： 該句是由but引導的并列句。

中公考研 http://www.tmdps.cn

給人改變未來的力量

譯文： 在意識形態中，語言、文化和個性可能被認為是相互獨立的，但事實上它們是不可分割的。

例句： In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005年第47題)

分析： 該句是復合句。句子主干為multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups。定語從句which bring together...修飾groups，其中television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses作bring的賓語，即bring...together, 另一個定語從句that work in relation to one another修飾其前面的幾個名詞。

譯文： 在歐洲，像在其他地方一樣，傳媒集團擴張越來越成功，這些集團將相關的電視、廣播、報紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。

注意： 相互代詞的所有格形式為each other’s，one another’s，其后接不可數名詞或可數名詞的復數形式，不能接單數可數名詞。

中公考研 http://www.tmdps.cn

第二篇：2013考研英語語法指導

中學英語語法網絡圖 一．名詞 I.名詞的種類： 專有名詞 普通名詞

國名.地名.人名，團體.機構名稱 可數名詞 不可數名詞

個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質名詞 II.名詞的數：

1.規則名詞的復數形式：

名詞的復數形式，一般在單數形式后面加-s或-es。現將構成方法與讀音規則列表如下： 規則 例詞 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe結尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives

加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes

不少外來詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 兩者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th結尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2.不規則名詞復數：

英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的，現歸納如下： 規則 例詞 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 單復數相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有復數形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 一些集體名詞總是用作復數 people, police, cattle, staff 部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作復數（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 復數形式表示特別含義 customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)表示“某國人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans

單復數同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變為復數 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends

無主體名詞時將最后一部分變為復數 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變為復數 women singers, men servants III.名詞的所有格：

名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1.’s所有格的構成：

單數名詞在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 復數名詞 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規則復數名詞后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights，以s結尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house

表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes

表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father

表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法：

１ 表示時間 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然現象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示國家城市等地方的名詞 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 表示工作群體 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及價值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞 the life’s time, the play’s plot 某些固定詞組 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：

用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 目錄: 第01章 名詞性從句

第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解 第03章 高中英語語法中的省略現象 第04章 主謂一致 第05章

動詞不定式 第06章

倒裝結構

第07章

定語從句 第08章

被動語態 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感嘆句 第11章 疑問句 第12章 名詞

第一章 名詞性從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

一． 主語從句

主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那場電影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我對你成功與否不感興趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發生的。（強調句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強調句型）

2.用it 作形式主語的結構(1)It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句

It is a fact that ?

事實是?

It is an honor that

?非常榮幸

It is common knowledge that

?是常識(2)It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句

It is natural that?

很自然?

It is strange that?

奇怪的是?(3)It is ＋ 不及物動詞 ＋ 從句

It seems that?

似乎?

It happened that?

碰巧?

It appears that?

似乎?(4)It ＋ 過去分詞 ＋ 從句

It is reported that?

據報道?

It has been proved that?

已證實?

It is said that?

據說?

3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：

（1）if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯誤表達：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.錯誤表達：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether ?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯誤表達：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

錯誤表達：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 與that 在引導主語從句時的區別

what 引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that 則不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．賓語從句

賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。

1.作動詞的賓語

(1)由that引導的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我聽說他參軍了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引導的賓語從句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道發生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。

(3)動詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。

2.作介詞的賓語，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。

3.作形容詞的賓語，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已經犯了一個錯誤。

注意：that 引導的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。

4.it 可以作為形式賓語

it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽說她下個朋就會結婚了。

5.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞

這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導的賓語從句。如：

正確表達：I admire their winning the match.錯誤表達：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞

有些動詞不可用于“動詞＋間接賓語＋that從句“結構中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正確表達：He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯誤表達：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的轉移

若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。

三.表語從句

表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結構是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導表語從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結構。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語從句

同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

1.同位語從句的功能

同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內容，一般由that引導，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語在句子中的位置

同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區別

(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。

(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英語名詞性從句專項練習

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone

7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語語法的重點、難點，又是近幾年高考的熱點，因此應給予充分的重視，現將it用法歸納如下：

一、It用作實詞

表達以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現象??

二、It用作形式主語

替代作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式主語的常見句型：

1.代作主語的動詞不定式，其句型為

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主語的動名詞的常見句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主語的從句常見句型

(1)It is + noun +從句

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that?(should)???竟然??

It's a pity/shame that?(should)???竟然??

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主語的句型

1.It takes sb.? to do?(=sb takes?to do?)某人用多長時間做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do?（不）像某人做某事的風格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that? should /v-ed?是該做某事的時候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)? have v-ed?第幾次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been? since ?continuous v-ed(延續性動詞)某動作已有多長時間不發生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)? before?過(不)了多長時間某動作發生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式賓語

用來替代作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式賓語的常見句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that?把?歸功于?

leave it to sb that?把?留給某人去做

take it for granted that ?想當然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語從句緊跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面，賓語從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、強調句型

It is/was+被強調部分+ that(who)? 強調句型用來強調謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。當被強調部分是人時也可以用who。

在使用強調句型時需注意以下幾點：

1.請注意強調句型的特殊疑問句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在強調原因狀語從句時，只能強調由because所引導的從句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在強調not ? until結構時必須把not與until一起放到被強調的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意強調句型與定語從句的區別

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(強調句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定語從句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口語當中相當于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說定、趕上、及時到達

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口語中相當于fix the date for,表示“約定好時間”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相當于in fact, in reality表示“事實上，實際情況是??”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相當于方式狀語從句，表示“照原樣”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相當于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說，可以說，換句話說”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for?/if it hadn't been for?用來引導虛擬語氣，相當于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是??，要不是??”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相當于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此為止，沒有別的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相當于 That's right.表示“對啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口語中，相當于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做錯事而挨罵，受責備，受批評，受懲罰”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相當于say, insist表示“說，主張，表明，硬說”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相當于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口語中，相當于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相當于go on,表示“繼續做，不放棄”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, ? 在口語中，相當于it's a pity that?, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,?在口語中，相當于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口語中，相當于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒有多大價值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相當于Don't worry or don't hurry.用來勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔心，存住氣”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口語中，相當于believe me what I say.表示“請相信我的話，我敢擔保”

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth?在口語中，相當于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其價值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口語中，相當于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放棄

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口語中，相當于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒有定下來”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口語中，相當于it's decided by sb.表示“由??決定，由??負責，取決于??”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專練

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全國卷)A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全國卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went

D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章 高中英語語法中的省略現象

在英語語言中，為了使語言簡潔明了，重點突出或上下文緊密相連，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變，這種語言現象稱之為省略。現就英語中的種種省略現象分析如下：

一、并列復合句中的省略

在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.湯姆肯定一直在打籃球，瑪麗一直在寫作業。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主從復合句中的省略

1．狀語從句中的省略

一般說來省略現象多出現在下列五種狀語從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導的時間狀語從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導的條件狀語從句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導的讓步狀語從句；由 as ,than 等引導的比較狀語從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時應遵循下面原則：

1)當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時，可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be，這時從句中可出現如下結構：(1)連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞;(2)連詞（though, whether , when）+形容詞；(3)連詞(whether, as if ,while)+介詞短語；(4)連詞(when , while , though)+ 現在分詞；(5)連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 過去分詞；(6)連詞(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.龐龍曾經是個工 人，現在變成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學習，要不然你會后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到處看似乎在找什么東西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國總統布什在與胡錦濤主席會談時，感謝中國在六方會談中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.這次展覽比被預料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運動員劉翔張開嘴好像要說什么。注意：

1)當從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時，間或也有這樣的省略,如： Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.當她過馬路時父親告訴她要當心。

2)當從句的主語是 it，謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be 時，可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結構。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定語從句中的省略

1）一般說來，在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)湯姆病倒了，你昨天見到他了。

2）在口語和非正式用語中，關系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經常用that 來代替，甚至還可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？

3）當先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時，從句不能用 how 來引導，應該用that 或 in which，或將它們全部省略。如：

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。

3．賓語從句中的省略

1）在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中，連詞that 一般可以省略；但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句，那么只有第一個that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我認為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說《 反分裂國家法》已被通過，而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導的 賓語從句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。

4．在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語氣形式“should +動詞原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法國總統希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾，我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。

6．在答語中，主句可全部省略。如： —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你為什么沒有上學？ —因為我媽媽病了。

三、簡單句中的省略

1．省略主語

1）祈使句中的主語通常被省略 如：

(You)Open the door, please.請開一下門。

2)其它省略主語多限于現成的說法 如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.沒關系。

2．省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分 如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽煙

b)(Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ？

c)(You come)This way please.請這邊走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ？

3．省略賓語 如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你認識李先生嗎？— I don’t know(him.)我不認識他 4．省略表語 如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同時省略幾個成分 如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你覺得好些了嗎 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好運/祝你順利。

四、動詞不定式省略，只保留to 的場合1．不定式作某些動詞的賓語時，這些動詞常見的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開前謝謝她。—我本打算這么做，但當我就要離開的時候我卻找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以這么做。

2．不定式作某些動詞的賓語補足語或主語補足語時，這些動詞常見的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上騎他的自行車，但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)

b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想來，可是她父母不讓。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時，常見的形容詞有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒關系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些復合謂語時，常見結構如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現在不喜歡吃魚，但過去喜歡。

五、動詞不定式to 的省略

1．主語部分有to do ,系動詞 is 或 was 時，作表語的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。

2．作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語，前面又有實意動詞 do時，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他說陳水扁除了推進支持“獨立”的時間表外，什么也沒有做。

3．主語部分暗含to do，表語中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上學，努力學習。

4．當兩個或多個不定式并列時，其后的不定式符號可以省略，但有對比關系時不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.說起來容易，做起來難。

5．在would rather?than? 等結構中，不定式符號常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語補足語時省略不定式符號to；why(not)do 結構 中, 不定式不帶to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看見她進入了房間

b)Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來呢？

六．其他一些省略結構

1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我們在瑪麗家過的周末。

2．What和 how引導的感嘆句中，常可省略主語 it 和be動詞 如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!這對Tom來說是個多么大的勝利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被當作一個正常孩子對待對他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章 主謂一致

主謂一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數方面的一致關系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分為:語法一致, 內容一致, 就近一致.(一)語法一致原則: 即主語為單數,謂語用單數,主語為復數,謂語也用復數.以下為注意事項: 1.單數主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數.如: Air as well as water is matter.空氣和水都是物質.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了兩個仆人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐。

2.用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數, 否則用復數.如:

The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。

3.不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。

4.用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。

5.each of + 復數代詞, 謂語動詞用單數.復數代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數.如: Each of us has something to say.我們每個人都有話要說。

6.若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復數, 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數。但more+復數名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用復數.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late.不只一個學生遲到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一個人來幫助我們。

7.none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數, 也可用復數;但在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數,因而謂語動詞要用單數.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人無完人。

None of this worries me.這事一點不使我著急。

8.名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用復數.如: His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現 a pair of , 謂語一般用單數.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼鏡。

9.形復意單名詞如:news;以ics 結尾的學科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics;國名如: the United States;報紙名如: the New Times;書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>;以及The United Nations<聯合國> 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。

10.“a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數.如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復數名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用復數形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.參觀了一兩個地點。

(二)內容一致原則:

1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分數或百分數+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復數取決于連用的名詞.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋果都是爛的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定數量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單復數取決于量詞后面名詞的數.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科書已運到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。

3.加減乘除用單數.如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10。

4.表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 盡管是復數形式, 它們做為一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數.如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一個相當的距離。

5.(1)通常作復數的集體名詞.包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復數.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作單數也可作復數的集體名詞.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委員會決定解雇他。

6.the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數.如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原則

1.由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中,(有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？ 2.用連詞or, either....or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。

注意: one of +復數名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為復數。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.瑪麗是飼養寵物者之一。

The only one of +復數名詞+ who/that./which 引導的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應為單數。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個飼養寵物的人。

主謂一致練習

1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is

B.are/are

C.is/are

D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years

B.are/year old

C.is/years old

D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play

B.are playing

C.plays

D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are

B.has

C.have

D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking

B.is speaking

C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his

B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's

D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are

B.is stayed

C.is

D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left

D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands

B.standing

C.which stands

D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will

B.was

C.is

D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are

B.I am

C.as I am

D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you

B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you

D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed

B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed

D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is

B.they are

C.this

D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting

B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting

D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were

B.were eaten/was

C.were eaten/were

D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her

B.is hers

C.are hers

D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have

B.are said to have

C.is said to be

D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves

B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf

D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows

B.cows cattle C.cattle cows

D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree

B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes

D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive

B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher

B.fathers are teachers

C.father are teachers

D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred

B.are occurred

C.occurs

D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or

B.The offices and

C.Both the office and

D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are

B.is C.has

D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting

B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room

B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work

B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles

D.Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB

6-10 ABACD

11-15 ACDAB

16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA

26-30CBACA

31-35 CCADC

36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD

46-50 DBDDB

51-55 BAABB

第五章

動詞不定式不定式作賓語 1)動詞+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2)動詞+不定式；動詞+賓語+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom.我想和湯姆談話。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3)動詞+疑問詞+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that.請演示給我們如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

注意

疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。如：The question is how to put it into practice.問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。

2.不定式作補語

1)動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例題

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying

B.lie

C.lay

D.laying

答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。

2)to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動詞。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。

典型例題

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented

答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只說明發明這一個事實，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現在完成時，發明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調對現在的影響，因此不選C。3)to be +形容詞

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認為這本書沒什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。

3.不定式作主語

1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做這事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。

2)It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。

注意

1)其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數形式。

3)當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is? to?的句型(對)To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯)It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages.對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It's very nice of you to help me.你來幫助我，你真是太好了。

for 與of 的辨別方法

用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應用for。)

4.不定式作表語

不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定語

不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作狀語 1)目的狀語

To? only to(僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to?(如此??以便??)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。

2)作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因

I'm glad to see you.典型例題

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit

B.sit on

C.be seat

D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位于“形容詞+動詞不定式”結構的末尾。

用作介詞的to to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：admit to承認，confess to承認，be accustomed to習慣于，be used to習慣于，stick to 堅持，turn to開始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意 省to 的動詞不定式

1)情態動詞(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役動詞 let, have, make：

3)感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。

注意

在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why? / why not?：

6)help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb(to)do sth：

7)but和except：but前是動詞do時，后面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。8)由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去： 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他應該是個好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題

1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A.to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案：D.why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

答案：B.make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用于被動時，to 不可省略。

動詞不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window?

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。

典型例題

1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not

B.not to shut

C.to not shut

D.not shut

答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see

B.not seeing

C.to not see

D.having not seen

答案：A。pretend 后應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive

B.to never driver C.never driving

D.never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth.此處用的是否定詞never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to

B.not to do

C.not do it

D.do not to

答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞，而不必重復整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no

B.eating not

C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too?to? 1)too?to

太?以至于?

He is too excited to speak.他太激動了，說不出話來。----Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。

2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定，too 后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意 為“不太”。

It's never too late to mend.(諺語)改過不嫌晚。

3)當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常? 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to---勞駕

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現在幾點了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +動詞原形”表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不???” “干嗎不???” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?

不定式的時態和語態

時態語態

主動

被動

一般式

to do to be done

進行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done to have been done

完成進行式

to have been doing

1)現在時：一般現在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見到你。2)完成時：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)進行時： 表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成進行時：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.動名詞與不定式

1)動名詞與不定式的區別：

動名詞表達的是： 狀態，性質，心境，抽象，經常性，已發生的 不定式表達的是： 目的，結果，原因，具體，一次性，將發生的 2)接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。

3)動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do

afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊詞精講 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。

典型例題

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇“stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘記做過某事。

(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經關了燈了。(已做過關燈的動作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)

典型例題

----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off

B.turn it off

C.to turn it off

D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關燈的動作沒有發生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經關上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。

remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事

(未做)remember doing 記得做過某事

(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?

regret doing/to do regret to do

對要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing

對做過的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。

典型例題

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do

B.to be doing

C.to have done

D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對已發生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。

cease doing/to do cease to do

長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。

cease doing

短時停止做某事，以后還會接著做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.那個部門已不復存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。

try doing/to do try to do

努力，企圖做某事。try doing

試驗，試著做某事。

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing

繼續做原來做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數學后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個練習后，接著做其他的練習

be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為“怕”；

be afraid of doing 擔心出現doing的狀況、結果。doing 是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕，恐怕”。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do interested to do

對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing

對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?

(一種想法)

mean to doing/to do mean to do

打算、想 mean doing 意味著

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈加工資意味著增加購買力。

begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？ 2)begin, start用進行時時，后面動詞用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我開始生起氣來。

3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我開始明白真相。4)物作主語時 It began to melt.感官動詞 + doing/to do 感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調“我看見了”這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調“我見他正干活”這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。

典型例題

1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow

B.grew

C.was growing

D.to grow 答案：A.因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing

B.to be playing

C.play

D.to play 答案：A.本題強調其動作，正在河邊玩，應此用see sb.doing sth句型。

第六章 倒裝結構

一 全部倒裝

全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有：

1.here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

1)There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。

2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就來了

3)Here is your letter.這是你的信。

2.表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。例如：

1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機下面發出了一顆導彈。

2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：

1)Here he comes.他來了。

2)Away they went.他們走了。

二 部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。例如：

1)Never have I seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案。

3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

注意：當Not until引出主從復合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：

1)I have never seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly ? when , no sooner ?than ?等。例如：

1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評了送禮的人。

2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她剛要出門時有個學生來找她。

3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時一個學生來看她。

注意：只有當Not only? but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結構。如果置于句首的Not only? but also僅連接兩個并列詞語，不可用倒裝結構。例如：

Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂。

3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時，句子作部分倒裝。例如：

1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能說法語，我也能。

2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。

注意： 當so引出的句子用以對上文內容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結構。意為“的確如此”。例如：

1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。

2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的確很大。

4.only放在句首，強調狀語（副詞，介詞短語或狀語從句等），全句語序要部分倒裝。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學好英語。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請了三次才來開會。

注意：如果句子為主從復合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常嚴重時才會臥床休息。

三 as, though 引導的倒裝句

as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前）。此時應注意：1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2)句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意。

注意: 讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

四 其他部分倒裝

1.so? that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動都不敢動。

2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

May you all be happy.望大家開心愉快。

3.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：

Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再試一次。

第七章 定語從句

定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。

被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。

關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

關系副詞有：when, where, why, how。

關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當關系代詞做賓語時可以省略。

定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數量上和先行詞保持一致。

定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。、關系代詞引導的定語從句

1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2)whose 用來指人或物，（只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作賓語)

關系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區別：

不用that的情況：

a)在引導非限定性定語從句時

(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介詞后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情況

①關系代詞在從句中做主語

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行詞為those, people 時

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定語從句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時，后一個必須重復前一個關系代詞。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況

a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時，只用that。He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數詞(the last)、數詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時，用that 以避免重復。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關系代詞在從句中做表語

He is not the man that he used to be.、關系副詞引導的定語從句

關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。關系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當于“介詞+ which”結構，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結構交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：

①在非限制性定語從句中，“介詞+ which”結構不能代替關系副詞。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動詞后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?

3、名詞/數詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關系代詞引導定語從句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導非限定性定語從句的差別 由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法區別：

(1)as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which。

(3)非限定性定語從句中出現expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預料等時。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same? as;such?as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和??一樣??。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定語從句語法專項練習習題精選

用適當的關系詞填空：

1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________

we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(認出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:

1.when

2.when 3.which

4.that/which

5.that 6.where

7.that/which 8.where 9.which

10.where 11.where

12.which 13.when

14.that

15.that

16.that

17.(that)

18.which

19.(that/in which)

20.that 21.that that

23.whose

24.of which

25.whose 26.whom

27.when

28.that

29.that

30.where

第八章 被動語態

一、語態概述

英語的語態是通過動詞形式的變化表現出來的。英語中有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。

主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者。巧記為：主動、主動、主去動。

被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。巧記為：被動、被動、主被動。例如：

English is spoken by many people.主語English是動詞speak的承受者。

主動態和被動態指的是動詞形式，是詞法概念；而主動句和被動句則指的是句子結構，從而是句法概念。所謂主動句就是由主動態動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子，而被動句則是由被動態動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子。例如：

He opened the door.他開了門。(主動句)

The door was opened.門被開了。(被動句)

二、被動語態的構成

被動語態由“助動詞be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。人稱、數和時態的變化是通過be的變化表現出來的。現以teach為例說明被動語態在各種時態中的構成。

一般現在時：am／is／are＋taught

一般過去時：was／were＋taught

一般將來時：will／shall be＋taught

現在進行時：am／is／are being＋taught

過去進行時：have／has been＋taught

現在完成時：have／has been＋taught

記憶歌訣：被動語態be字變，過去分詞跟后面。

注意：區分被動語態與“be+過去分詞”結構

be+過去分詞”并不一定都是被動語態，有時是系表結構。當“be+過去分詞”表示動作時為被動語態，be是助動詞，be后面的過去分詞是主要動詞，動作的對象是主語；當“be +過去分詞”表示主語所處的狀態時為系表結構，be是連系動詞。be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當于形容詞。其區分辦法如下： 如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執行者，該句一般為被動語態，否則為系表結構。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表結構)The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被動語態)如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.這家雜志出版于上海。(被動語態)The door is locked.門鎖著。(系表結構)The door has already/just been locked.門已經/剛剛被鎖上。(被動語態)The shop is opened.這家商店開門了。(系表結構)The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.這家商店每天上午八點開門。(被動語態)被動語態除用于一般時態和完成時態外，還可以用于其他各種時態，而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態和完成時態。

三、被動語態的用法 不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰。例如：

1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰偷的)

2)This book was published in 1981.這本書出版于1981年。強調動作的承受者，而不強調動作的執行者。例如：

1)This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。

2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時睡眠必須得到保證。

記憶歌訣：誰做的動作不知道，說出誰做的沒有必要；動作承受者需強調，被動語態運用到。

四、主動語態變被動語態的方法 把主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語。把謂語變成被動結構(be＋過去分詞)，根據被動語態句子里的主語的人稱和數，以及原來主

動語態句子中動詞的時態來決定be的形式。把主動語態中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如：

1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.記憶歌訣：賓變主，主變賓，by短語后面跟。謂語動詞變被動，be后“過分”來使用。

五、含有情態動詞的被動語態

含有情態動詞的主動句變成被動句時，由“情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞”構成，原來帶to的情態動詞變成被動語態后“to”仍要保留。

記憶歌訣：情態動詞變動，情態加be加“過分”，原來帶to要保留。例如：

1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once

第9講祈使句

一.祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表達說話人對對方的勸告、叮囑、請求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般沒有主語，但根據其句意，實際上是省略了主語you。祈使句句末用感嘆號或句號，朗讀時，常用降調。在表達請求或勸告時，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的語氣更加緩和, 或客氣。祈使句一般沒有時態的變化，也不能與情態動詞連用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那個小房間里。

二.祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分為以下三種類型： 1.行為動詞原形＋其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根據例句造句。

2.Be動詞＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等）。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.過馬路時要小心。

3.Let, ＋賓語＋動詞原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：

Let him go back now.讓他現在回去吧。

三.祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情況下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分為以下四種類型：

1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，構成“Don’t＋行為動詞原形＋其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!別再那樣說了！

2.在Be動詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，構成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在這種句型中be不能省略；否定副詞not不可置于be之后。

3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有兩種：（1）Let開頭的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人稱名詞或代詞的賓格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后賓格的名詞或代詞后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s開頭的祈使句，必須在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要讓我明天跟她一起去。

Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.無論什么時候我們碰到她，都不要告訴她真相。

4.在公共場合的提示語中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名詞/V-ing形式”結構，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！

四.祈使句的反意問句 祈使句的反意疑問句須按其句子結構及講話人的語氣來決定其疑問部分。通常有以下三種形式：

1.祈使句為肯定句式，其反意疑問句表示請求時，通常用will you；表示邀請、勸說時，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要給我們寫信，好嗎？

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚來和我們一起吃飯，好嗎？

2.祈使句為否定句式，其反意疑問句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在會議室抽煙，好嗎？

3.Let開頭的祈使句構成反意疑問句時，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?讓個那男孩先走，好嗎？

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚飯后我們去散步，好嗎？

五.祈使句的回答

祈使句的動作通常是表示將來發生的動作，所以回答祈使句時，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時，要注意兩點：一是“形式一致”，即Yes與will保持一致；No與won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答時，要注意分析上下文語境中所提供的條件。例如：

---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.請不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去機場接我弟弟。

六.祈使句與陳述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陳述句時，須用連接詞連接。如果祈使句與陳述句表示的是一種順承關系時，要用并列連詞and來連接；如果祈使句與陳述句存在一種否定條件關系時，要用并列連詞or來連接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留給我吧，我想想有沒有辦法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快點，否則我們要遲到了。

七.祈使句與條件狀語從句的連用

祈使句與條件狀語從句連用時，條件狀語從句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天來這兒的話，叫他給我來個電話。

八.祈使句的強調形式

祈使句的強調形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助動詞Do（Do在句中無意義）。例如：

Do shut up!快住口！

九.特殊形式的祈使句

在英語中，有些祈使句不是以動詞原形來引起一個祈使句，而是以一個名詞短語來充當，且后接一個帶有并列連接詞的分句。實際上，這個充當祈使句的名詞短語相當于一個條件狀語從句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你給那些小樹多澆點水，他們就不會死了。

十.運用祈使句的誤區

祈使句往往容易與不定式、分詞或條件狀語從句相混淆。在平時的練習或測試中，如果稍不留神，就會出錯。因此，要認真審題，認真分析句子結構，并根據上下文語境，作出正確判斷。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check

C.If you checkD.To check

析：如果空白處選填B（Check）項，則視為祈使句，但后一分句前沒有并列連接詞and連接；如選A或D項（分詞或不定式），句中邏輯主語some spelling mistakes又不能執行這個動作，故均不符合句子結構。因此，只有C項（條件狀語從句）符合句子結構及句意。

第十章感嘆句。

感嘆句：一般是用來表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語感嘆句常用“what”和“how”引導，“what”和“how”與所修飾的詞置于句首，其它部分用陳述句語序。

感嘆詞 修飾對象 感嘆部分 主語 謂語+其他！

How（副詞）修飾形容詞 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!

修飾副詞 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修飾動詞 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!

What（形容詞）修飾單數可數名詞 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!

修飾復數可數名詞 What nice girls They Were!修飾不可數名詞 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!

感嘆句的特殊形式

感嘆句還可由陳述句、疑問句、祈使句，甚至一個詞組及單詞構成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!

第十一章疑問句

疑問句（Interrogative Sentence）：

定義：表達疑問（亦即發問）或請求的句子叫做疑問句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

（他是你哥哥的朋友嗎？——發問）

Can you do this for me?

（你能替我做這件事嗎？——請求）

疑問句的句末必須使用問號（Question mark）“？”來標示問句的結束。

疑問句：可分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句和否定疑問句。

種類 特征 語調 舉例 回答

一般疑問句 系+主+表+？

助動詞+主+動+？ 升調 Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑問句 疑問詞+系+表+？ 疑問詞+助+主+動+？ 降調 How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no 選擇疑問句 一般問句：系+主+表+?or?？

助+主+動+?or?？ Or前升調。Or后降調 Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答問句中一個，不用yes, no 特殊問句：疑問詞+系+主+?or?？ 第一部分用降調，第二部分or 前升調，or后降調 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 選一個答案，不用yes, no 反意疑問句 陳述部分肯定：陳述，助（系）+not+主？ 陳述部分用降調，一問部分用升調 It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定時用yes，否定時用no

陳述部分否定：否定陳述句，助（系）+主+？ 如對陳述肯定，可用降調 It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑問句 系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+動+？ 表示驚異用升調。贊嘆、責難用降調 Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章 名詞

在英語中，名詞用以表示人或事物的名稱，是各級各類考試的熱點之一，主要測試考生辨析近義詞和近形詞的能力。名詞不但有單復數的變化，而且有普通名詞和專有名詞之分，還有用法獨待的所有格形式。

1.名詞復數的規則變化

情況 構成方法

讀音 例詞

一般情況

加-s

1.清輔音后讀/s/;2.濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等結尾的詞

加-es 讀 /iz/

bus-buses

watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等結尾的詞 加-s 讀 /iz/

license-licenses

以輔音字母+y結尾的詞

變y 為i 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies

2.名詞復數的不規則變化

1)以y結尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時，直接加s變復數。

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比較： 層樓：storey---storeys

story---stories

2)以o 結尾的名詞，變復數時：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3)以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時：

a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes

gulf---gulfs；

b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可數名詞數的表示方法 1）物質名詞

a.當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時。

比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。(不可數)These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數)

b.當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時，名詞可數。

This factory produces steel.(不可數)

We need various steels.(可數)

c.當物質名詞表示份數時，可數。

Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.請來兩杯茶。

我國因茶葉而聞名。

2）抽象名詞有時也可數。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四個現代化

物質名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一條建議

4.定語名詞的復數

名詞作定語一般用單數，但也有例外。

1)用復數作定語。如：

sports meeting 運動會

students reading-room 學生閱覽室

talks table 談判桌

the foreign languages school外語學校

2)man, woman, gentleman等作定語時，其單復數以所修飾的名詞的單復數而定。

如：men workers

women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s結尾的名詞，作定語時，s保留。

如：goods train(貨車)

arms produce 武器生產 4)數詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個雞蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹

a five-year plan.一個五年計劃

5.不同國家的人的單復數

名稱 總稱(謂語用復數)一個人

兩個人

中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss

a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亞人 the Australians

an

Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian

two Italians

希臘人

the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國人

the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人

the Japanese a Japanese

two Japanese

美國人

the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人

the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人

the Indians an Indian two Indians

英國人

the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人

the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德國人

the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名詞的格

在英語中有些名詞可以加“'s”來表示所有關系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下：

1）單數名詞詞尾加“'s”，復數名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。

2）若名詞已有復數詞尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。

3）凡不能加“'s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結構來表示所有關系，如：the title of the 二．冠詞

冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法： 指一類人或事，相當于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相當于every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相當于the same We are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定詞組中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法： 表示某一類人或物 The horse is a useful animal.用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 用于樂器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” the Greens, the Wangs 用于序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前 He is the taller of the two children.用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示發明物的單數名詞前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的復數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示單位的名詞前 I hired the car by the hour.用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法： 專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季節，月份，星期，節假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前 He likes playing football/chess.6 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 by train, by air, by land 以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 表示泛指的復數名詞前 Horses are useful animals.三．代詞：

I.代詞可以分為以下七大類： 人稱代詞 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 賓格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代詞 形容詞性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名詞性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代詞 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 指示代詞 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑問代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 關系代詞 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代詞 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little，other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

第三篇：公衛考研文檔

專業代碼、名稱及研究方向 人數 考試科目 備注

042 公共衛生學院(83272578)

100401 流行病與衛生統計學

01 傳染病流行病學

02 慢性非傳染病流行病學

03 生物統計方法及其在醫學中的應用

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語一③724 預防基礎綜合④--無

復試科目:5h9 預防專業綜合100402 勞動衛生與環境衛生學

01 環境與健康

02 環境污染防治新技術

03 分子環境醫學

04 環境流行病學

05 職業安全衛生與職業病

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語一③724 預防基礎綜合④--無

復試科目:5h9 預防專業綜合100403 營養與食品衛生學

01 營養與健康

02

03

04

05 食品安全與食品功效 社區營養 食品與藥物分析 衛生檢測新技術

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語一③724 預防基礎綜合④--無

復試科目:5f3 衛生分析化學綜合 或 5h9 預防專業綜合100405 衛生毒理學

01 納米毒理學

02 分子毒理學與遺傳毒理學

03 化學物質毒性及危險度評價

04 環境與職業毒理學

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語一③724 預防基礎綜合④--無

復試科目:5h9 預防專業綜合105300 公共衛生碩士

01 衛生事業管理

02 疾病預防與控制

03 環境與健康

04 社區衛生與健康促進

05 衛生監督與檢驗

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語一③353 衛生綜合④--無 授予公共衛生碩士 專業學位；復試：綜合面試

120404 社會保障

01 醫療保險精算與統計研究

02 醫療保險服務與管理研究

03 醫療保障制度研究

04 社會醫學與衛生事業管理

①101 思想政治理論②201 英語一③723 公共管理基礎④997 社會保障

復試科目:5k3 醫療保險學

導師信息(注:導師以姓氏拼音的首字母為序)

專業代碼 專業名稱 導師姓名

100401 流行病與衛生統計學 劉沛,王蓓,衛平民,閔捷,陳炳為,胡曉抒(兼),汪華(兼),武鳴(兼),羊海濤(兼),張徐軍,朱鳳才(兼)等

100402 勞動衛生與環境衛生學 浦躍樸,尹立紅,沈孝兵,吳巍,田宏邇,楊紅,陳曉東(兼),李云暉,梁戈玉,劉冉,向全永(兼),朱寶立(兼)等

100403 營養與食品衛生學 孫桂菊,王燦楠,張小強,許茜,袁寶君(兼)等

100405 衛生毒理學 唐萌,薛玉英,顧寧,王民生(兼)等

120404 社會保障 張開金,張曉,巢健茜,曹乾等

參考書目

科目代碼 科目名稱 參考書目

353 衛生綜合 《流行病學》李立明主編，第6版，人民衛生出版社；《流行病學》姜慶五主編，教育部十五規劃教材，第1版，科學出版社；《社會醫學》龔幼龍主編，第1版，復旦大學出版社。

723 公共管理基礎 《衛生事業管理》李魯、郭巖主編，中國人民大學出版社；《統計學》（第三版），賈俊平、何曉勇、金勇主編，中國人民大學出版社；《公共經濟學》楊志勇、張聲主編，清華大學出版社

724 預防基礎綜合 流行病學：《流行病學》(第六版)李立明主編，人民衛生出版社；衛生統計學：《衛生統計學》（第五版）方積乾主編，人民衛生出版社；衛生毒理學：《基礎毒理學》（第一版）周志俊主編，復旦大學出版社。

997 社會保障 《社會保障學》（第一版）鄭功成主編，中國勞動社會保障出版社。5f3 衛生分析化學綜合 《分析化學》鄒學賢主編，人民衛生出版社，第一版。

5h9 預防專業綜合 環境衛生學：《環境衛生學》（第六版）楊克敵主編，人民衛生出版社；勞動衛生學：《職業衛生與職業醫學》（第六版）孫貴范、金泰廙主編，人民衛生出版社；營養與食品衛生學：《營養與食品衛生學》（第六版）孫長顥主編，人民衛生出版社；兒童少年衛生學：《兒童少年衛生學》（第六版）季成葉主編，人民衛生出版社

5k3 醫療保險學 《社會醫療保險概論》（第一版）張曉主編，中國勞動社會保障出版社；《商業健康保險》（第一版）張曉主編，中國勞動保障出版社。

三、報名

報名包括網上報名和現場確認兩個階段。

（一）網上報名：報考2010年碩士生一律采取網上報名方式。

1.網上報名日期：2009年10月16日—31日每天9：00-22:00（逾期不再補報，也不得再修改報名信息）。

預報名時間為2009年10月10日至10月14日（每天9：00-22:00）。

2.考生自行登錄“中國研究生招生信息網”（公網網址：http：//yz.chsi.com.cn，教育網址：http://yz.chsi.cn）瀏覽報考須知，按教育部、本人所在地省級教育招生考試管理機構、報考點以及報考招生單位的網上公告要求報名，凡不按公告要求報名、網報信息誤填、錯填或填報虛假信息而造成不能考試或復試的，后果由考生本人承擔。在上述報名日期內，考生可自行修改網報信息。

3.網上報名填寫報考信息時注意事項：

（1）考生只填報一個招生單位的一個專業。待考試結束，教育部公布進入復試基本分數要求后，考生可通過“中國研究生招生信息網”調劑服務系統了解招生單位的生源缺額信息并根據自己的成績再填報調劑志愿。

（2）應試的外國語語種按招生單位的規定任選一種。

（3）同等學力的報考人員，應按招生單位要求如實填寫學習情況和提供真實材料。

4.國家按照一區、二區、三區確定考生參加復試基本分數要求，一區包括北京、天津、上海、江蘇、浙江、福建、山東、河南、湖北、湖南、廣東等11省（市）；二區包括河北、山西、遼寧、吉林、黑龍江、安徽、江西、重慶、四川、陜西等10省（市）；三區包括內蒙古、廣西、海南、貴州、云南、西藏、甘肅、青海、寧夏、新疆等10省（區）。

報考地處二、三區招生單位且畢業后在國務院公布的民族區域自治地方（以下簡稱民族區域自治地方，見附1）就業的少數民族普通高校應屆本科畢業生，或者工作單位在民族區域自治地方范圍的少數民族在職人員考生（在網上報名時須如實填寫少數民族身份，且申請為少數民族地區的定向或委托培養方式），方可按規定享受少數民族照顧政策。

少數民族高層次骨干計劃以報名時填報的信息為準，不得更改。

5.已被招生單位接收的推免生，不得再報名參加統考。否則，將取消推免生資格，列為統考生。

6.現役軍人報考地方或軍隊招生單位，以及地方考生報考軍隊招生單位，應事先認真閱讀了解有關報考規定，遵守保密規定，按照有關規定填報報考信息。不明之處應事先與招生單位聯系。

（二）所有考生(含推免生、農村教育碩士生)均須到報考點現場確認網報信息，并繳費和照相。

1.報考點現場確認時間

2009年11月10日至11月14日。逾期不再補辦。

2.現場確認地點

報考單獨考試及工商管理碩士、公共管理碩士的考生必須到招生單位所在地省級教育招生考試管理機構公告指定的報考點進行確認報名。其他考生到本人所在地省級教育招生考試管理機構公告指定的報考點進行確認報名。

3.現場確認程序

（1）考生持本人有效身份證件（限“居民身份證”、“軍官證”、“文職干部證”、“軍校學員證”）、學歷證書（普通高校和成人高校應屆本科畢業生持學生證）和網上報名編號，由報考點工作人員核對，考生確認本人網報信息。

（2）考生按規定繳納報考費（考生辦理報考手續繳納報考費后，不再退還）。

（3）報考點按規定采集考生本人圖像信息。

第四篇：2014考研數學專題解析

好學教育渭南學習中心：渭南師范學院校內

2014考研數學專題解析

?

?

?

?

?

?

? ·2013年考研大綱數學命題方向與趨勢 2013.09.11·2014考研數學線性代數解題的八種思維定勢 2013.09.10·2014考研數學做題謹防“鉆牛角尖” 2013.09.10·2014考研數學：如何提高效率 2013.09.10·考研數學指導：泊松分布幾何分布的選用 2013.09.10·考研數學：連續型隨機變量的函數分布求解方法 2013.09.10? ·2014

? ·2014

? ·2014

? ·2014

?

? ·

? ·

? ·2014

? ·2014

? ·2014

?

? ·2014

? ·2014

? ·2014

? ·2014

? ·2014

?

? ·2014

? ·2014

? ·2014

? ·2014

? ·2014

?

考研數學：各階段備考詳細計劃 2013.09.10考研數學：從一點一滴發現自己的不足 2013.09.10考研數學：選擇有針對性的教材 2013.09.10考研數學：考研教材及練習題推薦 2013.09.102014考研數學備考：避開數學復習四大誤區 2013.08.152014考研數學備考：以錯補錯降低做題出錯率 2013.08.08考研數學：高數解題的四種思維定勢 2013.08.06考研數學：如何高效提升做題水準 2013.08.05年考研數學如何用好真題 2013.08.05考研數學復習寶典 高分必知 2013.07.09年考研數學指導：各階段備考詳細計劃參考 2013.05.30年考研數學指導：做題不要“鉆牛角尖” 2013.05.30年考研數學指導：如何提高效率 2013.05.30年考研數學備考：高分思維 2013.05.22年考研數學備考：合理利用真題 2013.05.20年考研數學備考：不要“無厘頭”復習2013.05.20年考研數學輔導：選擇有針對性的教材 2013.05.20年考研數學：夯實基礎構建知識體系 2013.05.20年考研數學輔導：在細微處發現自己的不足 2013.05.20

好學教育網址：

第五篇：英語語法---名詞、代詞和冠詞

英語語法---冠詞 冠詞基本用法 【速記口訣】

名詞是禿子，常要戴帽子，可數名詞單，須用a或an，輔音前用a，an在元音前，若為特指時，則須用定冠，復數不可數，泛指the不見，碰到代詞時，冠詞均不現。【妙語詮釋】

冠詞是中考必考的語法知識之一，也是中考考查的主要對象。以上口訣包括的意思有：①名詞在一般情況下不單用，常常要和冠詞連用;②表示不確指的可數名詞單數前要用不定冠詞a或an，確指時要用定冠詞the;③如復數名詞表示泛指，名詞前有this，these，my，some等時就不用冠詞。英語語法---名詞

(一）可數名詞的復數構成 A.規則變化 1.單詞后加S 2.單詞后加ES(以CH等結尾的單詞)3.以F或FE結尾，變為VE加S B.不規則變化

1.單復同形

deer sheep

fish

Chinese

Japanese

means 2.只有復數形式

people

police

cattl

clothes

trousers，glasses 3.不規則變化

man----men

woman----women

foot-----feet

tooth-----teeth mouse------mice

child-----children

German------Germans 4.復合名詞的復數 1)將后一部分變成復數

Englishman---Englishmen gentleman---gentlemen policewoman----policewomen 2)將主要成分變成復數

looker-on----lookers-on

son-in-law----sons-in-law

3)如果前一詞是man, woman，將兩部分都變成復數 men doctors

women 小結

grown-up----grown-ups

名詞單數變復數規則 【速記口訣】

單數變復數，規則要記住，一般加s，特殊有幾處： 【妙語詮釋】

①大部分單數可數名詞變為復數要加s，也就是單詞如果以ch，sh，s，x等結尾)，則一般加es;②以o結尾的單詞除了兩人(negro，hero)兩菜(tomato，potato)加es外，其余一般加s;③以f或fe結尾的單詞一般是把f，fe變為ve再加s;④英語中還有些單詞沒有規則，需要特殊記憶，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox— oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth。

（二）名詞所有格

1.表示有生命的東西的名詞，所有格在名詞后加’s Mr Li’s house

The cat’s food

James’ dog

The dogs’ food 2.表示無生命的東西的名詞，用of+名詞的結構來表示 The leg of the desk

the cover of the magazine 3.在時間，距離，度量，價值等名詞后，可用名詞所有格。Two months’ time

Today’s newspaper

fifty pounds’ weight 4.表示店鋪或某人的家時，常在所有格后省去shop, home.The doctor’s

the tailor’s

my uncle’s

the barber’s 5.名詞前有冠詞，數詞，不定代詞或指示代詞時，用of詞組+所有格表示 a friend of John’s

that bike of Tom’s 6.某樣東西為兩人或多人共有，在后一個名詞尾+’s.Jane and Fred’s mother

Jane’s and Fred’s mother Tom and Tim’s car

Tom’s and Tim’s car 小結

名詞所有格用法 【速記口訣】

名詞所有格，表物是“誰的”，若為生命詞，加“’s”即可行，詞尾有s，僅把逗號擇;并列名詞后，各自和共有，前者分別加，后者最后加;若為無生命詞，of所有格，前后須倒置，此是硬規則。【妙語詮釋】

①有生命的名詞所有格一般加s，但如果名詞以s結尾，則只加“’”;②并列名詞所有格表示各自所有時，分別加“’s”，如果是共有，則只在最后名詞加 “’s”;③如果是無生命的名詞則用of表示所有格，這里需要注意它們的順序與漢語不同，A of B要翻譯為B的A(三)主謂一致

主語是復數，謂語用復數，主語是單數，謂語用單數。He is a student.We are students.1

and 連接兩個名詞，看有無the.The professor and writer is going to give us a lecture of writing.The professor and the writer are going to our school.2

主語單數+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+謂語單數

主語復數+ with/as well as/ but/except/besides/including …+謂語復數 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.3.有些名詞復數形式作為一個整體，(如度量，距離，金額，時間，書名等）其謂語動詞用單數。Two weeks ___(be)not enough to finish the work.1000 dollars ___(be)a large amount of money.4.There be 句型就近原則。

There ____ a pair of glasses on the desk.There ____ two patients and a nurse in the hospital.5.某些集體名詞，如family ,team 等做主語時，若當一個整體看，謂語動詞就用單數，若就其中一個一個成員來看，謂語動詞就用復數，class , club, audience ,committee , crowd , government , party, public , team 等。其中population 的用法也類似

His family _____(be)a happy family.All the world ________(be)waiting for the good news.6.成雙成對構成的東西，如glasses, shoes, chopsticks, scissors等作主語，謂語動詞用復數形式，但與a pair一起構成作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。

7．each , every+名詞，謂語用單數。

Each boy and girl ________(want)to serve the people in the future.8．以 either …or , neither …nor , not only … but also，not…but…等連接兩個并列主語時，謂語動詞的單復數應按照就近原則。

Either you or he ______(be)to go.Not only he but also I ______(be)wrong.9.…幾分之幾/。。百分之幾+of +名詞單數 + 謂語單數

…幾分之幾/。。百分之幾+of +名詞復數 + 謂語復數 Three-fifths of money _____(have)been used up.10.…one of +復數名詞 +謂語復數

…the only/the very one of + 復數名詞 +謂語單數 He is one of the boys that have passed the maths test.