第一篇：淺淡簡愛性格中的自卑因素

淺淡簡愛性格中的自卑因素

摘要：自卑并不是一種病態的象征，而是個人在追求優越地位時，一種正常的發展過程。所以，自卑感既能摧毀一個人，也能成就一個人。也許很多人認為簡?愛的人格魅力在于她極強的自尊，為了尊嚴而直視一切困難，能夠始終保持高尚而純潔的靈魂。但真正讓簡?愛獲得崇高愛情和幸福生活的力量是什么呢？是自卑！因為來自各方面的自卑感，讓簡?愛不得不勇敢的面對風雨的打擊，也讓簡?愛成長起來，強大起來，足以保護自己，獲得自己想要的生活。簡?愛性格的形成，自卑為出發點，最終成就了簡?愛幸福的人生。

關鍵詞：簡?愛、自卑、人格魅力、性格

On Jane Eyre's inferiority complex

Abstract: Inferiority complex is not a symbol about sickness.It's a natural status.Sometimes, inferiority complex can make a people defeat or success.Maybe, many people think that self-importance made Jane Eyre beautiful.She can overcome all difficulty and keep the pure soul.What is the power's origin? It's inferiority complex.Because of all kinds of inferiority complex, Jane Eyre has to be brave and meet everything.It's made Jane grow up and be strong, she can protect herself and get a better life that she wants.Inferiority complex made Jane get a happy life.Key words: Jane Eyre;inferiority complex;personal charm;character

淺淡簡愛性格中的自卑因素

《簡?愛》是一部帶有自傳色彩的長篇小說，講述了一個叫簡?愛的女孩，生存在一個父母雙亡，寄人籬下的環境，從小經受著命運的捉弄，姨媽的嫌棄，表姐的蔑視，表哥的侮辱與毒打，在羅沃德學校里沒有人性的教育，嚴酷的生活環境，但正是因為這些悲慘的經歷，也讓簡?愛認識到只有努力學習知道才能改變命運，后發奮圖強，與命運作斗爭，成長為一個有著頑強精神的奇女子。最終，獲得了純潔的愛情和幸福的生活。

是什么讓簡?愛能在惡劣的生存條件中自立、自強、自尊，擁有獨立的人格和堅強的個性呢？是自卑，因為自卑感既能摧毀一個人，也能成就一個人。在心理學中，自卑情結是指一個人在面對問題無所適從的表現。由這個定義我們可以看出，憤怒、眼淚、道歉都可能是自卑情節的表現。由于自卑感會造成緊張，所以爭取優越感的動作必然會同時出現，苦心孤詣的避免失敗，在舉止之間處處要凌架于他人之上，借以抵消自卑感。因為環境的艱難，簡?愛生活中處處受阻，身為貴族小姐，卻過著仆人都不如的生活，被人欺負，她自卑，也讓她憤怒，想要改變自己的生活，想要爭取優越感，獲得自尊和平等的生活。下面，就從以下幾個方面分析簡?愛性格中的自卑因素。

一、作者本身的因素

《簡?愛》作者夏洛蒂?勃朗特家境貧窮，從小失去了母愛，父親由于工作繁忙，父愛也給予極少，再加上她身材矮小，容貌普通，在各方面都有極深的自卑，所以在性格上也極為敏感，以強烈的自尊來掩蓋內心的自卑，從她的小說也反映了這一點。據說夏洛蒂在創作《簡愛》之前對她的妹妹們說:“我要寫一個女主角給你們看,她和我一樣矮小而貌不驚人,然而這個女主角卻要和你們所寫的一樣能引起讀者興趣.”這段話是頗值得玩味的，我卻覺得從中仿佛可以讀出一股不服氣下所掩蓋的自卑來。簡?愛，一個貌不出眾，矮小的女人，但有著強烈的自尊心，不會像海倫一樣，“既然躲避不了，那就學會忍受，你說你受不了了，是軟弱和愚蠢的。”因此可以說是作者夏洛蒂在不自覺中把自己的自卑也賦給了簡?愛

19世紀中期是歷史上維多利亞女王統治時期，英國奉行著嚴格的倫理道德觀念和森嚴的社會制度，女人的生活自由受到種種男性利益信條的限制，女性自我價值的實現是通過成為男性的忠誠附庸來實現的。雖然隨著社會的發展，一些有思想的女性開始要求獨立 與自由，但事實卻不樂觀，夏洛蒂?勃朗特的理想曾被著名湖畔派詩人嘲笑而一度打算放棄，但由于對文學的喜愛與執著，堅持寫作。但在實際中，《簡?愛》的發表也只是用“柯勒?貝爾”這樣一個男性化的名字來防止出版商對自己作品的拒絕。女權的壓制，導致女性的權利沒有實現，夏洛蒂?勃朗特是自卑的，連自己的夢想都被嘲笑為“文學不能也不應該成為婦女的終身事業”，而自己的作品卻不能用自己的名字發表。所以她把這些自卑都化為了反抗，寫入了簡?愛的骨髓，向世界宣告，“我是自己的主人”。所以，簡?愛的自卑來自于夏洛蒂的自卑，代替夏洛蒂把自卑化為反抗世界男權，向世界發出呼喊。自卑，成就了夏洛蒂?勃朗特，也成就了出色的簡?愛。

二、簡?愛自身因素：外貌，自卑的源頭

簡?愛的自卑表現在她身材矮小，長相普通，她無法改變父母所賜予的外貌，對自己長相平庸而苦惱。心理學家阿德勒博士在《自卑與超越》一書中說，“容貌丑陋的人會有什么感覺！他是非常不幸的。??他的整個生命都承受著重擔，他甚至沒有我們每個人最喜歡之物——歡樂而美好的兒童時代。”在孩提時代，簡?愛便有了這樣的思想，“我知道，如果我是個聰明美麗、快樂活潑、無憂無慮而又愛纏人的孩子，哪怕我還是一樣靠人養活，一樣的沒有朋友，里德太太見了我一定會高興一些，她的孩子一定會像朋友那樣對我真誠一些，傭人們也不會動不動就叫我在嬰兒室里代人受過。” 因為外貌的原因，她是如此的自卑，把不討人喜歡歸結于自己不漂亮，僅僅希望自己長得漂亮一點，希望大家喜歡她一點，也抱著小小的希望來改變自己的命運。“她常常挑選窗臺或其他被遮住的幽暗的去處，以使自己在簾子的遮蔽下，能看清周圍而不被察覺。”這種習慣于把自己置于暗處而不引人注目的心境，即是簡·愛本能的自衛，也是面對勢利社會不得不退讓到邊緣的自卑和膽怯。外貌帶來的自卑感無時無刻的折磨著她，很難讓她鼓起勇氣面對生活，她就像一只躲在腳落里的刺猬，當有人靠近，觸及她那根敏感的自卑神經，她就豎起刺，努力的把自已保護起來，也成為了她反抗壓迫的最初動力。

在桑菲爾德遇見情敵英格拉姆小姐，這種骨子深處的自卑還是一直在主宰著她的生命。簡愛在遇見有著“高貴的胸脯，坦削的肩膀，優美的脖子，黑黑的眼睛，烏油油的卷發”,身材“又挺又高”,整個人“長得就象月亮女神一樣”的英格拉姆小姐時，自卑感使得她一瞬間發出了絕望的呼喊：“天啊，再沒有比簡愛更傻的傻瓜！”因為在她的心里，已經認定了矮小、蒼白、“五官長得那么不端正”的自己是配不上英明神武的主人的，如 果說之前的簡愛還對羅徹斯特先生的愛情抱有一絲幻想的話，那么現在也是全部被打碎了。自卑在簡愛尋找愛情的過程中始終占有重要的因素，后來在圣約翰面前,簡愛對于自己外貌的自卑更是暴露無遺:當圣約翰向簡愛求婚時，簡的第一個反應竟是對圣約翰外表美的審視，她還直截了當地對圣約翰的妹妹戴安娜說，圣約翰“是個漂亮的人”,“而我，??是這樣不漂亮。我們永遠不相配。”

簡?愛孤兒出身，一無財產，二無姿色，也沒有任何可以依靠的親朋好友。在惡劣的生存環境中，只有飽受各方面的歧視和尊嚴的凌辱，她必須在夾縫中生存下來，再也沒有人比簡?愛更清楚自己的境地了。為了彌補自身的缺陷，得到世俗社會的認可，簡?愛只有競爭，用知識、美德和人格的力量來證實自己存在的價值。這由自卑而迸發出的自尊形成了一股強大的動力，使她在地獄一樣的羅沃德學校發奮學習，努力學習各門功課，并最終得了第一名。她懂法文、懂繪畫、懂音樂、懂寫作，并具有了優秀的綜合素質和健康的心靈，日漸長成了一位具有高雅修養、沉靜氣質的脫俗女子。從這里可以看出，正是因為簡?愛的這種自卑，讓她克服重重困難，努力成長起來，獲得自尊。

三、簡?愛生存環境的影響

（一）貧窮，自卑成長的沃土

簡?愛的孤兒身世、沒有財產、寄人籬下的生活境況也是她自卑的一大因素。心理學家阿德勒博士認為：“當個體面對一個無法適當應付的問題時，他表示他絕對無法解決這個問題，此時出現的便是‘自卑情結’。” 簡?愛父親是一個一貧如洗的鄉村牧師，母親雖然出身豪門，但因違背祖父愿望嫁給窮人而沒得到一分財產。雙親亡故后，好心的舅舅收養，而舅舅的不幸身亡使她的命運更為坎坷。雖然舅舅死前讓舅母發誓將簡?愛視為已出，但舅母的偽善與殘忍的，認為簡?愛是一個累贅，甚至誰都可以欺負她，包括仆人。幼小的簡?愛身處富麗堂皇的貴族之家，卻忍受著貧困與地位低下的煎熬，給她的內心里造成強烈的自卑。書中簡?愛“不，我不愿做窮人”的回答，也足以表明她對貧困的極度自卑與不滿。在和驕橫的表哥發生沖突后，她怒斥表哥“你這兇殘的壞小子，你像個殺人兇手，你像個奴隸的監工，你像羅馬的暴君。”，而舅母本不喜歡簡?愛，也不會問是誰的錯，就全怪于簡?愛，冷酷的指責她。而表哥虐待她的理由卻是“媽媽說的，你靠別人養活你，你沒有錢，你爸爸什么也沒留給你，你應當去討飯，而不該同像我們這樣體面人 家的孩子一起過日子，不該同我們吃一樣的飯，穿媽媽掏錢給買的衣服。現在我要教訓你，讓你知道翻我們書架的好處。這些書都是我的，連整座房子都是，要不過幾年就歸我了。滾，站到門邊去，離鏡子和窗子遠些。”這些理由無非都是在嘲笑簡?愛的貧窮。當舅母要把她關進紅屋子時，侍女說道：“你不能因為太太好心把你同里德小姐和少爺一塊撫養大，就以為自己與他們平等了。他們將來會有很多很多錢，而你卻一個子兒也不會有。”通過對話我們可以看出，即使簡?愛是對的，仆人們也不會站在她這一邊去得罪主人,而從一定程度上說,仆人們也是看不起她的,因為她不會得到任何遺產,僅僅是個吃白食,不干事的多余的人。簡?愛遭遇的種種不幸與痛苦，是困為她的貧窮和寄人籬下，貧困是她苦難的源泉，也是她自卑的原因。為了消除這種自卑感爭取優越感，她只有反抗，但她卻無法掙脫卑微的地位，由此產生的自卑感成為了簡?愛生命中的一縷烏云，給簡的童年制造了陰影。

她長大后，到了桑菲爾德莊園做家庭教師。她憧憬著新的生活的開始，但貧窮帶來的自卑卻在她心里扎了根。她甚至想：“要是我能有很小的一點兒獨立財產，我想，那將是種安慰。”而在圣約翰家，女仆漢娜問簡·愛：“你到這兒來以前要過飯嗎？”、“我猜，你多半沒房子，也沒銅子兒吧？”深深地刺傷了簡·愛的自尊心，她激憤地為貧窮辯護：“世界上有一些最好的人，像我一樣一無所有；要是你是個基督徒的話，你就不應該認為貧窮是一個罪過。”遇到了羅切斯特，并身陷愛情時，因為貧窮，她和羅切斯特的地位懸殊，感情也處于尷尬的境地。特別是當英格拉姆小姐作客菲爾德莊園，簡?愛更為自卑。在校阿黛問簡愛，英格拉姆會和羅切斯特結婚嗎？簡?愛的自卑讓她無法回答，只能說“小孩子不要問那么多，不關我們的事”。當她和羅切斯特愛情火熱進行時，羅切斯特許諾將自己家傳的珍寶和一半田產給她，而簡?愛卻毅然拒絕“我要你一半的田產有什么用呢？你以為我是個放高利貸的猶太人，像在田產上找個好的投資嗎？我寧愿要你真心愛我。”著也許是高尚的愛情宣言，但事實上，也只是她的自卑。傳統觀念對女性的要求是財產和美貌，而簡?愛卻什么也沒有，她害怕，簡的拒絕，只是因為羅切斯特觸痛了她內心最薄弱的那一塊。在這種物質和財富面前近乎病態的敏感與自尊，便是簡?愛潛意識里的自卑情節。也正是這些殘酷的現實，激發了她內心深處的自卑感，從而轉化為了積極的自尊行為。簡?愛克服的自身的軟弱，以一個新時代的女性勇敢的站在了世人的面前，這正是自卑給予的力量

（二）卑微，幸福的阻礙

在簡?愛小的時候，雖然住在親戚家，也算半個主人，但事實相反，她完全是沒有地位的，甚至連仆人都不如。當舅母要把她關進紅屋子時，侍女叫道：“多可怕的舉動，愛小姐，居然打起小少爺來了，他是你恩人的兒子：你的小主人！”簡?愛回答說：“主人，他怎么會是我主人，難道我是仆人不成？”而仆人卻說 ：“不，你連仆人都不如。你不干事，吃白食。喂，坐下來，好好想一想你有多壞。”、“你不能因為太太好心把你同里德小姐和少爺一塊撫養大，就以為自己與他們平等了。”由此看來，簡?愛不僅沒有基本的地位，連尊重都得不到，卑微成了她自卑生長的土壤。

簡?愛為了獲得尊重和地位，在羅沃德學校里發奮讀書，后學成到桑菲爾德莊園做家庭教師，而家庭教師在當時的英國，被看作是“上等仆人”。作者夏綠蒂一生中曾兩度做過家庭教師，深切體會到：“一個私人家庭女教師根本沒有個人的存在，不被當作一個活人、一個有理性的人看待??”簡?愛進入桑菲爾德莊園做家庭教師，盡管羅切斯特并不把簡·愛當作“雇來的下屬”看待，而讓簡·愛覺得“他仿佛是我的親戚，而不是我的主人”。可是，連羅切斯特也看出，簡·愛生活得很壓抑，指出“你的潔身自好就是害怕犯錯誤”。簡·愛作為家庭女教師的自卑，最集中地表現在英格拉姆一家來訪期間。簡·愛躲在僻靜角落的窗簾后面，聽著那些貴婦人苛薄的議論：“她們（指女家庭教師）當中有一半是討厭的，其余的都很可笑。”在簡·愛接受羅切斯特愛情之初，羅切斯特就說過：“你應該馬上放棄你那個奴隸般的家庭教師工作。”可以看出，在羅切斯特眼里，家庭教師也幾乎等同于奴隸。簡·愛出走，具有必然性。可以說，對低劣地位的恐懼和逃避，是簡·愛出走的根本原因；卑微，是簡·愛愛情道路上的最大障礙。

在她的心目里，愛別人也必須以不喪失個性為前提。她這種超乎常人的自尊恰恰來自于她內心深處無法回避的膚淺的自卑。全書自始至終都沒有使她擺脫這一心理障礙，甚至在她以最極端的方式表達自尊時，她的自卑已超出了正常的限度而成了反抗的主要原動力，她的許多努力與其說是為了求得尊嚴不如說是為了擺脫自卑。

總的來說，人類的全部文化都是以自卑感受為基礎的，因為人類的自卑、弱小和害怕，所以人類努力改變自己的環境，對宇宙進一步探知，謀略妥善控制自然，來增進人類的地位，爭取優越感。自卑，只是簡·愛人格中比較隱晦的一面，作品中呼之欲出的，是簡·愛不屈不撓的反抗意志、自我奮斗和自我奉獻精神。所有這些，正是簡·愛不能“長期忍受自卑之感”，為“解除自己的緊張狀態”，而采取的“某種行動”，是簡·愛人格的另一 半。簡·愛的成長過程一直是受自卑情結影響的——她矮小不美,她身份地位低下,她財富貧瘠,這些給她造成了深深的自卑。實際上,她一直生活在自卑的陰影之下。但簡·愛并沒有被自卑打倒,相反,她在自卑的刺激下愈加自尊自立自強,并逐漸超越了自卑,一定意義上說,是自卑造就了具有鮮明人格魅力的簡·愛。

參考文獻：

[1]《簡·愛》 [英] 勃朗特著，盛世教育西方名著翻譯委員會譯，世界圖書出版社，2008.5.1 [2]《自卑與超越》 [奧] 阿德勒 著，李心明譯，北京：光明日報出版社，2006.6 [3]《個性心理學》 葉奕乾，孔克勤 編著，上海：華東師范大學出版社，1993.2 [4]《夏洛蒂·勃朗特》 [英] 蓋斯凱爾夫人 著，張淑榮譯，北京：團結出版社，2000.8 [5]《告別自卑》 [美] 詹姆斯·多布森 著，劉寧榮譯 中國廣播電視出版社，1990.12

第二篇：從自卑到自信——解析簡愛性格的兩個極端

尹詩文

（赤峰學院 外國語學院，內蒙古 赤峰 024000）

摘 要：作為一部英國早期女性文學的代表作，夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《簡愛》形象而又生動地塑造了一位敢于為正義、平等、人格尊嚴獨立而與生活困境、社會歧視及男權主義進行堅決斗爭的女性形象。在這部作品中，作者對主人公簡愛不屈服命運，追求獨立自由精神的描述，在讀者面前呈現了一個自卑、不美、矮小的女孩成長為一個自強、自信的女性的蛻變歷程。關鍵詞：夏洛蒂·勃朗特；簡愛；性格

中圖分類號：I106 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1673-2596（2011）03-0068-02 《簡愛》是英國19世紀現實主義女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的一部傳世經典名著。她從三個階段對簡愛的成長進行描述。寄居在舅母家的簡愛自幼父母雙亡，受盡凌辱的小簡愛當時并沒有失掉她的人格和尊嚴，反而在幼時惡劣的生存環境中學會了如何生存，如何去用自己的努力去挑戰當時不公平的社會。也正是她的成長經歷，造就了她獨立的人格、進取的精神和美好的理想，她只靠自己生活，敢于表達自己的思想。在世俗的壓力下，她憑借努力工作，聰明的智慧和倔強的個性，始終保持著自己的尊嚴，在她生活的道路上，從不屈服命運，勇敢追求真愛并對所愛的人忠貞不渝。面對貧困低下的社會地位，或是她那漂泊無依的生活遭遇，簡愛就像是一只正在蛻變的蝴蝶，經過一番艱苦的磨練終于破繭成蝶。

在簡愛的性格中，自尊占據著重要的地位，她的自尊來源于自卑，正是自卑促使著簡愛的自強，去挑戰不公平的社會，也是由于自強使簡愛找到了自信，實現了自己性格的最終統一，收獲了幸福的生活和完美的愛情。

一、簡愛自卑心理形成的原因

“不公平啊！不公平！”這是簡愛在舅母家被囚禁在空房中時，想到自己所受到的虐待，從內心發出的吶喊。女主人公簡愛出生于一個窮牧師家庭，她沒有美麗的面容和婀娜的身姿，她“貧窮、低微、不美、矮小”，與以往愛情故事中的女主人公美麗溫柔、高貴賢淑的形象形成鮮明對比，但和其它作品中的主人公一樣，簡愛的命運深深地吸引著我們。命運把簡愛拋擲到一個父母雙亡、寄人籬下的生存環境。姨媽的嫌棄，表姐的蔑視，表兄的辱罵和毒打，以及勢利的傭人們的為虎作倀，這一切都沒有使她屈服。相反，她以弱小的身軀做出了強烈的反抗。簡愛并不像其它小說中的主人公因為自己是一個孤兒就自暴自棄從此沉淪，恰恰相反，正是這種艱苦的生活，造就了她倔強的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。在她與這個不公平社會反抗的過程中，她竭力捍衛自己的尊嚴，不容受到半點褻瀆和踐踏。作為一個女性，敢于離經叛道，向不公平的社會挑戰，是需要巨大的勇氣的。簡愛憑著自己的精神力量和對美好動人的愛情的憧憬和向往去追求自己的幸福，在她看來，愛別人必須以不喪失自尊為前提。她這種超乎常人的自尊恰恰來自于她內心深處無法回避的膚淺的自卑。小說從頭至尾都沒有使她擺脫這一心理障礙，甚至在她以最極端的方式表達這種自尊的時候，她的自卑已超出了正常的限度而成為自強的原動力，她的許多努力與其說是為了求得自由，不如說是為了擺脫自卑。

簡愛的自卑首先來自于對自己外貌的不自信。無論是她在舅母家里面對著的兩個姐姐，還是后來在桑菲爾德遇見的情敵英格拉姆小姐，這種骨子深處的自卑還是一直在主宰著她的生命。因為在她的心里，已經認定了“矮小、蒼白、五官長得那么不端正”的自己是配不上魁偉英俊、有錢有地位的主人公羅切斯特的，如果說之前的簡愛還對羅切斯特的愛情抱有一絲幻想的話，那么現在全部破滅了。自卑在簡愛尋找愛情的過程中始終占有重要因素。后來在圣約翰面前，簡愛對于自己外貌的自卑更是暴露無遺：當圣約翰向簡愛求婚時，簡愛的第一反應竟是對圣約翰外表美的審視，她還直截了當地對圣約翰的妹妹戴安娜說，圣約翰“是個漂亮的人”，“而我，是這樣不漂亮。我們永遠不相配”，她的這種自卑顯露無遺。

簡愛的這種自卑心理，除了自身的原因外，與她所處的社會環境密不可分。在19世紀的英國社會，以貌取人是當時很普遍的社會現象，人們習慣于把外表的美麗可人、優雅賢淑當做女人的一項重要資本——特別是社交場合可以加以炫耀、可以吸引別人注意力的資本。生活在社會大環境中的簡愛，不可能不受到這種社會傾向的影響。

其次，簡愛的自卑感還來自于對自身環境的不滿。她從小寄人籬下，又沒有得到舅母的一絲關懷，這使得簡愛從小就認定了這樣一個事實：弱肉強食，這是一個沒有公平的世界。她沒有華麗的衣服，沒有美味的食物，也沒用親人的關心和愛。尤其是簡愛經常面對表哥約翰里德暴虐的、沒有理性的、沒有憐惜的威脅，這使得她心中的恐懼、憎恨和絕望與日俱增，并最終使簡愛爆發出“你們不配和我在一塊兒”的吶喊。這種環境成長起來的簡愛飽受了與年齡不相稱的折磨，對這個世界有著本能的抵制和反抗。簡愛的自卑深深烙印在心底，這表現在許多方面。她常挑選窗臺或其它被遮住的幽暗角落，在蓋茨黑德是這樣，在桑菲爾德也是這樣。在簾子的遮蔽下，她能看清周圍而不被察覺。她將自己永遠置于暗處，不愿引起別人注意，這是她的生活態度，是她缺乏安全感的一個表現，也是她面對勢利社會的一種退讓，是她自卑和膽怯的體現。尤其在面對羅切斯特先生的愛情時，她的自卑感更是時時跑出了搗亂，她覺得自己無論是身材外貌還是身份地位都與羅切斯特先生不匹配，對彼此的愛情一直有種不真實、不信任的心緒。這種不真實感在結婚當天她得知羅切斯特夫人存在的時候最終決堤，使得她無法面對沒有正當身份的自己，于是選擇了逃離。與其說這是簡愛對龐大的社會輿論和宗法制度的反抗，不如說是她的一種“認同”，因為她首先是認同了這種存在的合理性，才會對自己的婚姻產生懷疑和不認同，她的離開也是一種不得已。

二、由自卑走向自強

自卑心理的無處不在，使簡愛認識到，要想改變自身處境，想要別人看得起自己、對自己產生認同，就必須依靠自身的努力。當她意識到一味的討好并不能得到家人的認同時，她為了自己的尊嚴，便勇敢地對舅母和表哥、表姐發起了反抗，盡管最終被關在紅房子里，但她也未曾屈服。而不得不承認，正是這種反抗，最終促使舅母答應將她送到羅沃德學校，不論在那里會怎樣，但對于簡愛來說，都將是一個轉機，這是她自己為自己贏得的生命的轉機。在羅沃德學校，簡愛的生活是以肉體上的懲罰和心靈上的被摧殘開始的。她又瘦又小，飽受欺凌，學校的施主布洛克赫斯特不但當著全校師生的面詆毀她而且還把她置于羞辱臺上示眾，但她沒有在屈辱中沉淪，而是不斷奮發進取，努力學習各門功課，并最終取得了第一名。正是她的自卑激發出的這種自強心理使她變得優秀，她懂法文、懂繪畫、懂音樂、懂寫作，并具有了優秀的綜合素質和健康的心靈，這不僅為她后來順利地找到家庭教師的工作打下鋪墊，而且在她和羅切斯特先生的愛情中更起到了至關重要的作用。在惠特克勞斯，簡愛的自強性格使她努力向兩個姐姐學習，并不怕困難地學習印度語言。簡愛就像一株堅忍不拔的草，生命力極其頑強，在生長中用自己的努力向世人證明了自己存在的價值，贏得了世人的尊敬。在愛情問題上她同樣擺脫自卑，始終保持她個人的尊嚴——自強。盡管英格拉姆小姐是大家閨秀，態度又很傲慢，說話咄咄逼人，但簡愛總是從容面對，從不失尊嚴。同樣，在羅切斯特面前她從不因為自己是一個地位低賤的家庭教師而感到自卑，她認為他們是平等的，不應該因為她是仆人而不能受到別人的尊重。為保持人格的獨立，她聲明自己在婚前仍以教書為生，自食其力。這些都充分表明她自強不息的自我意識。

當羅徹斯特與芭莎的婚姻真相被揭穿后，成婚受挫的簡愛面臨一個重大的抉擇：聽從羅徹斯特對自己命運的“安排”，做他的情婦，還是自愛自強，做自己的主人？雖萬般纏綿，但理智告訴她，如果此時屈從對方的意志，那么自己也遲早會重蹈他眾多情人的覆轍。強烈的自我保護意識使簡愛選擇了后者。她寧愿在一個窮山僻壤當一名“自由和正直的鄉村女教師”，也不愿茍且偷安作別人的附庸。

正是這種自強不息，堅忍不拔的性格特征，成就了簡愛不平凡的一生，經過數次的人生考驗后，她漸漸走向成熟，性格更為堅強，最終贏來新生。

第三篇：簡愛性格中的自卑心理

簡愛性格中的自卑心理

漢本0901 陳麗洋

《簡愛》是一部半自傳體小說，從某種角度說，簡愛的種種經歷就是夏洛蒂本人的經歷。夏洛蒂當家庭教師的種種經歷也與簡愛相吻合。由此我們注意到夏洛蒂賦予了主人公許多她自己在現實生活中得不到的東西，當然這是作者創作的自由，但其背后掩蓋的是什么呢？夏洛蒂在創作《簡愛》之前對她的妹妹們說：“我要寫一個女主角給你們看，她和我一樣矮小而貌不驚人，然而這個女主角卻要和你們所寫的一樣能引起讀者的興趣。”這段話是頗值得玩味的，我個人倒是覺得從中仿佛可以讀出一種酸酸的掩蓋在不服氣下的自卑心態來。因此，與其說是簡愛心中的自卑，不如說是夏洛蒂本人的自卑更合適些。

不妨來讀一下她最著名的一段宣言：“你以為我會留下來，成為你覺得無足輕重的人嗎？你以為我是一架自動機器嗎？一架沒有感情的機器嗎？能讓我的一口面包從我嘴里搶走，讓我的一滴活水從我杯子里潑掉嗎？你以為，因為我窮、低微、不美、矮小，我就沒有靈魂沒有嗎？你想錯了！——我的靈魂跟你的一樣，我的心也跟你的完全一樣！要是上帝賜予我一點美和一點財富，我就要讓你感到難以離開我，就像我現在難以離開你一樣。我現在跟你說話，并不是通過習俗、慣例，甚至不是通過凡人的肉體——而是我的精神在同你的精神說話；就像兩個都經過了墳墓，我們站在上帝腳跟前，是平等——因為我們是平等的！”在羅切斯特的舞會上，身材矮小、穿著寒酸的簡受到了來自各方面的奚落和嘲諷，但最終這個“不起眼”的小人物卻得到了“王子”的愛情。簡愛在上流社會的領域中戰勝了那些有名的太太小姐，這種報復真實痛快淋漓呀！

然而灰姑娘依然是灰姑娘，簡與羅切斯特訂婚后，還是對他們兩人的關系缺乏信心，她明白“社會地位和財富把我們遠遠分開”。在他們的婚禮當天，梅森先生與律師的突然闖入將原有的一切都打破了，一個比社會地位和財產更難逾越的鴻溝擺在了眼前——羅切斯特先生一直有妻子，她是個瘋女人并且一直被關在桑菲爾德莊園的閣樓上。這一突如其來的打擊是簡愛沒有預料到的，盡管后來羅切斯特誠懇地向她表達自己的內心，并極力擺明自己在整個過程中只是家庭利益的犧牲品，但簡還是決定離去。簡為什么一定要離開桑菲爾德呢？小說中寫得很清楚，簡是一個把愛看得比生命還要重要的人，當她得知羅切斯特有一個妻子，他事實上差點犯了重婚罪時，也在經過一番思索后“當時當地就原諒了他”，而此時，她甚至連事情的真相都不知道。那么是什么理由促使簡堅決要離開呢？簡只說了句“我關心我自己”并從上帝那里找尋安慰。在簡的心里，只有經濟上的獨立和社會地位的提升可以給她獲得“平等”的必要資格，只有通過這樣的平等，簡才能找到信心來克服她多年來一直為之受折磨的自卑心理。當她有了一份遺產，真正成了一個獨立的女人，于是可以自由選擇她的道路，聽從她自己的心愿，故事才可能繼續向下發展。《簡愛》的結尾，羅切斯特成了小說最終的犧牲品，不僅把殘廢的羅切斯特作為對一種社會習俗的犧牲，也是為了簡（作者）下意識的為了自己道德的純潔性而犧牲的。一份小小的財產也許可以幫助她獲得一些自信，但依舊無法保障她作為羅切斯特太太的安全感。外表的平凡如同財產的貧瘠，一直是她心頭的兩根刺。為了使簡愛進一步擺脫自卑，夏洛蒂給予了她一筆遺產，但外貌卻是難以改變的，因此只好削弱對方，羅切斯特就這樣被安排在一場大火中變成了瞎眼斷手的殘廢，而伯莎·梅森也被燒死了，對于簡來說的確是“前途一片大好”！果然，當她再次回到桑菲爾德時，看到這里的現狀，她深情地對羅切斯特說：“現在我比以前更加愛你，現在我對你可以真正地有用，而以前你卻處在驕傲的不依靠別人的狀態，除了作賞賜和保護人以外，不屑扮演其它角色。”這時的簡愛扮演著情人加慈母的角色，顯得又多情又崇高。多年以來，這個主角一直因為她對獨立的強烈追求和對愛情的偉大的熱情受到贊揚，但事實上，她作為現實社會中的一員，終是無法擺脫現實的桎梏，簡愛也不過是作者筆下追求與矛盾的統一體罷了。然而這矛盾的統一體在我們讀來身上仍然無法擺脫夏洛蒂?勃朗特身上的自卑感——也就是簡愛性格中的自卑心理。

第四篇：《簡愛》中永恒的性格魅力

《簡·愛》中永恒的性格魅力

班級：外A1021 姓名：胡小莉 學號:08

摘要：作為一部英國早期女性文學的代表作,夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《簡·愛》形象而又生動地塑造了一位敢于為正義、平等、人格尊嚴獨立而與生活困境、社會歧視及男權主義進行堅決斗爭的女性形象。在這部作品中,作者對主人公簡愛不屈服命運,追求獨立自由精神的描述,在讀者面前呈現了一個不美、矮小的女孩成長為一個自強、自信的女性的蛻變歷程。她出身卑微,其貌不揚,卻在不屈的反抗和執著的追求中展示出巨大的人格魅力,體現出女性要求平等、獨立自主、勇敢自信的現代意識。

關鍵詞：簡愛； 自強； 自信； 反抗；平等自由

《簡·愛》是一部帶有作者自傳性的作品，采用第一人稱的自敘寫法，讓女主人公傾訴自己的喜怒哀樂和人生理想、愛情友誼，具有娓娓動聽、親切感人的藝術魅力。它寫一個孤女個人的奮斗故事，作者本人生活中的悲哀、憂患、緊張和勇氣在小說中得到了強烈的反映。《簡·愛》的成功奧妙在于簡愛鮮明的人物性格的典型塑造。在當時，英國經歷了三次高潮的憲章運動，吸引了成百萬的工人和勞動群眾參加爭取自身權利的斗爭，但是婦女在社會上的地位并沒有改善，沒有獲得自由的權利，也沒有提出男女平等的問題，至于她們的情感世界更是被人戕害的領域。簡愛這一人物的塑造反映了婦女擺脫壓迫和歧視，要求平等和自由的強烈愿望和追求，在英國文學史上首創，有其深遠的歷史意義，對于后人又有超時空的現實意義，是新時代女性推崇的偶像。

簡愛這一典型人物的永恒性格魅力主要體現在以下幾個方面：

一、自立自強以及自尊的個性：

簡愛從小就失去父母，寄養在蓋茲海德府的舅媽家里。特殊的家庭境遇使她過著寄人籬下的生活，遭受舅媽、表兄妹的欺凌和壓制，但也正是因為這一切，養成了簡愛自尊、自強、自立的獨特個性，換回了她無限的信心、不屈的精神和一種可戰勝一切的內在人格力量。她未曾因為生活的不幸而喪失信心，而是頑強地面對接踵而至的不幸和挫折，甚至沒有迷失自我純真的本性。更難能可貴的是，她有深刻的自知之明，她清楚：沒有美好的外貌，就得有主見有思想；沒有優越的生活，因此必須獨立自主，不依靠他人；沒有令人羨慕的社會地位，但必須有強烈的自尊和令人刮目相看的品質。在蓋茲海德府，她為了維護自己的尊嚴，不惜沖撞舅媽，甚至和表哥對打；在勞渥德慈善學校，為了自強自立，她努力學習各項普通課程及法語、音樂、繪畫等，用知識來強大自己；在桑菲爾德莊園，她從不因為自己是一個地位低賤的家庭教師而感到自卑，反而認為他們是平等的，不應該因為她是家庭教師，而不能受到別人的尊重。這使得羅切斯特為之震撼，并把她看成是一個可以和自己在精神上平等交談的人，并且深深愛上了她。他的真心，使簡愛感動，她接受了他。而當他們結婚的那一天，簡愛知道了羅切斯特已有妻子時，雖然羅切斯特向她坦白了一切，并真誠地表明了自己的愛情，但她還是覺得自己必須要離開。雖然她無限同情羅切斯特，但她有著極強的自尊心，不愿踐踏自己的愛情。從內心講，是簡愛意識到自己受到了欺騙，她的自尊心受到了戲弄。她用了極大的克制力，做出了一個非常理性的決定，選擇了一場殘酷的自我放逐。在這樣一種非常強大的愛情力量包圍之下，在美好、富裕的生活誘惑之下，她依然能堅持自己的尊嚴，這充分顯示出簡愛自強自立的人格和美好的生活理想，也是她最具有精神魅力的地方。小說也從另一個側面告訴我們：女性必須有獨立的人格，自尊自愛，不依附于其他人才可以贏得別人的尊重和熱愛，才會有真正的幸福。

二、頑強的反抗精神：

簡愛的反抗性格是隨著她的經歷一步一步發展、成長起來的。翻開《簡·愛》第一章，年幼的簡愛就和驕橫、愛欺負她的表哥發生了沖突，她不畏強暴，怒斥他，并和他扭打，接著被里德太太關進了紅房子。被囚禁在紅房子里，簡愛感到屈辱，她意識到自己和別人受到了不同的待遇，“不公平!不公平啊!”，簡愛的“理智一時早熟地發揮了威力”，她感到“‘決心’也同樣被鼓舞起來，催促著我從這難以忍受的壓迫下逃跑”。在第四章里，簡愛和里德太太發生了爭吵，里德太太以為憑她的家庭地位可以嚇倒外甥女，可結果相反，簡愛一針見血地罵她，里德太太居然也覺得害怕了。可以說，在舅母里德太太家生活的時期,是她反叛性格的萌芽階段。

簡愛被送到了勞渥德學校，在這一段時期，可以說是她反抗性格的形成期。嚴峻的生活向她提出更多的問題,激起她對人間的壓迫和不平等現象無比的憤慨。作者強烈地批判了這種披著宗教外衣殘害兒童的教育制度，這正是作者曾經親身經歷過的。在勞渥德學校，簡愛對海倫·彭斯說過這樣一段話“當我們無緣無故挨打的時候，我們應該狠狠地回擊；我們肯定我們應該回擊—狠狠地回擊，教訓教訓打我們的那個人，叫他永遠不敢再這樣打人。”從這幾章我們可以看出作者的主要意圖不僅僅是揭露以慈善為名的學校黑幕，更主要是借這樣一個黑暗和沒有人性的環境來突出簡愛的反抗精神。在勞渥德，她與之作斗爭的是一個天地更為廣闊的環境。經歷了八年人間地獄般并且毫無生氣的慈善學校生活，簡愛渴望尋求一種新的生活：“我向往自由，我渴望自由”，“那么，至少賜給我新的工作吧”。在內心強烈的愿望的驅使下，簡愛順利地找到了一份家庭教師的工作，來到了桑菲爾德。在桑菲爾德和羅切斯特的交往時期，是她性格的成熟期。初次和羅切斯特見面，她顯得自尊自愛、不卑不亢；在對羅切斯特還不夠了解的時候，她保持了一貫的反抗精神，“我想，先生，光憑你年齡比我大，或者見的世面比我多，你是沒有權利來命令我的；你是否有權自稱優越，那要看你怎樣利用你的歲月和經歷了。”從這一類的談話中我們可以看到簡身上一如既往的坦率的真性情。她漸漸發現羅切斯特和她思想上有許多共通之處，她重視的是“友好坦率”，并不是他的金錢和地位，盡管羅切斯特生性傲慢，但并沒有因為簡低微的家庭教師的地位而輕視她的存在，而是把她放在平等的地位和她對話，這符合她的反抗的性格，因此她覺得滿意。當簡得知羅切斯特已有妻室，她覺得受到了極大的欺騙和侮辱，她不允許自己降低人格，成為一個已婚男人的情人，她認為不能成為男人的附屬品和玩物，所以她毅然決定離開羅切斯特，離開桑菲爾德。簡愛的反抗精神至此發展到了極點。簡愛與當時社會“淑女”的審美標準相差甚遠，但正是因為簡愛的反抗性格，不斷追求自由和平等，才贏得了羅切斯特的尊重和愛慕，才會成就英國文學史乃至世界文學史上一段經典的愛情佳話。

三、爭取平等、追求自由的女性楷模：

簡愛在人生旅途中，尋找幸福，追求愛情，但同時也為爭取平等和獨立奮斗著，這也是她愛情和幸福的立足點。當她聽羅切斯特為了斬斷情緣，送她到愛爾蘭，并且說她會忘記他時，簡愛憤怒了，那段獨白，成為名篇佳句，被世人傳頌：“你以為我會留下來，成為你覺得無足輕重的人嗎？你以為我是架自動機器嗎？ 一架沒有感情的機器嗎？能讓我的一口面包從我嘴里搶走，讓我的一滴活水從我杯里潑掉嗎？你以為因為我窮、低微、不美、矮小，我就沒有靈魂沒有心嗎？你想錯了！我的靈魂跟你的一樣，我的心也跟你的完全一樣！要是上帝賜予我一點美和一點財富，就要讓你感到難以離開我，就象我現在難以離開你一樣。我現在跟你說話，不是通過習俗、慣例，甚至不是通過凡人的肉體——而是我的精神在同你的精神說話；就象兩個都經過了墳墓，我們站在上帝面前，是平等的——因為我們是平等的。”

簡愛不被金錢所動，為了平等，自由，她可以放棄愛情。即使離開莊園后沒有任何去處，注定要去奔波、流浪、孑然一身闖世界，但她還是毅然地離開了，使我們看到一個女性要求獨立、平等的勇氣和力量。“珍珠項鏈的珠子，我把它留下；它不是我的；它是那已經在空氣中消失幻想的新娘的，我把其他的東西打成一個包裹，我把裝著二十先令的錢袋放在口袋里，這是我的全部財產，我系好草帽，扣好披巾，拿了包裹和我那還不想穿上的便鞋從屋里溜出來。”開始了惠特克勞斯那漂泊的生活。后來，盡管羅切斯特一貧如洗，這兩個追求愛情的人走過坎坷，最終還是結合在一起了。正如簡愛的一段道白：“因為我們的蜜月將照耀我們一輩子；它的光輝只會在你我的墳里暗淡下去。”簡愛在爭取平等、追求愛情和自由時所表現出的一個女性非凡的品性，值得世人稱道。

在19世紀的英國,男權主義仍然占絕對主導,簡愛自立自強的個性、反抗精神和不屈服于命運和社會規則的新女性猶如一陣沁人心脾的清風。《簡·愛》所展現給我們的是一種化繁為簡一種返樸歸真一種追求全心付出的感覺，是一種不計得失的感情，凈化每一個讀者的心靈，同時引起讀者的共鳴。參考文獻：

[1]英.夏洛蒂·勃朗特著，宋兆霖譯 《簡·愛》北京燕山出版社,2003； [2]許菁《淺析簡愛的雙重性格》鄭州經濟管理干部學院學報 2002； [3] 范文彬 《《簡·愛》與婦女意識》文學評論 1980； [4]王俊《簡愛的孤獨感及其女權主義意識》

第五篇：淺析簡愛的性格魅力

摘 要

《簡·愛》是英國女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的一部帶有自傳色彩的長篇小說。它的問世，曾經轟動了19世紀的英國文壇，吸引了國內外成千上萬的讀者。它之所以經典，在于作品成功地塑造了一位為追求平等、尊嚴以及獨立而敢于與生活困境、社會歧視以及男權主義進行斗爭的女性形象。小說集中描述了她為謀求婦女經濟獨立和愛情平等權利而進行的反抗斗爭。本文旨在通過簡愛不同的成長環境分析其反抗和獨立的性格，力求全方位的感受和理解簡愛性格的獨特魅力。

關鍵詞：性格；獨立；反抗；尊嚴

I

Abstract

Jane Eyre, a novel with a strong autobiographical color which was written by Charlotte Bronte.When it was first published, it shocked the whole English literary world in the 19th century.Furthermore, it attracts and moves thousands of readers at home and abroad.It is a classic work because the author successfully pictures an amazing herione who dares to struggle with poor enviroment, social discrimination and patriarchy in order to pursue equality, dignity, independence and so on.This novel mainly decribes her rebellion for seeking women?s economic independence and love of equal rights.This paper aims at analyzing Jane Eyre?s rebellious and independent character through the different enviroments in Jane?s growing process so as to fully understand the unique charm of Jane?s character.Key words: character;independence;rebellion;dignity II An Analysis of Jane Eyre’s Characters in Jane Eyre

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Binhai School of Foreign Affairs

Tianjin Foreign Studies University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Arts

by Huang yawei May，2013

Contents

Abstract(in Chinese)………………..………………………………………….I Abstract(in English)……………..………………………………………….....II I.Introduction …………………………………….…...………………………..1

1.1 About Charlotte Bronte…………….………………………………………..…….....1

1.2 The social background of Jane Eyre…………………………………..……..…….…2

1.3 The brief introduction of Jane Eyre…………………………………………………..3 II.Literature review...……………………………………………………….......4 III.Jane Eyre at Gateshead………………….......................................................6 3.1 Jane Eyre?s rebellion………………………………………………...........................6 3.1.1 Under the ill-treatment from John Reed..……………………….…..................6 3.1.2 In the Red Room……...........................................................................................7 3.1.3 In front of Mrs.Reed……………………………..……………….…………….8 3.2 Jane?s independence at Gateshead…………………………………...…….…...….10 IV.Jane Eyre at Lowood Institution……………………………………..…….11 4.1 Jane?s rebellion…………………………………………………………..….…….11 4.1.1 Contrast between Helen Burns and Jane · Eyre……………...……….…..…….11

4.1.2 Against Mr.Brocklehurst………………..……………..……………....................12

4.2 Jane?s independence at Lowood Institution ………………………………...……13 V.Jane Eyre at Thornfield Hall and Moor House………..................................14 5.1 Jane?s rebellion………………………………………………………..……………14

5.1.1 On human dignity…………...………………...………………………..….…14

5.1.2 On love …………………………….....………………………………...……15

5.2 Jane?s independence at Thornfield Hall and Moor House…………………………17 VI.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………18 References………………………………………………………………...……20 I.Introduction

1.1 About Charlotte Bronte

Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855)was born at Thornton, in Yorkshire England, the third of six children.She was not pretty.She was plain and little, but her name was put in the first page of the history of English literature in the 19th century because of the success of Jane Eyre.In August 1824, Charlotte Bronte was sent with three of her sisters to the Clergy Daughters? School at Cowan Bridge.Due to its poor and unhealthy conditions, her two elder sisters died at 11 and 10 years old.Charlotte survived, but her healthy was permanently affected.Soon after, she moved from the school and lived with her living sisters, Emily and Anne.And Charlotte continued her education at Roe Heed School in Mirfield at fiftheen years old.In 1839, Charotte left Roe Heed School and took up the first position as a governess in some private families in Yorkshire.However, the job at that time was treated with bias and she suffered a lot.To make a living, Charlotte and her sister Emily wanted to open a school to teach children French, but they were not good at this language.In 1843, they travelled to Brussels to learn French.They met Mr.Herger, the owner of the Pension at Herger, a girl?s school, where Charlotte and Emily were pupils and Charlotte later worked as a teacher.While during the period between 1839 and 1842, there were two men ask for Charlotte?s proposal, one was the brother of Charlotte?s friend, another was a young clergyman.Charlotte rejected them for the reason that she thought she was not their true love but a tradition to marry a woman.Her attitude towards love was very vivid.She knew whom she loved and what she wanted.Then Charlotte returned her hometown to open a school with her two sisters.However, they failed.After their dream was broken, Charlotte thought writing might be another way.In May 1846, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne published a joint collection of poetry under assumed names of Currer, Ellis and Action Bell.Although only two copies were sold, they decided to continue writing for publication and began to work on their first novel.It was very unfortunate, Emily and Anne both died of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1848 and 1849 respectively.Charlotte and her father were left alone.Under the very hardship condition, Charlotte continuously worked hard in the journey of literary creation and published Shirley(1848)and Villette(1853)and began to create the novel Emma in 1853.For her first novel, The Professor(1857)was published under the name Currier Bell and was based on her own experiences of teaching in Brussels, but never found a publisher in her lifetime.The world-famous autobiography novel, Jane Eyre, was written in 1846.In the novel, Charlotte created a figure to make her ideal dream of love come true.On June 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father?s curate.She died nine months later during her first pregnancy.In general, her works are all about the strugggle of an individual consciousness toward slef-realization, about some lonely and neglected young wowen with a longing for love.1.2 The social background of Jane Eyre

1832, the year when the first Reform Act was passed, was usually regarded as the end of the Romantic era and the beginning of the Victorian age, although Queen Victorian did not start her reign until 1837.The Victorian age(1832-1902)was usually subdivided into the following phases: the early victorian period, the mid-victorian period and the late victorian period.And Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre in the early victorian period when the economic developed rapidly.At that time, England developed into a rich, advanced industrial country.Although capitalist had appeared, old convention and prejudice remained dominant.Many social problems still exsited, for instance, the sharpest contrast between the rich and the poor and the rigid social hierarchy.In this period, women were still regarded as second-class hierarchy.They were employed as cheap laborer and were forced to do very hard jobs.They had no place in politics, economics and society.They had no right to pursue their own love and their status were totally dependent upon the economic position of their fathers and then their husbands.Furthermore, they had to sacrifice themselves to serve their husbands and children.However, under various unequal treatments, some outstanding women appeared, such as famous women writers, Bronte sisters.They were great English realists at that time.They created pictures of bourgeois civilization, showing the misery and suffering of the common people.So in the late period of Victorian age, a feminism movement started.Those feminists fought for women?s equality, freedom, their educational and employment opportunities.What?s more, Petitions to parliament advocating women?s suffrage were approved as early as in the 1840.1.3 The brief introduction to “ Jane Eyre”

Jane Eyre, the main character, is a plain orphan who is cruelly treated in childhood by her aunt, Mrs.Reed, the wife of her mother?s brother.At Gateshead, Jane bears ten years of neglect and abuse, especially after her uncle died.Mrs.Reed is a harsh, cold and unsympathetic woman who treats Jane as a servant, but pampers her three children.They look down upon her because she is not pretty and has no money.In order to be accepted by her aunt, she tries to stand difficulties, however, her aunt still treats her as a thron.After suffering all kinds of inhumane treatments at Gateshead, she is sent away to a boarding school at the tender age of ten, where she receives good education under severe conditions and makes a friend with Helen Burns.There, at Lowood, Jane bears a lot both physically and mentally, only consoled by a kind teacher, Miss Temple.After eight years at the school, Jane Eyre becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall.Mr.Rochester, the master of the house, who seems to have a dark past.Day after day, Mr.Rochester is attracted not by her looks but her wit and courageous spirit, and falls in love with her.This is the same with her.Then Jane accepts Mr.Rochester?s proposal.But their marriage is prevented by the unexpected fact that he has already had a wife, a mad woman who is still alive.Jane feels very shocked and is deeply hurt, then she leaves him quietly because she doesn?t want to be a mistress.Jane arrives at the desolate crossroads and refuses to beg for food.Fortunately, the Rivers family takes her into their home at Moor House.Jane develops great affection for the ladies, and happily teaches at St.John?s school.She gradually thinks that she has inherited a vast fortune because she has become a member of a new famliy.St.John, a very handsome clergyman who is determined to devote himself to God.He admires Jane and asks her to be his wife.However, she suddenly feels that she still cherishes a deep love for Rochester.Finally, she refuses St.John and goes back to find Rochester, who is a blind but free man.Then they marry and enjoy a contented and peaceful life.II.Literary review

Jane Eyre was written according to Charlotte Bronte?s own experience.It was published in London, England, in 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co.And the first American edition was released the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York.It has been described as “the first modern novel, the first to envelop the life of a plain ordinary woman with romance”(Thomley, G.C.& Gwyneth Roberts, 1984: 124)William Makepeace Thackeray also hailed it as “ the mastework of great genius”.Jane Eyre successfully created a great sensation in the whole literary world through the struggling story of a “Cinderella”.Nowadays, it still attracts many readers.The film which was adapted by Jane Eyre, had won an Oscar Academy Awards.Therefore, lots of writers and critics at home and abroad remain enthusiastic about it.When G.K.Chesterton said, “ The novel of the 19th century was female”(G.K.Chesterton, 2011: 96), he must have been refering to the emergence of a number of brilliant woman writers who gave voice to the feelings and aspirations of the educated women of their age.Charlotte Bronte is one of the greatest women writers, and her Jane Eyre is undoubtedly an outstanding women?s declaration of independence and love.Jane Eyre is also honoured as “ Another book is required reading for women ” and “ It is worth reading than fifty Trollopes, fifty Dickens and any other novels”.(Trubner and Company, 2010 : 132)Furthermore, Dickens and Thackeray highly praised Jane Eyre as it revealed the political and the social truth to the world.At the same time, Marx also rated Charlotte as an excellent novelist in Britain.Throughout the domestic researches, Jane Eyre also gets a lot of recognition.“ For some years, Charlotte Bronte has written her works, Shirler, Villette and so on, but Jane Eyre is the most successful and popular one”(吳偉仁, 2004: 233)At the same time, it is also regarded as “ a typical work which has a closely connection with the Bible in the 19th literature ”(卓新平, 1992: 232)Zhu Hong, a British and American literature researcher and tutor, understands Jane Eyre as a revenge on the upper society and regards the marriage of Jane and Rochester as a carnival of spiritual revenge.10 III.Jane Eyre at Gateshead

3.1 Jane Eyre’s rebellion

“ Once a person is born, his personality has partly taken shape”.Indeed, the main part of a personality copies his parents, and the remaining part comes just from himself or from the circumstances.The circumstances which Jane lived in her childhood was miserable so that her spirit of striving for independence and rebellion was fully exposed.3.1.1 Under the ill-treatment from John Reed

From the above introduction of Jane?s experiences at Gateshead, we can know that Jane Eyre?s life was unhappy and pitiful.Everyone in Reed house humiliated her, the one who always abused Jane Eyre was John Reed.John Reed, four years elder than Jane, was Mrs.Reed?s only darling son.So no matter what he had done, no one would scold him, instead, all of them would think that it must be Jane?s fault.At the initial stage, Jane had a little frightened to John when she was abused by him.For example, Jane Eyre said, “every nerve I had feared him, and every morsel of flesh on my bones shrank when he came near.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 9).However, Jane Eyre?s mind was strong and she was not scared later.On the contrary, the seeds of the rebellion were gradually growing up.As for John, he had not much affection for his mother and sisters, let alone the sympathy to Jane Eyre.Furthermore, he always condemned Jane with dirty words which, to the great extent, hurt Jane?s self-respect.For instance, he once said, 11 “ You are a dependant, mama says;you have no money;your father left you none;you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemen’s children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mama's expense.Now, I'll teach you to rummage my bookshelves...”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 9)

In our views, the more difficulties there were, the more she was strong.Jane did not think that she should resign to such an uneducated and rude boy.When John Reed lift and hurled the book to Jane, she shouted out “wicked and cruel boy!You are like a murder---you are like a slave driver---you are like the roman emperors!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 10)Then she tussled with John.This point has been shown clearly that the tolerance level of Jane Eyre has reached her limits.It is known to us that people who are only under the great oppression will break out their enormous power.Just like what Luxun said, “ to explore in silence, or to die in it.”

Jane was a strong girl and never gave up.She dared to protect herself when she suffered from the humiliation of being criticized by everyone.She thought that they were not worth respecting.This thought was obviously contrary to the current of thought at that society of male priority.However, Jane was a different girl.She dared to think and act.The novel had pointed out that “ they had got me by this time into the apartment indicated by Mrs.Reed, and had thrust me upon a stool: my impulse was to rise from it like a spring.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 11)From here we can imagine, at that time, Jane?s rebellious conciousness was more strong than before.3.1.2 In the Red Room

With the development of the unjust events, Jane started to fight against them.Firstly, facing John?s unreasonably bullies, Jane didn?t retreat but strike him.Secondly, the servants often blamed Jane and told her that she should not strike John because he was her young master, but she attacked them in the strongest terms.Thirdly, Mrs.Reed hated to see Jane Eyre because of Jane?s ceaseless rebellion.All these seemed that Jane was challenging the power of Mrs.Reed.So finally she couldn?t escape from the tragedy of being sent to the red room.The room was seldom used, for Mr.Reed was dead in this room.We can?t imagine that how horrible the red room is, even for a little girl.Everything in this room was filled with a sense of ghastly atmosphere, which made people stifling.So was Jane.She said，“ Although there was a superstition with me at that moment, it was not yet her hour for complete victory: my blood was still warm, the mood of the revolted slave was still bracing me with its bitter vigor.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 13)

As long as she considered that“ All John Reed?s violent tyrannies, all his sisters? proud indifference… Why was it useless to try to win any one?s favor… ”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 13)Jane would cause a feeling of hatred at that time.There was only one word would come up her, that was the rebellion.Only through the rebellion, Jane could feel a sense of achievement and satisfactory.Only through the rebellion, she could have the opportunity to get freedom and independence because the red room was just like the hell.During the whole afternoon, Jane thought lots of things in this cold red room.She was sure that it was not the life she wanted.3.1.3 In front of Mrs.Reed

At Gateshead, the conversations between Mrs.Reed and Jane Eyre could well display her rebellions.When faced with so many different kinds of revilement, Jane had not shown any sign of fright.Instead, she gave the powerful words to hit back.While in Mrs.Reed?s eyes, Jane was an unwelcome alien who permanently invaded her own family group.Therefore, she told her children not to go near Jane, but Jane cried out and said, “ They are not fit to associate with me.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 27)Mrs.Reed was so angry when hearing it, and then dragged her into the nursery, pressed her on the edgy of the bed and said, “ Dared me in an emphatic voice to rise from that place.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 27)Then, Jane talked it back immediately, “ What would uncle Reed say to you, if he were live? ”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 27)These words shocked Mrs.Reed, and her eyes were filled with terror.She did not think that such a little girl had so great power and courage to speak to her.In the days of nursery, Jane was always striving, she was often thinking about how to express her inner thoughts out.She had been abused for a long time.But the only thing that she could do was to rebel, which was the best way that could protect her.She had learnt how to gather all her energy and give Mrs.Reed a forceful hit-back.When Mrs.Reed told Mr.Brocklehurst that Jane Eyre was a liar.Jane had a face to face conflict with her aunt, she defended，“ I am not deceitful: if I were you, I should say I love you: but I declare I do not love you: I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world except the John Reed: and this book about the liar, you may give your girl, Georgiana, for it is she tells lies, and not I.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 35)

How comfortable for Jane as she was saying these words.Jane still continued to say

“ I am glad you are no relation of mine, I will never call you aunt as long as I live, and I will never come to see you when I am grown up.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 35)

Jane was only a ten-year-old girl but she had such kind of courage against the things that she thought unfair.3.2 Jane’s independence at Gateshead

Independence is an outstanding quality throughout the whole novel.Jane Eyre is not pretty but her character is unique.Under a variety of difficulties at Gateshead, Jane gradually began to realize the importance of independence, as her conciousness of rebellion becoming more and more strong.She knew that dependence and incompetence invited nothing but scorn.As a result of the event that she striked with John, she was sent to the red room by her aunt.In the red room, she realized she needed to be saved and protected by herself and she needed to be self-reliant.She said, “ Unjust!I never compromise to them.I shall be independent.”(Charottle Bronte, 2008: 14)She hated Gateshead, she hated everyone there.She believed that only when she was independent, could she be respected by others.After all, Jane Eyre was a little girl and it was hard for her to be economically independent.Because of the hatred between Reeds and Jane Eyre, Jane would like to be sent to a low budget orphan school called Lowood Institution.Before Jane left the Gateshead, she rebuked Mrs.Reed，“ You think I have no feelings and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness;but I cannot live so… People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!”(Charottle Bronte, 2008: 35)

This was the first time that Jane enjoyed a sense of triumph and freedom.And she also felt she was independent because she escaped from there.15 IV.Jane Eyre at Lowood Institution

4.1 Jane’s rebellion

With thirst for new life, Jane Eyre went to Lowwood.It was a charity school, but in fact was a hell for poor girls.During the eight years of school?s life, Jane?s thought gradually became mature.What?s more, this experience further developed her rebellion.4.1.1 Contrast between Helen Burns and Jane · Eyre

In Lowood, Helen Burns played a very important role in Jane Eyre?s childhood and even in Jane?s whole life, Helen Burns could be undoubtedly considered as Jane?s friend.Helen was the first person who spoke to Jane in the Lowood.Jane loved to be with Helen because she was willing to share everything with her.However, they had different characters when they came across the same conditions.For example, when Helen was punished in the middle of a room, she had no complaining words.It seemed that nothing had happended, no crying, no shameful expression on her face.But Jane got very angry and she said to Helen，“ If I were in your place, I should dislike her;I should resist her;if she struck me with that rod, I should get it from her hand;I should break it under her nose.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 55)

So seen from this sentence, we learned that Helen didn?t dare to fight, and she wasn?t brave as much as Jane.And she told Helen，16 “ A great deal: you are good to those who are good to you.It is all ever desire to be.If people were always kind and obedient to those who are cruel and unjust, the wicked people would have it all their own way: they would never feel afraid… I am sure we should— so hard as to teach the person who struck us never do it again!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 56)

This forceful speech embodied the deep oppression of Jane?s rebellious spirit.We believed that if Jane was right, she would do it without any hesitation.Here, Jane?s rebellious character kept growing.Helen was always telling her belief to Jane.She was deeply poisoned by religion and sincerely believed in God.Furthermore, she wished to be in heaven after death.She said to Jane, “ I am sure there is a future state;I believe God is good… God is my father;God is my friend;I love Him;I believe He loves me.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 80)But Jane did not like her.She would not sumbit to fate and the environment.She was a girl born with strong rebellion.As long as any evil force came to her, she must fight against them and must protect herself.This rebellious awareness was just the quality that Helen was lack of.4.1.2 Against Mr.Brocklehurst

As we all know, Mr.Brocklehurst was not only a hypocrite, but also a snob man, though he was the founder of the Lowood.So at the Lowood School, he could enjoy the most favorable right.He treated the students as servants and punished the students in the name of saving their souls.The school didn?t provide the poor children with enough food, clothes and it could not give good treatment for the disease.Therefore, death had become something common at Lowood Institution.This condition aroused Jane?s rebellion again.Jane was a girl who was always ready to fight.It was obvious that she didn?t like Mr.Brocklehurst.At Lowood, Mr.Brocklehurst scolded Jane as a liar.Undoubtedly, such sharp words hurt Jane deeply.As long as there was a hope, Jane would have a sense of rebellion.When Mr.Brocklehurst wanted to cut the long hair of Severn, the blackboard suddenly slipped from Jane?s hand and fell with an obtrusive crash so that Mr.Brocklehurst punished Jane to stand on the chair in front of everyone.As Jane had said that she could not bear such humiliating punishment, but now she was standing in the middle of the room.The feelings of inward were beyond the description.Jane?s heart was filled with fury.She never stopped longing for a free life in a new world.She thought that she must do everything she could completely to fight against the bad man and to resist the unfair punishement.At this moment, Jane?s rebellion became stronger and stronger.4.2 Jane’s independence at Lowood Institution

Jane?s independent consciousness was sprouted at Gateshead first, it took shape at Lowood Institution.Under lots of unfair punishement, Jane gained strength from her teacher and fellow students.And Jane tired to achieve her independence.Helen?s sincere friendship gave her strength.Although she didn?t accept Helen?s belief about abandoning human affection and praying for God?s love, but Jane was deeply moved by Helen?s words，“ Yet it would be your duty to bear it , if you could not avoid it: it is weak and silly to say you cannot bear what your fate to be required to bear.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 55)Jane learnt self-control from Helen Burns.And Helen told her that life was so short that people couldn?t waste it to bear grudges.This might be the reason why Jane finally forgave Mrs.Reed.Miss Temple, a teacher who was admired and deeply loved by Jane.When Mr.Brocklehurst told all the people that Jane was a liar, Miss Temple gave a chance to Jane to defend herself.She believed what Jane said and it gave Jane great consolation.Miss Temple often encouraged her students to keep up their spirits.Jane learnt the value of independence from her.After the leaving of Miss Temple, Jane couldn?t put up with dullness there.She was eager for freedom and a new life.She told herself that she wanted to go to a lively place.And no matter what happened in the future, she would face it bravely.The rebellious spirit was lightened again.And she also believed that if she wanted to be independent, she must achieve economic independence.Then Jane made an advertisement and got a job as a governess at Thornfied.V.Jane at Thornfield Hall and Moor House

5.1 Jane’s rebellion

Time in Thornfield?s and Moor House played a significant role in Jane Eyre?s life.This part showed the climax of Jane?s rebellious and independent spirit through her attitude to human dignity, love and marriage.5.1.1 On human dignity

When Jane Eyre first came to Thornfield Hall, she didn?t feel ashamed of her plain apperance and poverty-stricken state.She defended her dignity as defending her life.Jane didn?t show any subservience before her wealthy and arrogant master.When Rochester ordered Jane to talk more with him to please him, she refused firmly.In Jane?s eyes, Mr.Rochester couldn?t consider himself superior to her regarding to his age, experience and status.Jane stayed consistent in her beliefs when she didn?t know much about Rochester yet.One evening, she was asked by Rochester, “ Do you think I?m handsome? ” “ Normally I would have taken time to think, and said something polite, but somehow I answered at once, ? No, sir.? ” Jane wrote.(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 129)She was unwilling to tell that Mr.Rochester was handsome although he was her employer.She didn?t want to flatter others, although she knew that it would benefit her job.She hoped that she could be equal to his master in spirit except in money and in social class.Since then, she was able to communicate with Rochester in spirit and gained respect for human dignity from him.5.1.2 On love

Day by day, through many equal contacts between Jane and Rochester, Jane found that she fell in love with Rochester.“ The friendly frankness, as correct as cordial, with which he treated me, drew me to him.I felt at times as if he were my relation rather than my master.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 144)She comprehended his faults and sympathized his misfortune.She saw his kind-hearted nature.Jane loved Mr.Rochester very much.In order to pursue the whole love from Mr.Rochester, Jane was fighting for the traditional ideas all the time.When she heard that Mr.Rochester would get married with Miss.Ingram, she was desperate.As for Mr.Rochester, he thought that Jane would like some women 20 who begged for the so-called love.However, to Rochester?s surprise, Jane said to him firmly，“ I must leave you and Thornfield, I must!I tell you I must go.Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automation?...You think wrong.I have as much as you---and full as much heart!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 194)

Jane Eyre retorted.Thus it can be seen that the holding capacity of Jane?s mind was so great.She wouldn?t bear any humiliation.She respected Mr.Rochester?s decision.She didn?t want to be painful again.She said，“ And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me… and we stood at God’s feet, equal, as we are!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 248)

This was Jane?s real declaration of human right.She dared to resist her master severely to defend her own rights.Just because of her unique character and action, Mr.Rochester expressed his inner feelings.Amazed and excited, Jane agreed to be his wife.However, it was on Jane?s marrying day that she knew the fact that Mr.Rochester had a legal wife.Undoubtedly, it was a heart-stuck attack to Jane.At this moment, it was impossible for them to get married because she knew that Mr.Rochester didn?t belong to her any more.He had a wife.If she continued to stay in Thornfield, she would became Mr.Rochester?s mistress who wouldn?t be accepted by society.No matter how she loved Mr.Rochester, Jane could not persuade herself to be married with him.Being alone in the world, she had no one to depend on.At last, she perfered to leave Rochester rather than to lose her individual dignity.She said loudly and clearly before she left Thornfield, “ I care for myself… I will hold to the principles received by me when I was sane, and not mad—as I am now.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 310)It was a pity that they didn?t get together, for they loved each other deeply.However, Jane?s unusual rebellious character was perfectly shown.She dared not only to rebel the unfairness but also to challenge the social conventions to pursue her own rights.After leaving Rochester?s home, Jane wandered here and there.She was nearly dead.Luckily, she met with St.John and his sisters.They were very friendly and warm-hearted to her.With their care, Jane recovered quickly.Soon, she worked as a village teacher in a church school.St.John thought highly of Jane?s talent and made an offer of marriage several times in the name of “ God?s will”.Jane resolutely refused him.She knew that she was the right person who could help him to do missionary work and their marriage wasn?t based on true love.She pointed out, “ He prizes me as a soldier would a good weapon, and that is all.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 397)Yielding to St.John?s request, it meant to give up Jane?s rights.And she said to St.John that she scorned his idea of love.John was shocked by this sentence because he met the resistance from Jane.Furthermore, she still loved Mr.Rochester, so she determined to return to Thronfield again.However, Thronfield had become a wasteland after a big fire, and Rochester was blind and disabled but free.At this moment, she felt that she loved Rochester more than ever.So she decided to stay with him and to look after him for all of her life.In the end, Jane Eyre possessed noble soul and gained true love.5.2 Jane’s independence at Thornfield Hall and Moor House

In order to support herself, Jane worked as a governess at Thornfield Hall where developed her independence totally.She completely earned money by her own.Although Rochester was rich, Jane never thought of depending on him.She remembered all the time that the self-respect and dignity of a woman were based on the economical independence.She thought, “ If I had ever so small an independency;I never can bear being dressed like a doll by Mr.Rochester… I could better endure to be kept by him now.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 264)After knowning that Rochester also loved her, Jane was excited and told Rochester, “ I shall continue to act as Adele?s governess;by that I shall earn my board and lodging… and you shall give me nothing but—your regard!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 265)From here we could see that Jane?s character of self-respect and independence was so strong and firm, and Jane showed her spirit sufficiently.As for love, Jane hold that independence and pursuit of the equal rights were the fundamental elements.And she protected her independence and personality all the time.When Rochester intended to give her a lot of jewelry and beautiful clothes, she refused.She thought that real love wasn?t based on money and jewelry.Her love didn?t mix with conventional ideas at that time and she didn?t want to be the slave of money and to rely on others.Furthermore, she did not want to be an accessory of Rochester.Until she left the Thornfield, she didn?t take those things that were sent by Rochester.And at Moor House, she refused St.John?s proposal.All the actions and thoughts were fully shown that Jane would insist on her spirit under any conditions.VI.Conclusion

From Jane?s story at Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield and Moor House, we learn that Jane?s life is full of tears, misery and humiliation.However, she never gives up the determination in struggling against her fate and pursuing independence.The paper has analyzed Jane Eyre?s rebellious and independent spirit.In her chidhood, she had the rebellious spirit and independent conciousness.After she turned into a mature woman, she became more independent and continued to struggle bravely against the unjustice under the bad enviroment.From Gateshead to Lowood Institution, from Thornfield to Moor House, Jane?s spirit developed step by step until she gained her own perfect love at last.Jane is a new image of woman who is worthy learning.The value of a woman does not lie in her looks, her dress, and any other things that have a powerful fascination to men?s eyes, but in her nature, her mind and her character.In fact, no matter in which society you live, the woman who wanted to pursue equality, freedom or even feminism should pursue financial, personal and political independence.As for love in the modern society, women should seek it on the base of equality and true love not on money, houses or cars.Just like Jane Eyre, though she doesn?t have a beautiful appearance and enough money, she would own her wholehearted love.References

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