第一篇：英語必修四復習提綱-Unit4 Body language

英語必修四復習提綱-Unit4 Body language Unit4 Body language 1.基礎梳理

statement greet represent association dormitory canteen flight curious Colombia approach defend cheek major Jordan dash spoken Spain Italy crossroads posture be likely to facial function ease ast ease lose face truly false anger turn one’s back to fist yawn repectiful subjective hug rank cassette 2，詞語歸納 1）major 作形容詞，表示“較大的，較多的，主要的”，雖然含有表較多的意思，但不能與than連用與比較級，常用作定語。

還可以指同姓兄弟中年長的，大的。作名詞，表示“陸軍等的少校，少將；（音樂）大調，主修課程，某專業的學生”。作動詞，表示“主修（大學里某一學科）”，后多用介詞in引出具體的科目。2）represent 作動詞，表示“代表，表現，描繪”。

represent sth to sb向某人陳述某事，常帶有不滿或者憤怒的情緒。represent…as… 把……說成……。3）curious 表示“好奇的，求知的，古怪的”。

be curious about…/be curious to do… 對……好奇/感興趣。be curious+that從句。

curiosity是名詞，“好奇心”。4）introduce 作及物動詞，表示“介紹”，不可帶雙賓語，后常跟介詞to。表示“使認識，使注意”，介詞to后面接被了解的東西。表示“引進，推行，采用”。5）touch 作動詞，表示“觸摸，接觸，觸及，輕碰”。

表示“感動，觸動”，可直接跟賓語，也常用作被動語態，多跟by引起的短語或者從句。touch on/upon sth涉及/論及某事。touch down著陸。

作名詞，表示“接觸，手法，風格”，是可數名詞。

表示“觸覺，觸感”，是不可數名詞，若前有形容詞修飾時，可使用不定冠詞。表示“聯系”，常用在下列短語： keep touch with 與……保持聯系 get into touch with 與……取得聯系 lose touch with與……失去聯系 be out of touch with與……無聯系 at a touch一觸即發。

a near touch僥幸脫險，九死一生。6）be likely to 表示“很有可能……，有希望……”。likely是形容詞，后接不定式，likely不能用probable替換。

likely還常用在“It is likely that+從句”的句型中，可以用probable替換。7）general 作形容詞，表示“大體的，一般的，普遍的”。in general總的來說，大體上，通常。

as a general rule在通常情況下，一般而言。8）aviod 作及物動詞，表示“避免，消除”后接名詞或者代詞。后跟動名詞，不能接不定式。

avide…like the plague極力回避……，盡量躲開……。9）express 作動詞，意為“表示，表達”。

express oneself（清楚地）表達自己的意思。express sth to sb向某人表達某事。作形容詞，表示“急速的，特殊的”。作名詞，表示“快車，快遞”。10）similar 是形容詞，表示“相似的，類似的”。be similar to… 與……相似。be similar in…在……方面相似。11）at ease 表示“舒適，快活，自由自在，無憂無慮”，也可以用at one’s ease表示。put/set sb at（one’s）ease 使某人感到舒適，不拘束。take a ease輕松，放心。

at ease還可以表示“稍息”，用作軍事口令。with ease容易地，無困難地。12）punish 是動詞，表示“懲罰，體罰”。

punish sb for doing sth因（做）某事懲罰某人。punish…with/by…用……處罰……。punish還可以表示“痛打”。3.語法

詳見Unit2的語法知識。

第二篇：英語必修四課文

必修四 Unit1 A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE

It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa.Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans.Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day.This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before.Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off.Then we follow as they wander into the forest.Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family.Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right.However, the evening makes it all worthwhile.We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree.Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night.We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family.Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour.She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment.However, this was not easy.When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest.Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.Her work changed the way people think about chimps.For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat.Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts.She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it.She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals.She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements.She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely.She is leading a busy life but she says: “Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories.It's terrible.It affects me when I watch the wild chimps.I say to myself, 'Aren't they lucky?” And then I think about small chimps in cages though they have done nothing wrong.Once you have seen that you can never forget...“

She has achieved everything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can.She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.Unit2 A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE

Although he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research.Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields.Now more than 60% of the rice produced in China each year is from this hybrid strain.Born into a poor farmer's family in 1930, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953.Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.As a young man, he saw the great need for increasing the rice output.At that time, hunger was a disturbing problem in many parts of the countryside.Dr Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of the fields.In 1950, Chinese farmers could produce only fifty million tons of rice.In a recent harvest, however, nearly two hundred million tons of rice was produced.These increased harvests mean that 22% of the world's people are fed from just 7% of the farmland in China.Dr Yuan is now circulating his knowledge in India, Vietnam and many other less developed countries to increase their rice harvests.Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before.Dr Yuan is quite satisfied with his life.However, he doesn't care about being famous.He feels it gives him less freedom to do his research.He would much rather keep time for his hobbles.He enjoys listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading.Spending money on himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him.Indeed, he believes that a person with too much money has more rather than fewer troubles.He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture.Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing.Long ago Dr yuan had a dream about rice plants as tall as sorghum.Each ear of rice was as big as an ear of corn and each grain of rice was as huge as a peanut.Dr Yuan awoke from his dream with the hope of producing a kind of rice that could feed more people.Now, many years later, Dr Yuan has another dream: to export his rice so that it can be grown around the globe.One dream is not always enough, especially for a person who loves and cares for his people.Unit3 A MASTER OF NONVERBAL HUMOUR

As Victor Hugo once said, ”Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face", and up to now nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin.He brightened the lives of Americans and British through two world wars and the hard years in between.He made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.Not that Charlie's own life was easy!He was born in a poor family in 1889.His parents were both poor music hall performers.You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk.Such training was common in acting families at this time, especially when the family income was often uncertain.Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off, so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick mother and his brother.By his teens, Charlie had, through his humour, become one of the most popular child actors in England.He could mime and act the fool doing ordinary everyday tasks.No one was ever bored watching him-his subtle acting made everything entertaining.As time went by, he began making films.He grew more and more popular as his charming character, the little tramp, became known throughout the world.The tramp, a poor, homeless man with a moustache, wore large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat.He walked around stilly carrying a walking stick.This character was a social failure but was loved for his optimism and determination to overcome all difficulties.He was the underdog who was kind even when others were unkind to him.How did the little tramp make a sad situation entertaining? Here is an example from one of his most famous films, The Gold Rush.It is the mid-nineteenth century and gold has just been discovered in California.Like so many others, the little tramp and his friend have rushed there in search of gold, but without success.Instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountain during a snowstorm with nothing to eat.They are so hungry that they try boiling a pair of leather shoes for their dinner.Charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti.Then he cuts off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak.Finally he tries cutting and chewing the bottom of the shoe.He eats each mouthful with great enjoyment.The acting is so convincing that it makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted!

Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and produced the films he starred in.In 1972 he was given a special Oscar for his outstanding work in films.He lived in England and the USA but spent his last years in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.He is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence.Unit4

COMMUNICATION: NO PROBLEM?

Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students.They were coming to study at Beijing University.We would take them first to their dormitories and then to the student canteen.After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously.I stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them.The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised.Tony approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek!She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding.Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada.As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student.Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George's moving hand.They both apologizednot all members of a culture behave in the same way.In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads!Unit5 THEME PARKS — FUN AND MORE THAN FUN

Which theme park would you like to visit? There are various kinds of theme parks, with a different park for almost everything: food, culture, science, cartoons, movies or history.Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture.Whichever and whatever you like, there is a theme park for you!

The theme park you are probably most familiar with is Disneyland.It can be found in several parts of the world.It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether traveling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favourite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character.As you wander around the fantasy amusement park, you may see Snow White or Mickey Mouse in a parade or on the street.Of course Disneyland also has many exciting rides, from giant swinging ships to terrifying free-fall drops.With all these attractions, no wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland.If you want to have fun and more than fun, come to Disneyland!

Dollywood, in the beautiful Smoky Mountains in the southeastern

USA, is one of the most unique theme parks in the world.Dollywood shows and celebrates America's traditional southeastern culture.Although Dollywood has rides, the park's main attraction is its culture.Famous country music groups perform there all year in indoor and outdoor theatres.People come from all over America to see carpenters and other craftsmen make wood, glass and iron objects in the old-fashioned way.Visit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that American southerners made 150 years ago, or take a ride on the only steam-engine train still working in the southeast USA.You can even see beautiful bald eagles in the world's largest bald eagle preserve.And for those who like rides, Dollywood has one of the best old wooden roller coasters, Thunderhead.It is world-famous for having the most length in the smallest space.Come to Dollywood to have fun learning all about America's historical southeastern culture!

If you want to experience the ancient days and great deeds of English knights and ladies, princes and queens, then England's Camelot Park is the place for you.Every area of the park is modelled after life in the days of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.In one place, you can watch magic shows with Merlin the Wizard.If you want to see fighting with swords or on horseback, then the jousting area is a good place to visit.If you do well there, King Arthur may choose you to fight in the big jousting tournament.Do you like animals? Then visit the farm area, and learn how people in ancient England ran their farms and took care of their animals.To enter a world of fantasy about ancient England, come to Camelot Park!

第三篇：必修四英語Units 3

必修四英語Units 3---5單元測試題（2）

單項選擇

1.The old man is _______ with his retired life that he always wears a ______ smile.A.so satisfied;contentB.well content;contented

C.so content;contentedD.satisfied;satisfying

2.People in Tibet are ______ than they used to be.A.well offB.more better offC.much better offD.quite better off

3.City people enjoy going to the countryside______with organic food and vegetables on holidays.A.to entertainB.to be entertained

C.entertaining themselvesD.to be entertained themselves

4.Once one’s desire ______ reason, trouble is sure to follow.A.overcomesB.is overcomed byC.gets rid ofD.is ridded of

5.______in a red dress, she was easy to _______ in the big crowd.A.Being dressed;pick outB.Dressed;to be picked out

C.Having dressed;pick upD.Dressed;pick out

6.With food, water and electricity______, the village is suffering a humanity disaster.A.cut downB.cut upC.cut offD.cut in

7.However hard I tried, I just couldn’t ______them of the truth of my story.A.remindB.convinceC.ridD.inform

8.People, with the young ________, love to surf the Internet for entertainment.A.in generalB.in detailC.in particularD.in brief

9.Some people have the wrong idea that those who have ______in films must have got their parts through unusual means, especially women actresses.A.playedB.actedC.madeD.starred

10.You really shouldn’t have_____to his comment on your work so violently______he meant no harm to you.A.reacted;after allB.responded;at allC.acted;after allD.done;in all

11.They are said to have developed a new ______ to teaching, which is said to improve classroom teaching greatly.A.methodB.meansC.wayD.approach

12.Property insurance helps you to ______ against natural disasters, in front of which humans appear too small.A.preventB.defendC.protectD.shelter

13.He is not ______ the kind of man who could have done such a rude thing to a lady.You must have been mistaken.A.likelyB.possibleC.probableD.maybe

14.People _______ don’t like to be made fun of, though there are some exceptions.A.on the wholeB.in generalC.in totalD.in a way

15.Your boyfriend is a reliable person.He will never ______ what he has promised.A.turn his back onB.turn a dead earC.turn his back toD.turn his face to

16.The news that his family were safe and sound in the flood put the old man ______.A.at easeB.at comfortC.at reliefD.at life

17.In order not to _______ in front of the audience, the speaker spent many many hours preparing his speech.A.lose his faceB.lose a faceC.lose facesD.lose face

18.Things are not always what they ________.A.stand forB.appearC.representD.are

19.If you are ______about the country you are going to visit, find a book to read.A.seriousB.curiousC.anxiousD.interested20.He is famous both ___a novelist and a poet but he is more famous___his novels.A.for;asB.with;forC.as;forD.like;as

21.---He was born and grew up in the town.---_______ he knows it so well.A.No doubtB.No problemC.No curiosityD.No wonder

22.The two buildings were both _______after the same pattern.A.set upB.foundedC.modeledD.sought

23.At the sound of the bell announcing the end of class, the whole class _______.A.came to lifeB.came aliveC.was bought to lifeD.returned to life

24.When we got to the cinema, there were no tickets left.We should have booked _______.A.head of timeB.in advanceC.before longD.long before

25.More money and effort should be spent _______ the cultural relics in the world.A.to keepB.remainC.preserveD.support

II 完形填空

Back in my country, when I was a child, I used to go to “market day” with my mother.One day each week, farmers used to ___26___ their fruit and vegetables into the city.They ___27___ one street to all cars, and the farmers set up tables for their ___28___.This outdoor market was a great place to ___29___.Everything was fresher than produce in grocery stores because the farmers brought it in ___30___ after the harvest.My mother and I always got there early in the morning to get the ___31___ produce.The outdoor market was a wonderful adventure for a small child, ___32___ was like a festival — full of colors and ___33___.There are red tomatoes, yellow lemons, green lettuce, peppers, grapes, onions.The farmers did their own ___34___.They all shouted loudly for ___35___ to buy their produce.“Come and buy my beautiful oranges!They’re juicy and delicious and full of vitamins to ___36___ your children healthy and strong!”

Everyone used to ___37___ with the farmers over the ___38___ of their produce.It was like a wonderful drama in a theatre;the buyers and sellers were the “___39___” in this drama.My mother was an ___40___ at this.First, she picked the freshest, most attractive tomatoes, for example.Then she asked the price.The seller told her.“What?” she said.She looked very surprised.“ So ___41___?”

The seller looked terribly ___42___.“My dear lady!” he replied.“I’m a poor, ___43___ farmer.These are the cheapest tomatoes on the market!”

They always argued for several minutes before agreeing ___44___ a price.My mother took her tomatoes and left.Both buyer and seller were ___45___.The drama was over.26.A.carryB.takeC.bringD.fetch

27.A.openedB.closedC.startedD.stopped

28.A.produceB.goodsC.foodD.product 29.A.buyB.sellC.bargainD.shop

30.A.hurriedlyB.immediately C.directlyD.straightly

31.A.bestB.finestC.freshestD.cheapest

32.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.what

33.A.voices B.noisesC.soundsD.accent

34.A.shopping B.businessC.shoutingD.advertising

35.A.customers B.producersC.themselvesD.sellers

36.A.keepB.letC.exceptD.make

37.A.argueB.talkC.discussD.speak

38.A.orderB.priceC.qualityD.form

39.A.viewers B.listenersC.actorsD.directors

40.A.actressB.inventorC.advancerD.expert

41.A.wonderful B.excitingC.cheapD.expensive

42.A.injuredB.hurtC.damagedD.wounded

43.A.excellent B.fairC.honestD.easy

44.A.withB.toC.inD.on

45.A.disappointed B.encouraged C.satisfiedD.tired

III 閱讀理解ABefore the early 1960’s people interested in the differing roles of the left and right hemispheres(半球)of the brain depended almost entirely on facts drawn from animal research, form studies of patients with one-sided brain damage.But it was possible to find out which brain hemisphere was most involved in speech and other functions in normal people by having them listen to two different words coming to the two ears at the same time.This became known as the “dichotic listening” procedure.When several word pairs are given in a row, people are unable to report them all, and most right-handers prefer to report, and report more correctly, words given to their right ears.This seems to be related to the fact that signals from the right ear, although sent to both hemispheres, are better sent to the left hemisphere which controls speech.People who have speech represented(回憶)in the right hemisphere, a very unusual occurrence even in left-handed people, more correctly report what their left ears hear.In contrast to the right-ear advantage for speech, there is generally a left-ear advantage for another type of auditory(聽覺的)signal: music.When right-handed people listen to melodic patterns they report them better from the left ear.46.Which of the following would be the most proper title for the passage?

A.An Introduction to Speech Damage in Patients with Brain Damage.B.An Investigation into the Role of the Brain’s Hemispheres.C.An Analysis of Left and Right-handed People.D.An Examination of “Dichotic Listening”.47.The “dichotic listening” procedure could best be described as hearing _______.A.two different words in the same ear twiceB.the same word twice in the same ear

C.two different words in different earsD.two different words twice in two ears

48.According to the passage, right-handed people normally _______.A.have better hearing in their both ears

B.have little difficulty in reporting words given to their right ears

C.are unable to report word pairs given to their left ears

D.correctly report word pairs given in a row

49.According to the passage, music is best appreciated when heard by _______.A.the left ear of right-handers

B.people with a left-ear advantage

C.left-handers in their right ears

D.right-handed people who understand melodic patterns

B

Any mistake made in the printing of a stamp raises its value to stamp collectors.A mistake on one inexpensive postage stamp has made the stamp worth a million and a half times its original value.The mistake was made more than a hundred years ago in the British colony of Mauritius, a small island in the Indian Ocean.In 1847 an order for stamps was sent to a London printer — Mauritius was to become the fourth country in the world to issue stamps.Before the order was filled and delivered, a ball was planned at Mauritius’ Government House, and stamps were needed to send out the invitations.A local printer was instructed to copy the design for the stamps.He accidentally inscribed the words “Post Office” instead of “Post Paid” on the several hundred stamps that he printed.Today there are only twenty-six of these misprinted stamps left fourteen One Penny Orange-Reds and twelve Two Penny Blues.Because of the Two Penny Blue’s rareness and age, collectors have paid as much as ＄16 800 for it.50.Over a century ago, Mauritius _______.A.was an independent countryB.belonged to India

C.was one of the British coloniesD.was a small island in the Pacific Ocean

51.The mistake on the stamps was made _______.A.in Mauritius B.at Mauritius Government House C.in a post office D.in London

52.Stamp collectors have paid 16 800 for _______.A.fourteen One Penny Orange-RedsB.twelve Two Penny Blues

C.one One Penny Orange-RedD.one Two Penny Blue

C

Are you truly happy? Do you ever know what it means to be happy and what it takes to achieve happiness?__53___.The following are a few tips that I follow to create happiness in my life.※ Make a plan for attaining goals that you believe will make you happy.Your moods will very likely increase if you are going after something you value.※Surround yourself with happy people.It is easy to begin to think negatively when you are surrounded by people who think that way.___54___.※When something goes wrong, try to figure out a solution instead of being absorbed in self pity.Truly happy people don’t allow setbacks to affect their mood because they know that with a little thought they can turn the circumstances back to their

favor.※__55_.These few minutes will give you the opportunity to focus on the positive things in your life and will lead you to continuous happiness.※56.Whether you treat yourself to lunch, take a long, relaxing bath or simply spend a few extra minutes on your appearance, you will be subconsciously(下意識地)putting yourself in a better mood.※Finding the humor in situations can also lead to happiness.Find a way to make light of a situation that would otherwise make you happy.※Keeping healthy is another way to achieve happiness.57.A.What makes one person happy may be very different from what makes someone else happy.B.On the contrary, if you are around people who are happy, their emotional state will be infectious.C.Being overweight or not eating nutritious foods can have a negative effect on your mood．

D.These are important questions for anyone who is seeking happiness to ask themselves.E.Spend a few minutes each day thinking about the things that make you happy.F.There are some tips in life that lead to happiness.G.It’s also important to take some time each day to do something nice for yourself.IV短文改錯

A public competition is held last year in a small town in Scotland to find out who

could eat most in the shortest time.At last, a man succeeds in setting a new record.In

the time given by the judges he ate a big bowl of fishes soup, and a whole chicken

cooked by different ways with ten big pieces of bread and a large cake.Besides of all

this, he had ten glasses of beer.After winning the competition the new champion went

home with two of her friends.As they were coming near his house, he sudden stopped

and said: “I say friends, please don’t tell my wife anything about the competition

today, and she won’t give me something to eat.”

第四篇：政治必修1復習提綱

思想政治

必修1《經濟生活》

第一部分 生活與消費

1． 任何商品都是使用價值和價值的統一體，商品的使用價值是價值的物質承擔者（要重視

商品的質量）

2． 影響價格的因素：

① 價值決定價格，價值是價格的基礎，價格是價值的貨幣表現。社會勞動生產率提高

導致社會必要勞動時間減少，商品的價值量降低。

② 商品的供求關系影響價格，供不應求價格上漲，供過于求價格下跌。

3． 從價格變動對經濟生活的影響來答題

① 價格變動對人們生活的影響

A.一般來說，當某種商品的價格上升時，人們會減少對它的購買；當這種商品價

格下降時，人們會增加對它的購買

B.不同商品價格的變動對需求量的反應程度不同，價格變動對生活必需品需求量的影響比較小，對高檔耐用品需求量的影響比較大

C.消費者對既定商品的需求，不僅受其價格變動的影響，而且受相關商品價格變

動的影響（互為替代品、互補品）

② 價格變動對生產經營的影響

A.調節生產規模

B.提高勞動生產率

C.促使企業生產適銷對路的高質量產品

4． 影響消費的因素

① 客觀因素：

A.收入是消費的基礎和前提：

a.在其它條件不變的情況下，人們的可支配收入越多，對各種商品和服務的消費量就越大

b.居民消費水平不僅取決于當前的收入，而且受未來收入預期的影響。對于

未來收入，如果人們有非常樂觀的預期，那么預知將來收入的可能性就會

加大；反之，預期未來有減少收入或者失業的風險時，人們就會節制當前的消費，以備不時之需

c.社會總體消費水平的高低與人們收入差距的大小有密切的聯系。人們收入

差距過大，總體消費水平會降低；反之，收入差距縮小，會使總體消費水

平提高

B.物價的變動影響人們的購買力：

物價的變動會影響人們的購買力。一般來說，物價上漲，人們的購買力普遍降

低，會減少對商品的消費量；物價下跌，則購買力普遍提高，會增加對商品的消費量

② 主觀因素：受消費心理的影響（攀比，求異，從眾，求實心理）

5． 怎樣樹立正確的消費觀（如何做一個理智的消費者）

① 量入為出，適度消費

② 避免盲從，理性消費

③ 保護環境，綠色消費

④ 勤儉節約，艱苦奮斗

-．如何提高人們的消費水平

①收入是消費的基礎和前提，必須保持經濟的穩定增長，增加居民收入，提高消費能力。千方百計增加農民收入，繼續增加中低收入戶家庭收入

②居民的消費水平不僅取決于當前的收入而且受未來收入預期的影響，所以要加強社會保障，激發預期消費，實施積極的就業政策。繼續完善社會保障體系。加大財政轉移力度，緩解居民消費后顧之憂，切實解決居民關心的就業、教育、醫療、養老、住房等民生問題

③社會總體消費水平的高低與人的收入差距大小有密切聯系。收入差距縮小，總體消費水平提高。要統籌城鄉發展，注重社會公平，保障人民共享改革發展成果

④物價變動會影響人們的購買能力，因而要穩定物價水平，挖掘消費潛力。要高度重視農業生產，保證農產品穩定供應。加強市場監督和監管，對哄抬物價的行為予以嚴肅處理

⑤加強宏觀調控，實行積極的財政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策，制定鼓勵消費的政策措施，合理擴大信貸規模

⑥保障消費者合法權益，營造和諧消費環境。深入推進誠信建設，大力整頓和規范市場經濟秩序，強化商品及商品服務質量

⑦要大力發展經濟特別是農村經濟

第二部分 生產、勞動與經營

1． 生產與消費的辯證關系原理

① 生產決定消費

A． 生產決定消費的對象

B． 生產決定消費的方式

C． 生產決定消費的質量和水平

D． 生產為消費創造動力

② 消費對生產具有重要的反作用

A． 消費是生產的目的B． 消費對生產的調整和升級起著導向作用

C． 消費是生產的動力

D． 消費為生產創造出新的勞動力

2． 我國的基本經濟制度

① 含義：我國社會主義初級階段的基本經濟制度（所有制）是以公有制為主體、多種

所有制經濟共同發展

② 原因：

A.適合社會主義初級階段生產力發展不平衡、多層次的狀況，符合社會主義的本質要求

B.實踐證明，它有利于促進生產力的發展，有利于增強我國的綜合國力，有

利于提高人民的生活水平

③ 途徑：

A．第一，必須毫不動搖地鞏固和發展公有制經濟

B．第二，毫不動搖地鼓勵、支持、引導非公有制經濟的發展

C．第三，形成各種所有制經濟平等競爭、相互促進的新格局

3．公司經營成功的主要因素

①制定正確的經營戰略

②公司要提高自主創新能力，依靠技術進步、科學管理等手段，形成自己的競爭優勢

③要誠信經營，樹立良好的信譽和企業形象

④以人為本，貫徹科學發展觀

4．如何解決勞動者就業問題

①國家：要大力發展經濟，促進就業，實施積極的就業政策

② 勞動者：要樹立自主擇業觀、競爭就業觀、職業平等觀、多種方式就業觀 ③ 企業：要大力提高經濟效益

5．如何維護勞動者的合法權益

①國家：在實施積極的就業政策，擴大多渠道就業的同時，規范和協調勞動關系，加強勞動保護，改善勞動條件，完善社會保障體系，頒布和實施《勞動法》

② 勞動者：自覺的履行勞動者的義務是獲得權利、維護權益的基礎；依法簽訂勞動合同是維護勞動者合法權益的重要依據；當自己的權益受到侵害時，可以通過投訴、協商、申請調解、申請仲裁、向法院起訴等途徑加以維護；勞動者要增強權利意識和法律意識，依法維護自己的合法權益

③ 企業：增強法制意識和道德意識，遵守勞動法和職業道德，自覺維護勞動者的合法

權益

6． 如何選擇正確的投資方式

① 要注意投資的回報率，也要注意投資的風險性

② 投資要注意多元化

③ 投資要量力而行

④ 投資要注意考慮個人利益，同時要考慮國家利益，做到利國利民，同時不可違反國

家法律、政策

第三部分收入與分配

1． 我國的分配制度：我國現階段實行按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存的分配制度

2． 我國現階段的分配方式

① 按勞分配（主體）：國有企業和集體企業的勞動者的工資、獎金和津貼

② 按個體勞動者的勞動成果分配（從屬）：個體勞動者、個體經濟

③ 按生產要素分配（從屬）：資本、土地、技術、勞動（私營企業和外資企業中職工的工資、獎金和津貼）、管理、信息

3． 在收入分配方面如何實現社會公平

① 堅持和完善按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式并存的分配制度

② 保證居民收入在國民收入分配中占合理比重、勞動報酬在初次分配中占合理比重

是實現社會公平的重要舉措

③ 再分配更加注重公平是實現社會公平的另一重要舉措

4． 怎樣正確處理公平和效率的關系

① 初次分配和再分配都要處理好效率和公平的關系，既要提高效率又要促進公平② 既要反對平均主義，又要防止收入差距懸殊

③ 既要落實分配政策，又要提倡奉獻精神

④ 在鼓勵人們創業致富的同時，倡導回報社會和先富幫后富

5． 影響財政收入的因素

① 經濟發展水平，是基礎性作用，二者是根與葉、源與流的關系

② 分配政策，與國家財政集中的財富有關

6． 財政的作用

① 促進社會公平、改善人民生活的物質保障

② 具有促進資源合理配置的作用

③ 具有促進國民經濟平穩運行的作用

第四部分發展社會主義市場經濟

1． 社會主義市場經濟的基本特征

① 基本標志：堅持公有制為主體

② 根本目標：以共同富裕為根本目標

③ 在社會主義經濟條件下，國家能夠實行強有力的宏觀調控

2． 國家宏觀調控的原因和手段

① 原因：

A． 為了彌補市場調節的不足

B． 是由我國的社會主義性質決定的C． 社會主義公有制及共同富裕目標要求國家必須發揮宏觀調控的職能 ② 手段：以經濟手段和法律手段為主，輔之以必要的行政手段

3． 如何促進國民經濟又好又快的發展

① 提高自主創新能力，建設創新型國家。② 加快轉變經濟發展方式，推動產業結構優化升級。

③ 統籌城鄉發展，推進社會主義新農村建設。

④ 加強能源資源節約和生態環境保護，增強可持續發展能力。

⑤ 推動區域協調發展。縮小區域發展差距。

4．怎樣提高開放型經濟

①對外開放是長期的基本國策

② 我國對外開放的格局，形成了全方位、寬領域、多層次的對外開放格局 ③ 提高開放型經濟水平基本戰略：把“引進來”和“走出去”相結合④ 我國實行對外開放堅持的原則：必須始終堅持獨立自主、自力更生的原則

第五篇：政治必修二復習提綱【精品】（范文模版）

民主

民主選舉：方式：直接、間接、等額和差額

民主決策：決策形式：間接；直接【4個制度：1.社情民意反映（拓寬民意反映渠道、是決策機關科學決策的重要前提）2.專家咨詢（提高決策科學性）3.社會公示（增強決策透明度和公民參與度）

4.社會聽證（決策利民）】

民主管理：城市、農村 意義：擴大基層民主、是社會主義民主最為廣泛而深刻的實踐，重點推進

民主監督：3個制度（主要渠道）：信訪舉報、人大代表聯系群眾、輿論監督；3個形式：監督聽證會、民主評議會、網上評議政府

公民

權利：1.選舉和被選舉權2.政治自由3.監督權

義務：1.維護國家統一和民族團結2.遵守憲法和法律3.維護國家安全、榮譽和利益4.服兵役和參加民兵組織

原則：1.法律面前人人平等2.權利義務相統一3.個人利益與國家利益相結合政府

性質（國家權力機關的執行機關）+宗旨（為人民服務）+原則（對人民負責）+職能（1.保障人民民主和維護國家長治久安2.組織社會主義經濟建設<內容：經濟調節、市場監管、社會管理、公共服務。作用：促進社會經濟發展、提高生活水平>3.組織社會主義文化建設）+依法行政【意義：貫徹依法治國方略，提高行政管理水平的基本要求。本質：堅持全心全意為人民服務的根本宗旨，體現了對人民負責的原則。重要意義：1.有利于保障人民群眾的權力和自由2.有利于加強廉政建設，保證政府及其工作人員不變質，增強政府的權威3.有利于防止行政權力缺失和濫用，提高行政管理水平4.有利于帶動全社會尊重法律·遵守法律·維護法律，推進社會主義民主法制建設。（提高依法行政水平：1.加強立法工作，提高立法質量，以嚴格規范行政執法行為2.加強行政執法隊伍建設，促進嚴格執法、公正執法和文明執法，不斷提高執法能力和水平

3.深化行政管理體制改革，努力形成權責一致、分工合理、決策科學、執行順暢、監督有力的行政管理體制）】= 政府權威

人民代表大會制度：含義：按照民主集中制原則，由人民選舉代表組成人民代表大會作為國家權力機關，統一管理國家社會事務的政治制度

地位“我國政體、根本政治制度