第一篇：IELTS雅斯寫作簡易指導

下面要寫出來的基本都是Robert Lewis的總結，希望以后不會遇到什么麻煩，因為完全不為了利益的目的。根據的是他的視頻課程

IELTS Writing Essay 1 TO START WITH…

首先我們要清楚的是兩個問題：What is an Essay and How can we write or answer a simple essay question?

The purpose to write an essay is to persuade readers to believe or appreciate writer’s opinion or point of view for a given subject.In the essay we need to complete THREE stages:

Present opinion or position，Support the position with series of arguments, and

Restate the position

The important thing we should realize is in an essay, there is no right or wrong(black or white).不要因為考試所給的標題而去考慮應該是寫贊成或是反對。寫作考試的目的是要assess你的英文能力，無論你給出的是什么觀點，只要提供有邏輯的論點論據，那么這篇文章就一定是有說服力的，是一篇好文章。COMMON MISTAKES

a.No clear position statement or even conflicting statement這一點是最要命的 這也是很多中國考生在十多年語文考試中養成的習慣，覺得有利有一定有弊，兩方面都寫道才是一篇完美的文章。我的建議是 除非考題清清楚楚告訴你agree and disagree都要寫，不然完全放棄這種想法，老老實實站在一邊，把省出來的那幾分鐘去想論點好了 remember to CLEARLY express your position AT THE BEGINNING.b.Punctuation/ no paragraphing

Always ensure telling readers when the statement complete, using conjunctions as separation between paragraphs.說白了就是要分段 還要學會流利的運用連詞 最基本的就是1st, 2nd and 3rd,這個就不用再講了吧。但是忌諱的是每一個論點都不完全獨立 彼此之間藕斷絲連 讓考官感覺從頭到尾都在講套話

c.Vocabulary/Spelling and Grammar

擴充詞匯量 從基本工作起吧 不要以為重復的寫同樣一個詞湊夠250字就可以拿個基本分

d.Using spoken English

不要用非正式的語言或者口語中的詞匯，記得我們寫的是academic essay,用的是scientific language or technical language,還要避免經常使用第一人稱和第二人稱

3Three types of essays（part a and part b/ 4）

The essay questions are usually not simple, indeed some essay questions contain a number of sub-questions.So it is important to read the question carefully and make sure you understand clearly the instructions and what you must do(read them twice, underline the key words).所以題目可以相似或完全一樣，但是問法不同，寫的方式就完全不同，如果argue寫成discuss，就等于跑題了。

Three main types of essays : ARGUE, EXPLAIN and DISCUSS

ARGUE(argumentative)

Some typical argumentative essays/sample questions: a.b.c.d.smoking is bad for your health.Give your opinion

should young children be allowed to watch as much TV as they like? Argue one point of view to what extent should children be responsible for their general health?

Popular music is boring.Doyou agree? Support your opinion with reasons and examples.Position statement Arguments-sequence of … 1.2.＇＇ Restatement

EXPLAIN

Explanatory essays/sample questions a.b.c.d.Topic statement A, B, C A.B.C.Restatement

DISCUSS(not common but still important)Two sides of the issue, pros and cons, …

Discussion essays/sample questions a.b.c.d.discuss the reasons for and against letting children play computer games what are the advantages and disagvantages of mobile phones? Explain the costs and benefits of travel abroad

Health care should be free.Discuss the arguments for and against this proposition, before fiving your opinion.Issue statement Arguments-FOR Arguments-AGAINST Restatement

explain the causes of poor health, and give some possible solutions

what are the factors that contribute to failure in university exams? How can students better prepare? Why do young people follow fashions? Give some reasons thy this is or is not a ne3gative phenomenon.Discuss the causes and effects of illiteracy.What are some possible solutions? 4Developing vocabulary

Step 1---identify unfamiliar topics（十大原則的題目）

Step 2---find texts on these topics(common words & uncommon/technical)Step 3---use the new vocabulary in writing or in oral English to consolidate Step 4---know the different forms of new words

5a.b.c.d.6

Eight categories: addition, reinforcing(and, in addition)contrast, cause and effect, concession/condition, listing, summarizing, giving alternatives and exemplifying.Typical errors when using conjunctions: a.b.c.d.e.8Persuasive stragegy---sound authoritative using technical nouns

Nominalisation = changing words into nouns

a.Verb + ING > NOUN

Eg: swim + ing =swimming

b.Adj or Verb + AFFIX > NOUN

eg: govern +ment = government inform +ation = information

Why change words into nouns? a.b.暫時就加這么多 因為真的很費時間 有什么問題的話以后再補充

ａｇａｉｎ，ｗｉｓｈ ｙｏｕ ｇｏｏｄ ｌｕｃk ａｎｄ ａｌｌ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ． to make an action/process the focus of a sentence to sound more authoritative don’t use AND to start with a sentence don’t use BUT to start Such as within the sentence Besides Moreover Persuasive strategy – Being Logical using conjunctions(missing on the website)Persuasive strategy – how to reason Developing word maps make a word map

read the text and highlight content words and expressions add new vocabulary to the word map

consolidate new vocabulary, write on the topic using new expressions Using WHs and HOW

Listing conjunctions for sequencing arguments, LOGICALLY

第二篇：IELTS 寫作的常用和句型

IELTS 寫作考試的常用模板和句型

內容分為三部分:開頭段通用模板，主體段為加分句型，結尾段為模板；

開頭段通用模板

進步類

1）In contemporary society, the human race is advancing at an unprecedented rate in a multitude of arenas.在當今社會，人類正以前所未有的速度在很多領域向前發展。

2）Today we have embarked upon the …era.今天，我們已經進入了…的時代。We have embarked upon the information era.3）Since the advent/arrival of the…era… 隨著…時代的到來…例句：Since the advent of the information era, our efficiency at work has been greatly enhanced.隨著信息時代的 到來，我們的工作效率得到了很大的提高。例句2 With the advent of the information era, school education has undergone profound changes at an accelerated rate.倒退類

4）But A is attended/accompanied by B 但是伴隨著…（某種好現象）的到來，某種壞現 象也出現了。例句：But the proliferation of English is accompanied by the extinction of many lesser-known languages.但是隨著英語的廣泛傳播的是大量小語種的消亡。

5）Accompanying all the boons brought about by the profound social changes have com some sufferings;and …is very prominent among them.隨著深刻的社會變革帶來的種 種好處，出現了很多問題，…是其中很顯著的一個。

6）With the incidence(發生率)of …hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.…的發生率居高不下，這引起了很多人的困擾和警覺。例句：With the incidence of driving offenses hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.7）In this day and age, it is standard practice for … to do something.今天，某些人做某事

是很普遍的。例句：In this day and age, it is standard practice for parents to rush around all day busying themselves with their work.8）Such a grave situation merits our careful attention.這樣一個嚴重的情況值得我們關注。

9）The issue of … has been thrown into sharp relief/focus.…引起了人們的強烈關注。例 句：Soaring car ownership has thrown the issue of car accidents into sharp relief.10）However, there is no consensus on …yet.或者 people hold divergent

/contrasting/conflicting view on… 或者 people are divided over… 不同的人關于某個 問題持不同的看法。例句：People hold contrasting views on animal experiments.人們 對動物試驗持不同的看法。

11）Something has been growing at an alarming/ staggering rate.某事物正在以令人 震驚的速度增長。例句：With the car ownership soaring in China, traffic accidents have been growing at an alarming/staggering rate.12）Whether…has triggered/sparked/aroused/given rise to spirited debate.是否應 該…引起了激烈的辯論，同樣的意思還可以用以下三個常用句型表達 …Whether…is a highly debatable issue.或者Whether… is an issue open to debate 或者 Whether…is

a controversial issue.例句： Whether student should appraise their teachers’

performance is an issue open to debate.是否學生應該評價老師的教學是一個沒有定論 的問題。

13）Some(people)assert/contend/argue/hold/maintain/claim/think/believe that… 有 一些人認為…例句：Some people assert that relocating large companies to the

countryside is the best way to resolve the traffic and housing problems in cities.一些 人認為把大公司搬到鄉村是解決城市交通和住房的最好方法。

14）…is largely fuelled by...某現象主要是被…所推動。例句：The proliferation of plastic bag is largely fuelled by the pursuit for lower costs.IELTS 議論文主體段寫作加分37 句型

前進類profit from

People the world over can profit from the advancement in motorized flight.A is an integral /indispensable part of B

Advertising has become an indispensable part of our lives and it has been exerting profound influence on the way we live, work, play and learn.something plays a pivotal /key role in …

It is universally acknowledged that education plays a pivotal role in individual success.4enable /allow somebody to do something

Cultural assimilation enables newly-arrived immigrants to get ahead in the new society successfully.5get accustomed to do something/adjust to /adapt to

New immigrants must get accustomed to the local culture to succeed.6Someone can get access to something 或者 can access something 或者can utilize something

In this day and age, many individuals can access the Internet via computer or mobile phone.倒退類

1…is attended by /…is accompanied by

The staggering advancement of technology is attended by server pollution of the ecosystem.2The more…the more…

The more vehicles on the road, the more traffic congestions to occur.3A can be attributed to B 或者B stems from A

The proliferation of traffic accidents can be in large measure attributed to the traffic law not being stringent enough.4be afflicted with/be plagued with

In present-day society, a host of countries are afflicted with chronic poverty.5deprive someone of something

Modern cities deprive city-dweller of fresh air and the comfortable pace of life.6something prompt/impels somebody to do…

Peer pressure often impels youngster to spend excessively on fancy clothes and accessories.7A has rendered B + adj./noun 形容詞或名詞

We must ensure that technological innovations will not render us slaves to high technology.其中 We must ensure that..意思是我們必須確保…

我們必須確保科技創新不會讓我們變成高科技的奴隸。

The fast-paced way of life has rendered many people alienated from one another.快節奏的生活讓很多人彼此疏遠。

8A recent study conducted by the（Chinese academy of Social Science）reveal that… 如果是教育問題用UNESCO 如果是犯罪問題可以用the Ministry of Justice 交通問題可以 用the Ministry of Transportation 建筑問題可以用the Ministry of Construction 環境問題可 以HSUS and Greenpeace

A recent study conducted by HSUS and Greenpeace suggested that there were over one million mammals in lab cages today.be addicted to /preoccupied with something

In present-day society, many individuals are addicted to /preoccupied with various forms of gambling.something is the chief culprit in 或者something is the root cause of …

The population explosion is the chief culprit in/ the root cause of water scarity.11be confronted with something

In contemporary society, we are confronted with a plethora of violent and pornographic TV shows.present/pose a threat to…

In contemporary society, the proliferation of non-biodegradable rubbish poses a grave threat to humanity.be awash with/be inundated with something

The media are be awash with/be inundated with detailed crime coverage.if…something will ensue

If parents neglect their offspring, lack of discipline and respect will ensue.15With the incidence of … hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.With the incidence of driving offenses hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.16something is unwarranted /unjustifiable

Experimenting upon lab animals without trying to alleviate their pain is unwarranted/ unjustifiable.中間類

1…on the grounds that…

Some others oppose to animal experimentation on the grounds that it is inhumane.2 exert beneficial/ baneful/ profound influence on something

In this day and age, globalization is exerting profound impact on the way we work, live, play and learn.A prevail over / outweigh/ outbalance B

The advantages of imposing stiffer punishment on driving offender prevail over the disadvantages.A bring about/ generate/ breed/ engender/ spawn /induce B.Technological innovations have brought about profound changes to the political, economical and cultural arenas.A is a key determinant of B

In an individual’s career, tenacity is a key determinant of success.It is manifest that …或者It is universally acknowledge that…

It is manifest that globalization can also engender a host of banes to the lives of people in the third-world countries.解決類give priority to something

The government should give priority to the optimization of its financial resources.2 dedicated A to B

The government should dedicate more money to the alleviation of chronic poverty.3 be likely to fall prey to / be vulnerable to

Without proper parental guidance, children are very vulnerable to the violent or

pornographic content on TV shows.something should be condemned rather than condoned(押尾韻)

Indiscriminate copying of traditional architectural style today should be condemned rather than condoned.it is imperative/ crucial/ key/ essential that… 或者 something is of paramount/ overriding importance.To the newly-arrived immigrants, it is imperative that they adapt to the local culture immediately.abide by/ comply with

It is essential that government pass more stringent laws to compel drivers to abide by/ comply with the law.something requires/ necessitates /call for…

The grave ecological problem requires/ necessitates/ call for joint effort of all the nations on the globe.distinguish between A and B

Many youngsters lack the capacity to distinguish between right and wrong.must ensure that

Parents must ensure that they dedicate enough time and energy to their offspring.結尾段常用模板

1）based on the above discussion, I am convinced that…（用于一邊倒文章的結尾段）基 于以上的討論，我確信…

2）In the final analysis, I concede that… However, ….On balance…(用于折衷式文章結尾 段)作為最后總結，我承認…但是…綜合起來看…

3）The upside of something, outweighs its downside 或者the strengths of something, prevail over its weaknesses 或者the pros of something outbalance its cons.某事利大

于弊（如果

弊大于利把順序顛倒一下就可以了）

第三篇：《測量學》林斯雅

《測量學》

集中實習報告

專 業： 水文與水資源工程 班 級： 1601 姓 名： 林斯雅

學 號： 311603030103 指導教師： 雷偉偉

2018年月日

指導教師批閱：

目

錄

一、前言???????????????????????

1、實習時間???????????????????????

2、實習地點???????????????????????

3、實習小組信息?????????????????????

二、實習的性質、目的及任務???????????????

1、性質?????????????????????????

2、目的與任務??????????????????????

三、實習內容與要求???????????????????

1、水準測量???????????????????????

2、圖根導線測量?????????????????????

四、具體項目內容????????????????????

項目一：水準測量????????????????????

1、水準儀的使用方法與步驟???????????????? 項目二：導線測量（閉合導線）?????????????? 1全站儀的使用方法和操作步驟???????????????

2、測量前的準備工作???????????????????

3、角度測量???????????????????????

4、距離測量???????????????????????

五、實習心得體會????????????????????

一、前言

1、實習時間：

2017年12月26日至2017年12月28日

2、實習地點：

河南省焦作市山陽區河南理工大學南校區

3、實習小組信息：

實習小組成員由水文1601班同學組成：

隊長：周洋

隊員：王通明，紀順奎，丁肖楠，潘婷，林斯雅，張慧慧 隊員分工：

選點與跑尺：每組一圈閉合水準路線，每一位隊員都有選點，跑尺的參與 觀測與讀數：每一位隊員都有觀測與讀數的參與

記錄與計算：主要由張慧慧負責記錄，潘婷核實記錄無誤，每一位隊員都各自計算一遍數據，再核對

二、實習的性質、目的和任務

1、性質：

本次實習是在《測量學》課程理論講述完成后，結合課堂教學實習而進行的一次系統的、綜合性的實習。

2、目的與任務：

2.1、目的：通過本次實習，使學生掌握、鞏固已學知識，使理論與實踐相結合，加強基本技能的訓練，培養獨立分析問題和解決問題的能力。

熟練掌握各項項目中的內業計算方法，加強獨立計算的基本功。

針對實習中出現的具體問題，自己分析并能作出合理、可行的解決方案。

通過本次實習，培養和訓練學生相互協作的工作能力，為以后從事相關工作奠定基礎。鞏固和強化理論知識，在實踐中訓練分析問題，培養解決問題的能力，培養綜合應用測量知識的能力；進一步熟練掌握水準儀、經緯儀的使用方法、提高野外測量、內業計算、地形繪圖的技能;掌握大比例尺數字測圖的全過程；培養一絲不茍的測繪技術工作態度、培養吃苦耐勞、團結友愛、集體協作的精神

2.2、任務：小區域大比例尺地形圖的測繪。在河南理工大學南校區的國旗周圍與圍繞著荷花池的資環學院、能源學院、土木學院、測繪學院，通過3天的地形圖測繪實習，取得控制點數據。

三、實習內容與要求

1、水準測量： 根據校園已知控制點的高程，設計并測量一條水準路線，每組每人不得少于六站。

2、圖根導線測量：根據校園已知控制點的坐標，設計并測量多條圖根導線，使圖根點比較均勻分布于測區內。每組每人不得少于六站。

四、具體項目內容

項目一：水準測量

原理：水準測量的原理是利用水準儀提供的一條水平視線，測出兩地面點之間的高差，然后根據已知點的高程和高差，推算出另一個點的高程

選點：一共選取八個已知點，首先在地形圖上找出合適的已知點，然后核對坐標紙，看該點是否存在。

路線：從土木學院門口設已知點，圍繞著荷花池展開測量。

轉折點如何選取：方便測量，轉折點之間可以通視；考慮轉折點的數量問題；轉折點之間的距離等。

1.水準儀的使用方法與操作步驟

1.1、認清工程水準儀的構造和各部件的名稱 1.2、水準儀的安置和讀數

安置儀器 ：將三角架張開，使其高度在胸口附近，架頭大致水平，并將腳尖踩入土中，然后用連接螺旋將儀器連在三腳架上。

粗略整平：先對向轉動兩只腳螺旋，使圓水準器氣泡向中間移動，再轉動另一腳螺旋，使氣泡移至居中位置。水準儀的粗平是通過旋轉儀器的腳螺旋使圓水準儀器的氣泡居中而達到的;按“左手拇指規則”旋轉一對腳螺旋和一個腳螺旋，使氣泡居中，這是置平測量儀器的基本功，必須反復練習。

瞄準 ：轉動目鏡調焦螺旋，使十字絲清晰；轉動儀器，用準星和照門瞄準水準尺，擰緊制動螺旋（手感螺旋有阻力），轉動微動螺旋，使水準尺成像在十字絲交點處。當成像不太清晰時，轉動對光螺旋，消除視差，使目標清晰。

精平、讀數：在水準管氣泡窗觀察，轉動微傾螺旋使符合水準管氣泡兩端的半影像吻合，視線即處于精平狀態，在同一瞬間立即用中絲在水準尺上讀取米、分米、厘米，估讀毫米，即讀出四位有效數字。

1.3、水準測量的數據記錄

用水準儀進行水準測量的操作步驟為：粗平——瞄準——精平——讀數。在使水準儀精平后，應立即按十字絲的中橫絲在水準尺上讀數。圖2-17所示為正向望遠鏡中所看到的水準尺的像，水準尺的讀數為1.575m。由于從水準尺上總是需要讀4位數，因此，水準測量記錄上可記錄為1575（單位：mm）

項目二：閉合導線測量

水平角測量原理：水平角是空間兩相交直線在水平面上的投影所構成的角度。如圖3-1所示，A,B,C為地面上任意三點，連線BA,BC沿垂線方向投影到水平面H上，得到相應的A1,B1,C1點，則B1A1與B1C1的夾角β即為地面A,B,C三點在B點的水平角。也就是分別包含BA,BC方向的兩鉛垂面之間的兩面角。在頂點B的鉛垂線上安置一架經緯儀。儀器有一個能水平安置的刻度圓盤——水平度盤，度盤上有0°～360°的刻度，其中心位于測站的鉛垂線上。通過望遠鏡分別瞄準高低不同的目標A和C，在水平度盤上的讀數分別為a和c，測水平角β為這兩個讀數之差即 β=c-a

選點：圖書館門口

路線：圍繞國旗進行測量

轉折點如何選取：方便測量，轉折點之間可以通視；考慮轉折點的數量問題；轉折之間的距離等。

1.全站儀的使用方法和操作步驟

1.1電子全站儀的特殊構件 1.1.1多功能同軸望遠鏡 1.1.2顯示屏和鍵盤 1.1.3操作面板 1.1.4傳感器 1.1.5儲存器 1.1.6通訊接口

1.1.6 功能鍵（軟鍵）

1.2操作步驟

（1）觀測前應先檢驗儀器，發現儀器有誤差應立即進行校正，并采用盤左、盤右取平均值和用十字絲交點照準等方法，減小和消除儀器誤差對觀測結果的影響。

（2）安置儀器要穩定，腳架應踏牢，對中整平應仔細，短邊時應特別注意對中，在形起伏較大的地區觀測時，應嚴格整平。

（3）目標處的標桿應豎直，并根據目標的遠近選擇不同粗細的標桿。

（4）觀測時應嚴格遵守各項操作規定。例如：照準時應消除視差；水平角觀測時切勿誤動度盤；豎直角觀測時，應在讀取豎盤讀數前，顯示指標水準管氣泡居中等。

（5）水平角觀測時，應以十字絲交點附近的豎絲照準目標根部。豎直角觀測時，應以十字絲交點附近的橫絲照準目標頂部。

（6）讀數應準確，觀測時應及時記錄和計算

2.測量前的準備工作

2.1電池的更換

2.1.1電池安裝

將電池盒底部的突起卡入主機，按住電池盒頂部的彈塊并向儀器方向推，直至電池盒卡入位置為止，然后放開彈塊。

2.1.2電池拆卸

2.1.3全站儀的安置要求

(1)儀器的對中偏差不應大于5mm,儀器高和反光鏡髙的量取應精確 至 1mm。

(2)應選擇較遠的圖根點作為測站定向點，并施測另一圖根點的坐標和 高程，作為測站檢核。檢核點的平面位置較差不應大于圖上0.2mm，高程較 差不應大于基本等高距的1/5。

(3)作業過程中和作業結束前，應對定向方位進行檢查。2.1.4全站儀的安置方法

(1)安置三腳架：首先，將三腳架打開，伸到適當高度，擰緊三個固定螺旋。

(2)將儀器安置到三腳架上：將儀器小心地安置到三腳架上，松開中心連接螺旋，在架頭上輕移儀器，直到錘球對準測站點標志中心，然后輕輕擰緊連接螺旋。

(3)利用圓水準器粗平儀器 2.2全站儀的開機

按紅色開機鍵開機，按提示轉動儀器測距頭一周。聽到“嘀”的一聲響表示儀器初始化成功，可以正常使用。并確認顯示窗中有足夠的電池電量。

2.3全站儀的精確整平

（1）拿起三腳架計時，粗略放平；安裝儀器，緊固連接螺旋

（2）通過光學對點器（或錘球）對已知點，要點是一只腳架不動，左右手握一個腳架腿，眼睛通過對點器對點，基本對好后落實手握腳架踏實

（3）通過儀器腳架螺旋調整對中偏差

（4）調節腳架使圓水準氣泡居中，只要調節近身體一側的2個腳架（5）調節管水準氣泡居中

（6）松動儀器連接螺旋，平移儀器再次精確對中并緊固旋（7）最后再N次調節管水準氣泡居中

3.角度測量

3.1水平角 3.1.1測回法

如圖3-18所示，在測站B需要測定BA,BC兩方向間的水平角β，在B點安置經緯

儀，在A點和C點設置瞄準標志，按下列步驟進行測回法水平角觀測

（1）在經緯儀盤左位置（豎盤在望

遠鏡左邊，又稱正鏡）瞄準左面目標C讀得水平度盤讀數C左

（2）瞄準右面目標A，讀得水平度盤讀數A左，側盤左位置測得的半測回水平角值 β=a左-c左

（3）倒轉望遠鏡層盤右位置，瞄準右目標A，得水平度盤讀數a右

（4）瞄準左目標C，得水平度盤讀數c右，側半測回水平角值為 β右=a右-c右

綜上所述

β=1/2（β左＋β右）3.1.2方向觀測法

在一個測站上需要觀測2個或2個以上水平角時，采用方向觀測法觀測水平方向值，任何兩個方向值之差即為該方向間的水平角值。如果需要觀測的水平方向的目標超過3個，測次對各個目標觀測水平方向值后，還應繼續向前轉到第一個目標進行第二次觀測，稱為歸零。此時的方向觀測法因旋轉了一圓周，所以稱為全員方位法。3.2已知水平方向值的設置

測站至某一方向的方位角為已知時，可以將瞄準該方向的水平角讀數設置為已知的方位角。

3.2.1利用鎖定水平角法設置

首先確認在角度測量模式下，利用水平微動螺旋設置水平角讀數為要設置的角度，如要設置的角度；按F2鎖定鍵，啟動水平度盤鎖定功能，最后使望遠鏡照準需要設置的方向。

4.距離測量

4.1測量步驟

（1）設置全站儀棱鏡常數。測距前須將棱鏡常數輸入全站儀中，儀器會自動對所測距離進行改正。

（2）設置全站儀的大氣改正值或氣溫、氣壓值。光在大氣中的傳播速度會隨大氣的溫度和氣壓而變化，15℃和760mmHg是儀器設置的一個標準值，此時的大氣改正為0ppm。實測時，輸入溫度和氣壓值，全站儀會自動計算大氣改正值，并對測距結果進行改正。

（3）量儀器高、棱鏡高并輸入全站儀

（4）全站儀距離測量。照準目標棱鏡中心，按測距鍵，距離測量開始，測距完成時顯示斜距、平距、高差。

注意事項：全站儀的測距模式有精測模式、跟蹤模式、粗測模式三種。精測模式是最常用的測距模式；跟蹤模式，常用于跟蹤移動目標或放樣時連續測距；粗測模式，大概的進行預先測量。在距離測量或坐標測量時，可按測距模式鍵選擇不同的測距模式。有些型號的全站儀在距離測量時不能設定儀器高和棱鏡高，顯示的高差值是全站儀橫軸中心與棱鏡中心的高差。

四、實習心得體會

測量學首先是一項精確的工作，通過在學校期間在課堂上對測量學的學習，使我在腦海中形成了一個基本的、理論的測量學輪廓，而實習的目的，就是要將這些理論與實際工程聯系起來。測量學是研究地球的形狀和大小以及地面點位的科學。測量學的分類有很多種，如普通測量學、大地測量學、攝影測量學、工程測量學。我們要學習測量的各個方面。測繪學基礎就是這些專業知識的基礎。

通過這次的實訓，才了解到，一次測量實習要完整的做完，單靠一個人的力量和構思是遠遠不夠的，也是不可能將要做的工作做好。只有小組全體成員的合作和團結才能讓實習快速而高效的完成。正所謂“三個臭皮匠，頂個諸葛亮”，只有我們團結起來，什么困難都不再是困難了。另外這次測量實習也培養了我們小組的分工協作的能力，增進了同學之間的感情，深化了友誼，將原本的一些“陌生人”聯系的更緊密了。當然在實習過程中難免會碰到一些疙疙瘩瘩的事情，鬧得大家都不愉快，各有各的方法和見解，但是我們能夠及時地進行交流和溝通，錯誤的一方也不那么的固執，對的一方也不那么的顯擺，忘記了昨天的不愉快，迎接新的朝陽！當然也相信學校讓我們實訓的另一目的是為了讓我們每個學生更加深刻的了解怎樣熟練的使用全站儀和水準儀，并且能夠單獨的完成一項工作，達到相應的鍛煉效果后進行輪換，以達到共同進行的目的，而不是單純搶時間，趕進度，草草了事收工，在這一點上我們本組是做的很認真的，每個組員都分別進行獨立的觀察，記錄每一站，對全站儀測量都是在現場進行計算，發現問題及時解決，沒有對上一步的檢核，絕不進行下一步的測量，做到步步有檢核，回來后還要對內業進行準確計算，因為這樣做不但可以防止誤差的積累，及時發現錯誤，更可以提高測量的效率，避免測量的不準確還要進行重測。即使重測，我們懷著嚴謹的態度，錯了就返工，決不馬虎。我們深知搞工程這一行，需要的就是細心、耐心、毅力和做事嚴謹的態度。所以我們一直在克服以前的缺點，一步一個腳印的想前邁進！

從這次實習中我總結出了幾點來避免較大的誤差，例如：

（1）標尺要立直，盡量避免晃動，有晃動時，應該選擇數據最小的時候進前一定將視野的氣泡調平（兩側的線重合），否則造成的誤差會很大。

（2）在讀取數據時，每位成員都要細心，既要看得準，還要果斷，不能猶豫不決，任何一個錯誤都有可能導致最終的成果的報廢。

（3）選點非常重要，點一定要選在有代表性的地方，同時要注意并非點越多越好，相反選取的無用點過多不但會增加測量、計算和繪圖的勞動量和多費時間，而且會因點多而雜亂產生較大的誤差。

（4）團結就是力量，紀律才是保證經過每個組員的團結工作，在我們組的同學交流測量中的經驗時，大家感覺收獲都很多，有的說儀器的展點很重要，因為這關系到誤差的大小，有的說測量中點不能架設的太遠，水準儀施測過程得使用以及架儀器過程中氣泡的精確對中和整平，還有就是我們要有一顆愛護儀器的心，對所用的儀器要精心呵護，在學校如此，走上工作崗位后更要如此，這樣可以避免一些不必要得麻煩等等吧。

我懂得了做任何事情都要認真細致，不能有絲毫的馬虎，特別是在使用水準儀，經緯儀這樣精密的儀器時，更要做到精益求精。因為稍有差錯就可能導致數據的偏差很大，更會導致以后其它量的測量出錯，最終導致數據計算的錯誤。最后，還要特別感謝我們的指導老師，也是指導老師的耐心指導才讓本次實習得以順利進行呀！

第四篇：ielts 寫作好詞好句

多用such替換the ,a.例：Admittedly, such issue ,to some extent,has given rise to a bunch of familiar questions.（模板的第3段開頭）2 開頭句型：（放在文章中間也很好的句子）

As a result of constant media attention , A(A指題目話題), once largely ignored,has come to be seen as especially valuable/significant.2(The right of the media to do this)is rarely disputed, but(the way in which it does this)often comes under withering critism.(括號里可以換)

As our lives are saturated with the flood of(advertisements),no one can avoid being influenced by ads.(ads 錯的，不能用簡寫哦~)

4(Bad traffic and increasing pollution)are thorny issues challenging every major city in the globe.（in the globe全世界）

The issue of A is a complex and sensitive one.What lies behind …..?(問原因類)

After years in the wilderness , the term “ A ” seems posied to make a comeback.(和第一句意思比較像)好處句型！Nothing can be compared with sb/sth ~~(新3的哦，推薦)2 A exert a positive impact on ….A can an effective way to(help)……(簡單但好用)Few things can be more（impressive）than ….that…(新3的哦，推薦)5 play a pivotal role in … benefit from../ profit from…一般 7 promote the development of..8 A is the cornerstone of … 9 remove the barrier for..raise one’s awareness of …常用 11 enable sb to do … sb is the ultimate beneficiary（sb是。的最終受益者，社會問題類說人們應該自己也承擔責任用）consolidates its status as the..14 get a clear perspective of..15 give a boost to..A is an indispensable part of B 17 A is irreplaceable tp B The significant of A to B can never be ingored 19 A is the key ingredient to B~~ 20 A made it possible for sb to… A exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.(新3的哦，推薦)

find it impossible to resist the temptation to do ….Needless to say / Indeed ,……（可以放在任一句開頭，很好用哦~）23 develop an unshakable faith in … 24 have a reputation of..Nothing can catch them for … make a contribution to(也可作寫壞處的句子 the city make its own contribution to noise)27 build bridges between 28 特別的

Improve one’s physical and psychological wellbeing /soundness 身體心理健康

optimise people’s living standards 提高人們生活水平

eradicate poverty 消除貧困

It’s not A that are important ,but B

Satisfy basic(human)needs 滿足要求

Ease the tension and conflicts between alleviate the problem of 消除沖突和緊張

Be fully aware of the consequences

The impact of（sporting activities）goes far beyond the bounds of(leisure and recreation.)3 壞處的句型 drive up the crime rate..2 widen the gap between A 3 pose a(direct)threat to … 4 stifle creativity diminish individual’s leisure time… 6 spin out of control cause(creat)tension and conflicts between… exert(have)detrimental/negative/adverse influence（impact）upon/on 9 is markly incompatible with…與。不協調 10 be afflicted with … 11 deprive one of sth sth is the root cause of … 13 be saturated with sth 14 at the expense of ….15 be confronted with sth 16 run contrary to … erode the national identity 18 pose a dilemma for 19 is an vicious circle hamper(scientific)progress 21 there is a yawning gap between 22 pose a devastating problem 23 the reputation is ruined 24 A is a complete failure Things can go wrong on a big scale

26sth is always faced with a difficult task /problem 27 It is impossible to have(little)difficulties in doing 29pay the price for(fame)(pollution)is the price we pay for(overpopulated ,over industrialized planet)31 people seem to fail to take into account the fact that ….好句！32 lead to some unfavorable results 33 sacrifice ….for … 34 There is a major concern over t he world about ….35 give rise to a bunch of familiar questions 36This is compounded by the fact that …

the problem of(information overloaded)exacerbated by(the growth …)

The problem , however , is complicated by the existence of dozens of..and by the fact that…..4 解決問題類

小模板：（經濟學人）

1Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on ….,saying clearly(that..).2Other policies(such as。)can be taken to back up the policy.3 One helpful step is to … ,Another possibility is to improve …., so that ….4 It should be an addtion to the policy work ,not a substitute.The more effort put in and wider(the whole school)involvement ,the substantial the results are likely to be.give priority to sth 2 shoulder the responsibility to 3 comply with impose restrictions on..take …into account /consideration should be increasingly focus on…rather than … what will make the most difference is …..The new study makes this point even more starkly 8 There are ways of dealing with the topic through …, ….and …..Three factors are involved in this change.新概念3+劍橋好句： Apparently,there is a good deal of truth in this idea./There is an element of truth in both agreements

2More importantly/significantly,there is still good evidence that …

3This is compounded by the fact that …由于。的事實，使。變得更糟 4Women,it is obvious, are freer than in the past.插入語 5 has given rise to a bunch of familiar questions.6 It’s not A that are important ,but B Providing more parking area, in the long run ,has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the world.插入語 Not only had the poor man been arrested ,but he had been sent to prison ,as well 9 It has been estimated that …據估計 Considering the amount she paid ,he was dear in more ways than one.非謂語

Fearing that she would never see Ratus again use fewer materia resources and ,therefore,be much compatible with protecting the environment avoid squandering money on 避免浪費錢在。上 shoulder important responsibilities on major global issues

14These regions are fragile not just in terms of their ecology,but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants.Climate change ,whatever its causes,is a direct threat to their way of life.插入語 26 Cinema might, for example , have become pimarily a documentay form.for example放中間，好！But what happened was that it became ,overwhelmingly, a medium for tekking stories.插入語

28Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose.There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs.an abundance of 大量的，好！Managers, must be sure ,therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals.插入語

31To varying degree, we all have secrets which……

Instead of becoming a doctor , however ,he became a successful writer of detective stories.33 It seemed certain that

34廣告Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want ,for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.35 In time ,it became an accepted fact that …

第五篇：有助于IELTS寫作的英文網站推薦

以我的個人體會，看國內老師出的寫作書跟真正的英國老師看中的寫作風格又百分之百是兩種境界。這一點，我相信大家只要認真看一下目前國內出版的唯一正宗的IETLS模擬試題《劍橋IETLS考試題集》上的范文就會深有體會了，當中有哪一篇是按模版句型的路數來寫的呢？我記得中間有一篇甚至只分了兩段！

總之，我想大家應該多看真正英語國家的人寫的文章(當然一定要多看議論文)，最后，你會發現自己寫作會變得隨意很多，你可能會把句子拆得很碎，用了很多插入、或者從句前置，而且突然發現自己的思路也不太拘于從前大家習慣的那些一二三點的套路了！而談到我自己的經歷嘛，因為長期對寫作復習一直處在閱讀狀態(讀了好幾本書，還有那些網站上的素材)以至于直到最后一周才開始真正提筆！但事實上的效果對于我來說真是“突然的驚喜”！下面是我在復習IELTS時自己找到一些非常有用的網站。首先，我保證它們都能打得開！第二，我能想像得到，下面的這些東東對大家一定是大大的驚喜。因為當初它們就幫我了很大的忙呢！第三，我不得不提醒大家，你們會在這些網站找到很多對作文和口語極有幫助的素材，而且當然是全英文的，特別是有一些現成的英文論文，但是，我還是要建議大家一定不要照抄，之所以推薦英文的網站，就是希望大家能好好讀讀真正的英語文章。以這種方式打基礎，不出三個月，你自己就會創造一個更大的驚喜！

/index.html 一個包含people，science，english study等等很多資料的好網站，會找到很多對寫作和口語有用的素材！

/home.php 這個網站會叫你大吃一驚！有上萬篇各種題材的“作文”在那里免費等你down呢！不過，一定要先注冊才能看到文章的全部內容~而注冊的條件之一是你要奉獻自己的一篇大作！總之，隨你們能想到的題目(當然也包括ielts涉及的topic)那里應有盡有！

.cn 我忘了這個網站是從哪里搜到的~~好像是……英國使館文化處？不知道。呵呵~不過，里面一樣有很多好東東！同樣能讓你找到很多寫作素材！

以上是兩個講述健康生活的網站，上面會有大量有關吸煙危害的介紹，全是很有用的數據。