第一篇：中法飲食文化對比

中法飲食文化對比

世界上最懂飲食的意義，并用它來充實生活和提高生活質(zhì)量的民族只有兩個：中國和法國。這兩個國家的美食史不僅和他們的文明一樣悠久，而且還成為本國文明的一個部分。一道菜肴，或一種烹飪方法似乎就能讓人嗅到一個民族文化悠久和深遠的味道。而中國和法國一個響當(dāng)當(dāng)代表東方飲食文化，一個是西方飲食文化的神奇，要談中西方飲食文化差異就從這兩國的食文化比較說起吧。

一、味覺盛宴：百味中國VS原味法蘭西

中國烹調(diào)的核心是“五味調(diào)和”即《文子〃上德篇》所稱之“水火相憎，鼎鬲其間，五味以和”。《呂氏春秋〃本味篇》稱贊“五味以和”是“鼎中之變，精妙微纖，口弗能言，志弗能喻”。史書另有記載，南北朝時，梁武帝蕭衍的廚師，一個瓜能變出十種式樣，一個菜能做出幾十種味道，烹調(diào)技術(shù)的高超，令人驚嘆。

原料的多樣，刀工的多樣，調(diào)料的多樣，烹調(diào)方法的多樣，再加以交叉組合，一種原料便可做成數(shù)種以至十?dāng)?shù)種、數(shù)十種菜肴。譬如最常用的原料雞，到了粵菜大廚師手中，做出數(shù)十道以至上百道菜式都不在話下。其他原料也是如此。因而在盛產(chǎn)某種原料的地方，常常能以這一種原料做出成桌的酒席，如北京的“全鴨席”，延邊的“全狗席”，廣東 的“全魚席”、“全蠔席”，長沙李和勝的“全牛席”，北京一些清真飯館的“全羊席”以及北京砂鍋居的“全豬席”?？芍^一種食材，千般做法，百人百味。

傳統(tǒng)的中國菜有八大菜系，系系菜色口味各不相同，除了主食米面比較一致，各地人所中意的食物五花八門。

法國料理的精髓在于盡可能真實體現(xiàn)食材的原味，當(dāng)法國師傅在做料理時，他所加入的調(diào)味料、配菜甚至于搭配的酒，都只有一個目的：把主要食材的原味給帶出來。其料理以精致豪華的高尚品味，風(fēng)靡全球食客的胃。因為菜肴要體現(xiàn)食材的原味，法國料理十分重視“食材”的取用，“次等材料，做不出好菜”是法國料理的至理名言。而法國料理就地取材的特色，使南北各地口味不一，因此”到什么地方吃什么菜、什么時令吃什么菜”也很重要。

法國料理的精華在醬汁(SAUCE)，因為對食材的講究，法國人使用醬汁佐料時，以不破壞食材原味為前提，好的醬汁可提升食物本身的風(fēng)味、口感，因此如何調(diào)配出最佳的醬汁，就全看廚師的功力了!此外，法國菜也被喻為最能表現(xiàn)廚師內(nèi)涵的料理，每一道菜對廚師而言，都是一項藝術(shù)的創(chuàng)作。

法國人最愛吃的菜比較固定，是蝸牛和青蛙腿，最喜歡的食品是奶酪，最名貴的菜是鵝肝，家常菜是炸牛排外加土豆絲。

二、酒文化：杜康VS葡萄酒神

美酒配美食，食文化大國必定是酒文化大國。中國酒多以谷物釀制，有清酒、燒酒、汾酒、白酒、黃酒、沽酒…品種豐富口味繁多。聞名于世的茅臺、花雕、女兒紅、二鍋頭等都是谷物酒。法國酒多以水果釀制，象是法國人最愛的蘋果酒、茴香酒等。但法國最富盛名的還屬葡萄酒，依產(chǎn)地和釀造工藝不同又有紅葡萄酒、白葡萄酒、氣泡酒、波爾多酒、勃墾第酒、博若萊酒、香檳酒，XO等。其中包括聞名遐爾的勃肯地產(chǎn)葡萄酒酒、波爾多餐酒、酩悅香檳。

在中國，酒神精神以道家哲學(xué)為源頭。莊周主張，物我合一，天人合一，齊一生死。

法國葡萄酒的守護神是圣-文森 Saint-Vincent，葡萄酒文化不僅表現(xiàn)了法蘭西民族對精致美好生活的追求，也是法國文明和文化不可分割的一個重要部分。

中國的藝術(shù)家從酒中獲得創(chuàng)作的靈感，中國的政客從酒桌中廣結(jié)人脈，中國的文人在酒精作用下創(chuàng)造出驚世駭俗的名著。

法國的藝術(shù)家為美酒留下許多不朽之作，自古法國的軍政要員都向酒莊致敬行李，法國的文人墨客縱情書寫葡萄酒的有亞于高貴。

中國宴會上，祝酒是一種禮節(jié)，喝多少代表對對方的尊重程度，醉的程度表示盡興的程度。俗話說“不醉不歸”“一

醉方休”，所以中國的餐桌上人們通常只喝一種酒，但會喝很多，甚至爛醉如泥。

法國宴會上，喝酒是一種傳統(tǒng)，餐前有開胃酒，佐餐吃肉要配干紅、海鮮配白葡萄酒，餐后有烈性酒，配茶點還有氣泡酒和香檳，但喝多少則取決于個人能力和喜好，通常大部分人不會喝太多。

三、純凈的茶文化VS自由的咖啡館

我國人民歷來就有“客來敬茶”的習(xí)慣，是中華民族的文明和禮貌的一種反映。古代的齊世祖、陸納等人曾提倡以茶代酒。唐朝劉貞亮贊美“茶”有十德，認為飲茶除了可健身外，還能“以茶表敬意”、“以茶可雅心”、“以茶可行道”。唐宋時期，眾多的文人雅士如白居易、李白、柳宗元、劉禹錫、皮日休、韋應(yīng)物、溫庭筠、陸游、歐陽修、蘇東坡等，他們不僅酷愛飲茶，而且還在自己的佳作中歌頌和描寫過茶葉。

茶，是中華民族的舉國之飲。它發(fā)乎神農(nóng)，聞于魯周公，興于唐朝，盛在宋代。中國茶文化的關(guān)鍵不在于茶葉的本身，而在于茶文化的內(nèi)涵上。從茶文化的內(nèi)涵上來看，其“精神”層面上的東西最為重要，它是一種行為文化和心態(tài)文化，屬于精神文明的范疇，將飲茶與人生處世哲學(xué)相結(jié)合，上升至哲理高度，“茶是人生”便由此而發(fā)，若再品出更深的境界，就成了“吃茶去”公案的禪宗開示以及茶道的精神之源。茶

文化由于有了中國儒、釋、道思想的加盟，形成了茶禮、茶德、茶道、茶藝等等，這就是中國茶文化的核心部分。但是它又不是完全脫離物質(zhì)文明的文化，而是兩者相結(jié)合。先前，中國老百姓不太注重茶文化，因為每天要飲茶，方知青、紅、黃、綠茶之類，這多半是和自己的飲茶習(xí)慣有關(guān)。但是，真正喜愛和關(guān)心茶文化的人，并不注重茶類之分，茶品之分。茶類、茶品他們早已爛熟于心中了。比如龍井、碧螺春、鐵觀音、君山銀針、毛尖、毛峰、云霧等，誰人不知?而是注重著這些茶的“味”外之音--感興著一種民族的審美趣尚，浸潤著一派清雅的文化氛圍，涵養(yǎng)著一個廉凈的精神境界，充溢著一縷優(yōu)美茵蘊詩意，提升著一種道德的精神素質(zhì)。

法國人的血管中流淌著拉丁民族熱烈奔放的血液，他們熱衷于高談闊論，張揚自我。中世紀(jì)封建王朝年代，法國宮廷是法國政治文化生活的中心，上流社會的沙龍一直引領(lǐng)著法國的大眾文化和生活時尚?；蕦m貴族輕松優(yōu)雅、浪漫多彩的生活方式影響了大眾的生活情趣。咖啡館在百姓，尤其是知識分子的社交生活中傳承的是貴族沙龍的某些交際功能。

法國人去咖啡館不單單是為了喝咖啡，他們更多的是去那里放松身心。普通百姓喜歡湊熱鬧，聚會或聚餐，哪里人多就喜歡去那里。無怪乎在法國的普通餐館中，服務(wù)生大多會把第一批客人安排在靠窗的桌邊，然后點上一支小蠟燭。夜色降臨時分，外邊的客人會不由自主地被餐廳內(nèi)搖曳的燭

光、隱約的人影所吸引，去分享廳內(nèi)溫馨的空氣。

不論你是一個學(xué)問深邃的哲學(xué)家，還是失意文人，潦倒的藝術(shù)家，放學(xué)下課的學(xué)生，只要要一杯熱咖啡或其他飲料，你就可以在那里放松自己。當(dāng)然，邀上幾個朋友、同事或同學(xué)坐在那里談天說地，交流思想，討論功課，書寫作業(yè)也無不可。一些孤獨落寞的人，常會來此消磨難耐的時光，尋找心靈的慰藉。法國人崇尚的自由、平等、博愛常被濃縮在這不足百米見方的咖啡館中。

四、飲食方式：隨性的中餐VS考究的西餐

在飲食方式上，中國人也有自己的特點，這就是聚食制。聚食制的起源很早，從許多地下文化遺存的發(fā)掘中可見，古代炊間和聚食的地方是統(tǒng)一的，炊間在住宅的中央，上有天窗出煙，下有篝火，在火上做炊，就食者圍火聚食。這種聚食古俗，一直至后世。聚食制的長期流傳，是中國重視血緣親屬關(guān)系和家族家庭觀念在飲食方式上的反映。

在食具方面，中國人的飲食習(xí)俗的一大特點是使用筷子?？曜?，古代叫箸，在中國有悠久的歷史?！抖Y記》中曾說：“飯黍無以箸?！笨梢娭辽僭谝笊虝r代，已經(jīng)使用筷子進食。筷子一般以竹制成，一雙在手，運用自如，即簡單經(jīng)濟，又很方便。

在菜色上中餐的前后道菜之間沒有必然的聯(lián)合，吃什么與喝什么酒水也沒有必然的聯(lián)系，很有些像中國多元的文化

觀念和不斷改變的社會組織形式，多樣、包容、同化、為我所用是基本特點。

在吃正式的法國餐館吃飲，餐具、酒具的配合使用都是一絲不茍的。法國的菜單通常都只有區(qū)區(qū)兩三頁，還包括甜品和飲料。每道菜都有特定搭配的點心、酒水。

吃甚么樣的菜用甚么樣的刀叉，也很有講究的，所以每人面前都選了兩三套。酒杯也是一樣，因為在這里吃食與喝品配搭是一藝術(shù)。習(xí)慣上，餐前要喝一杯開胃酒;用餐過程中，如果吃肉要配干紅葡萄酒;吃魚蝦一類的海味，要喝干白葡萄酒;餐后有些人還喜歡喝一點白蘭地地一類的烈性酒。每種酒所用的酒杯都不同。看著高矮胖瘦好幾個酒杯放在跟前。席問大家邊吃邊聊，酒只是起到助興和調(diào)節(jié)氣氛的作用，卻頻頻舉杯，卻都淺到即止。保持餐桌上愉快的氣氛，但又不至于過分喧鬧。

吃法國菜還有許多特別的禮節(jié)，如吃完抹手抹嘴切忌用餐巾大力擦，注意儀態(tài)用餐巾的一角輕輕印去嘴上或手指上的油漬便可。就算凳子多舒服，坐姿都應(yīng)該保持正直，不要靠在椅背上面。進食時身體可略向前靠，兩臂應(yīng)緊貼身體，以免撞到隔壁。用刀叉時記住由最外邊的餐具開始，由外到內(nèi)，不要見到美食就撲上去，失禮死人。

第二篇：中韓飲食文化對比

中韓飲食文化對比

摘要

飲食文化是一種廣視野、深層次、多角度、高品位的悠久區(qū)域文化。本論文主要對中韓兩國飲食發(fā)展的歷史背景、飲食的一般特征以及飲食禮儀上進行研究。

本論文通過上網(wǎng)查閱資料、查閱書籍、詢問韓國同學(xué)的方法，了解到中韓這兩國關(guān)系密切的伙伴在飲食文化方面有著很多的相同點，也有很多的不同點，多民族與單民族，地大物博與地小人多，經(jīng)濟發(fā)展條件等等的因素都很大程度的形成了兩個國家各自應(yīng)有的特點。

關(guān)鍵詞 中國 韓國 飲食文化 飲食禮儀 飲食特征

目 錄

摘要................................................................................................................................1 引言................................................................................................................................3 1.中國飲食文化.............................................................................................................3

1.1 中國飲食發(fā)展歷史.........................................................................................3 1.2 中國飲食的一般特征.....................................................................................4 1.3 中國飲食禮儀.................................................................................................5 2.韓國飲食文化.............................................................................................................5

2.1 韓國飲食發(fā)展歷史.........................................................................................5 2.2 韓國飲食的一般特征.....................................................................................6 2.3 韓國飲食禮儀.................................................................................................7 3.中韓飲食文化對比...................................................................................................10 總結(jié)..............................................................................................................................13 參考文獻......................................................................................................................15 致謝..............................................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。引言

飲食，一個再熟悉不過的名詞，一個我們每天都要接觸到的詞語，我國不僅是具有數(shù)千年歷史文化的國家，而且幅員遼闊，資源豐富，氣候、風(fēng)土、生活習(xí)慣的差別導(dǎo)致飲食習(xí)慣也有大差異，各地的大城市，產(chǎn)業(yè)文化中心，各大港口城市，每個地方都有獨特的飲食特點。韓國是一個有著豐富歷史和美味飲食的國家，500多年來，至今還保留著朝鮮時代飲食風(fēng)格。但是由于社會環(huán)境和地理位置的不同，中韓兩國在飲食文化上存在著差異，通過研究中韓兩國的飲食文化，了解中韓兩國在飲食文化上的差異，發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個國家在飲食文化上的各自特點。

1.中國飲食文化

中國不僅是具有數(shù)千年歷史文化的國家，而且幅員遼闊，資源豐富。氣候、風(fēng)土、生活習(xí)慣的差別導(dǎo)致飲食習(xí)慣也有很大特點。并且中國的烹飪技術(shù)與醫(yī)療保健有著密切的聯(lián)系，在幾千年前就有醫(yī)食同源和藥膳同功的說法。利用食物原料的藥用價值，做成各種美味佳肴，從而達到對某些疾病防治的目的。自古以來中國就有“飲食男女，人之大欲存焉”“民以食為天”等真知灼見。由此可見中國自古以來就非常重視飲食及其特殊的文化特點和意義。1.1 中國飲食發(fā)展歷史

飲食最早起源于巢氏的舊石器時代：當(dāng)時的人們不懂得人工取火，也不懂得熟食，當(dāng)時的飲食狀況是茹毛飲血，并足以形成文化。燧人氏的時候已經(jīng)能夠鉆木取火食用熟的食物，進入石烹時代。

中華民族的飲食狀況有了改善是在皇帝時期，皇帝作灶，始為灶神，集中火力節(jié)省燃料，使食物速熟，而廣泛使用在秦漢時期，當(dāng)時是釜，高腳灶具逐步退出歷史舞臺，“蒸谷為飲，烹谷為粥”首次因烹調(diào)方法區(qū)別食品，蒸鍋發(fā)明了，叫甑。蒸鹽業(yè)是黃帝臣子宿沙氏發(fā)明，從此不僅懂得了烹還懂得調(diào)，有益人的健康。

中國飲食文化的豐富時期是在漢代，這歸功于中西（西域）飲食文化的交流，引進了石榴、芝麻、葡萄、胡桃（即核桃）、西瓜、甜瓜、黃瓜、菠菜、胡蘿卜、茴香、芹菜、胡豆、扁豆、苜蓿（主要用于馬糧），萵筍、大蔥、大蒜，還傳入一些烹調(diào)方法，如炸油餅，胡餅即芝麻燒餅也叫爐橈。淮南王劉安發(fā)明豆腐，使豆類的營養(yǎng)得到消化，物美價廉，可做出許多種菜肴，1960年河南密縣發(fā)現(xiàn)的漢墓中的大畫像石上就有豆腐作坊的石刻。東漢還發(fā)明了植物油。取代了動物油 的使用。飲食文化的高峰是在唐宋時期，過分講究“素蒸聲音部、罔川圖小樣”，最具代表性的是燒尾宴。

到了近代是中國飲食文化的傳承和創(chuàng)新，近現(xiàn)代的飲食文化的發(fā)展，就是融合中西飲食文化精華于一爐的過程實現(xiàn)的，自從西方列強用大炮轟開中國的國門，開始了中國近代歷史的進程，在西方的文化領(lǐng)先于中國的大背景下，便開始了西化的進程，這一進程是以飲食為先導(dǎo)的，西方的飲食文化通過各種路徑不斷涌入中國，其速度之快，勢頭之猛，在中華文化對外交往史上是空前的正如嚴(yán)昌洪先生《西域東漸記》所說：“由沖突走向融合的結(jié)果是外來的許多習(xí)尚已成為中國人生活中須臾不可少的一部分，我們的生活呈現(xiàn)出與祖、父輩完全不同的風(fēng)貌?！边@便是中國傳統(tǒng)飲食生活中出現(xiàn)了創(chuàng)新，二創(chuàng)新又蘊含著傳統(tǒng)。就像農(nóng)作物的近親繁殖，必然使其原有的優(yōu)良本性逐漸退化，而遠緣雜交，不僅可以保持雙方原有的優(yōu)良外來風(fēng)格，而且也不是他們簡單綜合的中國近代飲食文化，在文化形態(tài)上完成了古代向近代的轉(zhuǎn)型。1.2 中國飲食的一般特征

1.菜系多種多樣。由于我國幅員遼闊，地大物博，各地氣候、物產(chǎn)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣都存在著差異，長期以來，在飲食上也就形成了許多風(fēng)味。我國一直就有?南米北面?的說法，口味上有?南甜北咸東酸西辣?之分，主要是巴蜀、齊魯、淮揚、粵閩四大風(fēng)味。還有八大菜系：川菜、粵菜、蘇菜、魯菜、湘菜、浙菜、閩菜、徽菜。

2.講究品味情趣。我國烹飪不僅具備了“清、鮮、滑、嫩、爽”的口味特點，而且對它們的命名、品嘗的方式、進餐時的流程、用餐的娛樂性等都有一定的要求。中國菜肴的名稱可以說出神入化、雅俗共賞。菜肴名稱既有根據(jù)主、輔、調(diào)料及烹調(diào)方法的寫實命名。

中國飲食的特點主要體現(xiàn)在：色、香、味、形，這四個點上。但如果按季節(jié)變化來調(diào)味、配菜，那么可以將冬天和夏天分為：冬天味醇濃厚，夏天清淡涼爽；冬天多燉燜煨，夏天多涼拌冷凍。中國的烹飪，不僅技術(shù)精湛，而且有講究菜肴的美感的傳統(tǒng)，注意食物的色、香、味、形、器的協(xié)調(diào)一致。中國烹飪很早就注重品位情趣，不僅對飯菜點心的色、香、味有嚴(yán)格的要求，而且對它們的命名、品味的方式、進餐時的節(jié)奏、娛樂的穿插等都具有一定的要求。3.伴隨優(yōu)美動人的故事傳說、名人食趣。中華美食往往伴有優(yōu)美動人的故事。也有根據(jù)歷史掌故、神話傳說、名人食趣、菜肴形象來命名的，如?全家福?、?將軍過橋?、?獅子頭?、?叫化雞?、?鴻門宴?、?東坡肉?。

4.食醫(yī)結(jié)合。我國的烹飪技術(shù)，與醫(yī)療保健有密切的聯(lián)系，在幾千年前有 ?醫(yī)食同源?和?藥膳同功?的說法，利用食物原料的藥用價值，做成各種美味佳肴，達到對某些疾病防治的目的。1.3 中國飲食禮儀

我國地域遼闊，禮儀繁多而且不同，但有些用餐禮儀是通用的。如主人長輩先食，不伏碗吃飯，應(yīng)端碗吃飯，使用匙，不舉碗喝湯，不用筷子攪拌熱湯，不呡湯而飲。如果盤中的菜已不多，你又想把它“打掃”干凈，應(yīng)征詢一下同桌人的意見。不狼吞虎咽，不用嘴送食他人的讓菜。不用舌頭舔食餐具。用餐時不大聲說話。吐出的骨頭魚刺等飯渣，應(yīng)放到指定的的地方。如果要咳嗽，打噴嚏，要用手或手帕捂住嘴，并把頭向后方轉(zhuǎn)。如果有長輩，那么應(yīng)禮節(jié)性的讓菜或斟酒。筷子不可對夾，如果用餐時一雙筷子因為夾菜而夾到另一雙筷子，稱為筷子打架，這是非常不禮貌的事情。用餐時如果餐具失落到地上而損壞，比如打碎了碗，是非常不好的。有些地方新年打碎餐具有說：“（碎碎）歲歲平安”的習(xí)慣。任何餐具反扣的行為被視為不禮貌。

2.韓國飲食文化

韓國是—個有著豐富歷史和美味飲食的國家，500多年來，至今還保留著朝鮮時代飲食風(fēng)格。韓國人對飲食很講究，有“食為五福之一”的說法。韓國菜的特點是“五味五色”，即由甜、酸、苦、辣、咸五味和紅、白、黑、綠、黃五色調(diào)和而成。韓國人的日常飲食是米飯、泡菜、大醬、辣椒醬、咸菜、八珍菜和大醬湯。八珍菜的主料是綠豆芽、黃豆芽、水豆腐、干豆腐、粉條、椿梗、藏菜、蘑菇八種。菜肴以燉煮和烤制為主，基本上不做炒菜。韓國人喜歡吃面條、牛肉、雞肉和狗肉，不喜歡吃饅頭、羊肉和鴨肉。韓國人普遍愛吃涼拌菜，還有生拌魚肉、魚蝦醬等菜肴。湯也是用餐時必不可少的部分。韓國人愛吃辣椒，因此家常菜里幾乎全放辣椒。2.1 韓國飲食發(fā)展歷史

舊石器時代的人們通常采摘野果和獵取動物以及魚類為食，新石器時代開 始，人們開始從事農(nóng)耕種植谷物，并開始制作陶器用來儲藏食物。青銅器時代人們種植的作物開始增多：水稻和豆類開始被種植栽培。由于鐵器時代由于使用鐵質(zhì)用具，作物的產(chǎn)量呈飛躍的增長，三國時代，由于高麗人喜歡吃肉，所以發(fā)展了百濟和新羅人的釀酒和制醬技術(shù)。

在高麗時代，受佛教影響，因為禁忌殺生，所以肉食衰退。并且在寺院內(nèi)只能制作酒餅、面條、鹽和茶等等。高麗后期，蒙古軍隊侵入，肉食的苗頭也隨之而來。牛雜湯、香腸、牛頭料理逐漸流傳開來。燒酒也從他們的駐扎地區(qū)開始大范圍流傳。這樣以來，這個時期肉食與素食交替食用就演變成了如今的飲食方式。

在朝鮮時代，佛教和飲茶文化衰退，人們開始食用狗肉和生鮮。這個時期的玉米、辣椒、土豆、地瓜等從美洲進入，飲食生活也因此發(fā)生了變化。用辣椒面腌制泡菜和制作辣椒醬的時代開始了。土豆和地瓜也在青黃不接時派上了用場。2.2 韓國飲食的一般特征

韓國人在其漫長的歷史發(fā)展過程中，形成了豐富多彩的飲食文化。其飲食習(xí)慣具有典型的民族特色。

韓國主食為白米飯，常用菜肴有以肉、魚、豆腐、蔬菜等燉煮的火鍋，韓國特有的營養(yǎng)豐富的泡菜，以及用韓國食的調(diào)味作料拌制的各類小菜。韓國有名的食物有：韓定食（韓國式客飯）、烤牛肉和烤牛排、面條火鍋、包飯?zhí)撞汀⒗涿妗㈦u湯、石鍋拌飯（韓國獨有的食譜）、紫菜包飯。同時韓國的茶也挺有名的如大麥茶、人參茶。

韓國飲食特點十分鮮明，食物以“辣”和“少油”為主要特點，但口味深受中國人的青睞。與中國料理不一樣的地方在于，韓國料理比較清淡，少油膩，并且基本上沒有將味精加進去，從營養(yǎng)和保健的角度出發(fā)，蔬菜以生食為主，用涼拌的方式做成，將由廚師牢牢掌握味道的好壞。對于廣大外來客人而言，對于韓式白菜泡菜這個屬于韓國飲食文化中的“國粹”都留下了深刻的印象。韓式烤肉以高蛋白，低膽固醇的牛肉為主。韓國美食以辣味著稱，辣中帶甜的味道讓人覺得回味無窮，然而與中國四川的辣不一樣的地方在于，屬于只辣不麻的類型，并且還有“冷辣”。冷面就是韓國典型的冷辣食物，就算冬天仍舊有很多人吃冷面。

韓國是一個有著豐富歷史和美味飲食的國家，韓國人對飲食很講究，自古就有“食為五福之一”的說法?；讵毺氐臍v史文化、地理環(huán)境以及國民愛好，韓國 飲食形成了自己鮮明的特征。

一是韓國飲食的地域性特征。韓國雖說是我們的近鄰，但畢竟是不同的國家，有著不同的歷史和生活習(xí)慣。因此，兩國的飲食文化業(yè)有著很大的不同。韓國的氣候和土壤很適合發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)。谷物是韓國飲食文化的中心。由于地形和氣候的差異，韓國飲食還表現(xiàn)出了很強的地域性特征。北部地區(qū)因山多，主要種旱田，所以多產(chǎn)雜谷。面向西海岸的中部和南部主要種稻。因此，北部以五谷飯為主食，南部以大米飯和大麥飯為主食。在山區(qū)因購買肉類和新鮮魚比較困難，所以多吃腌魚或干魚，海草以及用山菜做的食物；在海濱或島嶼城市主要吃海鮮、海草做的食物。

二是韓國飲食的搭配特點。韓國的飲食也分主食、副食。主食類似我國北方，以稻米飯為主；而副食則主要是湯、醬湯、泡菜、醬類，還有用肉、干魚絲、蔬菜、海藻等做成的食物。這種吃法不僅能均勻攝取各種食物，還能達到均衡營養(yǎng)的目的。韓國居民的日常飲食以米飯為主食，再配上幾樣小菜。主食主要是大米飯和混合小米、大麥、大豆、小豆等雜谷飯。另外，也偶爾以面條、餃子、年糕湯、粥、片兒湯等為主食用來調(diào)節(jié)生活。副食則以湯、泡菜、醬類食品為主，還有用平魚、肉、蔬菜、海藻制作的食物也很常見。

三是韓國飲食口味的取向。食物吃其味道，味道憑舌部來感知。在人的舌部，不同領(lǐng)域分布有不同味道的味覺細胞，人們稱其為味域。在韓國人的舌部，感知特定味道的部位特別發(fā)達。這就是用于感知食物發(fā)酵時散發(fā)發(fā)酵味的部位。這是因為韓國人吃了數(shù)千年的飲食中80%-90%是發(fā)酵食品。所以，韓國人感知發(fā)酵味的味域發(fā)達也理所當(dāng)然。2.3 韓國飲食禮儀

在餐具方面，韓國傳統(tǒng)食具包含筷子和匙。箸以金屬制成，多呈扁平而長；匙亦多為金屬制。特別的是，韓國人一般吃飯、喝湯皆以匙來進行，箸多用以夾菜作為輔助工具。

從韓國傳統(tǒng)餐桌的擺法這個角度進行分析的話，所謂“床”是現(xiàn)代式的廚房和餐桌出現(xiàn)之前，韓國的一般家庭使用的移動式餐桌。目前，依舊執(zhí)著于傳統(tǒng)的餐廳一般家庭也仍在使用這種矮餐桌——“床”。傳統(tǒng)韓國飲食的餐桌擺法一般是將準(zhǔn)備好的菜一次全部上齊為原則，每種菜的位置也是固定的。根據(jù)擺桌的方法 和種類可分為粥床、飯床、面床、酒宴床、交子床。

一般來說，主要用于擺飯和菜的桌子叫飯床，一人吃的飯桌叫獨床，兩人吃的飯桌叫兼床。獨床飯桌有3碟、5碟、7碟、9碟、12碟等叫法，數(shù)字是指除了飯、湯、泡菜、作料以外的菜碟數(shù)。3碟是一般平民的擺法，5碟是富裕的平民，7碟是新郎、新娘的餐桌，9碟是一般平民最高級的宴請，12碟是宮廷中獻給國王的御膳。

在餐桌禮儀方面，坐法：韓國飯館內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)分為兩種，分別是使用椅子和脫鞋上炕。在炕上吃飯時，男人盤腿而坐，女人右膝支立——這種坐法只限于穿韓服時使用。現(xiàn)在的韓國女性平時不穿韓服，所以只要把雙腿收攏在一起坐下就可以了。注意：圍坐在一張矮腿方桌周圍。盤腿席地而坐。在這種情況下，切勿用手摸腳，伸直雙腿，或是雙腿叉開，都是不允許的。

斟酒：給對方斟酒時，右手拿酒瓶，左手放于右腕或右肘下，左手伸展托右腕或右肘。身體前傾以示禮貌。如果對方是長輩，則必需用一只手托住酒瓶低端斟酒。對方給自己斟酒時，也要點頭示意感謝。飲酒時晚輩和女孩子一定要側(cè)過身，用手擋住酒杯然后喝光。注意：如果雙方第一次見面，則一手需托住另一只手的肘部為對方斟酒；雙方熟悉之后，則可單手為對方斟酒。

吃飯：中國人、日本人都有端起飯碗吃飯的習(xí)慣，但是韓國人視這種行為不規(guī)矩。而且也不能用嘴接觸飯碗。圓底兒帶蓋兒的碗“坐”在桌子上，沒有供你手握的把。再加上米飯傳導(dǎo)給碗的熱量，不碰它是合情合理的。至于碗蓋，可以取下來隨意放在桌上。既然不端碗，左手就一定要聽話，老實地藏在桌子下面，不可在桌子上“露一手兒”。右手一定要先拿起勺子，從水泡菜中盛上一口湯喝完，再用勺子吃一口米飯，然后再喝一口湯、再吃一口飯后，便可以隨意地吃任何東西了。這是韓國人吃飯的順序。

勺子在韓國人的飲食生活中比筷子更重要，它負責(zé)盛湯、撈湯里的菜、裝飯，不用時要架在飯碗或其它食器上。而筷子呢？它只負責(zé)夾菜。不管你湯碗中的豆芽兒菜怎麼用勺子也撈不上來，你也不能用筷子。這首先是食禮的問題，其次是湯水有可能順著筷子流到桌子上?？曜釉诓粖A菜時，傳統(tǒng)的韓國式做法是放在右手方向的桌子上，兩根筷子要攏齊，三分之二在桌上，三分之一在桌外，這是為了便于拿起來再用。招待外賓韓國飲食時：

招待外賓時，要特別注意擺席，不得讓外賓感到不便或別扭，最好能讓外賓帶著興致接受招待。首先，要決定餐桌的形狀。傳統(tǒng)的餐桌為四方桌或圓桌。按用餐人數(shù)擺為獨桌、共餐桌、3人餐桌、4人餐桌，超過4人時，擺為圓桌或四方形大餐桌。按韓國的傳統(tǒng)，應(yīng)該把食物和匙、筷擺在桌子上招待客人，但超過4人時，對外賓來講站著吃要比坐著吃更加方便。

除了桌布、桌墊、匙筷托子、湯匙和筷子、餐叉、餐刀、餐巾、水杯、酒杯之外，服務(wù)時使用的剪刀或擦桌子的抹布清潔與否，將對影響到外賓下次還會不會再用我們的飯菜。

桌布和桌墊：

傳統(tǒng)的飯桌不需要桌布，桌子的原樣會顯得更加雅致，干凈。但在飯店使用桌 布或單人桌墊看起來會更加美觀且衛(wèi)生。桌布雖然以白色為原則，但飯館也可在上面鋪上彩色正方形桌布，以營造氣氛，也較 容易清洗。桌布下垂30cm 左右，不抵膝蓋時最恰當(dāng)，但坐在坐墊上的時候，還要稍短一些。

如果桌布不能蓋住整個桌面時，不要將食物，匙和筷原原本本 放在桌面上，最好要使用桌墊，至少使用用紙做的桌墊。這時即使不使用匙筷托兒，也能使人以愉快的心情用餐。一般桌布的大小要能放下前碟、匙和筷、餐刀、水杯等餐具。

大體上，以30×45cm 的四方形或橢圓形桌布，印上漂亮的條紋，飯店名稱和菜單等來使用?；蛘呔椭苯邮褂冒准?。紙制的桌墊是一次性。

匙筷托子：

匙筷托子的材料有瓷器、木頭、銀等多種，但最好是用物美價廉，方便使用的簡單式樣。使用桌布時，或在大方卓上使用匙筷托子會顯得更加高雅。

匙筷以及餐叉 ： 中國，日本及東南亞人會使用筷子，因此，可以在桌上放匙和筷子。但對不能熟練使用筷子的外國人，把餐刀和餐叉與匙筷子一起擺在桌上更恰當(dāng)。放餐刀的時候，把餐刀放在匙和筷的左邊，并將餐叉放在左手易拿到的左邊，這樣會使人感到更加親切。

餐巾：餐巾種類和大小式樣繁多。最好是用與桌布相似的布做成的50～60cm 長方形或正方形餐巾。但在一般飯店不能每次使用這種餐巾時，可使用餐巾紙。餐巾紙最小標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為30cm正方形，更小的餐巾紙用于茶席。水杯和酒杯：瓷器制成的水杯使用起來較方便。一般用餐之前準(zhǔn)備涼水是迎接客人的一 種禮儀，但中國、新加坡以及東南亞人一年四季喝熱水，所以最好也要準(zhǔn)備熱水。在正餐席或酒席上，應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備玻璃杯或水晶杯。用正宗清酒或傳統(tǒng)民俗酒招待外賓時，應(yīng)準(zhǔn)備瓷器酒杯。

食物剪刀和餐桌抹布：餐桌抹布要白凈，整潔。擦桌子的抹布若不干凈，食物再好吃，也會影響食欲。常在冷面店或排骨店看到，剪面和肉的剪刀太尖，使人感到恐怖。外賓到我國印象最壞的就是在飯店使用的剪刀樣子和衛(wèi)生問題，希望今後有所改正。剪刀的尖最好是不尖而圓，并用不銹鋼材料。

注意事項：

與長輩一起用餐時，長輩動筷后晚輩才能動筷；

勿把湯匙和筷子同時抓在手里；不要把匙和筷子搭放在碗上；不要端著碗吃飯喝湯（這點與我國傳統(tǒng)正好相反）；

先喝湯再吃別的食物；用餐時不要出聲也不要讓匙和筷碰到碗而發(fā)出聲音。共享的食物要夾到各自的碟子上以后吃，醋醬和辣醬也最好撥到碟子上蘸著吃。

用餐時咽到骨頭或魚刺時要避開旁人悄悄地包在紙上再扔掉，不要直接扔在桌子上或地上。

用餐不要太快也不要太慢，與別人統(tǒng)一步調(diào)。與長輩一起用餐時，等長輩放下湯匙和筷子以后再放下。

用餐后，湯匙和筷子放在最初位置上，使用過的餐巾迭起來放在桌子上。用餐中長輩會給晚輩添菜，以示關(guān)心，晚輩無論是否愛吃，都不能用手擋住碗拒絕，長輩給晚輩添菜時，晚輩一定要起身但不用站起來，以深深點頭示意鞠躬答謝。第一碗的飯一定要吃干凈，不能剩下。如果長輩過于熱情，第二碗以后的飯或菜是可以剩下。

就餐完畢后，要保持筷子、湯匙和碗的潔凈，不能粘著食物，湯匙和筷子放在開餐時的位置擺好，用過的紙巾要疊好。

3.中韓飲食文化對比

首先我們要了解什么是飲食文化，它是指特定社會群體食物原料開發(fā)利用、食品制作和飲食消費過程中的技術(shù)、科學(xué)、藝術(shù)，以及以飲食為基礎(chǔ)的習(xí)俗、傳 統(tǒng)、思想和哲學(xué)，即由人們食生產(chǎn)和食生活的方式、過程、功能等結(jié)構(gòu)組合而成的全部食事的總和。所以我們要比較中韓兩國的飲食文化就必須從各個方面入手。中國人的飲食從先秦開始，就是以谷物為主，肉少糧多，輔以菜蔬，這就是典型的飯菜結(jié)構(gòu)。韓國的氣候和土壤很適合發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)，早在新石器時代之后就開始了雜糧的種植，并普及了水稻的種植，因此，谷物也是韓國飲食文化的中心，由此可見以谷物為主食這一方面兩國是相同的。飯作為主食，而菜則是為了下飯，即助飯下咽的功能。為什么要助飯下咽呢？那是因為主食并不可口，必須有一種物質(zhì)來輔助它使人們能夠吃下去。當(dāng)然菜的功能和鹽的功能有共同點，但是不等同于鹽。這樣促使兩國烹飪的首要目的是裝點飲食，使不可口的食物變得精妙絕倫。

我國幅員遼闊，資源豐富，具有悠久的歷史和深厚的文化底蘊。飲食文化歷來是世界文化寶庫中的瑰寶，是人類文明的重要組成部分。馳名中外的中國美食囊括了中華民族豐富的食源、獨到的加工技藝、蘊含深厚的飲食美學(xué)以及飲食民俗等文化內(nèi)涵，不僅僅是精神文明的重要體現(xiàn)，也對社會物質(zhì)文明產(chǎn)生重大影響。

我國的傳統(tǒng)飲食具有歷史悠久、技術(shù)精湛、品類豐富、流派眾多、風(fēng)格獨特的特點，是中國烹飪數(shù)千年發(fā)展的結(jié)晶，在世界上享有盛譽，美好的色澤可以使人心情愉快，賞心悅目，而且可以增進人們的食欲，因此，我國傳統(tǒng)飲食在一定程度上對菜肴的整體美感引起了足夠地重視，講究的是色、香、味、意、形、養(yǎng)六大重要特征一應(yīng)俱全。與此同時，一年四季，按季節(jié)而吃，是中國烹飪又一大特征。我國傳統(tǒng)飲食還結(jié)合季節(jié)特征來進行調(diào)味、進行配菜，夏天多涼拌冷凍，清淡涼爽；冬天多燉燜煨煮，味醇濃厚。中國飲食文化歷史可以說是十分悠久的，中國傳統(tǒng)飲食將色、香、味、意、形、養(yǎng)六者融于一體，緊密協(xié)調(diào)在一起，這一高超的烹飪技藝不僅能改善營養(yǎng)，而且能豐富生活情趣，更能體現(xiàn)中國人在長期的飲食實踐活動中創(chuàng)造出來的物質(zhì)財富和精神財富的綜合，乃至于中國飲食超越物質(zhì)層面進入精神范疇，并被賦予新的文化內(nèi)涵。

韓國地理位置處在亞洲大陸東北部朝鮮半島的南段，三面環(huán)海，是典型的半島國家，是一個多山的國家，氣候四季分明。韓國氣候和風(fēng)土適合發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)﹐早在新石器時代之后就開始了雜糧的種植﹐進而普及了水稻的種植，所以，韓國也就以谷物為中心作為本國的飲食代表。除此之外，韓國飲食以其食用功能分為主 食、副食和甜點。主食跟我國北方相類似，主要以稻米飯為主；副食則主要是湯、醬湯、泡菜、醬類等發(fā)酵食品和由貝類、魚類、海藻等海產(chǎn)品做成的食物，這樣一種飲食搭配將幫助人類吸收所需要的各種元素，從而可以保證營養(yǎng)均衡的。

韓國自然形成的地理分界線使各地區(qū)形成了相近而又各具特色的飲食傳統(tǒng)，以首爾、京畿道、江原道、全羅道等地方飲食最為著名。韓國飲食的最大特點，是講究調(diào)料的搭配，菜肴鮮美可口，有益養(yǎng)生保健。韓國飲食的主要特點是高蛋白、多蔬菜，喜清淡、忌油膩。

韓國作為中國的鄰國，在歷史上一直是中國的附屬國家，連最隆重的皇帝加冕儀式都要經(jīng)過中國政府的批示才算承認，可見中國古代的文化對于韓國文化的進程有著不可磨滅的推動和影響作用。一個民族的特質(zhì)，往往能夠形成一種獨特的飲食文化。韓國從古代到如今一直是個單名族國家。而中國歷史上有許多個民族，每個民族都有其獨的特點，我們中國人一向熱情好客，大家圍在一起吃一頓“大鍋飯”似乎更能增進彼此的感情。這一點當(dāng)然也深深的影響著韓國朝鮮族，因此聚食制也是兩國人民相同的飲食習(xí)慣。聚食制的長期流傳，是兩國人民重視血緣親屬關(guān)系和家族家庭觀念在飲食方式上的反映。

中國飲食藝術(shù)，是以色、香、味為烹調(diào)的原則，無論缺少哪一項都是不可以的。為了使得食物達到色美的最佳效果，更多的時候是在青、綠、紅、黃、白、黑、醬等色中取叁到五種顏色調(diào)配在一起，也就是選擇使用恰當(dāng)?shù)娜澦夭肆?，在這其中，主要包括一種主料以及

二、叁種具有不一樣顏色的配料，使用適當(dāng)?shù)呐敕ㄅc調(diào)味，就能夠使得菜色更為美觀。在進行烹飪時，適量的使用如醬油、糖、醋、香料等種種調(diào)味品，在一定程度上可以使得嗜濃味者不覺其淡，嗜淡味者不嫌其濃，愛好辣味者感覺辣，愛好甜味者感覺甜，這樣才能使烹制的菜肴合乎大家的口味，人吃人愛。韓國的飲食主要分烤肉料理、湯、火鍋料理及蔬菜料理。韓國料理的味道非常復(fù)雜，蒜頭、辣椒是不可缺少的調(diào)味料；韓國烤肉一般放在鐵鍋上烤，多為豬、牛肉；高級一點的，則是在鐵網(wǎng)上烤牛排等；名聲在外的“泡菜”最為普遍，無論叫什么菜，必定伴有一碟。

第一，韓國是“飯文化”中國是“菜文化”。在韓國點菜時，點一個菜（主要湯、全體料理）的話一般免費提供小菜。但是在中國點菜的時候，沒有像韓國那樣的免費小菜，要點各種菜。第二，吃的速度也不一樣。有個研究表明“中國人基本上有慢慢的性質(zhì)，還有喜歡邊吃邊談，所以一般中國人吃的速度較慢”，但是在韓國有一種“快快”文化。已經(jīng)快快的文化浸透日常生化，所以吃的速度也很快。還有吃飯的時候，中國人雙方一起對話著吃飯，但是以前在韓國不喜歡一邊吃飯一邊說話。這樣以為沒有禮貌。但現(xiàn)在韓國年輕人也喜歡雙方一起對話著吃飯。

第三，韓國和中國都是用筷子但樣子不同。因為在中國常常吃的魚是比較大,容易剔出魚刺，所以筷子的梢模樣比較圓圓的。但是在韓國常常吃的魚刺是又薄又細，所以為了容易剔出魚刺筷子的梢模樣比較尖溜溜，短一點。

第四，現(xiàn)在韓國愛咖啡但中國愛茶?，F(xiàn)在在韓國有很多咖啡廳甚至在城市里中心地方從摸一個咖啡廳到另外咖啡廳不到一百米。現(xiàn)在韓國的年輕人越來越愛喝咖啡。但是，中國是茶的國家。中國人吃飯的時候以喝茶代喝水，還有出駐車司機也放在駕駛座椅旁邊茶以后常常喝茶。韓國人是如果要減肥的話有一些人為了減肥花很多錢 但是中國人不要太努力比較容易一些減肥因為茶有中和作用所以即使大部分中國菜有多油也不會那么胖。

第五，邀請客的時候，中國人認為留飲食有禮貌，所以迎接客人的時候，主人點多菜或者做了多菜，客人留下一點食物，但是在韓國留下食物不太禮貌。韓國人認為給東道主看出空碗就是真正表示感謝的象征。

總結(jié)

中韓兩國在地緣上有很大的接近性，文化發(fā)展上有著相同的根源。但是，隨著社會、地理位置、環(huán)境的影響，在飲食文化上還是各有各的特點。韓國飲食的主要特點，高蛋白、多蔬菜、喜清淡、忌油膩、味覺以涼辣為主。中國飲食的主要特點，花樣繁多、喜魚肉、喜油膩，在飲食方式上兩個國家都有著自己的用餐禮儀，但是卻都遵循著“禮”。

中韓有著緊密的聯(lián)系，無論從地理位置還是歷史文化，都使我們具備了交流的條件，我們的溝通中共同點很多。通過以上的比較，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中韓這兩個關(guān)系密切的伙伴在飲食文化方面有著很多的相同點，當(dāng)然也有很多的不同點，原因是各方面，多民族與單民族，地大物博與地小人多，經(jīng)濟發(fā)展條件等等的因素都很大程度的形成了兩個國家應(yīng)有的特點。

本論文由于時間和地域原因，有所局限，以及所查資料時間比較長，隨著社 會環(huán)境的變化，有些飲食文化、禮儀發(fā)生了變化，可能掌握不太準(zhǔn)確，還是存在許多不足之處，希望以后有機會能夠親身去韓國感受一下韓國的飲食文化，從而具體的了解中韓兩國在飲食文化上的差異。參考文獻

[1]冬明.《韓國飲食》.成都時代出版社，2009年 [2]吳澎.《中國飲食文化》.化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2009年

[3]華明，康曉城編著.《細說大長今》.中國出版集團東方出版中心，2005年 [4]段潔，陳謙.《餐桌禮儀與口才》.中國經(jīng)濟出版社，2008年 [5]任曉麗.《韓國日常生活中的歇語與禮節(jié)》.民族出版社，2004年 [6]燈草.《韓國的飲食文化》，《人民日報》.2001年12月21日第十一版 [7]文英子.《韓國飲食文化》.揚州大學(xué)烹飪學(xué)報.2007年第01期

[8]楊艷麗，李文鳳.《淺談韓國飲食熟語》.科教文匯（中旬刊）.2008年09期 [9]徐旺生編著.《民以食為天—中華美食文化》海南出版社，1993年 [10]金炳鎬.《中國飲食文化的發(fā)展和特點》.黑龍江民族叢刊，1995年

第三篇：中俄飲食文化對比

中俄飲食文化對比

吃穿住用行是一個人存活在這個時代的的必須需求，無論哪個國家、哪個民族都不能離開這些。這其屮吃又排在首位，即飲食。吃什么、怎么吃，一個地區(qū)或者民族的飲食習(xí)慣在一定程度上反映了人們的生活習(xí)慣和思維方式。屮俄兩國的飲食文化的差異很自然地就成為兩國民族性格差異的一種外在表現(xiàn)。

一、中俄民族的“飲”差異

（一）酒文化。酒，是人類文明的標(biāo)志之一，也是人們表達思想感情，促進友誼，調(diào)節(jié)日常生活必不可少的飲品。

中國的酒文化歷史悠久,始于商周，且種類繁多，各具特色。中國人飲酒講究盡興，中國人愛以酒為媒介進行社交活動，并且，人與人的感情交流往往在喝酒時得到升華。中國人喝酒比較講究下酒菜，講究葷素搭配，涼熱兼顧。在酒宴上，主人往往先講上幾句話，之后 就開始第一輪敬酒，主人向?qū)⒈芯埔伙嫸M，即所謂“先干為敬”，以表示對客人的尊重主人要向客人敬酒，客人要回敬主人，敬酒時還要說上幾句敬酒詞。敬酒時，一般起立，普通敬酒以三杯為度。中國人敬酒時，往往都想對方多喝點酒，以表示自己盡到了主人之誼，客人喝的越多，主人就越高興。

俄羅斯大部分地區(qū)位于高緯度，因此年平均氣溫在0℃以下。就是在這種惡劣的環(huán)境中，俄羅斯人通過喝酒來取暖，伏特加（водка）一詞源自俄語“水”（вода），有“生命之水”的意思。伏特加一般是40度，與白蘭地和威士忌一起，同為世界三大烈酒。不過，同威士忌在飯前加冰塊蘇打水淺嘗輒止、白蘭地在餐后細品慢啜相比，俄羅斯人喝伏特加要豪放得多，哪怕是滿滿一大杯也“一口悶”。伏特加成為了俄羅斯人生活中的必備品，也成為了他們的精神寄托。

（二）茶文化。茶，是世界上最為普遍的飲品之一。茶文化有著悠 久的歷史，千百年來受到人們的重視。作為飲食的重要組成部分之一，飲茶成為了中俄兩國人民共同的愛好。

中國的茶文化源遠流長，世界聞名，是茶的故鄉(xiāng)，茶葉品種繁多。中國人喜歡喝清新淡雅的綠茶，用沸水沖泡，香氣四溢，再配置以茶道器具特別是紫砂壺一類精美的茶具，充分體現(xiàn)了清新淡雅之意境及君子之風(fēng)。

俄羅斯的茶文化歷史并不長，直到十八世紀(jì) 茶葉才在普通百姓中傳播開來。與中國人不同，俄羅斯人喜歡味道相對較重的紅茶。俄羅斯人喝紅茶喜歡配以砂糖、方糖、巧克力等用茶炊引用。展現(xiàn)了俄羅斯人獨特的民族性格。在俄羅斯，茶炊是不可缺少的飲茶器具，有“無茶炊不能算飲茶”的說法。

二、中俄民族的“食”差異 從“食”的角度看，它是人類生存的最基本要素。由于自然環(huán)境和自然資源的差異，形成了中俄兩種不同的“食”文化。

中國人的傳統(tǒng)主食是五谷，輔食是蔬菜，外加肉和 水果等。中國人注重菜品的精致和豐富，招待客人往往是一桌豐盛的菜肴方見主人的熱情及對客人的重視。中國的飲食文化源遠流長，一道菜便詮釋了一種文化理念和內(nèi)涵。例如，四喜丸子、東坡肉、龍風(fēng)呈祥等。中國飲食文化可以與時代、地域、技法及喜好程度等劃分開來。例如在中國比較聞名的各大菜系之分。

俄羅斯大部分地區(qū)位于高緯度，食物種類要比中國少，俄羅斯人的主要飲食有：面包、牛奶、土豆、奶酪和香腸——“五大領(lǐng)袖”，圓白菜、蔥頭、胡蘿卜和甜菜——“四大金剛”，以及黑面包、伏特加、魚子醬——“三劍客”。雖然俄羅斯的傳統(tǒng)美食不如中國一樣精致，但是熱情好客一點不比中國弱，招待客人都是一桌豐盛的菜肴。俄國菜肴的命名方法通常是直白明了，說明原料即可，很少會運用修辭手段。例如炸雞、腌黃瓜、熏香腸等等，但是在粗獷、隨便的背后詮釋了俄羅斯人樸實無華的生活方式和獨特的生活方式。

中國和俄羅斯雖然在文化習(xí)俗和文化生活有差異，但差異是相對的，隨著中俄聯(lián)系的不斷加深，兩國的飲食文化也在不斷地融合，相信兩國關(guān)系越來越好。

第四篇：中西方飲食文化對比論文

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture

系（部）：外語系 專 業(yè) 班： 姓 名： 學(xué) 號： 指導(dǎo)教師： 2011年 5 月

I

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture 中西方飲食文化對比

I

Abstract

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture of China and the west, come across cultural barriers, but also can train people?s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.But actually the differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very

I important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people?s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.Key words: China and the west culture;difference;concept;comunication

II

摘 要

隨著經(jīng)濟全球化進一步發(fā)展，中西方聯(lián)系越來越頻繁。作為打開中西方人民交流的重要切入點，探討中西方飲食差異變的十分重要。其意義在于既能有助于深刻理解中西方文化中的不同之處，跨越文化交流障礙，又能培養(yǎng)人們在跨文化交際時的適應(yīng)能力，有效地避免交際雙方由于文化差異而產(chǎn)生的誤會。因此，分析和研究中西方飲食文化的差異對中國的飲食文化而言具有很重要的意義。此外，它有助于指導(dǎo)我們的實踐。但是不言而喻中西美食的差異與社會文化的發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。文化是人們在長期的社會生活中生活方式凝聚起來的總稱，其中生活方式又包括思維方式和行為方式，雖然文化具有普遍性特征，但它最根本的特點是以血緣和地緣關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ)，以名族為單位形成的整體。飲食文化，同樣以名族為單位，當(dāng)一個民族形成了固定的飲食習(xí)慣，飲食技巧和飲食觀念后，便構(gòu)成了一種文化。這也與中國和西方的不同地理和歷史條件息息相關(guān)，畢竟不同的文化反映不同的生活方式。

本文將從以下五個方面來說明中西文化的差異，它具體體現(xiàn)在飲食觀念的差異、飲食內(nèi)容的差異、飲食方式的差異以及不同的餐桌禮儀等。而本文不僅探討了中西方飲食文化上的差異，更簡要分析了造成這一差異的原因。除此之外，本文還以美國的餐桌文化給出了一些例子，例如，面包盤是在主盤的左邊，飲料在主盤的右邊；沙拉叉、刀和湯匙要比主菜刀、叉、勺放的要遠；甜點餐具上方放置或隨主板送達。一般吃東西的時候嘴巴緊閉；不要在餐桌上咳嗽、打噴嚏或在餐桌上吹鼻子等或者過分大聲說話。總之，分析和研究中西方飲食文化的差異對中國的飲食文化具有很重要的意義。它不僅在于了解這一事實本身，更重要的是用它來知道我們的實踐活動，在提高認識的基礎(chǔ)上，改善食品結(jié)構(gòu)，革除餐飲弊端，提高餐飲質(zhì)量，保證人們的生活需要，弘揚中華文化的餐飲文化。

關(guān)鍵詞：中西方飲食文化；差異；觀念；交流

III

Contents

1.Introduction--------------------1 2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture--------------------------3 2.1 The difference between Chinese and Western food objects--------------------------4 2.2 The difference in diet concept----------------------------6 2.3.Differences in dietary patterns-----------------------------9 2.4 The different utensils and etiquette----------------------11 2.5 Differences in diet attribution-----------------------------13 3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food-----------------------16 4.Conclusion--------------------17 Acknowledgements--------------19 References------------------------20

IV 1． Introduction

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, food culture plays a very important role.The differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.In fact, food culture refers to the diet and lifestyle formed under certain historical or social conditions as well as the ideology formed on the basis of the aforesaid.During the history development of different countries and ethnic groups, different behavior patterns and lifestyles formed because the natural conditions and social environments were different.That is what people often refer to as customs.From the point of view of social observation and cultural study, the food culture of an ethnic group can fully embody its mentality, interest, belief and historical development.So, food culture can be seen as the most typical cultural feature of this ethnic group.The development and changes of food culture often reflect the evolution and progress of the society.The differences between Chinese culture and Western culture brought about the difference between their respective food cultures.Under two under different cultural backgrounds, obvious differences exist between Chinese food culture and western food culture, including perception, feature and the methods and materials.Therefore, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture between China and the west and come across cultural barriers, but also can train people?s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people?s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture

Once there is a saying that “Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and the other is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China?s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato?s dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “l(fā)ove” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers? cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners? characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristics.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference.Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.Between China and the West culture?s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode.The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”.2.1The difference between Chinese and Western food objects

All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.“Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun?s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners? is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth?s opinions on the “cultural pattern” theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners? is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about “home” and “roots”, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.Westerners think the food can make them feel full.therefore, eats large piece of meat;and Chinese cuisine is the “Taste” of it.Therefore, China is also showing great cooking in the random selected materials: many Westerners as something thrown away, are excellent raw materials in China, foreign chefs can not handle things the hands of a chef in China to can be miraculous.Demonstration of Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary.West China is more than reasonable with emphasis on nutrition, there are more developed in the food industry, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time, and good nutrition.Therefore, the body of their country than the Chinese people generally robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular.The westerner thought that the cooked food is appeases hunger, therefore eats the bulk meat, the entire block chicken specially and so on “the hard vegetable”.But China?s cooked food is “eats the taste”, therefore China cooks on the needed materials also appears the enormous capriciousness: Many westerners regard as abandons the things, in China is the extremely good raw material, the foreign chef is unable the thing which processes, as soon as arrives in the Chinese chef hand, may melt mysteriously decayed.Indicates the Chinese diet in needed materials aspectvastness capriciousness.Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before.As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips.Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country.Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful.In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer.Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea.2.2 The difference in diet concept

The differences between Chinese and western diet cannot be ignored.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement “which people often said to make the” realm “reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.Chinese pay great attention to “the taste” of the food, while the Westerns has a kind of rational diet idea.No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on.Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because has the nutrition.This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system.Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.The western philosophy studies the object principle of for the thing, principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in constipation forming philosophy.This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds.But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture.At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching;But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only then one kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say.As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then to become.In the color contrasts distinctively, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.The Chinese is takes seriously “to eat” very much, “the food is what matters to the people” this proverb showed that we eat look equally and the day are important.Because our nationality for several thousand years are in the low productive forces level, the people always cannot eat to the full, therefore only will then have one kind uniquely to eat can regard in all diet culture, I thought that this will be probably stems from one kind of survival to need.If one culture eats regards as the most important matter, will then present two kind of phenomena: On the one hand will eat this kind the function will display the acme, not only maintenance survival, also will use its health maintenance, this will also be” uses medicines to build up one?s health was inferior the food will make up”cultural base;On the other hand, to eats excessive takes seriously, will cause the human to esteem to the delicacy the pursue.In China?s cookery, achieves the acme nearly to the delicacy pursue, down to makes a living the Chinese to the overseas, take the restaurant as industry, has become us the basis which settles down and gets on with life in the world!It is a pity, when we take the pursue delicacy the first request, we have actually neglected food most basic nutritional value, our many traditional food must pass through overheated fries in oil boils with the long time soft fire dumpling, causes the cooked food the nutrient content to receive the destruction, many nutrient contents lost in the processing process.Therefore as soon as speaks of the nutrition question, in fact touched the Chinese diet culture biggest weakness.The folk has a slang: “the food is what matters to the people, the food take the taste as first”.Is this kind to the delicacy the pursue, poured causes us to neglect the real sense which ate meal.The Chinese when tastes the cooked food, often will say that this TV dinner “delicious”, that vegetable “is not delicious”;However if further asked that anything calls “delicious”, why “delicious”, “delicious” in where, was not perhaps easy to talk clearly.This indicated that what Chinese to diet pursue is one kind explains “the ideal condition” with difficulty, even if is usually called “the color, smell and tastes with the people, the shape,” to come this kind “the boundary” the concrete application, perhaps was still very difficult to cover.the reason that the China diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste.But the delicacy production, lies in well distributed, must make food this taste, heats up the later ripe taste, in addition the ingredient and the supplementary material taste as well as the seasoning compromise the taste, interweaves the fusion coordinated in the same place, causes it to supplement mutually, the cooperation seepage, is in perfect harmony, in you have me, in me has you.The Chinese cooking is fastidious compromises the beauty, is the Chinese cooking art concise place.A vegetable shape and the color are the external things, but the taste is actually the intrinsic thing, heavy intrinsic, but decorates the semblance not desirably, but the heavy cooked food?s taste exposes the cooked food not excessively the shape and the color, this is precisely the Chinese US diet view most important performance.In China, the diet beautiful pursue has crushed the rationality obviously, this kind of diet view and the Chinese tradition?s philosophic thinking also tallies.As Eastern philosophy representative?s Chinese philosophy, its outstanding feature is macroscopic, direct-viewing, is fuzzy and is evasive.The Chinese dish manufacture method is the well distributed large ding, is finally must compromise one happy taste.This is fastidious is a discretion, is the overall coordination.It has contained the Chinese philosophy rich diagnostic method thought that all take the vegetable taste happy, harmonized ever changing as, within had decided Chinese dish enriching and was rich in the change, has decided the Chinese dish vegetable department?s characteristic and even each chef?s characteristic.2.3 Differences in dietary patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national “happy” mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of “and” impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: “First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.2.4 The different utensils and etiquette

2.4.1 Cutlery to use

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the basic difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship.Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place.Northern China

wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks.The

emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later.According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat.About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross.To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks.Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life.Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match.Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits.The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food(to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures.Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo(which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.)When using the knife and fork there are some taboos.Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling.To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency.Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl.Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.2.4.2 Seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements.Traditional Chinese dinner with square table.Door is on both sides of the partial blocks.Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to “l(fā)adies first” Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies.In China, respect for the left and right for the times;on respect, under second;in respect, partial for the times.In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat.Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot.Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal(if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.)Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation.Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance.Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.2.4.3 Dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static.Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking.Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine.Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart?s delight.This “trouble” to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people?s “Harmony.” Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner.Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth.Shut up when eating chewing.Do not lick their lips or smack sound.Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk.If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself.Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech.Keep the volume level of the other party can hear.Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing.2.5 Differences in diet attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: “Flavor in the mouth has the same interests”.“Interests” points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of “delicious” for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming “dietary restraint”.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the “overload” and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body;and it is the consumption of such storage.Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people?s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: “The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people?s appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still ?food to eat? stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people?s spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people?s life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm.In fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China?s cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food

Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.4.Conclusion

Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women , Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people?s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries? culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other?s advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is a country with an ancient culture and is rich in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China?s reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China?s new culture.Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Miss Tu Huiqin, my supervisors, for her constant encouragement and guidance.I would not have survived all work without the constant support that she gave me.She has walked with me through the first stage of writing this paper.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper would not have reached its present form.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the English Department.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four year?s college life, I can acquire the opportunity to further study my English.References

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第五篇：中西方飲食文化對比論文

上海海洋大學(xué)

題

目：學(xué) 院：專 業(yè)：班 級：學(xué) 號：姓 名：指導(dǎo)教師：完成日期：

學(xué) 期 論 文

淺談中西方飲食文化差異 外國語學(xué)院 英語 13英語 1361322 馬夢雅 Alan

2015年12月15日

CONTENTS

1.General differences between Chinese and Western diet habits………………………………………………………… 1

2.Differences in cooking methods.…………………………

3.Differences in table manners……………………………

4.Differences in tableware…………………………………

5.Differences in tea drinking………………………………

Differences between Chinese and Western diet habits

I.General differences between Chinese and Western diet habits.Chinese diet focuses on“flavor” while Western diet cares more about “rational concept”,which means that Western food not only emphasizes the color,smell,taste,shape of food,but also pays attention to taking in proper nutrition ,even stresses on the calories, vitamins, protein, etc.in each meal.Although the taste is similar, they often force themselves to eat——because food is rich in nutrition.This idea of diet is relevant to western philosophy,meta-physic,the main characteristic of western philosophy,which promoted the western culture’s development in some degree.However,philosophy also had side effect on diet culture.Though westerners focus on the choice of tableware,the use of spices,the quality of service,and no matter how high-grade and luxury the food is,generally speaking,beef is almost the same from London to New York.In the other word,Chinese diet seems more complex.The vast land,abundant resources,different climates in north and south are all resulted in completely different flavors of Chinese food.Chinese people in different places like sweet,salt,sour,spicy food,so it gradually formed four main cuisines：Sichuan,Qilu,Huaiyang,and Guangdong.Besides,eating different food in different seasons also is a characteristic of Chinese diet.Chinese pay attention to intake in proper time,for insurance,drink mung bean soup in summer to clear away heat rather than drink it in winter.Western meals generally includes appetizer,soup,salad,seafood,meat,dessert,despite also a little differences in French,Russian,Italian,British diet habits.Meat, poultry dishes are the fourth western dishes, also known as the main dish.Meat dishes come from cattle, sheep, pigs, and other small parts of veal, the most representative is beef or steak.Beef can be divided according to their location:Sirloin steak(also known as sirloin steak), Philip steak, “T” type bone steaks,etc.Cooking methods commonly are roasted, fried, grilled, etc.Sauces of meat dishes are mainly using red wine sauce, black pepper sauce, mushroom juice.Salad,which are vegetable dishes in western food, described as a garnish.Salads usually with lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, asparagus and other production.The main salad vinegar sauces are:French sauce, dry island juice, cheese salad juice and so on.After the main dishes,that is dessert.Strictly speaking,it can be counted as the sixth dish.From the real sense, it includes all the main course after the food, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese, fruit, etc.If we metaphor banquets to dance,Chinese banquet is group dance and western banquet is social dance.It directly indicated that Chinese banquet put strength on whole table oriented while western banquet pot strength on the respect to individual.As we all know buffet,this kind of popular french dining form,it is convenient for one to one communication and it shows the western’s people oriented tradition.II.Differences in cooking methods.Chinese cooking is an art,same to music, dance, poetry, painting.There are many cooking methods in Chinese cuisine: slip, stew, roast, boil, steamed, fried， braised, grilled, stewed, casserole, etc.Chinese cooking methods are very complex, some dishes need a very long time to cook.For example,stewing chicken soup,which is a soup seems easy but if you want to cook it well,it is difficult.First,the choice of chicken is necessary;then,how to wash the chicken and put what kind of spices also important;Finally,control the cooking fire properly.Paying attention to these three steps still does not means you can cook nice chicken soup,you should focus on every process of dealing with the chicken.In contrast,western cooking methods seems easier than us,they usually roasted,boiled and fried,nothing else special.Westerners love sugar, especially desserts.The amount of sugar use are often the same amount with flour , it is fearful,no wonder incidence of obesity in western countries much more higher than us.What’s more,the amount of sugar,flour and butter are clearly stated how many grams，even has the limitation of an egg’s size.The water put in food should be measured strictly by measuring cup.In western cuisine,the usage of salt is less than us.Instead,there is no general consolidation of flavor in China:southern people like sweet food,northern people like salt food,eastern people like spicy food and western people lie sour food.III.Differences in table manners.Though Chinese and westerners all eat food beside table,actually it has rather obvious differences.In China,people often gather around a table to have a meal no matter family daily diet or formal banquet.Proposing a toast and using chopsticks to pass food to guests are common behaviors to show respect in China,especially in some important traditional festivals,people more prefer in these way to celebrate, like Spring Festival,Mid-autumn Festival.Sitting around a table,sharing dishes are main characteristics of Chinese table manner.It makes some foreigners surprised even unacceptable to this tradition when they first came to China.In China,the position you seat indicates how important you are.Guest often seated on the seat opposite to the door,which is a respectable seat.And do not touch chopsticks before all people seated for it is impolite to eat in advance.If there are ladies together to eat,men should wait and sit until ladies sit down.Chinese and western banquets all emphasize seating arrangement.Nevertheless,in western countries,people used to assigning food firstly,each one has the same dish.In Western banquet, while everyone also sitting around a table, but everyone's food dish is in a single dish.No fixed seat, you can move around freely, not only can fully meet the individuals’ food preferences, but also to facilitate the social relations, emotional and information communication.This habit fully reflects Westerners self-respect and emphasizes the individual's independence and autonomy.IV.Differences in tableware.Comparing to Western tableware,Chinese tableware seems monotonous,main includes cups, plates, bowls, plates, chopsticks, spoons, etc.Western tableware are various：knife, fork, spoon, plate, cup,besides, knife divided into food knife,fish knife, meat knife,butter knife, fruit knife;fork divided into the food fork, harpoon, lobster fork.The most basic differences between Chinese and western tableware are Chopsticks and knives,forks.Knives,forks and chopsticks, not only resulted in the differences in eating habits, but also affect the East and West people's life idea.Knife and fork influenced the group diet habit from the beginning,so westerners pay attention to independence, and their children often live alone when they grow up.Furthermore,Chinese used to eating with bowl to contain main food while westerners prefer plates.In contrast,we use plates to push different dishes,they like used bowls to contain appetizers.The usage of plates is really wide in west,including main dish,dessert.In short, the westerner care more about food itself, while Chinese emphasize the form and the feeling of the dish.In recent years, with the improvement of life quality, Chinese catering equipment is becoming increasingly professional, diversified, combine.V.Differences in tea drinking.Tea originated from China,the earliest written records of tea can be traced back to second Century BC, then introduced to the west.Since 17th Century, tea had become popular among British aristocracy.After that, the British people took unique afternoon tea culture into china.However, tea drinking still has different customs in different culture background.As everyone knows,tea is not the dominion of Chinese,westerners like tea too.However,there are very big differences:British people like putting sugar and milk into tea while Chinese people love drinking pure tea,no others contained.In general,British people like to drink black tea and Chinese people like to drink green tea.Chinese and Western diet culture difference is obvious, and each has own advantages.With the acceleration of economic globalization and information exchange, Chinese and Western food culture will be integrated in the collision.There are big differences in tea sets.Chinese tea sets often are ceramic products,such as,Pu'er teapot（red-ware teapot）is breathable,it acquires boiled water to brew Pu'er Tea,so red-ware teapot is the best choice of tea brewing.But western tea prefer silver products to brewing.The tea strainer is a necessity of western tea drinking.