第一篇：網絡支付知識要點及高分寶典

支付發展瓶頸：資金流是決定電子商務能否安全順利、方便快捷、低成本開展的關鍵環節，其流動與處理的效率、成本高低直接關系到電子商務開展效果。傳統的支付結算方式不能充分滿足高水平的發展要求，現金、紙質支票等不但應用范圍有限，結算速度較慢，而且不太安全，即使一些已有較為現代化的電子支付結束方式也只是應用在專用的金融網絡上，不但應用上不太方便，而且由于商務交易系統與支付系統的分離，給商務實體的運作增加了很多不確定性和經營風險，影響效率，增加了企業與銀行的支付結算成本，所以也不能很好地應用到電子商務的支付結算中。在信息流、資金流、物流信息等基本可在網上進行方便快捷的傳遞、處理的情況下，資金流的處理成了電子商務業務流程中的難點。

電子貨幣：就是在通信網絡或金融網絡中流通的“金錢”有可能是“金錢”的電子形式的代幣，也有可能是控制“金錢”流向的指令。優點：使用和流通更加方便與快捷，而且安全，成本低。形態：電子貨幣的一般應用方式，即用一定金額的現金或存款從電子貨幣發行機構的營業柜臺兌換，并獲得代表相同金額的特殊電子數據，通過使用某些電子化方法將該特殊數據直接轉移個支付對象，從而實現債務清償。這里的特殊電子數據本身即稱為電子貨幣。

基本運作流程：發行，流通，回收。特征：（1）形式方面，是一種電子符號或電子指令，其存在形式隨處理的媒體而變化。（2）技術方面，使用電子化方法并且采用了安全對策。（3）結算方式，按支付結算中資金的應用狀況表現為預付型、即付型、后福型。（4）流通規律，有的只允許一次換手，即只能使用一次支付就得返回發行者處的流通形式；有的可多次換手即多次輾轉流通的形式，并不一定要求馬上返回發行者處。（5）電子化方法，“支付手段的電子化”是對貨幣價值本身進行電子化，電子貨幣即電磁記錄本身是保有“價值”的，可以理解為“電子等價物”。“支付方法的電子化”是指支付結算中，并不是真正的“等價物”本身在網上傳遞，而是使用電子化的方法將“等價物”轉移的電子指令傳遞給支付結算服務提供者以完成支付結算。分類：“開環型”貨幣的余額信息在個人或企業之間可以輾轉不斷地流通下去，信息的流通路徑沒有限定的終點，不構成固定的流通閉合回路。“閉環型”電子貨幣進行支付后，一次支付的余額信息必須返回發行主體進行結算。

電子銀行：電子化和信息化了的高效率、低運行成本的銀行。

網絡銀行：借助廉價的、互動的internet力量，使之與銀行采用的現有計算機與通信技術、信息結束結合起來。

電子支付：通過電子信息化的手段實現交易中的價值與使用價值的交換過程，即完成支付結算的過程。網絡支付：以金融電子化網絡為基礎，以商用電子化工具盒各類交易卡位媒介，采用現代計算機技術和通信技術作為手段，通過計算機網絡系統特別是internet，以電子信息傳遞形式來實現資金的流通和支付。基本構成：（1）“客戶”是指internet上與某商家或企業有商務交易關系并且存在未清償的債權、債務關系的一方。（2）“商家”則是擁有債權的商品交易的另一方，可以根據客戶發起的支付指令向中介的金融體系請求獲取貨幣給付，即請求結算。（3）“客戶開戶行”是指客戶在其中又有資金賬戶的銀行，客戶所擁有的網絡支付工具主要是由開戶銀行提供的。（4）“商家開戶行”是商家在其中開設資金賬戶的銀行，其賬戶是整個支付結算過程中資金流向的地方或目的地。（5）“支付網關”公共網絡平臺和銀行內部的金融專用網絡平臺之間的安全接口，網絡支付的電子信息必須通過支付網關進行處理后才能進入安全的銀行內部支付結算系統，進而完成安全支付的授權和獲取。（6）“金融專用網絡”則是銀行內部及銀行間進行通信的專用網絡，它不對外開放，因此具有很高的安全性。（7）“CA認證中心”是網上商務的準入者和市場的規范者，它與傳統商務中工商局的作用有點類似，是個第三方的公正機構。基本功能：（1）能夠使用數字其阿明和數字證書等實現對網上商務各方的認證，以防止支付欺詐。（2）能夠使用較為尖端的加密技術，對相關支付信息流進行加密。（3）能夠使用數字摘要算法確認支付電子信息的真偽性，防止偽造假冒等欺騙行為。（4）當網上交易雙方出現糾紛，特別是有關支付結算的糾紛時，系統能夠保證對相關行業或業務的不可否認性。（5）能夠處理網上貿易業務的多邊支付問題。（6）整個網絡支付結算過程對網上貿易各方，特別對客戶來講，應該是方便易用的，手續與過程不能太繁瑣，大多數支付過程對客戶與商家來講應是透明的。（7）能夠保證網絡支付結算的速度，即應該讓商家與客戶感到快捷，這樣才能體現電子商務的效率，發揮網絡支付結算的優點。

防火墻，加解密：防火墻技術只能比較靜態地保護網絡支付涉及的客戶端網絡、商家網絡、銀行后臺網絡等安全，相當于這些網絡的第一道防護門。加解密則涉及網絡支付時一些數據的機密性問題。主要是數據的保密性問題，即為了保證電子商務中數據、特別是與支付相關的一些隱私數據的保密性、真實性，實現應用服務與信息資源的管理控制，以及對數據進行有效加密。

Set協議和ssl協議的比較：都采用公開密鑰加密法、私有密鑰加密法、數字摘要等加密技術與數字證書等認證手段。在支持技術上，兩者是一致的。對信息傳輸的機密性來說，功能是相同的。但ssl是基于傳輸層的，set是基于應用層的。Ssl在建立雙方的安全通信通道之后，所有傳輸的信息都被加密，而set則會有選擇地加密一部分敏感信息。Ssl協議中，商家也有數字證書，可向客戶證明資金是一家真實存在的商家。有些系統也向客戶發放數字證書，但這證書是發給瀏覽器軟件的，而set是與信用卡綁在一起的，更安全。Set主要針對信用卡應用，ssl支持較多的網絡支付手段。Set系統給銀行、商家、持卡客戶帶來了更多的安全，使他們在進行網上交易時更加放心，但實現復雜、成本高；而ssl則相應帝簡單快捷，但存在一定的安全漏洞。電子現金：數字現金，是一種以電子數據形式流通的、能被客戶和商家普遍接受的、通過internet購買商品或服務時使用的貨幣。是一種隱性貨幣，表現為由現金數值轉換而來的一系列電子加密序列數，通過這些加密序列數來表示現實中各種金額的幣值。

電子錢包：是一個客戶用來進行安全網絡交易特別是安全網絡支付并且儲存交易記錄的特殊計算機軟件或硬件設備，能夠存放客戶的電子現金、信用卡號、電子零錢、個人信息等，經過授權偶又可方便地有選擇地取出使用的新式網絡支付工具。

智能卡：IC卡，計算機集成電路芯片，用來存儲用戶的個人信息及電子貨幣的信息，且可具有進行支付與結算等功能的消費卡。

電子支票：E-Check，數字支票，是將傳統支票的全部內容電子化和數字化，形成標準格式的電子版，借助計算機網絡完成其在客戶之間、銀行與客戶之間以及銀行與銀行之間的傳遞與處理，從而實現銀行客戶間的資金支付結算。

電子匯兌：利用電子手段處理資金的匯兌業務，以提高匯兌效率，降低匯兌成本。

CNFN：就是把中國中央銀行、各商業銀行和其他金融機構有機地連接在一起的全國性與專業性的金融計算機網絡系統。

EDI：電子數據交換，是一種在貿易企業之間傳遞訂單、發貨通知、運單、裝箱單、收據發票、保險單、進出口申報單、報稅單、繳款單等作業文件的電子化手段。

移動商務：用戶在支持internet應用的現代無線通信網絡平臺上，借助手機、PDA、筆記本電腦等移動終端設備完成相應商務產品或服務的購買或消費行為的社會經濟活動。

第二篇：(修改版)雅思寫作高分寶典

雅思寫作高分寶典（打印稿）

雅思A類議論文寫作

第一節——教育與學習

1、向老師還是從網絡、電視上學知識

Students at school and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers than from other sources(such as the Internet, television).To what extend do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

In the Information Age, students have more accesses to all kinds of information.Some people argue that they should grasp every means to learn rather than learn from teachers, while others hold the opposite view.Speaking for myself, I stand on the side of the former one.No doubt, it is absolutely necessary for students to learn their lessons in class with teachers at schools and universities.But, at the same time, we find some knowledge seems practically useless, and teachers are often enthusiastic to explain some theories, which are not of much use for most of the students in their future.Such lessons are not suitable for everyone.Some students may feel boring and their requests for specific knowledge cannot be met, too.Using a range of sources such as the Internet and television to learn has obviously merits.On the one hand, students can study on line efficiently.For example, modern technology has provided many powerful computer assisted language learning programs that help students with pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, reading and writing of different languages.On the other hand, students can learn practical skills which are taught on the Internet and television by using specific examples.Knowledge and art from these sources would be useful supplements to those from lessons at schools and universities.From the above mentioned analysis, we can safely draw the conclusion that other sources like the Internet and television are indispensable supplements to the traditional education forms.And students should also learn much more from the Internet and television.【高分詞匯】 ★grasp vt.抓住，抓緊

例He thought mathematics more difficult to grasp than physics.○譯他覺得數學比物理更難捉摸 ○★enthusiastic adj.熱心的，熱情的

例China has the most enthusiastic fans in the world.○譯中國有全世界最熱情的球迷 ○★be suitable for 適合……的

例 The weather is suitable for outdoor activities.○

譯天氣適合戶外運動 ○★practical adj.實際的、實用的

例 The plan takes on a more practical aspect.○譯這個計劃具有更切合實際的性質 ○★supplement n.補遺、補充 v.補充

例Try a B vitamin supplement.○譯試著補充些維生素B ○★indispensable adj.不可缺少的，絕對必要的

例 The computers are now an indispensable tool in many businesses ○譯目前，計算機是很多公司不可或缺的工具 ○【萬能句型】

1.Some people argue that …, while others hold the opposite view.Speaking for myself, I stand on the side of the former one.譯文： 一些人認為……，然而其他人持有相反的觀點。在我看來，我支持前者。解讀：這種句型結構適用于第一段，引出題目中雙方的觀點，同時表明自己的立場，表示支持前者或后者的觀點。

2.From the above mentioned analysis, we can safely draw the conclusion that… 譯文： 通過上面的分析，我們可以得出結論，那就是，……

解讀：這種句型結構適用于結尾段，承接上文，并給出結論。這種句型結構在絕大多數的議論文結尾都可以使用。

2、出國留學的利弊

More and more students choose to go to another country for their higher education.Do you think the benefits outweigh the problems associated with it? 【Model Essay】

In order to acquire more knowledge, more and more people decided to further their study abroad.I believe that the benefits of studying abroad for higher education are far greater than problems that could be associated with it.There are many reasons supporting my view.First and foremost, students can learn advanced knowledge and management experience which can widen their horizons and minds.Then, studying abroad can provide a good language environment to students and make it easy to pick a language, which can contribute to remove language barrier and make international cooperation much easier.Besides, studying abroad can cultivate students’ ability to live independently and their characters, for they have to deal with many problems and learn how to be accustomed to a new environment and how to get along with foreign teachers and classmates.Last but not least, studying abroad is an excellent way for

students to learn about themselves and the world in which they live in.By communicating with foreign friends, they will experience the characteristics of a distinct culture and see the similarities to and differences from their own.However, studying abroad also brings about many disadvantages.Firstly, students will be confronted with so many psychological problems.They often feel lonely and helpless in a new environment.Furthermore, the tuition is very high, which is a very heavy burden to the average people.To sum up, the advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages greatly.We should encourage students study abroad.When they accomplish their curriculum, they can make more contribution to the construction of our society.【高分詞匯】

★acquire vt.獲得，學到

例The company has recently acquired new offices in central London.○譯公司最近在倫敦市中心弄到了新的辦公室 ○★further vt.促進，推進

例We’ll do all we can to further your plans.○譯我們將經歷促成你們的計劃。○★associate vt.是發生聯系，使聯合

例I don’t associate the two ideas.○譯這兩個概念我聯系不起來。○★horizon vt.范圍，視野

例Go out for broaden your horizon.○譯出去開開眼界。○★cultivate vt.培養

例She cultivates her mind by reading many books.○譯她博覽群書，修身養性。○★deal with 應付，處理；對待

例He must deal with many difficulties.○譯他必須應付許多困難。○★be accustomed to習慣于

例He is accustomed to loneliness.○譯他對于孤獨已經習以為常。○★get along with 與……和睦相處

例He is good-tempered;he gets along with everyone.○譯他脾氣好，和誰都處得來。○

3、老師在信息時代的作用

Teachers used to convey information, but now with wide resources of information from the Internet, there is no role for teachers to play in modern education.Do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, the computer is growing in popularity in education for its marvelous functions.Some people, therefore, claim that teachers` roles are not significant any more in the Information Age given the convenience and efficiency of the Internet in terms of information access.As far as I am concerned, however, this point of view seems a bit partial and misleading.Most important of all, it is often the case that teachers can benefit students in many ways which computers cannot.Indeed, teachers often bring students a host of knowledge and ideas out of text books, such as ethics and such kind of things.There are plenty of vivid evidences to support the opinion that teachers are usually serving as the guide for students, a role which can never be performed by computers.For example, when I studied in high school, one of my teachers helped me with my study and taught me how to deal with difficulties in my life as well.It is impossible for computers to fulfill these actions.In addition, a more subtle point is that young students are more susceptible to the adverse influence of computers.It is a general principle that juveniles are usually lack in the sense of judgment to tell right from wrong.So they are more likely to be distracted from study by the lure that comes along with computers.Therefore, teachers are superior to computers in cultivating students.To conclude, it is all very well to suggest that teachers invariably enjoy the most crucial role in fostering young people, we should not lose sight of the dramatic benefits brought by computers as well.That is to say, teacher can never give way to computers buy they can make computers facilitate their jobs.【高分詞匯】

★convenience n.便利，方便，有益

例 The house has all the modern conveniences.○譯這棟房屋有各種現代化的設施。○★in terms of 就......而言，從……方面說來

例He referred to your work in terms of high praise.○譯他對你的工作大加贊揚。○★ethics n.道德規范，倫理學

例 The ethics of his profession don`t permit him to do that.○譯他的職業道德不允許他那樣做。○

★subtle adj.敏感的，微妙的

例 Her whole attitude had undergone a subtle change.○譯她的整個態度發生了微妙的變化。○★be susceptible to 對……敏感

例In his weakened condition, he is very susceptible to cold.○譯他身體很弱，因此很容易患感冒。○★superior adj.較高的，上級的，較好的

例You’re a very superior young woman.○譯你是一個非常優秀的年輕女性。○★foster vt.養育，撫育，培養

例Nowadays young couple sometimes foster.○譯現今年輕夫婦有時領養別人的孩子。○★give way to 讓路，讓步

例Cloudy mornings give way to clear evenings.○譯【諺】早晨云遮日，晚上星滿天。○★facilitate vt.使便利，減輕……的困難

例Tractors facilitate farming.○譯拖拉機使耕作便利。○【萬能句型】

1.As far as I am concerned, however, this point of view seems a bit partial and misleading.譯文： 在我看來，這種觀點有點偏頗并且容易令人誤解。解讀：這個句型常常用于第一段的末尾，表明作者的立場和觀點。2.Most important of all, it is often the case that … 譯文： 最重要的是，……

解讀：在這個句型中，it is often the case 一般不用翻譯，它所表述的實際內容就是that后面的內容。省略了it is often the case 也沒有錯，放在這里主要是為了增加文章的語言色彩。

4、通過看電視學習

Some children can learn efficiently by watching TV.Therefore, they should be encouraged to watch TV both at home and at school.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

There are many ways of learning, and watching TV is one of them.Some children can learn quite well by watching TV.Hereby, some people argue that children should be encouraged to watch TV both at home and at school.As far as I am concerned, however, this point of view seems a bit absurd and ridiculous.On one hand, in spite the function of learning, TV has so many demerits.Firstly, watching TV is harmful to eyes.Staring at TV for a long time may lead to short sight.Secondly, not all the contents on the TV are suitable for children.Some of TV programs contain violence and obscenity, which are harmful to the children`s growth.Thirdly, long time sitting before TV is not good for physical growth.Staying in one position for a long time can lead to crookback.On the other hand, apart from TV, there still are other efficient ways which can help children to learn.First of all, children can comprehend considerable number of things by playing games.Traditional games do good to exploit children`s wit, and modern games help them to get a rough idea about the society.Then, telling stories is another efficient way.Encouraging children to tell stories can develop their observing abilities and language skills.Last, sightseeing is also a valid method which can help children contact close with the nature.For example, organizing children to the zoo can give them vivid images of the animals.Once you have known all the above-mentioned, you must agree with me that the idea of encouraging children to watch TV both at home and at school is absolutely insane.Watching TV is just one of many effective learning methods, but not the only one.【高分詞匯】

★absurd adj.荒謬的，可笑的

例 What an absurd suggestion!○譯多么荒唐的建議！○★ridiculous adj.荒謬的，可笑的

例It`s the most ridiculous thing I`ve ever heard in my life.○譯這是我有生以來聽到最荒唐可笑的事。○★in spite of 雖然，盡管

例I went out in spite of the rain.○譯 盡管下雨我仍然外出。○★suitable…for 合適的

例 He hasn`t any suitable shoes for the wedding.○譯適合在婚禮上穿的鞋他一雙也沒有。○★efficient adj.有效地，有能力的

例 She is an efficient manageress.○譯她是個有能力的經理。○★comprehend vt.領會，理解

例I did not comprehend his meaning.○譯我不理解他的意思。○★vivid adj.生動的，鮮明的

例 A vivid picture is present to our eyes.○譯一幅栩栩如生的畫面出現在我們面前。○【萬能句型】

1.Hereby, some people argue that… 譯文： 因此，一些人認為……

解讀：這個句型一般用于開頭段第二句，也就是在第一句介紹背景之后用于引出某些人的觀點。

2.Once you have known all the above-mentioned, you must agree with me that… 譯文： 一旦你了解了上面所提到的，你肯定會同意我的觀點，那就是……

解讀：這種句型一般用于最后一段第一句，對前面所論述的內容作出總結，并進一步強調作者觀點。考生應熟練運用這種句型。在結尾段直接用I believe…這樣的句型，雖然沒有錯誤，但缺少語言色彩。恰當運用上面的句型加分的機會更大。

5、各種課程對職業的重要性

Some people think that schools should concentrate on academic classes, because they are helpful for further career.But they think music and sports classes are not useful.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Recently, whether schools should concentrate on academic classes has triggered a heated discussion.Some people contend that career-oriented education for college students should be encouraged and schools should mainly provide academic classes.But there are also a majority of people suggest that personality-oriented education is necessary and music and sports classes should also be offered.Personally, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter one in the following reasons.On the one hand, if schools only taught academic classes, the school life would definitely be monotonous and boring.No one can tolerate such tough days.Most students treasure their happy years in school, because they are colorful and diversified.On the other hand, music and sports lessons are extremely important to students.To start with, sports and music can accompany one throughout his life.Some students may forget the academic knowledge learned at school, but they will not forget how to do sports and appreciate music.Furthermore, music classes can cultivate one’s mind and temperament, which are helpful in building one’s optimistic personality.Sports can help students keep fit and build up strong character.Last but not least, sports and music can raise one’s taste.People with good taste of music and sports usually keep away from bad behaviors.Based on the above discussion and analysis, we can see that academic classes are not as important as some people think, and music and sports classes are not useless, either.Academic classes develop one’s ability;music and sports classes improve one’s personality charm.In contemporary society, only able persons with fine character and moral win the career.【高分詞匯】

★concentrate on專心，把思想集中于

例 Many firms are concentrating on increasing their markets overseas ○譯許多公司正在集中精力開拓它們的海外市場。○★monotonous adj.單調的，無變化的

例 She thought life in the small town was monotonous.○譯她覺得小鎮上的生活單調而乏味。○★tolerate vt.忍受，容忍

例she cannot tolerate that rude fellow.○譯她不能容忍那個粗魯的家伙。○★treasure vt.珍愛，珍惜

例I certainly treasure the friendship between us very much.○譯我當然非常珍視我們之間的友誼。○★temperament n.氣質，性情

例Success often depends on temperament.○譯成功常常取決于一個人的性格。○★keep fit保持健康

例 We work out regularly to keep fit.○譯我堅持鍛煉以保持健康。○【萬能句型】

3.Some people contend that …But there are also a majority of people suggest that… 譯文： 一些人主張……，但是也有許多人建議…… 解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段，介紹雙方觀點。

2.Personally, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter one in the following reasons.譯文：個人而言，我傾向于后者，理由如下。

解讀：這個句型結構一般用于開頭段最后一句，表明作者贊成的觀點，同時引起下文。

6、學習與職業發展

Some people think that studying in a college or university is the best way for students to prepare for their future career.But others think they should leave school as soon as possible to develop their career through work experience.Discuss both these view and give your own opinion.【Model Essay】

Time spent in campus is not always treated with great importance.Some parents may choose other ways for their children’s post-high-school period, namely, helping them find jobs, rather than sending them to a college.I can find myself against this act for many reasons, amongst which we can figure some strongest ones as follows.My first con against this behavior is that education is not just a benefit but also one’s rights.Without education, as Gorge Orwell had once said, is to be deprived of the most precious privilege in our time as a modern man.With college education, youngsters can choose a better way of doing things correctly and efficiently.The sharp contrast between those who have received well education and those without is not just financially, but more vitally, spiritually.Admittedly, we can find cases of some people achieve without college education, but these cases are famous only because they are rare.Those people who succeed with a college degree are more common.The absence of university education is hard to imagine in our days.The prospect of those juvenile workers or businessmen would be even dimmer than ever before.For in our age, knowledge is not only the power, but also the know-how to solving problems and gaining a much larger fortune.Therefore we should always encourage kids to further education and even more, we should fund those who cannot afford their college study ,because their future is the future of our nation.【高分詞匯】

★deprive vt.剝奪，使喪失

例 She has been deprived of sight for some year.○譯她失明已有幾年了。○★privilege n.特權，特別待遇

例 We need to allow a privilege to him.○譯我們需要給他一種特權。○★prospect n.景色，前景

例 The prospect of this young team is beyond measure.○譯這支年輕隊伍前途不可限量。○

★dim vt.使暗淡，使失去光澤

例 His defection from the party dims his political career.○譯他的叛黨使得他政治前途黯淡。○★further education進修

例What are my opportunities for additional training or further education? ○譯我有多大的深造或進修的機會？ ○【萬能句型】

1.I can find myself against…for many reasons, amongst which we can figure some strongest ones as follows.譯文： 我有很多理由反對…，在這些理由當中，我們能發現下面一些是最具有說服力的。解讀：這種句型一般用于第一段最后一句，表明作者的立場，引起下文。2.My first con against this behavior is that… 譯文： 我反對這種行為的第一個理由是，……

解讀：這種句型一般用在第二段的第一句，解釋作者反對某種行為或觀點的第一個原因。

第二節——經濟與社會

7、技術與貧富差距

Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between the rich and the poor.Do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Technology is one of the most powerful forces in society today.It is being put to use everywhere, in homes and organizations of all sizes and helps millions of people do their jobs more effectively each day.Some people, however, believe the range of technology will widen the gap between the rich and the poor.In fact, I believe that the gap between rich and poor people will narrow because of the new technologies.There are numerous reasons why I hold this opinion, and I would explore a few of the most important ones here.First and foremost, the development of technology has made the price of high-tech products less expensive, so even the poor can afford cell phones and computers, which used to be symbols of wealth.That is to say, more people than ever have the opportunity to take advantage of the new technologies, which will definitely decrease the gap between the rich and the poor.Besides, another example is from the way that people travel.We used to take a train, but presently, most people would prefer to take a flight if the destination is quite far away.Such gap between the rich and the poor is not as obvious as before.Last but not least, some poor people who are intelligent can also make good use of the technologies.There are many examples which demonstrate how some poor persons become rich by using high technologies.To conclude, wealth imbalance is not the result of technological development, but the disparity of information.The technology is just the remedy to the disparity.I believe with the range of technology available to people, the gap between the rich and the poor will keep decreasing.【高分詞匯】

★ put to use 使用，利用

例 We shall put it to good use.○譯 我們將好好利用它。○★ widen v.加寬，放寬，擴展

例 Her outlook gradually widens ○譯 她的眼光漸漸開闊了。○★ gap n.缺口，差距

例 There is a wide gap between the views of the two statements.○譯 關于這點，兩位政治家的政見有很大分歧。○★ narrow vt.使變狹窄，使縮小

例 The river narrows at this point.○譯 河在這里變窄了。○★ high-tech n.高科技

例 Traditional products do not disqualify the producer from high-tech ○譯 生產傳統的產品，不表示它就不是高科技。○★ afford vt.提供，供應得起

例 She can afford a new computer.○譯 她能買得起一臺新電腦。○★ intelligent adj.聰明的，伶俐的，有才智的

例 I have not arrived at a very intelligent opinion on that matter.○譯 我對那件事還沒有高見。○★ demonstrate vt.示范，證明

例 All of those demonstrated the correctness of his analysis.○譯 這一切都證明了他分析的正確性。○★ disparity n.不同，不等

例 Rich and poop live side by side but in conditions of extraordinary disparity.○譯 富人和窮人毗鄰，但居住條件極為懸殊。○★ remedy n.補救 vt.補救，矯正，修補

例 Your only remedy is to appeal to law.○譯 你的唯一補救辦法是訴諸法律。○★ available adj.可用到的，可利用的，有用的

例 I will send you all the periodicals available.○譯 我將把我能得到的期刊都給你寄去。○【萬能句型】

1.There are numerous reasons why I hold this opinion, and I would explore a few of the most important ones here.譯文： 持這個觀點有若干個原因，在這里我將闡述最重要的幾個。

解讀：這種句型一般用于第一段末尾，絕大多數的議論文寫作題目都要用到這個句型。它有承上啟下的作用：一方面用于強調自己的觀點，同時引起下文。2.Last but not least, …

譯文：最后但并非不重要，??

解讀：這個句型一般用于解釋作者反對某種觀點或行為的最后一個原因，較常見的是用于第四段或第二段最后一句。

8、富國對窮國的援助

Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does not solve the poverty.So rich countries should give other types of help to the poor countries rather than the financial aid.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

It is natural for rich countries to give financial aid to poor ones.However, afflicted with famine, wars, diseases, people living in those poverty-stricken countries are struggling for survival.In face of the severe situation, it is suggested that rich countries should also give other kinds of help to them.This view is based on the propensity of the following points.Many countries are willing to afford financial aid to poor countries, which has turned out to be of high importance to boost economy of poor nations.For example, some rich countries invest large amount of capital to develop industries in poor countries, so that more job opportunities are brought and living standard are enhanced there.However, this kind of aid cannot solve the poverty by the roots.The causes of being economically humble lies in diversified aspects, such as bad education, the lack of new technologies.And diseases and epidemics could be another reason for poverty.Therefore, other sorts of assistance should also be given to the poor ones.To begin with, some advanced technologies should be

introduced to poor countries.Then the teams of teachers and doctors should be dispatched to the needy countries to effectuate the responsibilities of educational and medical aid.Furthermore, medicine and medical training courses should also be scattered to the countries which are in the agony of diseases and epidemics.To summarize, I believe rich countries are definitely duty-bound to help their poor counterparts out.That is to say, both financial aid and other varieties of help should be offered to release those poor people from poverty.And poor countries should also struggle for advance on their own, which can really make a difference.【高分詞匯】

★ financial adj.財政的，金融的

例 The company was in deep financial difficulties.○譯 該公司陷入了嚴重的財務困難。○★ aid n.幫助，援助

例 He went to the aid of the hurt man.○譯 他前去援助那些受傷的人。○★ afflict vt.使痛苦，折磨

例 Famine and war still afflict mankind.○譯 饑餓和戰爭仍使人類遭受痛苦。○★ struggle for 為??斗爭

例 We should help those who are still struggling for liberation.○譯 我們應當幫助那些仍在為獨立而斗爭的人們。○★ turn out to be 結果是，原來是

例 He said he was a doctor, but later he turned out to be a cheat.○譯 他自稱是個醫生，結果證明他是個騙子。○★ boost v.推進

例 This will be a great boost to the economy.○譯 這對于經濟發展將是一個巨大的促進。○★ by the roots 從根本上

例 They lost the match by the roots.○譯 他們從根本上輸了比賽。○★ effectuate vt.實行，完成

例 The disease do not prevent him from effectuating his plan.○譯 疾病并未妨礙他實現計劃。○★ release from 豁免，解除

例 He released me from my torments.○譯 他解除了我的痛苦。○★ make a difference

例 That will make a vast difference.○譯 那將會有天壤之別。○【萬能句型】

1.This view is based on the propensity of following points.譯文： 這種觀點基于以下幾點傾向。

解讀： 這種句型常常用于第一段末尾，在介紹完題目觀點之后，用這種句型過渡到下一段，表示接下來要分析能夠支持這種論點的幾個方面。過渡自然而流暢。2.However ,… can’t…The cause of… 譯文： 然而，??并不能??，理由是??

解讀： 在論述完問題的一個方面之后，用這種句型可以繼續展開話題。However表示轉折。

9、消費品價格便宜的優缺點

Nowadays people live in the society where consumer goods are relatively cheaper to buy.Do you think its advantages outweigh its disadvantages? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, the price of consumer goods continues to fall.This situation is pounding at people’s traditional consumption habit and life styles, using its advantages to gradually affect peoples’ lives.As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.There are several benefits for people to enjoy cheaper consumer goods.Most important of all, reducing the price of consumer goods can stimulate requirement and boost economy, which is especially important under the background of financial crisis.Besides, with the price of consumer goods less expensive, more ordinary people can afford to buy cell phones and computers , which help people do jobs more effectively each day.In addition, as far as the merchants concerned, in order to sell more, they often cut down the profit margin, which contributes to enhance the total amount of annual sales and reduce stocks.However, to this issue, some other people hold a different attitude, arguing that cheap consumer goods also bring harm and even disasters to us.For more businesses are striving for the same customers, the lower price may be the result of unfair competition and will undermine the social

order.At the same time, for the sake of profits, some merchants use inferior materials and turn out substandard products, which will ultimately do harm to the extensive consumers.Admittedly, there are some potential risks on reducing the price of consumer goods, but the law can be executed to supervise and manage dealers strictly.In fact, cheap consumer goods can benefit both the customers and the merchants.【高分詞匯】

★pound vt.猛擊；跳動

例 Her heart is pounding so loudly.○譯她的心正怦怦直跳。○★as to 至于，關于

例I have no doubts as to your ability.○譯關于你的能力我毫不懷疑。○★stimulate vt.刺激，激勵

例 The art course stimulated me.○譯藝術課激發了我的靈感。○★boost n.促進，改善，激勵

例 This will be a great boost to the economy.○譯這對于經濟發展將是一個巨大的促進。○★crisis n.危機，危急關頭

例 When a crisis comes they have gone.○譯當危機來臨時，他們已經走了。○★merchant n.商人，批發商，貿易商，店主

例 The merchants of Arab are doing their things all around the world.○譯阿拉伯商人在世界各地做生意。○★cut down 減少，降低

例 We were for cutting down the cost of production.○譯我們贊成降低成本。○★competition n.競爭，競賽

例 There is keen competition between the two motorcar firms.○譯兩家汽車公司之間存在著激烈的競爭。○

★ undermine v.暗中破壞；逐漸削弱

例Illness undermined his strength.○譯疾病逐漸削弱了他的力氣。○★for the sake of 為了

例He argues for the sake of arguing.○譯他是為了爭辯而爭辯。○★substandard adj.標準以下的，不合規格的

例 The loss was due to the use of substandard bags for which you should be responsible.○譯該損失是由于包裝不合標準所致，所以應由貴公司負責這一損失。○【萬能句型】

1.Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology,… 譯文： 如今，隨著科技的快速發展，……

解讀：這種句型一般用于第一段第一句，介紹背景，同時引出話題。2.There are several benefits for people to … 譯文： 對于人們來說，……有很多好處。

解讀：這種句型一般用于第二段第一句，表示開始分析有利的方面。3.However, to this issue, some other hold a different attitude , arguing that… 譯文： 然而，對于這個問題,另一些人有不同的態度，認為……

解讀：這種句型一般用于第三段開頭，表示這段開始分析與前一段觀點不同的另一種觀點。

10、好的產品是否需要廣告

If a product is good or it meets people’s needs, people will buy it.So advertising is unnecessary and no more than an entertainment.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Good products have high prestige and quality, which can gain the love of the customers.It is true that a good product sell itself.So some people assert that advertising is unnecessary and no more than an entertainment.Superficially, the above sounds reasonable.But when carefully weighing in the mind, we find that it goes against the fact.A number of causes account for my point.To begin with, as far as some companies such as Nintendo, Apple, etc, are concerned, it is important for them to spread their most positive and interesting products information to compete against their rivals.These companies are well-known not only for their great customer service and

reliable products, but also their advertisements.Apple is known for its humorous adverts.And Nintendo often has colorful advertising aimed towards the youth.These advertisements make people all over the world more familiar with the companies and more curious about their products.Then, in fact, advertising has proved to be a means of getting the latest product news to spread out quickly and effectively.The companies would probably find that adverts, even if entertaining, can help new products sale tremendously.Admittedly, some companies are so popular with the public that advertisements are no more than reminders to the masses that they are ever-present in daily life.Examples would be the corporations like Coca-Cola and McDonald’s which are so well-known in most countries that their adverts have stopped describing their products but focused more on the images of the companies themselves.For such companies, advertisement is an unnecessary entertainment.However, they may never have reached that status without advertising.For that reason, advertisement is surely not unnecessary.【高分詞匯】

★prestige n.聲望，威望

例 The old universities of Cambridge still have a lot of prestige.○譯歷史悠久的劍橋大學仍然享有很高的聲望。○★reliable adj.可靠的，可信賴的

例 The news is reliable.○譯這消息靠得住。○★ even if 即使

例 we should practice economy even if we are rich.○譯即使我們富裕了，也仍應該厲行節約。○★reminder n.提醒的人，暗示

例I wrote a reminder in my daily planner.○譯我在我的每日記事簿里寫了個備忘字條。○【萬能句型】

1.Superficially, the above sounds reasonable.But when carefully weighing in the mind, we find that it goes against the fact.A number of causes account for my point.譯文： 從表面上看，以上內容聽起來很合理，但經過仔細考慮之后，我們發現它違背事實。大量的理由說明了我的觀點。

解讀：雅思寫作考試中，有些題目給出的觀點在邏輯上或表面上看起來很合理，如本文中的觀點。但卻往往與實際情況不符。遇到這樣的情況，就可以在第一段用這個句型引出作者對題目中的觀點的評判，同時引起下文。

2.To begin with, as far as … are concerned, it is important for …to do … 譯文： 首先，就……而言，對于……來說做某事很重要。

解讀：這種句型一般用于第二段第一句，闡述作者持有某種觀點的第一個原因。

11、企業遷出大城市的優缺點

The government should encourage industries and companies to move out of big cities and into regional areas.Do the advantages outweigh disadvantages? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, more industries and companies develop in large cities, which causes plenty of problems like pollution, crowdedness and traffic jam.Some people suggest that the large factories and companies should move away from densely-populated areas like some metropolis.However, others oppose to their opinion.I will discuss both sides and give my own evaluation.Opponents raise many reasons to go against the vicinity between cities and large industries.They believe that many of these industries are hazardous and even fatal to human health.The monstrous system may deprive us the vigor and potential to enjoy our life and the products they produce.Proponents come up with quite different views.They firstly point out that not all industries are perilous to human, like some fine chemistry industries and even some tertiary industries, both of which can dwell harmoniously with people and offer them both products and job opportunities.They also believe moving these companies to regional areas is expensive and uneasy to the management, which may deter them from investing in their country.Personally, I side with neither side.This thesis is just too general in the scope and definition of the concept “industries and companies”.As we all well know, not every industry is harmful and noisy to us, but some of them are.Thus, how can we treat these different companies with an identical view? Putting them together and giving any comparison is quite unreasonable at all.Before we take any proposal, we had better think twice and then give our judgment.【高分詞匯】

★metropolis n.首都，大城市

例Beijing is a metropolis in China.○譯北京是中國的一個大城市。○★go against 違背，作對

例Don't go against your father.○譯不要違背你的父親。○★point out 指出；把注意力引向......例 This guide book points out the main facts of early American history.○譯這本導游手冊講述了美洲早期的重要史實。○★deter v.阻止；制止

例Don't let failure deter you.○

譯別讓失敗把你嚇倒。○★at all 根本

例 No worry at all.○譯別擔心。○★think twice 三思，反復思考

例He told me to think twice before speaking.○譯他叫我三思而后再發言。○【萬能句型】

1.I will discuss both sides and give my own evaluation.譯文：我將討論雙方的觀點并給出我自己的評論。

解讀：這種句型常常用于對稱式寫法的第一段的最后一句，引起下文，表示要分別討論雙方的觀點，并在最后給出自己的結論。2.Opponents raise many reasons to go against...譯文：反對者提出了很多理由反對.......解讀：這種句型一般用于對稱式寫法的第二段的第一句，表示開始討論反對者。3.Proponents come up with quite different views.譯文：贊成者提出完全不同的觀點。

解讀：這種句型一般用于對稱式寫法的第三段的第一句，表示開始討論支持者的觀點。

12、個人為養老存錢

Some people say that it is the responsibility of individuals to save money for their own care after they retire.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

No one is alienated from the rest of the world.Thus, we can see no a single person to be solely living for himself--he must be simultaneously shouldering various duties for multifarious groups of people, such as employers and government, who must at the same time in turn undertake the duty of caring for him as well.I am not here to deny the necessity of saving money for one's aged life, but to state the reasons why the above parties should give their attention to individuals.What hits me at the first thought is that employers should have the liability to their employees, for they sacrificed their youth and shed tears and sweat for them.If employers were free to take the duties of their elderly employees, then they may feel so easy and comfortable to expel any of those “used” workers randomly.No just legislation can possibly tolerate this happen.And employers should have their duty to support the aged workers for their later part of life.Another party that should also attach importance to individuals is the government.People fight for their motherland with all their energy, health and even life.So undoubtedly, the government, like employers, should provide financial aid to citizens as well.As we can happily conclude, this world is not one that goes without justice and warmth between people.We give when we can and we take when we need.Employers as well as governments are due to unshakable responsibilities to give their care to individuals who have paid their efforts for them, which would be the way things ought to be.【高分詞匯】

★alienate v.疏遠

例 We'd better not alienate ourselves from the colleagues.○譯我們最好還是不要與同事們疏遠。○★shoulder vt.肩負，承當

例 You must shoulder the future of the country.○譯你們必須肩負國家未來的重任。○★in turn 依次，輪流

例His policy was to beat each enemy in turn.○譯他的方針是各個擊破。○★undertake vt.承擔，擔任，許諾，保證

例He could undertake the work for the time being.○譯他暫時能承擔這項工作。○★liability n.責任，義務

例 What is your liability under the insurance contract? ○譯按照保險契約貴方應負哪些責任呢？ ○★randomly adv.隨便地，未加計劃地

例 Few people are randomly violent.○譯很少有人是隨意發火的。○★attach importance to 重視

例We must attach great importance to these problems and take effective measures to solve them.○譯我們必須高度重視這些問題，采取有力措施加以解決。○★unshakable adj.不可動搖的，堅定不移的

例It is our unshakable policy to help them do that.○譯幫助他們發展是我們堅定不移的政策。○【萬能句型】

1、I am not here to deny the necessity of..., but to state the reasons why...譯文：在這里我并不否認......的必要性，我只是想說明......的原因。

解讀：這個句型用在第一段，表示作者并不反對這種觀點，在本文中，作者表示并不反對題目中的觀點，但作者在下文主要論述的觀點是but之后的內容。

2、What hits me at the first thought is that...for...譯文：我第一點想說的是，??，因為??

解讀：這種句型一般用于第二段第一句，解釋作者持有某種觀點的第一種原因。

第三節——工作生活與意識形態

13、信息技術和交通進步對工作和生活的影響

Today, people can work and live in anywhere they want, because of the improvement of communication technology and transport.Do advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, with the rapid development of communication technology and transport, people have more opportunities to choose the places where they work and live in.This phenomenon is often brought into public focus.People from different back grounds hold different attitudes towards it.From my own perspective, there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages.The reasons are chiefly as follows.First and foremost, this development can optimize human and other resources and fuel business growth rapidly.Geographical distance is not hurdle any more to stop people from entering a flow state when they are fully absorbed.That is to say, it enables the working people to choose their ideal jobs, and at the same time, the employers can also recruit and retain right employees easily.Besides, the improvement of communication technology and transport can be a possible solution to many problems, such as traffic jams, air pollution and so on.For example, with the help of computers, the Internet, phones and other high-tech devices, people can work, shop, and study at home and fewer cars are driven on the roads.All in all, I admit the development also brings disadvantages, for example, more people rely on the modern technology and are reluctant to get in touch with others, but in many aspects, its merits obviously outweigh its drawbacks.【高分詞匯】

★communication n.信息，通信

例All communications with the north have been by snowstorm.○譯北部的一切通信均被暴風雨所阻。○★optimize vt.使最優化

例Design and optimize logistics solution.○譯設計優化物流方案。○★fuel n.燃料

例Soot is usually the product of the imperfect combustion of fuel.○譯煤煙通常是燃料不完全燃燒的產物。○★Geographical adj.地理學的，地理的

例Pollution of geographical environment is a serious problem.○譯地理環境污染是一個嚴重的問題。○★distance n.距離，遠離

例We spotted them at a distance of two hundred yards.○譯我們在相距200碼處就看到了他們。○★hurdle n.障礙

例In starting a new company, many hurdles must be crossed.○譯剛創辦一個公司時，必須克服許多障礙。○★far away 遙遠，深遠

例He lives far away from us.○譯他住的地方離我們很遠。○★moderate adj.中等的，適度的

例He has a room of moderate size.○譯他有一個大小適中的房間。○★rely on 依賴，依靠

例You can rely on me for help.○譯你可以依靠我來幫忙。○★reluctant adj.不顧的，勉強的

例He gives me a reluctant assistance.○

譯他很不情愿地給了我幫助。○【萬能句型】

1、People from different back grounds hold different attitudes towards it.From my own perspective, there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages.The reasons are chiefly as follows.譯文： 來自不同背景的人們對此都持有各自不同的態度。在我看來，這種現象的優點要遠遠大過其缺點。主要原因如下。

解讀：這種句型常常用在第一段，首先說人們對這一問題態度各異，然后說出自己的觀點，并為后面繼續論述自己的觀點做好鋪墊和過渡。

2.All in all, I admit the development also brings disadvantages, for example,...but in many aspects, its merits obviously outweigh its drawbacks.譯文： 總之，我承認，這種發展也帶來了一些不利因素，例如，······，但在許多方面，他的優點明顯大于缺點。

解讀：這種句型常常用在最后一段，以讓步的方式表達與前面主體部分論述的觀點不同的一面，實際上是加強了對前面觀點的論述。這種論述方式主要是為了避免觀點偏頗。

14、體育設施與公眾健康

Some people believe that to improve public health should increase the number of sports facilities;others believe that it has little effects and need other measures to improve it.Discuss both views and give your opinion.【Model Essay】

The construction of new sports facilities are definitely needed in an environment where people's health is in a declining state.However, there are those who believe that the way to improving people's health should lie in other measures that governments have to come up with to get people to live more healthily.In many countries, the lack of sports facilities has directly led to a sharp decline in the general public's involvement in sports activities, which is the major reason for overweight nowadays.If a wider range of sports and fitness facilities(swimming pools, basketball court and gymnasiums etc.)were available, then people would be more willing to spend time taking exercise, instead of watching television, playing video games or using computers at home.However, the building of such facilities may become a waste of time and money if they are built far away from where people live or if they are too expensive to use.In these cases, the government should spend more advertising healthier lifestyle.In the first place, a well-balanced diet will provide the body with all the nutrients needed, which can help people maintain health, improve immunity and reduce effects of illness.In the second place, enough sleep and less alcoholic are vital to health.These should be widely publicized among citizens.In the third place, the

government should also attach importance to the public mental hygiene problems and make mental therapy be available to all the residents.Based on the above discussion and analysis, we can see that only enlarging the number of sports facilities is far from enough and a series of measures as I have listed above should also be taken to improve public health.【高分詞匯】

★come up with 提出，拿出

例I hope you can come up with a better plan than this.○譯我希望你們能提出一個比這個更好的計劃。○★spend...on...把??花在??

例He doesn't spend much time on his homework.○譯他花在寫作業上的時間不多。○★instead of(用??）代替??，（是??）而不是??

例Will you go to the party instead of me? ○譯你替我赴宴好嗎？ ○★well-balanced adj.很平衡，很均勻的，正常的，意識安全的

例We encourage and support all facets of a well-balanced work and personal life.○譯我們鼓勵和支持員工平衡好工作和個人生活的各方面。○★provide with 給??提供；以??裝備

例Sheep provide us with wool.○譯羊供給我們羊毛。○★improve v.改善，改進，提高

例If he can keep from smoking for a month or two, his health will improve.○譯他要是一兩個月不抽煙的話，健康一定會有起色的。○【萬能句型】

1.In the first place,...In the second place,...In the third place,...譯文： 首先，??其次，??其三，??

解讀：這種句型常用于論述作者支持或者反對某種觀點的三點理由，或者用于表示列舉。2.Based on the above discussion and analysis, we can see that …

譯文： 基于以上討論和分析，我們能認識到??

解讀：這一句型常常用于文章結尾段的第一句，承上啟下，總結全文，從而得出自己的觀點。

15、提倡健康的生活方式還是治療病人

Some people think it is more important to spend public money promoting healthy lifestyle in order to prevent illness than to spend it on the treatment for people who are already ill.To what extent do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

Along with the rapid development of the society, people are attaching much importance to health.Many people think that more public funds should be spent promoting healthy lifestyles rather than on treatment for people who are already ill.After careful consideration, I, personally, stand on the side of the advocates.The reasons are presented below.First and foremost, I believe that the saying “an ounce of prevention equals a pound of cure” is true, because the most effective way to defeat something is by a preemptive strike.The amount of time and money invested in promoting a healthy lifestyle would be far less than the amount spent curing persons who were too careless about their health.In addition, the benefits of encouraging healthy living far outweigh the “benefits” of curing the sick.In fact, there are no true benefits to spending money curing the sick, which is only the result of people neglecting their health.If they took better care of their health, there would be far less illnesses to worry about.Furthermore, living a healthy lifestyle is beneficial to a person’s life and society as a whole.Healthy persons tend to be happier and think more clearly.They are also less likely to become ill, thus, saving money on health care.All in all, of course, I am not suggesting that investments for treating people who are already ill should be neglected, because some ailments are unavoidable, such as hereditary ailments like high blood pressure.However, illnesses brought about by an unhealthy lifestyle, such as Emphysema from smoking, are completely avoidable, and more should be invested in preventing avoidable illnesses.Many countries are beginning to ban smoking in public places, and have reported positive effects on public health as a result.This is just one example of how promoting healthy living which has proven to be effective.【高分詞匯】

★ preemptive adj.搶先的

例I believe this was preemptive.○我認為這是先發制人的。★ neglect vt.忽視，疏忽

例 The government neglected industry.○政府忽視了工業。

★As a whole 整體來看，普遍說來，一般的說

例 There are some areas of poverty, but the country as a whole is fairly prosperous.○這個國家有些地區比較貧困，但總的來說是相當富裕的。★Health care 衛生保健

例Community health care is very important.○社區的衛生保健很重要。★ Avoidable adj.可避免的

例In fact, the mistakes are avoidable.○實際上，錯誤是可以避免的。★As a result 結果，因此

例As a result, he had to leave.○結果，他只得離開。【萬能句型】

1.Along with the rapid development of the society, people are attaching much importance to??

譯文：隨著社會的快速發展，人們開始越來越重視??

解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段第一句，介紹背景，同時引出話題。

2.After careful consideration, I, personally, stand on the side of the advocates.The reasons are presented below.譯文：經過認真考慮，我個人支持這一觀點。原因如下。

解讀：這種句型常常用語第一段最后一句，表示贊成某種觀點，并引起下文。

16、明天重要還是今天重要

An American film actor once said, “Tomorrow is important and precious.” Some people think individuals and society pay more attention to the future than to the present.Do you agree or disagree? 【Model Essay】

An American film actor once said, “Tomorrow is important and precious.” Some people also think individuals and society should attach more importance to the future than to the present.But another saying goes like this, “Yesterday is history;tomorrow is mystery;only today is a present.” So in my point of view, I would prefer to cherish today and strive for tomorrow.There are many reasons supporting my view.Most important of all, tomorrow is always a day after today and the future is abstract, which we can only imagine it in our mind.But we do know that today passes very quickly.So we must grasp it firmly and devote more efforts to work and study.If it is necessary for us to fulfill something today, let us finish it and do not leave it until tomorrow.Remember that today is more valuable and we must get hold of it rather than imagine what the future is like.Moreover, what we are doing at present decides what the tomorrow would be like.However, some people do not know the value of today, so they waste it in going to films, playing games and doing other useless things.Idleness is the thief of today which can bring us a failure future.Finally, what the actor said really means that tomorrow is hope and the hope is important and precious, which we should never give up.However, only hope cannot achieve anything.So we should grasp the present to work hard and to get near to the hope.In fact, as long as we catch hold of today firmly, tomorrow must be fantastic.【高分詞匯】

★Precious adj.寶貴的，貴重的

例○He has sent me most precious gifts.譯○他送給我極其珍貴的禮物。

★Prefer to 較喜歡；寧愿

例○I prefer country life to town life.譯○我更喜歡鄉村生活而不是城市生活。

★ cherish vt.珍愛，懷抱（希望等）

例○ The old lady tenderly cherished her dog.譯○老婦人十分愛她的狗。

★Strive for 奮斗，爭取

例○ They have strived for peace.譯○他們為謀求Precious和平而爭斗。

★ firmly adv.堅定地，穩固地

例○ We stood firmly against expansionism.譯○我們堅決反對擴張主義。

★Devote vt.投入于，現身

例○ We should devote everything we have.譯○我們應該奉獻我們的一切。

★ Idleness n.閑散，懶惰。賦閑無事

例○ Idleness rusts the mind.譯○懶惰腦筋要生銹。

★Give up 放棄；認輸

例○I can’t answer that puzzle;I give up.譯○我猜不出這個謎語，我認輸了。

★ fantastic adj.幻想的，奇異的

例 What a fantastic goal!○譯這球進的多漂亮！○【萬能句型】

1.But another saying goes like this，“…”

譯文：但是另外一句諺語是這樣說的：“??”

解讀：這是引用諺語的一種句型，用諺語或古語來引出某種觀點，使觀點更有說服力。2.So in my point of view，I would prefer to? 譯文：因此，依我看來，我寧愿??

解讀：這種句型一般用在第一段，表明作者立場；也可放在最后一段，總結作者的觀點。3.There are many reasons supporting my view.譯文：有很多理由支持我的觀點。

解讀：這種句型一般用在第一段最后一句，引起下文。

17、保持健康是對社會還是對個人負責

People should look after their health as a duty to the society they live in rather than their personal benefits.To what extent do you agree or disagree？

【Model Essay】

The generally accepted definition of health is a state of complete physical，mental，and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.Some people maintain that people should look after their health as a duty to the society they live in rather than their personal benefits.I agree with this position and my arguments for this point are listed as follows.On the one hand，the healthy condition of the national people is the symbol of the nation’s peace and prosperity.We can’t forget the fact, in the end of 19th century, not only the Chinese people were sneered at “oriental illness”, but also the territory was invaded and exploited.And at the contemporary age, a nation’s prosperity very much depends on the contribution made by its citizens who are in good health.Healthy people can devote to working and bring more benefits to the society.They can enhance productivity of the society and create more fortune.As a result, the entire society tends to be more wealthy and harmonious.On the other hand, health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical，nursing, and allied health professions.So we can see that people who neglect their health would impose heavy burdens on the society they live in.As mentioned above, we gradually recognized that health is a matter of everybody in practice but not an individual matter.It is a positive concept emphasizing both social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.【高分詞匯】

★ definition n.定義，釋義

例I made a definition for this word.○譯我給這個詞下了定義。○★absence n.不在，缺席，缺乏，沒有

例 A major problem is the absence of water.○★look after

照顧，照看（某人或某物）

例They don’t look after themselves very well.○譯他們沒有很好地照顧自己。○★prosperity n.繁榮

例The new agreement raised hopes for conditions of prosperity and harmony.○譯新的協議喚起了人們對繁榮和和諧前景的期望。○★harmonious adj.和諧的，協調的，和睦的

例The advantages of harmonious relations far outweigh the disadvantages of confrontation.○譯和諧關系的好處遠遠大于沖突的壞處。○★prevention n.預防，防止

例Prevention is better than cure.○譯預防遠勝于治療。○★impose vt.強加，強迫

例Overcrowding impose mental stains.○譯 過度擁擠使精神緊張。○【萬能句型】

1.The generally accepted definition of …is… 譯文：被普遍接受的??的定義是??

解讀：這種句型一般運用在第一段，用定義的方法引出話題。被定義的往往是題目中的關鍵詞。本文就是首先運用對“健康”一詞定義，為下文展開話題作鋪墊。2.On the one hand，? 譯文：一方面，??

解讀：這個句型一般用于論述作者贊成或反對某種觀點的一個方面的原因，如果是用于第二段開頭，這一句的內容就是該段的中心句，后面會包括幾個更具體的原因。3.On the other hand，? 譯文：另一方面，??

解讀：這個句型一般用于論述作者贊成或反對某種觀點的另一個方面的原因，和on the one hand配對使用。

第四節——環境與動物保護

18、技術發展與環境問題

Development in technology causes problems.Some people believe the solution to these problems is for everyone to live a simpler life, while others say that technology can solve these problems.Discuss both views and give your opinion.As we all know, certain developments in technology lead to environmental problems.The best example I can give for this is the industrial revolution, and manual labor was largely replaced by machines, which were operated by burning coal and fossil fuels.This is thought by many to be a major cause of pollution and other environmental problems since the waste and after–products of burning fuels are usually disposed of into the air and water.How to solve these problems? Before rendering my opinion, I think it is important to analyze the following arguments on two sides.Some people advocate that living a simpler life and less consuming lifestyle is a solution to the matter, and everyone should certainly make an effort to be less wasteful in their daily lives.However, although this method may be the most practical one, it would require an extraordinary amount of effort from everyone which perhaps a little too much to expect.And sadly, some people may not be cooperative with any steps taken to ensure such a lifestyle because they have become too comfortable in their over-consuming way of life.Others point out that technicians are working hard to find ways to keep the earth clear.For example, scientists have studied clean technologies like batteries and wind power for years because of the threat of climate change.At the same time, with the development of technology, energy companies can produce more energy while emit less carbon dioxide.Admittedly, both sides are reasonable.But they are one-sided.In my opinion, the country should build up and carry out scientific development philosophy in an all-around way and set up environment-friendly policies and systems to develop recycling economy and stick to the way of new industrialization.Moreover, we should reinforce international cooperation in terms of environmental protection and sustainable development.【高分詞匯】 ★lead to 導致，引起

例 In given conditions, a bad thing can lead to good results.○譯在一定條件下，壞事可以導致好的結果。○★industrial revolution 工業革命

例 That country must have an industrial revolution.○譯那個國家必須進行工業革命。○★make an effort 做出努力

例 The prisoner made an effort to escape.○譯囚犯企圖越獄。○★extraordinary adj.非常的，特別的，非凡的，額外的

例 There will be an extraordinary meeting next Wednesday to discuss the emergence resolution.○譯下星期三將會有一個額外安排的會議專門討論緊急決議。○★cooperative with 和??合作

例Patients should be cooperative with the doctor in order to recover from the disease.○譯病人要與醫生合作，以期早日康復。○★carbon dioxide n.【化】二氧化碳

例Soft drinks contain carbon dioxide.○譯軟飲料中含有二氧化碳。○★build up 逐步建立，增強，增進

例 The pressure on the enemy is building up.○譯對敵人的壓力在不斷地增強。○★carry out 執行，貫徹

例He carried out the plan in very detail.○譯他一絲不茍地執行哪項計劃。○★all-around adj.全面的，綜合性的

例 This is an all-around dictionary.○譯這是一本綜合詞典。○★environment-friendly adj.環保的，有利于環境的

例 A new kind of bags, environment–friendly shopping bags were introduced by our ○government

譯一種新型，環保的購物袋被我們的政府引進了。○【萬能句型】

1、Some people advocate that? 譯文：一些人提倡??

解讀： 在分析兩方觀點之前，需先引出觀點內容。這種句型就是用來引出題目中一方觀點的常用表達，放在第二段句首，表示開始分析一方的觀點。

3、Others point out that…

譯文：另一些人指出??

解讀： 這種句型常常用來引出題目中另一方的觀點，放在第三段句首，表示開始分析另一方面的觀點。

19、個人與環境保護

Some think that these environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve, while others think that individuals can solve these environmental problems if they take some action.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.【Model Essay】

It is true that one person alone does not have the capability to solve all environmental problems, such as pollution, deforestation and depletion of natural resources.However, this does not mean that an individual is completely powerless when it comes to protecting the environment.It is our duty as individual to try our best to deal with these problems.A good example of an individual can make sense is Al G ore, the democratic candidate for the US presidential elections for 2000,and his film An Inconvenient Truth.His film reached enormous popularity and helped gather much attention to the state of the earth and how pollution affects it.It is hard to say how much effect this had on the environment due to people’s changed attitudes, but it certainly helps arose people’s consciousness of protecting environment.Individuals can also join together and make a difference.For example, the Greenpeace Organization has also attached much attention to the cause of a cleaner environment and organized individuals to take an active part in some environmental-friendly actions.Individual’s actions can also be turned into united power when, for example, the whole neighborhood is mobilized to participate in a local campaign to oppose environmentally damaging policies.All in all, the earth is our home and each individual has responsibility to take care of it, not only for ourselves but also for our later generations.So we must work together to protect the environment and there is also a great deal that we can do alone.For example, we can save energy at home, like turning on the air conditioner only when we have to, or turning water heater down a few degrees, which is also ultimately good for the environmental.【高分詞匯】

★try one’s best 竭盡全力，盡力

例 Whatever you do, try your best.○

譯無論你做什么，都要盡力而為

○★make sense 講得通，有意義

例 This sentence doesn’t make any sense ○譯這個句子沒有意義。○★arise vt.引發，激起，喚起

例 During the night a great storm has arisen ○譯夜里來了一場大風暴。○★consciousness n.意識，知覺，自覺，覺悟，個人思想

例 The experience helped to change her social consciousness ○譯這種經驗有助于改變她的社會意識。○★ turn into（使）變成

例 Joan is turning into quite a skilled musician ○譯瓊正在變成一個技藝精湛的音樂家。○★ participate in 分擔，參加

例 The people are demanding a chance to participate more in government ○譯人民要求更多的參與政事的機會。○★ work together 共同，攜手

例 Some people think that we should work together to protect the environment ○譯有些人認為我們應該攜手共同保護環境。○【萬能句型】

1.When it comes to?? 譯文：當談到??

解讀：這種句型常用來引出觀點或問題，可以用在第一段，也可以用在其他段落。本文用在第一段，引出作者的觀點。2.All in that…not only…but also… 譯文：總之，……這不僅僅是…，也是…

解讀：這種句型一般用于最后一段第一句，總結全文，得出結論，并進一步解釋原因。

20、乘飛機旅行應該更便宜還是更貴。

Many people think cheap air travel should be encouraged because it gives ordinary people freedom to travel further.However, others think this leads to environmental problems, so air travel should be more expensive in order to discourage people from having it.Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.【Model Essay】

Whether air travel should be cheaper or more expensive has become a hot topic for discussion recently.Some people contend the price should be lifted to discourage it, which can contribute to environmental protection.Nevertheless, quite a few people stand on a very different ground.Both sides of argument are well supported by sound reasons.People who support that discouraging air travel by more expensive price give some of the following reasons.For one thing, air pollution by a plane could be dozens of times as that of common vehicles.And increasing the price of air travel can prevent many people from unnecessary journeys and reduce the use of planes and fuel.Less use of air flying produces less pollution.For another thing, raising the price of air travel could encourage the use of other cheap, clean and efficient high-tech protects as communication tools, like mobile phones, the Internet and computers, which can substitute for business travel by air.However, the other side of the coin voices its strong opposition, saying that cheap air travel has obvious merits.In the first place, lower price and superb systems of air communications make it possible for modern travelers to visit far away places at a moderate cost within hours.Actually, traveling by air has so far been the best way for people to travel around the world, considering the distance covered, the number of passengers transported and travel time.Admittedly, both opinions make sense, and consequently it is hard to decide which one is more valuable.From my own perspective, international traveling by air has so far been the most economical and efficient way which should not be rudely discouraged by improving the price.And the cost of air travel should sustain at a reasonable level.【高分詞匯】

★lift vt.升高，提高，舉起，空轉

例 This window will not lift.○譯這個窗戶推不上去。○★ substitute for 用??代替，（使）代替

例 Can you substitute for the singer who is ill? ○譯你能替一下那位生病的歌手嗎？ ○★superb adj.挺好的

例 They’ve designed us a superb plan.○譯他們給我們設計了一個極好的計劃。○★so far 迄今為止

例 So far ,so god ○譯到目前為止，一切順利。○

★sustain vt.支撐，撐住，維持，持續

例 We do not have enough money to sustain our campaign for long.○譯我們沒有足夠的財力是宣傳活動長期保持下去。○★reasonable adj.合理的，有道理的

例Fresh vegetables are reasonable in winter, too ○譯冬季新鮮蔬菜的價格也不貴。○【萬能句型】

1.Both sides of argument are well supported by sound reasons.譯文： 雙方論據都有合理的理由

解讀：這個句型一般用在第一段最后一句，在提出雙方的觀點之后，用這個句型表示作者對雙方觀點的態度并引起下文，在對稱式寫法中經常用到這個句子。

2.Admittedly, both opinions make sense, and consequently it is hard to decide which one is more valuable.From my own perspective… 譯文： 無可否認，雙方觀點都有一定的道理，因此很難確定哪一方更有價值。在我看來，…

解讀：這種句型一般用于對稱式寫法的最后一段，與第一段相呼應，同時表明作者的立場。

21、個人在環境保護中的作用

Many people think it is important to protect the environment, but they make no effort on it themselves.Why is it and what your opinion? 【Model Essay】

Environment means the land, water and atmosphere we live by.However, pollution is, in fact, threatening it severely.People are also beginning to realize just how serious the whole situation is and they appeal that it is time to protect the environment.They are worrying, but do not make any effort yet.The reasons are chiefly as follows.On the one hand, many people think individual actions are too tiny to be noticed and their behaviors are indifferent to the environment.It will not get better for one`s effort, and will not worsen for one`s ignorance.On the other hand, some people think that environmental problems are too big for individual to deal with.No single person can save the environment.That is why nobody takes any action by himself.How can we protect environment at individual level? Individual actions, small as they may be, can prove more effective than we realize.We can avoid driving cars, and walk, take public transit or bicycle instead.This will reduce the use of fuel and cut pollution.Saving energy at home, like turning on the air conditioner only when we have to, or turning water heater down a few degrees, is also ultimately good for the environment.Individual`s actions can also be turned into united power when, for example, the whole neighborhood is mobilized to participate in a local campaign to oppose environmentally damaging policies.From what has been mentioned above, we can see that environmental protection is pretty complicated, which need each one`s effort and willingness.And it is the duty and responsibility of every individual to protect the environment.But the most pressing and complicated problems go far beyond an individual`s capability and so require the concerted effort of the environment as well as the global community.【高分詞匯】

★threatening adj.脅迫的，危險的

例 That dog is very threatening.○譯那條狗非常嚇人。○★appeal vi.求助，訴請，要求

例 This job is rather appeals to me.○譯這工作對我很有吸引力。○★ tiny adj.很少的，微小的

例 The baby put his tiny hand in mine.○譯那個嬰兒把小手放在我的手中。○★indifferent adj.無關緊要的

例 His manner was cold and indifferent.○譯他的態度既冷漠又無動于衷。○★complicated adj.復雜的，難解的

例 This is the most complicated case I have ever handled.○譯這是我所處理過的最為復雜的案子。○★pressing adj.緊迫的，迫切的

例 Pressing business matters prevented him from taking a holiday.○譯他因生意上有緊迫事情而不能去度假。○★concerted adj.商議定的，協定的

例 He woke his audience to the need for concerted action.○譯他使聽眾意識到有必要采取一致的行動。○【萬能句型】

1.On the one hand, … On the other hand,….譯文： 一方面??，另一方面??

解讀：在論述原因或優缺點時，如果只有兩點，就可用這個句型。它可以使段落層次清晰。本文第二段就采用了這種句型結構。類似的表達還有For one thing,…For another thing… 一方面??另一方面?? From what has been mentioned above, we can see that… 譯文： 從上面談到的，我們可以看出??

解讀：這種句型一般用于結尾段第一句，總結全文。

22、自然資源損耗

The natural resources such as oil, forests and fresh water are being consumed at an alarming rate.What problems does it cause? How can we solve these problems? 【Model Essay】

There is nothing unusual about energy like coals and oils being consumed, principally because economic development depends on natural resources all the time.But today, energy depletion is on a massive scale and this problem is so knotty that should deserve our closer heed.Amongst the diverse factors contributing to the energy crises around the world, government`s policies and citizens` extravagant use of automobiles are probably the two most significant ones.Additionally, the amount of private cars increases at such a breakneck speed that the petroleum used amounts to an intimidating proportion of the natural resources.The consequences are undoubtedly disastrous for human beings.Although countries can boast their growth of GDP, their citizens have to endure the ever deteriorated environment with stinking gas belching from factories and vehicles, polluted water due to fuels infiltrating underground, even ultraviolet radiation in the absence of ozone layer.Therefore, their quality of life is by no means improved.Therefore, the governments must take serious steps to attack those problems.The first and foremost is that governments have to reverse their minds and no longer deem the growth of GDP their first goal.Rather, the betterment of citizens` quality of life should deserve more attention than the economic growth.Furthermore, the use of private cars should be discouraged by authorities, who must shoulder the responsibility of improving public transportation in order to facilitate people as well as release the burden of energy consumption.In conclusion, to avoid the phrase “filthy rich” added to themselves, countries must pay more heed to the efficient use of energy and the issue of environmental protection;otherwise, environmental problems and energy crisis are feared to happen all around the world.【高分詞匯】

★natural resources 天然資源

例 We must develop the natural resources of our country.○譯○我們必須開發我們國家的天然資源。★all the time 總是；始終

例○ All the time people are seeking to prolong life.譯○人們總是在尋找延長生命的方法。★heed n.注意，留意

例Take heed not to spill milk on the rug.○譯○當心別把牛奶灑在地毯上。★extravagant adj.浪費的，過分的 例○Am I being extravagant? 譯我這樣是不是太奢侈？ ○★breakneck adj.要使頸骨折斷似的，非常危險的 例○June worked at a breakneck pace to execute her plan.譯瓊廢寢忘食地工作以實施其計劃。○★boast v.自夸，以有??而自豪

例She made a boast of her son`s talent and daughter`s beauty.○譯○她夸耀她兒子聰明，女兒漂亮。★by no means 絕不

例Theory should by no means be separated from practice.○譯○理論絕對不應該脫離實際。

★attack vt.攻擊，抨擊，動手處理（某事）例○We shall fight them back if they attack.譯他們如若進攻，我們必將反擊。○【萬能句型】

1.Therefore, … must take serious steps to attack those problems.譯文： 因此，……必須采取嚴厲的措施來解決這些問題。

解讀：這個句型在問題解決型的題目中經常用到，這一句話是總述，接下來會提出解決問題的具體措施。

2.In conclusion,…Otherwise,… 譯文： 總之??否則??

解讀：這種句型一般用于最后一段，用于總結全文，得出結論，otherwise 表示從反面進一步加以論述。

第五節——媒體與藝術

23、報紙對人們的影響

Newspapers have become an enormous influence on people’s ideas and opinions.Is it a desirable or undesirable situation.【Model Essay】

Newspapers have been playing an essential role in shaping people’s thoughts on a wide range of issues.In my opinion, this complex phenomenon has both positive and negative aspects which need to be analyzed respectively.To a large extent, this situation is a desirable one with its many positive aspects.First of all, unlike works of fiction, newspapers mostly report actual occurrences.Therefore, when any opinion is expressed, whether intentional or not, they are regarded as fact along with other undisputable stories the paper presents.This is how newspapers influence the opinions of the public.In addition, many major newspapers have smoothly operated branches, seasoned correspondents and highly efficient systems to collect local news with the swiftest actions.Most importantly, their coverage and insightful comments can encourage young readers to form their own opinions on current affairs.On the other hand, people should be fully aware of the downside of the journalistic dominance.For example, newspapers tell stories that could be exaggerated or simply untrue to spur negative feelings towards a certain group.In addition, since we already know that newspapers can shape people’s opinions, it is difficult to judge whether those who believe one thing are actually holding their own opinion, or being influenced by the press.This simply means that whoever controls the press controls the opinions of the people, which results in a low variety of opinions.To sum up, newspapers have become so influential that it would be easy for people to believe that something did not happen if it was not reported.So I suggest that more privately run newspapers should be permitted to be publish, which can provide opportunities for the public to deliver their own opinions freely.【高分詞匯】

★Regard as 把??認作 例○ Don’t regard fantasies as truth.譯 不要把幻想看成事實。○★Seasoned adj.經驗豐富的，老練的 例 He is a seasoned traveler.○譯○ 他是一位有經驗的旅行者。★Correspondent n.通訊記者，通信者

例 They said foreign correspondents who stayed too long in a place went blind.○譯○ 他們說，駐外記者在一個地方待得太久就變得不能發現新事物了。★Coverage n.新聞報道，報道量

例○ There’s little coverage of foreign news in the newspaper.譯 報紙上幾乎沒有國外新聞報道。○★Insightful adj.富有洞察力的，有深刻講解的

例○ They have a reputation for being intuitive and insightful.譯 他們既有敏銳的洞察力，又有深刻的見解。○★Be aware of n.知道

例 Always stay alert and be aware of your surroundings.○譯○ 隨時隨地保持警惕并意識到你四周的環境。★Comment n.解釋，評論，意見 例 Comment is needless.○譯○ 解釋是不必要的。

★Dominance n.優勢，支配地位

例○ Their economic dominance has merely been postponed.譯 這些新興經濟體要占據經濟主導地位還欠火候。○★Influential adj.有影響的，有勢力的

例○ He is a very influential man in the government.譯○ 他在政府中是個很有影響的人物。【萬能句型】

1、In my opinion, this complex phenomenon has both positive and negative aspects which need to be analyzed respectively.譯文：在我看來，這種復雜的現象既有積極地方面，也有消極的方面，需要深入分析。解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段末尾，表明作者的觀點，同時引起下文。

2、To a large extent, this situation is a desirable one with its many positive aspects.譯文：在很大程度上，這種情況是好的，有許多積極地方面。解讀：這種句型常常用于第二段第一句，表示開始分析積極的方面。

3、On the other hand, people should be fully aware of the downside of?? 譯文：另一方面，人們應該充分認識到??這種不利的方面 解讀:這種句型常常用于第三段開頭，表示開始分析消極的方面。

24、音樂的作用

Many people think music plays an important role in society;others, however, believe music is simply a form of entertainment for individuals.What’s your opinion? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, music is becoming increasingly prevalent at an amazing rate.As to the function of it, there is a long-running controversial debate.A majority of people contend that music is simply a form of entertainment for individuals, but others believe music plays an important role in society.Personally, I side with the latter opinion.No doubt, music is very relaxing.After a day of hard working, it is fun to listen to some music at home.You can even play a musical instrument for a while.In this way, music relieves the tension caused by the problems of a long day of work.At the same time, music plays an more important role than just entertainment.To begin with, music has the function of motivation.Exciting music can promote the morale of people.For example, when Chinese people fought against the invaders, many pieces of music were composed to encourage the spirits of the nationals.So the final victory should also credit much to the music.Then, music can act as a kind of communicating method.That is to say, people can feel the feelings in the music.Furthermore, music can raise people’s sense of art and their appreciating level, which helps them to pursue healthy hobbies and reduce their bad behaviors.Finally, music can console people from sorrows and make them feel mentally quiet.Whenever people hear music, you see them smiling and tapping their feet along with the beat.From the above analysis, we can reach the conclusion that music has various functions rather than individual entertainment.For the existence of music, the world keeps wonderful and peaceful.And we should not neglect the great importance of music.【高分詞匯】

★Prevalent adj.普遍的，流行的

例 The habit of travelling by airplane is becoming more and more prevalent.○譯○ 乘飛機旅行的習慣變得越來越盛行了。

★Side with 與（某人）站在同一邊，和(某人)持有同樣的見解 例○ She always sides with me.譯 她總是站在我這一邊。○★ relieve vt.減輕，緩解

例○ The doctors did their best to relieve the patient.譯○ 醫生們盡力減輕病人的痛苦。★Morale n.士氣，斗志

例 The morale of the enemy troops is sinking lower every day.○譯○ 敵軍的士氣日益低落。

★Credit to 為??增光的人（事物）

例○ The sportsmen are determined to be a credit to their country.譯運動員們決心為國增光。○★Sense of art 藝術感

例○ Music can raise people’s sense of art.譯○ 音樂能提升人們的藝術感。★Pursue vt.追趕，追求

例He began to pursue an easy and comfortable life.○譯○ 他開始追求安逸舒適的生活。★Along with 和??一起

例○ Tobacco is taxed in most countries, along with alcohol.譯 和酒一樣，煙草在大多數國家都要征稅。○【萬能句型】

1、No doubt…… 譯文：無疑，??

解讀：此句型常用在第二段開頭，是一種讓步的說法，表示承認題目中某方的觀點，但這并不是作者主要要論述的觀點。

2、At the same time,??plays a more important role than just?? 譯文：同時，??有著更重要的作用，而不僅僅是??

解讀：此句型常用在第三段開頭，這是作者支持并且要重點論述的觀點，接下來會具體說明有哪幾點重要作用。

25、媒體應否報道犯罪細節

Some people think media should not report detail of crimes to the public.To what extent do you agree or disagree ? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.【Model Essay】

Recently, the discussion about whether the crime in the newspaper and on TV should be described at length has become a heated one.Some people assert that the media coverage of crime details should be banned while others claim that such reports have their own advantages.Before presenting my view, I seek to analyze the issue from different angles.From some people’s points of view, there are many good reasons for opposing the detailed description about the crimes in the newspaper and on TV.Firstly, the reports of criminal details often contain numerous of erotic, corrupt and provoking episodes, which may carry great risks and bring negative influence to young people.Furthermore, media reports of criminal details are unfair for the victim of crimes.The victims who have suffered greatly from these crimes would feel they were forced to experience a nightmare again.Many others, however, take a quite strong opposite attitude towards this issue.They believe the detailed descriptions about crimes should not be banned.The fundamental reason for this is that such reports keep the public alert to crimes.Should all these reports disappear from the media, it would be very hard for the public to know about the crimes occurring in society.As far as I am concern, I strongly believe that the detailed descriptions about crime in newspaper and on TV should be controlled to some extent.At the same time, we cannot deny the advantages brought by them.Therefore, we should encourage the media to inform the public about the criminal acts, but not in great detail.【高分詞匯】

★At length充分地；詳盡的

例○He went into the subject at full length.譯○他詳細地研究了這個問題。★Contain vt.包含，容納，容忍

例○Whisky contains a large percentage of alcohol.譯○威士忌的酒精含量很高，★Episode 一段情節，插曲；片段 例○The episode of this film sounds good.譯○這部電影的插曲很好聽。

★Suffer from 患（某種病）；受（某種病痛）折磨；因……而受罰（苦、損）例○Sometimes I still suffer from these weaknesses.譯○有時我還是在吃這些弱點的苦頭。★Nightmare夢魘，噩夢

例○I a had nightmare about being drowned in a lake.譯○我做了個在湖里淹死的噩夢。★Disappear消失，不見

例○The snow will soon disappear when the warm weather comes.譯○天氣變暖時，雪很快就會融化。★Occur 發生，出現

例○I hope this won’t occur again.譯○我希望不要再發生這種事情。★To some extent某種程度上

例○National economic growth accelerated to some extent.譯○國民經濟增長速度有所加快。【萬能句型】

1.From some people’s points of view, there are many good reasons for apposing … 譯文：從一些人的觀點來看，有許多理由可以用來反對……

解讀：這種句型常常用于對稱式寫法第二段的第一句，是這一段的總述，接下來再從幾個方面分別講述。

2.Many others, however, take a quite strong opposite attitude towards this issue.譯文：然而，許多其他的人對這個問題持有完全相反的態度。

解讀：這種句型常常用于對稱式寫法第三段的第一句，是這一段的總述，接下來再從幾個方面分別講述。

26、老年人使用手機和網絡

With technology speeding up, more and more young people begin to use mobile phones and the Internet, but old people have little chance to be exposed to them.What ways could mobile phones and Internet be useful to old people? How do old people be encouraged to use these new technologies? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.【Model essay】

New technologies such as mobile phones and the internet not only bring a lot of fun to youngsters, but also have an important effect on senior citizens who would like to keep pace with the age.However, after thorough survey, we find that unlike the youth, most old people are afraid to try these new technologies.For one thing, based on pondering on many occasions, the new technologies could be useful to old people in the following ways.Firstly, it is convenient for them to keep in touch with their children who live independently or study overseas by using mobile phones or e-mails.They could communicate with their children on line or by sending instant massages.Besides, if some of old people feel physically uncomfortable or get in danger outdoors and alone , they could immediately make an emergency call or inform their relatives or friends.For another thing, we can see that old people are reluctant to learn new technologies, so some feasible measures should be taken to encourage them to use the high-tech products.First and foremost, they should be specially designed for the old people, i.e., they should be cut down parts of the subsidiary functions and easy to operate.Moreover, the buttons and displayed characters should be extra big so that old people could see them clearly.furthermore, these products should

be cheap enough to be acceptable to the old people.Last but not least, as far as the old people concerned, they are also really supposed to be a bit more confident to make use of the new technologies.Generally, I should say that let the high-tech facilitates both young and old people’s lives, which need the technologists to make just one step forward.【高分詞匯】

★Keep pace with 并駕齊驅

例○Our theoretic work must keep pace with our revolutionary practice.譯○我們的理論工作必須和革命實踐相適應。★Keep in touch.保持聯絡 例○We’ll keep in touch with you.譯○我們將和你保持聯系。★Independently獨立地，自立地 例○Can you complete it independently? 譯○你能夠獨立完成嗎？

★Communicate with 與……聯系，與……交往 例○I communicate with him regularly by letter.譯○我與他定期通信。★Get in 到達

例○What time does the rain from London get in? 譯○從倫敦來的火車何時進站？ ★Reluctant 不顧的，勉強的 例○He gave me a reluctant assistance.第六節——科技

27、農業領域的新發展

Some people support the development in agriculture such as factory farming and scientific creation of new type of fruits and vegetables.some people oppose it.Discuss both views and give your opinion.Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.【Model Essay】

It is widely acknowledge that the debut of new things always accompanies debating and arguing.Some people support the development of agriculture, such as factory farming and scientific creation of fruits and vegetables, while others oppose it.Undeniablely, there are points in both sides of the argument..Those who favor the new development of agriculture give their reasons as follows.Firstly, traditional agriculture has always been slow and lack of efficiency in mass production of food.So it is necessary to introduce scientific methods to create new fruits, vegetables, ect， which can ensure the citizens have enough meat, corns, fruits and vegetables to consume.Secondly, factory farming can be very profitable since we can get rid of the impact from climatic factors and pest invasion, which can promote economic development.However, the other side of the effects cannot be ignored.First and foremost, this way of agricultural production may do harm to our health.For example, in order to make pigs grow faster, a lot of chemic ingredients are added into the feeding stuff.When we eat the meat of the animals fed up by the feeding stuff, the ingredients come into our innards.Cancers and other diseases may attack us with the accumulation of these harmful chemic ingredients.In addition, this production way can seriously pollute the environment.Tons of chemic fertilizers are spread into the fields, which will ruin the soil.After years of farming, this soil would be so barren that no plants are suitable to grow there.As far as I am concerned, I agree with the former.In modern society, traditional modes of agriculture are too slow and monotonous to fulfil the appetite of global citizens.We should grasp the opportunity to accelerate the development of agriculture.【高分詞匯】

★ debut n.初次登場，開張

例○ Helen made her debut at a party when she was eighteen.譯○海倫十八歲時在一次聚會上初次進入社交界。★ get rid of 擺脫，除去 例○ we must get rid of this bad style.譯我們必須去掉這種不良作風。○★ attack vt.攻擊，抨擊，動手處理（某事）例○ We shall fight them back if they attack.譯○他們如若進攻，我們必將反擊。

★ accumulation v.加速，促進 例○ The capitalists only care about the accumulation of weath.譯 資本界只顧積累財富。○★ accelerate v.加速，促進

例○ We must seize all opportunities to accelerate development.譯 必須抓住一切機遇加快發展。○

【萬能句型】

1.Undeniable，there are points in both sides of the argument.譯文：不可否認，辯論的雙方都有道理。

解讀：這個句型一般用于對稱式寫法第一段的最后一句話，表示作者接下來要開始對兩種對立的觀點分別進行分析。

2.Those who favor …give their reasons as follows.譯文：那些支持??的人理由如下。

解讀：這種句型一般用于對稱式寫法第二段的第一句，表示開始論證正方的觀點。3.However, the other side of the effects cannot be ignored.譯文：然而，另一方面的影響也不能被忽視。

解讀：這種句型一般用于對稱式寫法第三段的第一句，表示開始論述反方的觀點。

第七節——犯罪

28、對犯罪分子的懲罰

Some people think that criminals should be given longer terms in prison, so as to reduce the crime rate.To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.【Model Essay 】

With the incidence of crime hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.And a growing number of people have begun to insist that criminals should be given longer terms in prison, so as to reduce the crime rate.They argue that the law offenders should be punished severely.At first thought, this opinion seems to be sensible and sound.But on second thought, I find it is not often the case.The reasons are given below.The first one is that longer terms in prison may be unfair to the criminals.Punishment should match with the crime, which is a major principle and has been acknowledged by most countries.If criminals are given longer terms than they deserve, this act itself is a kind of crime which deprives the basic human rights of criminals.Besides, some of the criminals are very talented people and may be experts in some fields.So after a certain term of imprisonment, they should be set free and use their talent to serve the society.If they were detained in the prison for longer terms ,they may lose the opportunities of making good use of their skills.The third one is that if criminals were locked up in prisons longer, the government would spend more money providing them food and shelter.This is a huge waste of wealth.Taking into account all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that giving criminals longer terms in prison is not the only way to prevent crimes.At the same time, the government should take some other measures to combat against crimes.For example, the government may reclaim criminals by education and teaching then skills.【高分詞匯】

★ offender n.犯罪；冒犯者

例 Reckon leniently with a first offender.○譯○ 對初犯者從寬發落。

★ punish vt.懲罰，處分

例○ The parents punished their disobedient child.譯 父母懲罰了他們不聽話的孩子。○★ severely adv.嚴重地，嚴格地

例 His courage was severely tired.○譯○ 他的勇氣收到了嚴峻的考驗。

★ sound adj.健全的，可靠的，合理的

例○ You had better establish a sound foundation for your further study.譯 你最好為將來的深造打下牢固的基礎。○★ match with 使??和??相配（稱）

例○ What you have said doesn’t match with the facts.譯○ 你所說的跟事實不完全相符。

★ principle vt.應得；應受(賞、罰等)，該獎[罰] 例 These machines work on the same principle.譯 這些機器按同樣的原理運轉。

★ deserve vt.應得；應受（賞、罰等），該獎（罰）

例○ If you do wrong, you deserve punishment.譯 你如做錯事，應當受罰。○★ set free 釋放

例○ We pray you to set the prisoner free.譯○ 我們懇求你釋放這個囚犯。

★ Detain vt.扣留，拘留

例○ The policeman detains him as a suspect.譯○ 警察把他當做嫌疑犯而加以拘留。

【萬能句型】

1.With the incidence of …hovering at high levels, many have become disturbed and alarmed.譯文：隨著??的發生率居高不下，這引起了很多人的困擾和警覺。解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段第一句，介紹背景，引出要討論的話題。

2.Taking into account all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that 譯文：考慮到所有的這些因素，我們可以得出結論??

解讀：這種句型常常用于結尾段第一句，承接上文，得出結論。

29、預防犯罪的措施

Many people are afraid to leave home because of crime.Some believe that more actions should be taken to prevent crimes, but others feel little can be done.What’s your view? 【Model Essay】

Nowadays, the incidence of crime is growing at a staggering rate, which leads to some people are afraid to leave home.Such a grave situation merits our careful attention.Some suggest that more effective measures should be taken to guard against crimes, while others feel nothing can make sense.From my part, I totally consent to the former point of view.We should take effective measures to solve the problem.The basic way to stop so many crimes is the serious punishment and actions taken by the government.We should put more police force to protect the public security, especially in some high-crime ratio areas.And the police force should be armed with the most advanced equipment for their better performance in their daily work, With the help of the latest technologies, such as the surveillance skill, computer skill and etc, the work of policemen will become efficient and the rate of crime will decrease gradually.And for common people, what they need to do is to keep alert, try best to avoid any possible crimes.At the same time, learn some basic skills to defend crimes.For instance, do not walk along the dark footpath at night when you get back home from work;put your bag to the front instead of at back when walking in the crowded throng.In a word, do not give any chance to the criminals.So in my opinion, it is totally unnecessary for people to stay at home because of the crimes.Many things can be done to prevent crimes, If you have fully preparation, it will become relatively easy for you to treat with the crime.And even you encounter, you can reduce your lost to its minimum.【高分詞匯】

★staggering adj.蹣跚的，搖晃的，令人驚愕的

例○He was half in the bag and staggering slightly.譯○他已半醉，走路有點搖搖晃晃。

★guard against 提防，預防

例○ We should take measures to guard against accidents.譯○我們應該采取措施防止事故發生。

★arm with 用……武裝起來，裝備有……的

例○ The government was armed with many facts and figures.譯○政府以許多事實及數字作為武器。

★surveillance n.監視，監督

例○ We must keep these people under close surveillance.譯○對這些人我們要嚴密監視。

★encounter v.遭遇，遇到，相遇 n.遭遇，遭遇戰

例○ It seems probable(that)we might encounter some unexpected troubles.譯○我們很可能會遭遇到一些意向不到的麻煩。

【萬能句型】

1.Nowadays, the incidence of … is growing at a staggering rate, which lead to some people … 譯文：如今，……以驚人的速度增長，使得一些人…… 解讀：這種句型常常用于第一段第一句，介紹背景，引出話題。2.So in my opinion, it is totally unnecessary for … to … 譯文：因此在我看來，因為……而……實在沒有必要。

解讀：這種句型一般用于結尾段第一句，總結全文，提出自己的觀點。

第八節——文化與旅游

30、特殊日期的意義

Nowadays many charities and other organizations publicize their activities by giving a name to a particular day every year, like National Non-smoking, National Children’s Day, etc.Why do these organizations do this? How effective can these special days be? 【Model Essay】

第三篇：事業單位面試技巧：面試高分寶典

事業單位面試技巧：面試高分寶典

秘籍一：“知己知彼，百戰百勝”

考生要在第一時間全方位了解自己所報考的崗位職責、崗位性質、工作內容、特殊屬性等，充分了解后要建立自己與崗位之間的匹配性，所謂自身與崗位之間的匹配性就是考生自身的現實性需求(戶口、專業、住房、家庭需要)、職業興趣(社會型、現實型)、對組織文化的認同(政府組織文化、基層組織文化)、成就動機(認知需要、自我實現)等，通過自身建立條件與崗位之間的高度匹配性，讓考官認為你就是最適合這個崗位的人，從而選擇你。秘籍二：“積累素材，厚積薄發”

考生在準備考試的過程中需要積累和搜集關于報考崗位相關的政策、文件、熱點新聞、以及工作中遇到的問題，通過對崗位工作的全方位了解和學習，在面試的過程中就可以做到有備無患，隨機應變。不打無準備之戰，要想在面試中脫穎而出，考生就需要有專業化的水準、與時俱進的思維、獨特的論證角度，這樣才能在眾多考生中成為佼佼者。秘籍三：“擺正心態，泰然處之”

我們常說對待事物我們要做到得之泰然、失之淡然。在面試的考場上有眾多考生因為不能戰勝自己，在心理上就敗下陣來，由于考場設置本身就會讓考生產生一種緊張與壓迫的感覺，這也是對考生心里素質的一種考驗，加之面對考三官提出的三道或者四道問題，部分考生就會在短時間內出現大腦短路的情況，導致考生答題邏輯混亂、內容空洞、語言粗糙的情況出現，所以作為考生戰勝對手首先要戰勝自己，要擁有一顆強大的內心、培養良好的心理素質。考生在答題的過程中，千萬不要想自己是否能夠答好，或者答不好怎么辦的問題，這樣會導致過度關注結果為失掉過程的現象發生，掌控好自己在考場上能夠掌控好的東西，做到心無旁騖、泰然處之。

第四篇：支付相關要點說明

什么是支付賬戶、備付金、網絡支付、銀行卡清算、貸記卡、代扣、代付....支付機構：是指取得《支付業務許可證》,獲準辦理“預付卡發行與受理”業務的發卡機構和獲準辦理“預付卡受理”業務的受理機構。(支付機構預付卡業務管理辦法)

支付機構特定自有資金賬戶：是支付機構在備付金存管銀行開立的自有資金賬戶，用于現金形式為客戶辦理備付金贖回、結轉支付業務手續費收入等業務。支付機構只能確定一個特定自有資金賬戶，并按照規定向我營業管理部備案。(支付機構客戶備付金存管辦法)

支付賬戶：是指支付機構根據客戶申請，為客戶開立的具有記錄客戶資金交易資金余額功能的電子賬簿。(支付機構互聯網支付業務管理辦法(征求意見稿))

中國人民銀行分支機構：是指中國人民銀行副省級城市中心支行以上的分支機構(非金融機構支付服務管理辦法)。或指中國人民銀行上海總部，各分行、營業管理部、省會(首府)城市中心支行、副省級城市中心支行。(支付機構預付卡業務管理辦法)

收單機構：包括從事銀行卡收單業務的銀行業金融機構，獲得銀行卡收單業務許可、為實體特約商戶提供銀行卡受理并完成資金結算服務的支付機構，以及獲得網絡支付業務許可、為網絡特約商戶提供銀行卡受理并完成資金結算服務的支付機構。(銀行卡收單業務管理辦法)

收單機構的特約商戶：是指與收單機構簽約并同意使用銀行卡進行資金結算的法人、個體工商戶或其他組織。(支付機構反洗錢和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

受理終端：是指通過銀行卡信息(磁條、芯片或銀行卡賬戶信息)讀取、采集或錄入裝置生成銀行卡交易指令，能夠保證銀行卡交易信息處理安全的各類實體支付終端。(銀行卡收單業務管理辦法)

特約商戶：是指與收單機構簽訂銀行卡受理協議、按約定受理銀行卡并委托收單機構為其完成交易資金結算的企事業單位、個體工商戶或其他組織，以及按照國家工商行政管理機關有關規定，開展網絡商品交易等經營活動的自然人。(銀行卡收單業務管理辦法)

主要出資人：包括擁有申請人實際控制權的出資人和持有申請人10%以上股權的出資人。(非金融機構支付服務管理辦法)

備付金存管銀行：是指可以為支付機構辦理客戶備付金的跨行收付業務，并負責對支付機構存放在所有備付金銀行的客戶備付金信息進行歸集、核對與監督的備付金銀行。(支付機構客戶備付金存管辦法)

備付金存管賬戶：是支付機構在備付金銀行開立的，可以以現金形式接收客戶備付金、以銀行轉賬方式辦理客戶備付金收取和支取業務的專用存款賬戶。支付機構在備付金存管授權行或其轄屬機構開立的備付金存管賬戶稱為備付金主存管賬戶。(支付機構客戶備付金存管辦法)

備付金合作銀行：是指可以為支付機構辦理客戶備付金的收取和本銀行支取業務，并負責對支付機構存放在本銀行的客戶備付金進行監督的備付金銀行。(支付機構客戶備付金存管辦法)

備付金匯繳賬戶：是支付機構在備付金銀行開立的可以以現金形式接收或以本銀行資金內部劃轉方式接收客戶備付金的專用存款賬戶。備付金銀行應當于每日營業終了前，將備付金匯繳賬戶內的資金全額劃轉至支付機構的備付金存管賬戶或在同一備付金合作銀行開立備付金收付賬戶。支付機構可以通過備付金匯繳賬戶將客戶備付金直接退回至原資金轉出賬戶。(支付機構客戶備付金存管辦法)

備付金收付賬戶：是支付機構在備付金合作銀行開立的，可以以現金形式或以銀行轉賬方式接收客戶備付金、以銀行資金內部劃轉方式辦理客戶備付金支取業務的專用存款賬戶。支付機構備付金收付賬戶應該開立在備付金合作授權行。(支付機構客戶備付金存管辦法)

備付金協議：是指支付機構與備付金銀行或其授權的一個境內分支機構簽訂的，約定雙方的權利、義務和責任的協議。該協議應當約定支付機構從備付金銀行劃轉客戶備付金的支付指令，以及客戶備付金發生損失時雙方應當承擔的償付責任和相關償付方式。(支付機構客戶備付金存管辦法)

不記名預付卡：是指預付卡業務處理系統中不記載持卡人身份信息的預付卡。(支付機構預付卡業務管理辦法)

單位客戶：包括法人、其他組織和個體工商戶。(支付機構反洗錢和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

風險準備金專用存款賬戶：是支付機構在備付金存管銀行或其授權分支機構開立的專用存款賬戶，用于支付機構按季計提的風險準備金。(支付機構客戶備付金存管辦法)

互聯網特約商戶：是指基于互聯網信息系統直接向消費者銷售商品或提供服務，并接受支付機構互聯網支付服務完成資金結算的法人、其他組織或自然人。(支付機構互聯網支付業務管理辦法(征求意見稿))

記名預付卡：是指預付卡業務處理系統中記載持卡人身份信息的預付卡。(支付機構預付卡業務管理辦法)

金融機構：是指依法設立的從事金融業務的政策性銀行、商業銀行、信用合作社、郵政儲匯機構、信托投資公司、證券公司、期貨經紀公司、保險公司以及國務院反洗錢行政主管部門確定并公布的從事金融業務的其他機構。(中華人民共和國反洗錢法)

客戶備付金：是指支付機構為辦理客戶委托的支付業務而實際收到的預收待付貨幣資金。(支付機構客戶備付金存管辦法)

客戶備付金日均余額：是指備付金存管銀行的法人機構根據最近90日內支付機構每日日終的客戶備付金總量計算的平均值。(非金融機構支付服務管理辦法)

實體特約商戶：是指通過實體經營場所提供商品或服務的特約商戶。網絡特約商戶，是指基于公共網絡信息系統提供商品或服務的特約商戶。(銀行卡收單業務管理辦法)

網絡支付：是指依托公共網絡或專用網絡在首付款人之間轉移貨幣資金的行為，包括貨幣匯兌、互聯網支付、移動電話支付、固定電話支付數字電視支付等。(非金融機構支付服務管理辦法)

網絡支付機構，是指從事《非金融機構支付服務管理辦法》規定的網絡支付業務的支付機構。(支付機構反洗錢和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

網絡支付機構的特約商戶：是指基于互聯網信息系統直接向消費者銷售商品或提供服務，并接受網絡支付機構互聯網支付服務完成資金結算的法人、個體工商戶、其他組織或自然人。(支付機構反洗錢和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

網絡支付接口：是指收單機構與網絡特約商戶基于約定的業務規則，用于網絡支付數據交換的規范和技術實現。(銀行卡收單業務管理辦法)

銀行卡清算機構：是指經中國人民銀行批準，通過設立銀行卡清算標準和規則，運營銀行卡業務系統，為發卡機構和收單機構提供銀行卡交易處理，協助完成資金結算服務的機構。(銀行卡收單業務管理辦法)

銀行卡收單：指通過銷售點(POS)終端等為銀行卡特約商戶代收貨幣資金的行為。(非金融機構支付服務管理辦法)

銀行卡收單業務：是指收單機構與特約商戶簽訂銀行卡受理協議，在特約商戶按約定受理銀行卡并與持卡人達成交易后，為特約商戶提供交易資金結算服務的行為。(銀行卡收單業務管理辦法)

預付卡：是指以營利為目的發行的、在發行機構之外購買商品或服務的預付價值，包括采取磁條、芯片等技術以卡片、密碼等形式發行的預付卡。(非金融機構支付服務管理辦法)

預付卡機構，是指從事《非金融機構支付服務管理辦法》規定的預付卡發行與受理業務或預付卡受理業務的支付機構。(支付機構反洗錢和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

預付卡機構的特約商戶：是指與預付卡機構簽約并同意使用預付卡進行資金結算的法人、個體工商戶或其他組織。(支付機構反洗錢和反恐怖融資管理辦法)

支付業務名詞及釋義大全

偽卡：偽卡是指不是持卡本人所使用的銀行卡而是不法份子通過其技術手段復制出原卡信息進行違法刷卡套現的卡。銀行卡是靠卡片上的磁條記錄持卡人的資料代碼，另外還有一組識別碼。如果與刷卡機連線，或是用一臺有記憶儲存設備的讀卡機(側錄器)，將銀行卡在上面刷一下，就能將真卡的數字全部記錄下來。

AA收款: “AA收款”是微信內一個基于微信支付的一項應用。與“紅包”不同的是，它能以某種名義(如聚餐、活動、班費等)來AA收款。

API接口支付: 是整合市面所有的支付通道，全力給合作方提供多途徑通道，實現資源共享、風險共擔的全新網絡支付程序。

B2B網銀支付:B2B在線支付是銀行專門為電子商務活動中的賣方和買方提供的安全、快捷、方便的在線支付中介服務，從而連接電子商務活動中的賣方和買方，保障資金流的暢通，加速賣方資金回籠，方便買方購物支付。

T+0 POS機：是指POS機上的當天所有成功交易，于銀當日將POS機結算資金劃入指定的結算賬戶，并收取相關服務費用的特殊結算處理業務。目前市場上比較流行的T+0 POS機均是由支付公司作為墊付方，在當日進行資金墊付，并會相應收取高額的手續費用。

T+1 POS機：就是當日發生的POS機交易均延順到下一個交易日進行結算，這種結算方式符合了銀聯對資金結算的方式，安全性、穩定性均有很大保障。

T+1: T+1是一種股票交易制度，即當日買進的股票，要到下一個交易日才能賣出。“T”指交易登記日，“T+1”指登記日的次日。我國上海證券交易所和深圳證券交易所對股票和基金交易實行“T+1”的交易方式，中國股市實行“T+1”交易制度，當日買進的股票，要到下一個交易日才能賣出。

IVR支付: 即IVR電話支付，是一種通用的可脫離互聯網的可移動式支付方式，幾乎適用于所有類型的商品交易，特別適用于接收消費者打入客服或銷售熱線訂購商品的商家。消費者可以在網站或者熱線電話里先下訂單，后選擇電話支付，商家會將您的訂單情況下達到銀行系統或第三方支付平臺。如果是電話下單的，可以由商家直接轉到銀行或者支付平臺的支付熱線進行電話支付;如果是網站或其他方式下單的，這時就可通過手機、小靈通或固定電話，根據自己所擁有的銀行卡撥打電話銀行或者支付平臺熱線，根據預定提示完成付款。

MCC碼：也稱商戶類別碼。由收單機構為特約商戶設置，用于標明銀聯卡交易環境、所在商戶的主營業務范圍和行業歸屬，判斷境內跨行交易商戶結算手續費標準的主要依據;也是開展銀聯卡交易行業分析和報告，銀聯卡業務風險管理和控制的重要基礎數據之一。銀行卡收單管理辦法規定，商戶號為15位：機構代碼(3位)+地區代碼(4位)+商戶類型(4位)+商戶順序號(4位)。

mPOS：是新型支付產品，與手機、平板電腦等通用智能移動設備進行連接，通過互聯網進行信息傳輸，外接設備完成卡片讀取、PIN輸入、數據加解密、提示信息顯示等操作，從而實現支付功能的應用。

NFC支付：是指消費者在購買商品或服務時，即時采用NFC技術(Near Field Communication)通過手機等手持設備完成支付，是新興的一種移動支付方式。支付的處理在現場進行，并且在線下進行，不需要使用移動網絡，而是使用NFC射頻通道實現與POS收款機或自動售貨機等設備的本地通訊。NFC近距離無線通訊是近場支付的主流技術，它是一種短距離的高頻無線通訊技術，允許電子設備之間進行非接觸式點對點數據傳輸交換數據。

POS(銷售終端)：銷售終端--POS(point of sale)是一種多功能終端，把它安裝在信用卡的特約商戶和受理網點中與計算機聯成網絡，就能實現電子資金自動轉賬，它具有支持消費、預授權、余額查詢和轉賬等功能，使用起來安全、快捷、可靠。

POS一清機：銀行或者有收單資質的第三方支付公司直接結算到用戶綁定的銀行卡。一清，就是指“一次清算”。

POS二清機：指支付公司或銀行先將POS機的結算款支付給某一個人或某一家未取得收單資質的公司，再由這家公司或個人結算給商戶。

POS機非法移機：商戶未經收單機構許可擅自將pos機從登記的經營地址轉移至另一地址，包括但不限于以下行為：商戶將pos機變更登記的經營地址后，使用pos機具;同一商戶在多家分支機構間自行調換POS機具，使用固定pos機具，上門或流動收款業務等。

POS簽購單：在日常消費刷卡后，特約商戶要求簽字確認的簽購單，是持卡人確認此筆消費的憑證。在日常刷卡消費后，簽購單都是一式兩份，持卡人保留一份，商戶回收保留一份。簽購單上注明銀聯特約商戶名稱及其編號、POS機機號、消費時間和金額等。

POS專業化辦事公司：指經銀行同行公會、某人民銀行、或中國銀聯及其分支機構認定的具有POS專業化辦事資質的公司。

TSM平臺：字面意思是可信服務管理，銀聯TSM是基于“一卡多應用”技術建立的一套完整的“空中發卡”和應用管理體系。通過TSM平臺，發卡機構可安全、高效地將多張金融智能卡信息集中在手機或IC卡上，既方便用戶攜帶、使用，又便于自身發卡和管理。

USB 電子密鑰 一種USB接口的硬件設備。內置智能芯片，存儲用戶的私鑰和數字證書，并確保存儲的內容無法被拷貝出來，利用其中內置的公鑰算法實現身份認證。

安全策略：規定或管理一個系統或組織如何提供安全服務來保護敏感和關鍵的系統資源的一系列規則和慣例。

安全超文本傳輸協議(HTTPS)：HTTP協議的一種安全的形式。建立一個信息傳輸安全通道，保證數據傳輸的完整性和機密性。

安全控制信息：與安全相關的控制信息，用戶標識密文的類型。

報文鑒別碼：MAC(message authentication code)是用來完成消息來源正確性鑒別，防止數據被篡改或非法用戶竊入的數據。

本代本收單：即發卡行與收單行為同一銀行，交易不走銀聯交換網絡;

本代他收單：即發卡行與收單行為不同銀行，交易必須走銀聯交換網絡;

補單：發生掉單，下單發起方通過其他補救機制獲得正確支付結果信息，將訂單的支付狀態修正為與支付服務提供方一致的操作。

參考號：POS中心為交易分配的流水號，在響應報文中下傳給POS終端作為對賬參考號，并用于事后查證。

側錄：側錄器是一種具有記憶儲存設備的讀卡機，能將持卡人的資料以及磁卡的磁條代碼全部讀出并記錄儲存下來。

差錯：是指由于機具、通信線路、系統處理、終端操作及其他原因引起，需要進行相應的賬務調整的交易。

差錯管理: 是在數字通信中利用編碼方法對傳輸中產生的差錯進行管理，以提高數字消息傳輸的準確性。

撤單：在下單成功后，對于未支付的電子支付訂單進行撤銷的操作。

持卡人：卡的合法持有者，即與卡對應的銀行賬戶相聯系的客戶。

沖正交易：即一筆交易在終端已經置為成功標志，但是發送到主機的賬務交易包沒有得到響應，即終端交易超時。所以不確定該筆交易是否在主機端也成功完成，為了確保用戶的利益，終端重新向主機發送請求，請求取消該筆交易的流水，如果主機端已經交易成功，則回滾交易，否則不處理，然后將處理結果返回給終端。

代付：指各商業銀行利用自身的結算便利，接受客戶的委托代為辦理指定款項的收付事宜的業務。

代扣：用戶和商戶簽訂過一些代為扣款的協議后，系統會根據協議按時從客戶簽訂協議的賬戶中扣除協定的金額，明細備注中就顯示“代扣”

貸記卡：指銀行發行的、并給予持卡人一定信用額度、持卡人可在信用額度內先消費后還款的信用卡。

擔保支付：指針對電子商務中，賣家與買家的交易安全問題而首先由支付寶率先提出的交易模式。它有效的解決了電子商務交易中的信用問題，即買家擔心付款后，收不到貨物，而同時賣家也擔心發出貨物后，收不到錢。現實中國人在商品交易中，普遍習慣一手交錢一手交貨的交易模式，對于電子商務的付款和發貨相分離不熟悉。支付寶在推出擔保交易后，大大促進了電子商務的成功率。

盜卡：當銀行卡或者信用卡卡號和密碼被非法竊取，被做了一張復制卡。

電子銀行業務：商業銀行等銀行業金融機構利用面向社會公眾開放的通訊通道或開放型公眾網絡，以及銀行為特定自助服務設施或客戶建立的專用網絡，向客戶提供的銀行服務。

電子賬戶：專業化支付服務提供方為用戶提供的實現交易資金的收付和暫存管理的支付賬戶，一般可以通過銀行賬戶進行資金的充值或提取。交易資金的收付既可以通過電子賬戶之間完成，也可在電子賬戶與銀行賬戶之間完成。

電子支付：單位、個人直接或授權他人通過電子終端發出支付指令，實現貨幣支付與資金轉移的行為。

電子支付安全評估：開展電子支付業務過程中，對支付服務提供方的安全策略、內控制度、風險管理、系統安全、用戶保護等方面進行的安全測試和管控能力的考察與評價。

電子支付訂單 ：包含訂單編號、訂單金額等支付信息的電子數據。

電子支付對賬：對前一個結算周期的交易信息進行核對，以確認交易信息的一致性和正確性的過程。

電子支付風險評估：對電子支付所面臨的威脅、存在的弱點、造成的影響以及三者綜合作用所帶來風險的可能性評估。

電子支付交易監控：支付服務提供方在電子支付過程中，對交易行為進行監控。

電子支付接口：基于約定的業務規則，用于電子支付數據交換的規范和技術實現。

電子支付結算：支付服務提供方對交易記錄進行匯總、計算以及資金劃轉的全過程。

電子支付平臺：實現電子支付的業務處理系統。

電子支付渠道：支付服務提供方為用戶提供的完成電子支付的交易通道，如互聯網、WAP、呼叫中心等。

電子支付終端：用戶可用以發起電子支付指令的計算機、電話、銷售點終端、自動柜員機、移動通訊工具或其他電子設備。

釣魚網站：偽裝成銀行及電子商務等網站，用于竊取私密信息。

調單：指的是調取交易簽購單及憑證，確認交易真實性。一般由銀聯、發卡行或收單機構發起，服務商也可以進行發起。

掉單：由于網絡、系統等不確定因素的影響，支付服務方未把支付結果信息返回給下單發起方。

動態口令：也稱一次性密碼，它指在認證過程中只使用一次，下次認證時則更換使用另一個口令，每個密碼只使用一次。動態口令身份認證目前主要有基于時間同步機制的、基于事件同步機制的和基于挑戰/應答(異步)機制三種技術模式。

短信支付：通過短信發送支付指令的方式。

對稱加密：使用相同密鑰進行加密和解密的過程。

對賬：是對前一個清算周期的交易信息進行核對，以確認交易信息的一致性和正確性的過程。

對賬文件：確認交易信息一致性和正確性所用到的文件。

多因子認證 ：需要由兩個以上不同類別的因素組合進行的身份認證。

二維碼支付：是一種基于賬戶體系搭起來的新一代無線支付方案。在該支付方案下，商家可把賬號、商品價格等交易信息匯編成一個二維碼，并印刷在各種報紙、雜志、廣告、圖書等載體上發布。用戶通過手機客戶端掃拍二維碼，便可實現與商家支付寶賬戶的支付結算。

發卡行：發行銀行卡，維護與卡關聯的賬戶，并與持卡人在這兩方面具有協議關系的機構。

非對稱加密：存在兩個密鑰，即公鑰和私鑰，使用其中一個密鑰加密的數據，只有用另一個密鑰解密，而且這兩個密鑰不能夠通過其中一個密鑰推理得到另一個密鑰。

非接支付：指銀行卡/客戶終端通過內置芯片與受理端機具產生無線信號連接，受理端機具讀出客戶信息，處理支付交易，以公交卡、高速公路非現金收費(ETC)為常見。

分單：是指同一張銀聯卡在同一家商戶同一終端購買同一商品(或服務)而發生連續兩次(含)以上交易的支付行為。

分賬：業務發生主體與業務關系方之間進行的相關利益和支出的劃分分賬，一般指的是媒體分賬合作的一種營銷模式

風險保證金:在期貨市場上，交易者只需按期貨合約價格的一定比率交納少量資金作為履行期貨合約的財力擔保，便可參加與期貨合約的買賣，這種資金就是期貨保證金。在我國，期貨保證金(以下簡稱保證金)按性質與作用的不同可分為結算準備金和交易保證金兩大類。結算準備金一般由會由單位按固定標準向交易所繳納，為交易結算預先準備的資金。交易保證金是會員單位或客戶在期貨交易中因持有期貨合約而實際支付的保證金，它又分為初始保證金和追加保證金兩類。

否認交易：主要是一些無良的“持卡人”通過分單、套現、虛假簽名等手段進行POS交易。

服務器證書 ：用來表明服務器身份的數字證書。

付款方：在支付交易中支付資金的一方。

附加身份認證：用戶持有、保管并使用可實現其他身份認證方式的信息(物理介質或電子設備等)。附加身份認證信息應不易被復制、修改和破解。

公鑰基礎設施(PKI)：一種遵循標準的利用公鑰加密技術為電子商務的開展提供一套安全基礎平臺的技術和規范，是支持鑒別、加密、完整性和抗抵賴性服務的公鑰管理的基礎設施。

供應鏈融資：銀行圍繞核心企業，管理上下游中小企業的資金流和物流，并把單個企業的不可控風險轉變為供應鏈企業整體的可控風險，通過立體獲取各類信息，將風險控制在最低的金融服務。

機密性：通過加密手段來防止未經授權的一方獲得數據內容的一種機制。

集中收銀：在具有眾多商家的商場，為了發展會員，制定各種會員政策，培養穩定的客戶群通過統一收銀，可以開展各類促銷活動，以刺激銷費者的購買需求，提升市場人氣，帶動市場發展。商家約定在一個地方繳納貨款。

加密 ：基于某種加密算法對數據作可逆的變換從而生成密文的過程。

間連POS：指POS終端連接到提供機具的商業銀行主機系統，當發生跨行銀行消費交易時，消費交易信息先送提供機具的商業銀行主機系統，判斷為跨行信息后送銀聯主機系統，由銀聯系統分選判斷后再送相關的發卡銀行，然后信息再沿路返回。

鑒權: 是指驗證用戶是否擁有訪問系統的權利。鑒權包括兩個方面：用戶鑒權，網絡對用戶進行鑒權，防止非法用戶占用網絡資源;網絡鑒權，用戶對網絡進行鑒權，防止用戶接入了非法的網絡，被騙取關鍵信息。

交易保證金：防止交易風險，要求交易參與方在指定賬戶存放并凍結的資金。

交易批次號：POS從簽到起至結算、簽退為止的交易為宜批次，交易批次號標識一批交易。

結算：指把某一時期內的所有收支情況進行總結、核算。

結算周期：指每次貨款計算涵蓋的交易時間長度。由于實際業務中存在大量頻繁的交易，如有些企業實行JIT生產，每天都要交很多次貨，如果每次到貨都要結算、開票、付款，增加交易雙方的成本，因此通常情況下會約定一個結算周期。

解密 ：對應加密過程的逆操作。

借貸分離：所謂借貸分離，簡單地說，就是持卡人在消費時，刷“信用卡”與刷“借記卡”，商戶需要繳納不同的手續費。

借記卡：是指先存款后消費(或取現)沒有透支功能的銀行卡。按其功能的不同，可分為轉賬卡(含儲蓄卡)、專用卡及儲值卡。借記卡是一種具有轉賬結算、存取現金、購物消費等功能的信用工具。借記卡不能透支。轉賬卡具有轉賬、存取現金和消費功能。

借記卡快捷：只需將第三方支付賬戶關聯您的儲蓄卡或者信用卡，每次付款時只需輸入第三方支付賬戶的支付密碼即可完成付款。

借記卡一鍵支付: 是指用戶把在商戶網站注冊的賬號和借記卡賬戶進行綁定，在商戶網站進行消費時，通過主動發起扣款的方式，借助支付寶賬戶余額、卡通、快捷支付資金渠道，僅需手機短信確認即可完成服務購買的一種支付方式，流程相似于游戲內支付的代扣。

近場支付：指消費者在購買商品或服務時，即時通過手機向商家進行支付，支付的處理在現場進行，使用手機射頻(NFC)、紅外、藍牙等通道，實現與自動售貨機以及POS機的本地通訊。NFC(Near Field Communication)近距離無線通訊是目前近場支付的主流技術，它是一種短距離的高頻無線通訊技術，允許電子設備之間進行非接觸式點對點數據傳輸交換數據。該技術由RFID射頻識別演變而來，并兼容RFID技術，其最早由飛利浦、諾基亞、索尼主推，主要用于手機等手持設備中。

拒付：付款方通過信用類支付方式付款給收款方后，由于某種原因拒絕支付貨款的行為(如黑卡、盜卡、惡意支付等)。

抗抵賴性：防止電子支付交易中涉及到的實體，不承認全部或部分交易內容的一種機制。

快捷支付：指用戶購買商品時，不需開通網銀，只需提供銀行卡卡號、戶名、手機號碼等信息，銀行驗證手機號碼正確性后，第三方支付發送手機動態口令到用戶手機號上，用戶輸入正確的手機動態口令，即可完成支付。

聯機交易：指銀行工作日，非工作日期間柜臺單筆的，以及由自助設備發起和各種渠道接入的需要及時響應的交易。比如柜臺存取款，貸款，ATM取款，大小額等渠道的交易。一般情況下，聯機交易的輸出是各種傳票、回單等等。聯機交易的參與需要主機，前置，自助設備，渠道等等。

密文 ：加密運算的結果。

密鑰加密密鑰：POS終端工作時對工作密鑰進行加密的密鑰，由銀行人員設置并保持在系統硬件中，只能使用，不能讀取，該密鑰必須與加密算法放在同一加密芯片里。

明文：未被加密的信息。

明細賬：按明細分類賬戶登記的賬簿叫做明細分類賬，簡稱“明細賬”。明細賬也稱明細分類賬，是根據總賬科目所屬的明細科目設置的，用于分類登記某一類經濟業務事項，提供有關明細核算資料。

內扣: 是指在發生一筆交易時，所繳納的手續費從這筆金額內扣除，區別于外收。

清分：是清算的數據準備階段, 主要是將當日的全部網絡交易數據按照各成員行之間本代他、他代本、貸記、借記、筆數、金額、軋差凈額等進行匯總、整理、分類。是指對交易記錄匯總分類并計算出相互結算金額的過程。

區塊鏈：是比特幣的一個重要概念，本質上是一個去中心化的數據庫，同時作為比特幣的底層技術。區塊鏈是一串使用密碼學方法相關聯產生的數據塊，每一個數據塊中包含了一次比特幣網絡交易的信息，用于驗證其信息的有效性(防偽)和生成下一個區塊。

認證支付：是由連連支付為互聯網金融行業打造的一款支持實名認證的新型支付產品。相比以往的網絡支付方式，認證支付能夠確保互聯網金融行業的高安全要求，實現了投資人與持卡人的身份的識別，確保了交易安全。

實時打款:指在交易過程中將款項交付給交易對方。

實時清分結算：清分是清算的數據準備階段, 主要是將當日的全部網絡交易數據按照各成員行之間本代他、他代本、貸記、借記、筆數、金額、軋差凈額等進行匯總、整理、分類。結算時指指把某一時期內的所有收支情況進行總結、核算。

收單代理：具有資質的第三方支付機構通過渠道代理方式拓展商戶。通俗的講，就是通過與代理商簽約，將POS機使用的商戶拓展、資格審查等權力下放。

收單非焦點業務：收單非焦點業務包羅但不限于商戶拓展與辦事、終端布放與維護及生意業務接入等。

收單機構：與商戶簽有協議或為持卡人提供服務，直接或間接憑交易單據(包括電子單據或紙質單據)參加交換的清算會員單位。

收單行：指跨行交易中兌付現金或與商戶簽約進行跨行交易資金結算，并且直接或間接地使交易達成轉接的銀行。

收款方：在支付交易中接收資金的一方。

數字電視支付：就是在家中用遙控器操作電視機上的內容，進行銀行卡支付。比如繳納水電煤等公用事業費用或者對電視購物進行支付，甚至可以進行影視點播業務。

數字簽名：對數據的一種非對稱加密變換。該變換可以使數據接收方確認數據的來源和完整性，保護數據發送方發出和接收方收到的數據不被第三方篡改，也保護數據發送方發出的數據不被接收方篡改。

數字證書：數字證書是一段經證書認證機構(CA)數字簽名的包含用戶身份信息、用戶公鑰信息以及身份驗證機構數字簽名的數據。數字證書是各類終端實體和最終用戶進行信息交流及商務活動的身份證明。

雙重身份認證：基本身份認證和附加身份認證的組合。

套現：套取現金的簡稱，一般是指用違法或虛假的手段交換取得現金利益。多用于信用卡套現、公積金套現、證券套現等。

特約商戶：是指與收單機構簽訂銀行卡受理協議、按約定受理銀行卡并委托收單機構為其完成交易資金結算的企事業單位、個體工商戶或其他組織，以及按照國家工商行政管理機關有關規定，開展網絡商品交易等經營活動的自然人。

同卡進出：為保障用戶資金安全，使用快捷支付的用戶需遵循同卡進出的規則。同卡進出是指使用快捷支付的用戶，充值的本金提現時將返回到原卡。

退貨：指商戶應持卡人要求或主動將商品收回或服務取消，通過聯機POS 終端等受理機具或者手工方式，將已扣款項通過收單銀行退還給持卡人原扣款的過程。

退款：針對原交易進行的，將全部或部分支付款項退回到付款方賬戶的操作。

脫機交易：使用閃付/Quick Pass支付時可以脫機交易，脫機交易指的是扣取電子現金賬戶/UP Cash的余額，不驗證密碼也不需要簽名。

外部評估機構：是指由中國銀聯業務辦理委員會授權同意，為收單第三方機構提供體系寧靜狀態及技能支持本領、賬戶信息寧靜等方面認證評估辦事的專業化機構。

外卡DCC收單：動態貨幣轉換(DCC：Dynamic Currency Conversion)其主要功能是收單行在受理外卡收單消費業務時，持卡人可以選用外卡賬戶的幣種(非人民幣)進行結算。與傳統外卡收單業務相比，它不但兼容前者。而且更具有匯率調節等諸多優點。

外收:是指在發生一筆交易時，所繳納的手續費從這筆金額外收取，區別于內扣。

完整性：保證數據沒有遭受以非授權方式篡改或破壞的一種機制。

網關支付: 是銀行金融網絡系統和Internet網絡之間的接口，是由銀行操作的將Internet上傳輸的數據轉換為金融機構內部數據的一組服務器設備，或由指派的第三方處理商家支付信息和顧客的支付指令。

網上支付：通過互聯網發送支付指令的方式。

危害違規舉動：指套現、虛偽申請、側錄、泄漏賬戶及生意業務信息、洗單、惡意倒閉、虛偽生意業務、偽冒生意業務凌駕肯定比例、名義謀劃范疇與現實謀劃內容不符、已被其他銀行卡構造認定為“高危害商戶”、其他危害緣故原由;

未達帳(項)：是指由于企業與銀行取得憑證的實際時間不同，導致記賬時間不一致，而發生的一方已取得結算憑證且已登記入賬，而另一方未取得結算憑證尚未入賬的款項;不包括遺失結算憑證、發現的待補結算憑證。企業銀行存款帳余額應以銀行對賬單上的余額為準。

無卡支付：是指消費者只需要提交信用卡卡號和有效期等信息，不用刷卡，無需當面交易，即可完成付款的產品。

下單：將電子支付訂單發送給支付服務提供方處理的操作。

消費：指持卡人在特約商戶購買商品或服務時，通過POS聯機付款的交易類型。

消費撤銷：指商戶由于各種原因對已經通過聯機POS終端等受理機具或者手工方式完成的成功交易，于當日當批主動發起取消的過程。

小額免密支付：在發生第三方支付交易時，如果交易額度不大(一般是低于1000元)，可以直接支付而不用輸入密碼。

信用卡拒付：指的是持卡人在支付后一定期限內(一般為180天，某些支付機構可能規定更長的期限)，可以向銀行申請拒付賬單上的某筆交易。

信用卡快捷：快捷支付只要綁定信用卡開通快捷支付后，買東西只需要輸入支付寶的支付密碼就可以了。

信用卡偽卡：是指不是信用卡本人所使用的信用卡而是不法份子通過其技術手段復制出原卡信息進行違法刷卡套現的卡

壓卡：所謂“壓卡”其實應該叫“離線交易”，就是把卡號印在購物單上。簽購時有專門的壓卡機器，將卡號拓印到無碳復寫、一式三聯或四聯五聯的簽購單上，內容包括商戶留存、持卡人存根聯、銀行存根、收單行存根等。持卡人在相應位置簽名，然后商戶根據金額向銀行索要授權或者查止付(查卡是否有效)，然后在金額欄手工填寫金額。之后，商戶將卡單銀行聯送到銀行，銀行撥款給商戶。銀行將壓卡單據稱為“直接簽購單”。

移動POS機：移動pos機，又叫移動的銷售點、手持POS機、無線POS機、批處理POS機，應用各個行業的移動銷售。移動POS機是一種RF-SIM卡終端閱讀器。閱讀器終端機通過CDMA;GPRS;TCP/IP等方式與數據服務器連接。

異常交易：是指商戶在使用乙方支付服務過程中發生的退單、持卡人拒付、發卡機構拒付資金、偽卡、盜卡、非持卡人授權交易、無真實交易背景或與真實交易背景不相符等交易行為以及發生的洗錢、套現、惡意欺詐、涉黃、涉賭等涉嫌違法違規行為。

銀行呼叫中心支付：通過電話線路接入銀行呼叫中心，以自動應答或人工響應完成支付的方式。

銀行賬戶支付: 通過銀行賬號與手機號碼之間的對應關系，持有銀行活期儲蓄賬戶(含卡、折)或信用卡賬戶的客戶，無需開通網上銀行，直接輸入“銀行賬號+手機短信驗證碼”，即可進行網上小額支付。

預授權：預授權指特約商戶通過POS或其他方式，就持卡人預計支付金額向發卡行索取付款承諾的過程。

預授權撤銷：預授權撤銷指特約商戶由于各種原因通過POS或其他方式通知發卡行取消付款承諾的過程。

預授權完成：預授權完成指持卡人對已取得預授權的交易，在預授權金額或超出預授權金額一定比例的范圍內，做支付結算。

預授權完成撤銷：預授權完成撤銷指特約商戶由于各種的原因對持卡人已經完成的預授權完成交易，主動發起的預授權完成交易的取消。

遠程支付：通過發送支付指令(如網銀、電話銀行、手機支付等)或借助支付工具(如通過郵寄、匯款)進行的支付方式。對照現場支付。

軋差：是指利用抵消、合同更新等法律制度，最終取得一方對另一方的一個數額的凈債權或凈債務，如市場交易者之間，可能互有內容相同，方向相反的多筆交易，在結算或結束交易時，可以將各方債權在相等數額內抵消，僅支付余額。

賬務處理: 指從審核原始憑證、編制記賬憑證開始，通過記賬、對賬、結賬等一系列會計處理，到編制出會計報表的過程。

支付服務方：在支付交易中提供資金收、付服務的銀行和專業化支付服務提供方。

支付工具：資金轉移的載體。

支付網關 ：支付服務提供方用于處理支付指令的系統。

直連POS：指POS終端直接與銀聯系統相連接，當發生POS消費時，此交易信息先送至銀聯主機系統，由銀聯系統自動判斷后直接送相關的發卡銀行，然后信息再沿路返回。

智能POS：一個基于互聯網的商戶智能終端,一個幫商戶實現智能化,互聯網化,大數據化經營的全新POS。擁有融合收款、卡券營銷、微商城、消息管理、經營統計分析等多項功能。

中國銀聯：是指中國的銀行卡聯合組織，通過銀聯跨行交易清算系統，實現商業銀行系統間的互聯互通和資源共享，保證銀行卡跨行、跨地區和跨境的使用。銀聯網絡遍布中國城鄉，并已延伸至亞洲、歐洲、美洲、大洋洲、非洲等境外170個國家和地區。

專業化支付服務提供方：獨立于交易雙方和銀行，為交易過程中的付款方和收款方提供電子支付服務的機構。

專用支付賬戶：銀行為客戶提供的實現交易資金的收付和暫存管理的支付賬戶。

準貸記卡：指銀行發行的，持卡人按要求交存一定金額的備用金，當備用金賬戶余額不足支付時，可在規定的信用額度內透支的準貸記卡。

資金歸集：是指將集團公司中所有下屬公司指定賬戶上的資金歸集到總公司指定的賬戶的服務，也稱資金清掃。

總賬：也稱總分類賬。是根據總分類科目開設賬戶，用來登記全部經濟業務，進行總分類核算，提供總括核算資料的分類賬簿。總分類賬所提供的核算資料，是編制會計報表的主要依據，任何單位都必須設置總分類賬。

第五篇：教師面試高分寶典：教師招聘面試心得集錦

教師招聘面試成功與否，歸根結底還是取決于一個人是否具備成為優秀教師的綜合素質。教師公開招 聘考試面試測查的重點是應試者的授課水平和能力，包括考查應試者是否具備教師的基本素質以及應試者的形象、氣質是否符合教師的基本要求。雖然各種教師招聘面試的類型風 格有所不同，但考查的內容都大體一致。下面我們把歷屆應試者和個別考官在經歷教師招聘面試后總結的一些體會與心得呈現給大家。

一、教師招聘面試評委心得

在教師公開招聘面試過程中最大的一點感受就是教師的能力有高低，原有的每一份努力與準備在面試過程中都會發揮它應有的能量。通過參加本次招聘面試，我總結出以下啟示：

啟示之一：必須有謙虛的品格。其實，能夠來參加面試的應試者，絕大多數都很優秀，所以自信心都很強，都有一種唯我獨尊、舍我其 誰的自信心。如果能擺正心態、認真準備、謙虛面試，那么實力加上良好的表現，錄取的可能性就會大增。在面試的時候，由于心理學上的第一印象效應，個別的應試者可能已經 遭到淘汰了。你可能是很優秀的，你也可能是很有希望被錄取的，但如果給人一種目空一切、誰都不在你眼里的獨大心態，那你前面的努力可能都已經白費了。因為作為學校領導，肯定要從學校持續發展的角度出發來考慮教師選配的，誰都不愿意招一個想在學校里面特立獨行、另立山頭的“害群之馬”。謙虛是應試者在想進入所要去的單位之前就必須抱 有的心態，并需要其在面試時用行動表示出來。

啟示之二：必須有細致的作風。面試前必須細讀招聘簡章和招聘方案，把要求和需要準備的材料及復印件準備 好。在本次招聘過程中，有個別應試者由于提供的材料不全，又沒及時補足材料，所以沒有通過第一關的審核。等到錄取名單公布后他才后悔地告訴我們，其實還有材料沒來得及 在規定時間內上交，而錯過了面試的機會。所以，細致地準備、精心地參與、認真地對待每一個小的步驟，是獲得成功不可或缺的一步。

啟示之三：必須有精 心的準備。面試前，我們把面試所用的教材、面試的時間、10分鐘的說課、3分鐘評委提問都已告知。知道進入面試程序了，就要認真準備，盡管不知道是哪一個內容，但適當的準 備還是必要的。例如可以了解一下說課的程序，同時選一內容，大致地說一下過程，合理安排時間進程。好多應試者，連說課的幾個環節都沒有，直接把教學內容和盤托出；還有 相當多的人，只是說了大體的框架，只說自己準備用什么方法、用什么理念來教學這節課，這樣太簡單而且空虛。作為評委想聽的應該是你對這節課的獨到理解，并如何借助說課，把教學意圖在教學過程中充分展示出來。也有的應試者對教學內容所處的地位等說得太多，用了五六分鐘，真的留給課堂教學過程預設的時間只有三四分鐘，根本講不完，肯定 影響成績。有一位教師心情很迫切，時間到時評委喊停，她感覺自己沒有說完、沒有充分展示自己的設計，所以要求繼續說下去，一說就多說了十多分鐘。心情能夠理解，但一般 而言，評委打分在前五分鐘實際上已經有分數出來了，因此多說只能是在原有的分數上再往下減分。另外極大部分的教師，沒有板書設計，這十分可惜。個別的說課中甚至出現了 科學性錯誤，這也不應該。

啟示之四：必須有良好的臺風。說課時，臺風很重要，所謂行家一出手，便知有沒有。一口響亮標準的普通話，不緊不慢地敘說，對教材有獨到而不偏頗的理解，都能讓評委打出高分。比如，在說人教版五年級觀察位置內容時，大部分的教師把難點定為在不同的方向能正確地描述出物體的位置關系。有兩位 教師有自己的理解：其一，認為通過自己教學過程中的體會，學生看物體時往往看到的是三個面、兩個面，而不是一個面，所以難點定位為：通過對大物體，如大的建筑物的一個 面的觀察，從垂直方向體會看到一個面，并能運用到對小的物體的觀察中去。因此，該應試者絕大部分的時間都花在對這一問題的處理上。理解是獨到了，但不符合生活的實際及 課程的要求。而另一位教師，把難點定位成：觀察圓柱體平面圖的表示。這樣比較具體，而富有操作性。整個的說課過程，也顯示出兩人教學功力差距甚遠。個別教師，說課時用 本地方言，經評委提示后如夢方醒；個別教師聲音細小，明顯缺少底氣和自信；個別教師準備不足，邊翻書、邊舉例、邊說課，幾分鐘時間糾纏于一個問題，且婆婆媽媽，最終沒 有圓滿解決問題；個別教師可能十分緊張，抖腳、目光呆滯、不斷重復、板書字跡如天書一般，等等，都不能得到好的分數。

很多學生總來問我怎么準備面試，我認為重中之重是要換位思考，站在考官的角度稍稍想想就知道面試的本質只不過是考官充分了解應試者的過程，考官提問題的目的不是為難應試者，而是想更多地了解應試者，應試者不用太多思考問題的本身，并且不能孤立地看待這些問題，而要想到這些回答全部指向一個目的－－最大限度地展現自身的水平。所謂知己知彼，百戰不殆。面試之前，你一定要廣泛收集各方面的資料與信息。有了充分的資料準備，即便“臨場發揮”也會是相當精彩和出色的。

二、教育技術專業應試者面試心得

為了讓理想變成現實，面試前，我做足了功課。當然努力是有回報的，我的準備讓我在復試中有了出色的發揮，并最終超越了前面的人，以總分第二名的成績簽到了這份工 作。在這里和諸位還在為教師招聘考試奔波的朋友們分享一下我的面試心得，希望對大家有所幫助。

1．熟悉教材。一般面試前都會公布試講或者說課的內容，這時候，準備一本指定的教材是必須的，而不是只從網上下載單獨一課的內容。因為你只有了解整本教材的結構，對于這本教材的風格、所講內容在全書的地位才能夠有一個比 較準確的把握。我當時為了買到指定的教材跑了大半個濟南市，但事后證明這絕對是值得的。

2．準備好一些常用的教育理論。說課時要說一些教學方法的教 育理論依據，所以一些比較流行的方法比如任務驅動法、探究式教學法等，要提前背過相關的理論。我用的是任務驅動法，這是建構主義理論中的一種方法，所以關于什么是建構 主義，任務驅動法的具體應用步驟、注意事項、優缺點等等我都背過，以備不時之需。

3．寫一個寬泛的教案。這是針對我自身的情況而講的。我的語言表達 能力算是比較強，所以提示幾個簡單的關鍵詞我就能順暢地講下去。如果你對自己沒自信，那就不要偷懶，逐字逐句寫好教案稿吧。辛苦一點，對試講是有幫助的。

4．得體的儀表。儀表對于教師這個職業是很重要的，面試時這一部分占了很大的分數。首先，你要準備一套得體的衣服。不一定是套裝，因為大家都是學生，穿上西裝不 一定好看。干凈、簡潔的設計很適合面試。我當時選了一件白色的小西裝外套，搭了一條直筒褲，因為我比較矮，所以鞋子選得比較高。其次，女士要化淡妝。不化妝和濃妝艷抹 都是忌諱的，適當的遮瑕、畫唇彩、眼線能讓你看起來更加精神。另外，隱形眼鏡也能為近視的你加分不少。相比之下，有一些人面試的時候灰頭土臉的，怎么會贏得評委的好感 呢？

5．言談舉止要有自信。說話的聲音要洪亮，音調適當壓低一些，這樣顯得比較有自信。講課時手勢不要太多，注意克服一些小動作和口頭語。例如我平時想不起詞時喜歡說“然后呢”，這次就特別注意克服。

6．最后說一下我這次面試的必勝法寶－－交互式說課法。教師面試分為說課和講課兩種，二者的區 別是：講課是課堂的復現，講給學生聽；說課是說一節課該怎么講，講給老師聽。有很多人把說課說得很枯燥，沒有新意。而我說課的時候，在教學過程這一環節，我的語言繪聲 繪色，就像在課堂上跟學生對話一樣（雖然是自問自答），既說教師，也說學生。自己創造一個情境，自己要充分融入其中。所以我的說課很生動，自然贏得了高分。記住，這是 目前流行的一種模式，大家要多加練習。

就是這樣充分的準備，讓我有了精彩的發揮。沒有托關系、找熟人，我完全憑借自己的能力，得到了一份穩定的教師 工作。

三、語文專業應試者面試心得

不論是考上還是沒考上的，希望大家都調整好心態，沒有考上并不能說自己失敗了，只是自己還有 差距，要更加努力，不能在一次失敗面前氣餒，一定要把握好每次機會，相信和我一起在教師招聘之路上前行的人都能夠獲得成功！前三次考試我均以失敗告終，得到的教訓就是 毛主席說的那句話“抓而不緊等于不抓”。面試答辯每個應試者有8分鐘的時間，都是同樣的三道題。我覺得面試答辯最重要的是聲音一定要大，跟考官要有目光交流，語速要慢，坐直，微笑，這樣會顯得很自信，即使心里不是很有底！最想給所有的應試者們說：好好準備，就會有好結果！背不下去的時候，咬咬牙就過去了！現在主要說一下試講的注意 事項：

首先，叫到你的時候會給你20分鐘準備課文時間，進去一個屋子而且只能拿新的教材，那個教室有老師拿著表看著時間。20分鐘的準備時間我感覺需 要做的事情是：

1．先讀兩遍課文做到心中有數。

2．花10分鐘構建一個基礎框架，也就是從開始到結尾。然后注意每自然段的銜接詞 語要準備好。

3．在心里默讀兩遍整體框架并感知一下重難點，然后設計板書，板書不需要多，關鍵是要有結構，突出重點和層次。

4． 設計過之后一般就已經過去15分鐘了，剩下5分鐘考慮一下答辯題目，把想到的答案要點寫到紙上，答辯的時候可以看一下，關鍵是言之成理。

試講備課的時 候可以向工作人員要紙，把自己列的提綱和答辯要點記上去，試講的時候可以帶著那張紙進去。準備時間過后就是試講，大概有10個以上的評委，進門之前先深呼吸，平復心情，然后敲門進入，先向評委問好，說自己是幾號，不能作自我介紹，直接開始試講。試講的要求是必須有板書，下面雖然說沒有學生，但是你一定要感覺下面是一屋子的學生在聽你 講課，導入的時候可以復習導入也可采用別的方法導入，導入要有激情。多讓學生讀課文，用不同的形式讀，多創設問題情境和互動，多提問，學生回答完后要評價一下，評價語 最好不要重復。15分鐘的試講時間要規劃好，做到心中有數。重點把握重難點。講到重難點的時候板書。講課的過程要注意聯系實際。調動課堂氣氛，甚至要假裝管理一下課堂秩 序。不要看著天花板或者是地板，要用眼神和評委交流。課講完了，布置作業。作業最好是讓學生自己動手收集或思考問題。在講課的過程中可以下講臺巡視，緩解心中緊張的情 緒，同時梳理思路。

在答辯過程中要注意的是把握重點，最好能總結出個三條五條的，顯得比較專業，然后自圓其說，言之成理就行了。答辯完后謝謝評委，擦黑板，鞠躬，關門離開。去休息室等候成績。面試過程心態一定要放平，發揮出自己的水平就好，著裝要簡單大方，最重要的是要穩重些，但是也要突出年輕人的朝氣。

四、化學專業應試者面試心得

我參加的教師招聘面試分三個環節，分別是候考、備考、試講和答辯。候考有專門的監考老師，只能帶準考 證、身份證進去，連上廁所都有人跟著。在候考室里抽簽，等待叫號備考。備考三個題目抽一個，上面有試講內容，注意事項，課本對應的哪一頁，還有答辯題目（二選一），時 間是30分鐘，從你坐下開始備課起計時。試講10分鐘，答辯3分鐘，試講時間一到計時員會喊停，然后你就可以開始對所選問題進行答辯了。

我認為面試有幾 個竅門：

1．衣著得體，清新淡雅就可以，沒必要扮成熟。上身淺色，下身略深，既顯得有層次，又不沉悶。女孩子不要帶任何飾品，甚至是手表，不穿高跟 鞋，涼鞋最好不露趾，不化濃妝，不涂指甲油，長頭發的最好束起來，干凈利落。有一年考后報紙上就登出說這些都是扣分點。但是最好化一點淡妝，比如鋪一點粉底，描下眉毛 和眼線，這樣顯得有精神。

2．試講時，要有條理，思路清晰。我認為自己面試有幾個制勝法寶：普通話標準；導入新穎而且入題快，我常用一句話提出一個 問題做導入，而問題都是與實際生活相聯系的；板書有條有理，配合講解，我本身粉筆字寫得也很好；講課過程中重點突出，我一般配合板書邊講邊總結邊重復；注意和聽課的人 的交流，不管是老師還是學生，注意講解板書內容時要側身，不要擋住黑板，同時用眼神跟他們交流，不要害怕。有人說短短幾分鐘怎么能注意這么多細節，我覺得習慣成自然。從教育實習開始老師就這樣要求我們了，所以面試的時候會注意自覺。

3．講禮貌是不可少的，答辯完向考官致謝，如果需要，記得擦了黑板再走。

4．課講不完不要緊，本來知識就是可以擴展的，他們給你的考題一般都是一個課時的內容。其實觀察兩三分鐘那些專業人士就能看出你的能力了。

五、英語專業應試者面試心得

我是在株洲參加英語說課的應試者，在請教別人后，把說課經驗教訓和大家分享一下，希望對大家有所幫助。

1．說課稿。當時要求把說課稿交一份給考官，有不少人因為說課稿不通過而功敗垂成。說課稿在準備時最好多參考一下有經驗的老師的。主要是看別人說課稿的邏輯和編 排方式，怎么樣組織課堂等。不要照抄，大家知道，如果說課稿都一樣的話，會影響考官們對你的印象。如果說課稿編排得不好，會被刷下來的。尤其是英語的 Important and difficult points，Aims to the teaching這樣的標語千萬不要弄錯，最好不要自己翻譯。另外排版要條理清楚緊湊，每部分內部可以用特殊符號來代替枯燥的阿拉伯數字，既醒 目又有條理。

有的地方不讓準備，那么在面試之前準備的時候，要找好一個課文做一個完整的說課稿，再多拿幾篇套進來試試，這樣現場準備時條理才會清 晰。

2．說課。一定要背熟自己的說課稿，要背得完全不打梗！這很重要。最好找同學或朋友旁聽試講，可以鍛煉自己的膽子也可以讓人幫忙找找自己的不足，還可以用手機等錄下來自己聽聽。我就是這樣做的。一開始自己以為準備得不錯了，錄下來一聽就傻眼了，趕緊再練，直到聽著還可以了、比較流暢了。在說課時考官還要看你 的表情、手勢等，如果你背得比較流暢，在考官那里就容易過關了。

說課時板書不要太多，最好控制在10個單詞，也就是寫寫說課的題目，自己的姓名，以 及你認為在最出彩的或最重要的部分的簡單標題。

說課時聲音要洪亮，最好能配上手勢。我就是把那份說課稿一卷做教桿用，手里有東西比較不緊張。

最好面帶微笑，記不起來的時候要微笑，停留最好不超過5秒，還想不起來就直接說下面自己想得起來的。沒有必要完全一字不差地背說課稿。我的一個同學在 開始導入的時候就是背了段美文，效果還不錯。走之前擦黑板，考官不讓擦就算了；如果你進去時黑板有字最好擦一下。

3．回答問題。這個培訓老師都講 過，聽不清的不要重復問第3遍。第2遍聽不清也要回答。記得我有一問題問完第二遍還沒聽清，我就回答，我沒有很理解您的意思，但是我認為應該是……答完，那個考官就笑了，顯然答得不對，但是她對我的印象還是比較好。回答問題一定要看著問你的考官，掃視其他考官。面帶微笑，一定要記得說謝謝。沒必要每一個問題回答時都說謝謝，但是第一 個問題回答前最好要說，最后一個回答完也要說。

關于教學教法記住愛生、敬業、專業知識扎實，讓學生發揮特長這一點也很重要。教育的關鍵是教會學生 如何學習，讓學生全面發展。回答的點基本都要圍繞這些框框發揮，而且記住答題最好要分1、2、3……

六、小學語文專業應試者面試心得

（一）備課和講課時間都是20分鐘，面試前需要準備一套正裝和一雙中跟皮鞋，顏色以素凈為主，款式大方。我去面試時發現很多同學都是很隨便地穿著牛仔褲和涼鞋就去了，這 在面試教師這一職業時是非常吃虧的，穿著正裝是對于這一職業的尊重，也容易爭得評委的高分。備課時可以和工作人員要草稿紙，因為自己的紙是不允許帶進試講室的，你可以 把自己的教案提綱寫在草稿紙上，在試講忘詞的時候可以看一看，自己也可以不那么緊張。以下是幾點注意事項：

1．進門和出門都要鞠躬，向評委老師問好，進門要敲門，出門前要把黑板擦了，出門時把門輕輕帶上。這些都是基本禮儀，會給評委留個好印象。

2．由于是試講，沒有學生，還要模擬課堂，我們就 要自問自答，對于很多人來說覺得挺尷尬，但是我要說：不要覺得難為情。你一定要把學生的回答用某種方式表達給評委，然后對學生的回答還要評價！新課程改革中非常注重“ 評價”！評價最好不要重復，所以大家可以去網上搜一些教師評價語，背幾個，會有很大的幫助！

3．將微笑從頭堅持到尾！因為儀態分數占挺大的比例，要 做一名親切的老師，特別對于小學老師來說更重要。聲音要洪亮清脆，作為教師，聲音洪亮清晰是最基本的！

4．在教案中多設計朗讀和感悟部分！（只適用 于語文科目）可以輪讀、賽讀、分角色讀等等，新課程中很重視學生朗讀能力的培養。還可多設計活動和討論部分，也就是新課程中所說的：合作、探究。．最后一點，我要說的就是千萬不要在乎評委老師的態度！因為很多評委一個下午要聽4個小時的課，真的很累，很多評委都會趴著，斜眼看你等等，千萬不要因為評委的態度而影 響你的情緒和發揮，就當評委是透明的，自己好好發揮就行！

七、小學語文應試者面試心得

（二）1．關于面試，相信很多人已經查到許 多帖子都在說面試的經驗，我就在這里再多說幾句。首先是著裝，應該說一個光鮮整潔的門面能給人留下好的第一印象。這點不能忽略。我面試時就是穿著白色的連衣裙，因為第 一次見面白色能給人留下深刻的印象，所以在面試前一定要先選好一件得體的衣服，才能事半功倍。

2．在得知面試的范圍后，要馬上在網上找到最好的教案，打印整理出來，根據說課形式和片段教學在家里模擬訓練，剛畢業的師范生可以先在家里找幾個親戚朋友練習，鍛煉膽量。

3．建議一些師范畢業生在實習期間就要熟悉當地版本的小學或初中的教材，這樣到面試時才能做到無論看到哪篇課文都能把握住其重難點。再根據各個科目，總結出一個說課的模板，比如語文的第一課時，一 般就是要說生字詞、詞組意思，課文中心思想，劃分段落。而在說課時比較精彩的往往是第二課時，所以就看到時你的臨場發揮了。

4．我們這里是公布面試 內容范圍的，因為面試的范圍是在試前4天左右公布的，而且又是在晚上，我看到的時候點擊率還不到十個人，也就是說你要時刻關注著任何與考試有關的網站信息。看到考試范圍 后我就馬上上網整理教案，第二天打印，然后來不及全部都看，于是只看第二課時。大家都知道，一篇課文的兩個課時之間都是有聯系的，建議如果來不及的話，大家可以選擇重 點來記，比如語文，就以第二課時為主。

5．最關鍵的一招也是最重要的，要看看網上面試的視頻，很多人，包括之前我面試了很多次，也不知道怎么去說課 和片段教學，學校老師也沒教，只有看了真實面試視頻你才會恍然大悟，原來要這么說課。

6．要熟背說課稿。有個剛畢業的師范生在面試時是拿著教案紙照 念的，這樣做分數肯定不會高。之所以要面試就是要看你這個人的精神面貌，在面試時首先要做到的是鎮定大方，其次就是要很熟練地把課文重難點和教學片段說好，再有就是看 你的細節之處，舉止是否文明禮貌。

7．面試時要把最精彩的一面呈現出來。很多人以為15分鐘很長，其實當你站到臺上，看著下面的評委時，可能很快你就 會發現你還沒呈現最精彩的片段，時間就結束了。我這次面試也是這樣，還沒說到重點，只是導入了一下課題，卻被告知時間到了，那一瞬間就想哭出來了。幸好有位評委告訴我 這樣就可以了，已經表現得不錯了，我才一臉茫然地走下講臺，后來分數出來才知道考了第一。經過這次面試我覺得我還可以發揮得更好，所以建議應試者們在家里自己練習時，掐算好時間，爭取做得更完美。

8．面試的細節問題，在進入面試考場前，要對評委鞠躬，面試時，要看著評委的眼睛說話，面試結束時要對評委致謝。講課 時最好加些動作，顯得大方自然。

9．在一些帖子里看到比較關鍵的內容，譬如寫粉筆字時身體最好側在一邊，不能完全擋住，字跡要工整清秀，避免錯誤再 進行擦拭。聲音要洪亮，表達要清晰，要面帶微笑，這點很關鍵，忘記下面要說什么時，只要笑笑，不要慌張，想起什么就直接說什么，不要拼命回憶接下去的內容。

10．其實，面試的人數很多，評委們也很辛苦，要想取得高分，就要爭取在15分鐘內把你最優秀的一面呈現出來，避免和別人相似。這次我參加的面試就是同樣一篇課 文，大家都去說，但是我就刻意避免和別人一樣的開頭，這樣就能在多數人中求新取勝。尤其是小學生，課程的設計一定要活潑有趣，吸引學生的注意。

說了 這么多，如果你有耐心把它看完，我相信你一定會有所收獲。我感覺我還是比較幸運的，但在總結這些經驗時，我又覺得有些事情，如果有方法去針對，就能事半功倍。看看我周 圍的同學，有些都參加了三四次教師招聘考試，我想不是他們沒有資格當老師，而是缺少方法或選錯教材。所以我把在這次教師招聘考試中的經驗總結出來，希望大家都能得到一 些收獲。

最后，祝愿大家都能夢想成真，在面試中超常發揮，取得好成績。

八、音樂專業應試者面試心得

對于音樂 專業的應試者來說試講是最重要的環節，拿到課題之后一定要看好它是欣賞課還是教唱課，兩種課有不同的教學流程和方法。開始我抽到的課題是五年級下冊《綠葉對根的情意》，這是欣賞課，可我當時沒注意，加上沒有教學經驗，就把它上成了教唱課，上得很吃力而且效果還不是很好。像這樣的欣賞課很能體現教師的綜合能力，以及教師對音樂新教材 改革的理解的。教師在課上主要是引導學生的發散思維，由綠葉對根的情意可以發散到對父母之愛、朋友之愛、祖國之愛等。這讓我體會到，新時代了，音樂教師的思想也要與時 俱進，像我們小的時候音樂教師那種教課方式已經不能適應現在的發展了，那時候就是單純地教一首歌，不利于學生創新能力的培養。建議以后想考音樂教師的應試者多看看音樂 新教程改革。對于應屆畢業生來說教課的經驗還是太欠缺了。

然后是考視唱，這是在意料之外的，這里居然沒考鋼琴伴奏，而考的是視唱，兩條譜子，五線譜，一個是降B調，一個是G調。應變能力很重要，因為突然面對這樣的考題我就沒有應變好。下來考官會有提問：簡單介紹一下自己。（后來我才知道每個應試者被問的問題都是一 樣的）

考完這些之后就是特長展示，這沒什么好說的，有什么展示什么就行了。我展示了三項，自我感覺還好。我覺得還是試講重要，因為特長展示大家都是 有備而來，而試講的話只是在之前有一個小時準備時間，還是有一些教學經驗比較好，至少要懂一些音樂教學方法。此外臨場發揮能力和應變能力也很重要。試講是對評委講的，沒有學生，第一次面對這樣的場合，我還是頗為緊張的，因為經驗太少。這次自己的收獲是：還得加油。

九、落榜應試者面試教訓

這 次我失敗在一進考場就開始緊張。不緊張是不可能的！不論你之前準備得有多好，我排練的時候找請幾個老師指導，一點也不緊張，但一進考場就傻眼了，心里真像揣了個兔子似 的，咚咚咚地跳個不停。結果總成績差了一點。我自己總結教訓：面試前不如多試想面試當天的情景，每天想一遍，到時候可能會緩解一些壓力。面試時盡管緊張，也要盡量穩住 心情，臨場發揮很重要，可能評委也能理解你的緊張，所以也不必太在意，把你排練的水平發揮個七八成就成功了。再說面試老師很辛苦，他們也沒心情來欣賞你的緊張，這樣想 大概也就不緊張了。

請注意：一定要注意細節！講完后鞠躬、擦黑板、不慌不忙地走出考場！細節不一定決定成敗，但沒有細節一定會失敗！