第一篇：高中英語(yǔ)從句總結(jié)(補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)法備課手冊(cè))

高中英語(yǔ)從句總結(jié)

1）主語(yǔ)從句

1.定義：用作主語(yǔ)的從句叫做主語(yǔ)從句。

2.構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句

3.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：

（1）從屬連詞that.如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。

（2）從屬連詞whether.如：

Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear.他是否會(huì)來(lái)這里還不清楚。

（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever

連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：

What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。

How this happened is not clear to anyone.這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰(shuí)也不清楚。

Whoever comes is welcome.不論誰(shuí)來(lái)都?xì)g迎。

Wherever you are is my home —— my only home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。

解釋：

1.主語(yǔ)從句能用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)。常以it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型有：

A.It+be+形容詞（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that從句。如：

It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她考試成績(jī)會(huì)很好。

It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告訴她了。

B.It+be+名詞詞組（no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that從句。如：

It’s a pity that we can’t go.很遺憾我們不能去。

It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.我們沒(méi)贏這場(chǎng)比賽真意外。

C.It+be+過(guò)去分詞（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that從句。如：

It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.據(jù)說(shuō)格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。

It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.據(jù)報(bào)道中國(guó)又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。

D.It+seem，happen等不及物動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)+that從句。如：

It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.Alice似乎不來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。

It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。

E.It+doesn’t matter（makes no difference，etc.）+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語(yǔ)從句。如：

It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.她是否來(lái)這無(wú)關(guān)緊要。

It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我們?cè)谀睦镩_會(huì)毫無(wú)區(qū)別。

F.當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如：

Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week？ 下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎？

Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow？ 他們明天不來(lái)很要緊嗎？

G.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如：

How strange it is that the children are so quiet！孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！

2.注意連接代詞whoever，whatever，whichever等引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的含義。

Whoever comes will be welcome.（whoever=the person who）來(lái)的人將受到歡迎。

Whatever he did was right.（whatever=the thing that）他所做的事情是正確的。

Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.（whichever=anyone of you who）你們當(dāng)中不論哪個(gè)進(jìn)來(lái)將會(huì)得到獎(jiǎng)

2）表語(yǔ)從句

1.定義：用作表語(yǔ)的從句叫做表語(yǔ)從句。

2.構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句

3.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類：

（1）從屬連詞that.如：

The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。

（2）從屬連詞whether，as，as if.如：

He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起來(lái)還與十年前一樣。

The question is whether they will be able to help us.問(wèn)題是他們是否能幫我們。

注：從屬連詞if一般不用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，如：

All this was over twenty years ago，but it’s as if it was only yesterday.這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。

能跟表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為系動(dòng)詞be，seem，look等。如：

It looked as if it was going to rain.看起來(lái)天要下雨了。

（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever

連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.問(wèn)題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她呢。

The question is how he did it.問(wèn)題是他是如何做此事的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。

解釋：

1.連詞because可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。如：

I think it is because you are doing too much.我想這是因?yàn)槟阕龅锰唷?/p>

2.在一些表示“建議、勸說(shuō)、命令”的名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。should+動(dòng)詞原形表示，should可省略。如：

My suggestion is that we（should）start early tomorrow.我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。

3）賓語(yǔ)從句

1.定義：用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。

2.構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句。

3.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：

（1）從屬連詞that.如：

He told us that he felt ill.他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。

I know he has returned.我知道他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。

注： that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。

1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí)，that不能省略。）

大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。

2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。）

對(duì)他我一無(wú)所知，只知道他是南方人。

3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.（that從句位于句首時(shí)，that不可省略。）

我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話。

4.We decided，in view of his special circumstances，that we would admit him for a probationary period.（主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ)，that不可省略。）

鑒于他的特殊情況，我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。

（2）從屬連詞if/whether.如：

I doubt whether he will succeed.我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。

I don’t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否幫助我。

（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever

連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：

Who or what he was，Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？馬丁根本不知道。

I wonder what he’s writing to me about.我不知道他要給我寫信說(shuō)什么事。

I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來(lái)。

You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。

（1）介詞賓語(yǔ)從句

賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。

I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。

I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。

Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。

有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如：

I don’t care（for）who marries him.我不管誰(shuí)跟他結(jié)婚。

Be careful（as to）how you do that.你要注意做這件事的方式。

解釋：

1.如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。如：

We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒(méi)來(lái)是奇怪的。

He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。

2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，只用在except，but，in后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo)，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：

He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生，只是有點(diǎn)粗心。

You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。

介詞賓語(yǔ)不可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)，而要用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：

Are you sorry for what you’ve done？

你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎？

3.某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句，這類形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure，glad，certain，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：

I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能確定我該做什么。

I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.恐怕你沒(méi)領(lǐng)會(huì)我說(shuō)的意思。

I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前沒(méi)看到過(guò)。

Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.媽媽為她的女兒通過(guò)了考試而感到高興。

4.連詞whether（?or not）或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。如：

I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。

用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句如果會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter.試比較：

Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if從句可理解為賓語(yǔ)從句，意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”；此句又可理解為條件狀語(yǔ)從句意為“如果你想去的話，請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。

5.賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think，believe，suppose，expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健Ｈ纾?/p>

I don’t think you are right.我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。

I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。

I don’t suppose he cares，does he？ 我想他不在意，是嗎？

6.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律：

（1）當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。

（2）當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句只能使用過(guò)去范圍內(nèi)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如：

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行。

4）同位語(yǔ)從句

1.定義：用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫做同位語(yǔ)從句。

2.用法：同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞多為fact，news，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that.如：

They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.對(duì)你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。

Where did you get the idea that I could not come？

你在哪兒聽(tīng)說(shuō)我不能來(lái)？

Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德國(guó)已對(duì)俄國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來(lái)了。

注：同位語(yǔ)從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：

I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否來(lái)。

連接代詞who，which，what和連接副詞where，when，why，how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。

The question who should do the work requires consideration.誰(shuí)該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要考慮。

We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們還沒(méi)有決定。

It is a question how he did it.那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問(wèn)題。

解釋：

1.that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句之區(qū)別

that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句

that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

句法功能上

that只起連接從句的作用，無(wú)意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。

that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。

意義上

從句是被修飾名詞的內(nèi)容。

從句起限定作用，是定語(yǔ)

如：The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.（同位語(yǔ)從句，that不可省。）

李先生將是我們的新英語(yǔ)老師這個(gè)消息是真的。

The news（that）he told me yesterday is true.（定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)，可省。）

他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。

2.一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如：

This is our only request that this（should）be settled as soon as possible.這就是我們唯一的請(qǐng)求：盡快解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

（6）不定式的構(gòu)成 1.不定式的構(gòu)成

不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。

不定式一般有時(shí)式和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式（以do為例）：

主動(dòng)式 to do

被動(dòng)式 to be done

完成式to have done /to have been done

進(jìn)行式 to be doing

完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing

1）不定式的一般式

不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。如：

They invited us to go there this summer.他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。

He stood aside for me to pass.他站到一邊讓我通過(guò)。

2）不定式的完成式

不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如：

She seemed to have heard about this matter.她似乎已聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。

I meant to have told you about it，but I happened to have an important thing to do.我本來(lái)想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。

3）不定式的進(jìn)行式

不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如：

It’s nice of you to be helping us these days.你真好，這些天一直幫我們。

He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽(tīng)老師講課。

4）不定式的完成進(jìn)行式

如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語(yǔ)所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如：

They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.據(jù)說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。

We are happy to have been helping each other these days.我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。

5）動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如：

Try not to be late again next time.盡量下次不要再遲到。

He wished us never to meet her again.他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見(jiàn)到她。

6）疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式：

不定式和疑問(wèn)詞whether，what，which，whom，where，when，how，why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在tell，know，show，decide，learn，wonder，explain，advise，teach，discuss，find out等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如：

On hearing the news，he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他不知道該哭還是該笑。

When to hold the meeting has not decided.什么時(shí)候開會(huì)還沒(méi)有決定。

介詞后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如：

Mary gave some advice on how to learn English.瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道該怎么做。

5）狀語(yǔ)從句

狀語(yǔ)從句主要用來(lái)修飾主句或主句的謂語(yǔ)。一般可分為九大類,分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類較多,但由于狀語(yǔ)從句與漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語(yǔ)從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)分別列舉如下:

1、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner ? than, hardly ?when, scarcely ? when

I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果園)the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞:where

特殊引導(dǎo)詞:wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3、原因狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞:because, since, as, for

特殊引導(dǎo)詞:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, as much as, so much as

My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4、目的狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞:so that, in order that

特殊引導(dǎo)詞:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞:so that, so? that, such ? that，特殊引導(dǎo)詞:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that，He got up so early that he caught the first bus.It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.6、條件狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞:if, unless，特殊引導(dǎo)詞:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

We'll start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞:though, although, even if, even though

特殊引導(dǎo)詞: as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝),while(一般用在句首),no matter ?, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.盡管我很尊敬他, 我卻不同意他的建議。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He won't listen whatever you may say.8、比較狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞:as(同級(jí)比較), than(不同程度的比較)

特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the more ? the more ?;just as ?, so?;A is to B what /as X is to Y;no ? more than;not A so much as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine.食物之于人,猶如油之于機(jī)器。

9、方式狀語(yǔ)從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞:as, as if, how

特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.（定語(yǔ)從句見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法手冊(cè)）

第二篇：高中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法教學(xué)淺談

高中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法教學(xué)淺談

張先紅 滁州市 全椒縣 古河中學(xué)

2013-11-6 21:32:32

高中英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法教學(xué)淺談

我國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的環(huán)境基本上是一個(gè)非母語(yǔ)的環(huán)境，目前的學(xué)習(xí)條件如師資、設(shè)備、環(huán)境等從總體上說(shuō)并不令人滿意。我并不贊同以往的語(yǔ)法翻譯教學(xué)法，但一味的淡化語(yǔ)法并不利于學(xué)生學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)法好比語(yǔ)言的密碼，不懂語(yǔ)法顯然是行不通的。高考中寫一篇英語(yǔ)作文，這是重視英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的考試方法，下面以 定語(yǔ)從句的教學(xué)為例談一下我的具體做法。

一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念及引導(dǎo)詞

在（主從）復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。

引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句是關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that,as,在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞有where,when ,why,在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。

二、定語(yǔ)從句的基本類型

1、限定性定語(yǔ)從句

限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般緊挨先行詞，主從復(fù)合句之間關(guān)系密切，不能用逗號(hào)隔開，通常譯為一個(gè)句子。

e.g.Do you know the girl who is in red? I am the only person who was praised at the meeting.2、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

非限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，主從復(fù)合句之間關(guān)系不很密切，一般可譯為兩個(gè)句子，如果將從句身省去，主句意思仍然清楚。

e.g.He is often late for school,which makes his teacher angry.Jack flew to Beijing yesterday,where a conference will be held.三、定語(yǔ)從句使用中的注意事項(xiàng)

1、which 與 that之區(qū)別

關(guān)系代詞that既指人又指物，which只指物，指物時(shí)，兩者有時(shí)可換用，有時(shí)則不能換用。

（1）指人或指物只能用 that 的情況 1)當(dāng)先行詞為all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing??不定代詞時(shí)。

e.g.All that can be done has been done.The thief had to hand out everything that he had stolen to the policeman.2)先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)

e.g.He spoken of the people and the things(that)he had seen abroad.3)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)

e.g.This is the most expensive meal(that)we have ever had.The first lesson that(that)I learned as a student of chemistry is still unforgettable.4)先行詞被the very, the only, the last, any,every修飾時(shí)

e.g.This is the very book(that)I’m looking for.5）先行詞是疑問(wèn)詞who,what,which時(shí)

Who that has such a home doesn’t love it.What that is on the table belongs to me.6)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語(yǔ)時(shí)

e.g.China is no longer the country(that)it used to be.（2）只能用which的情況

1）定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾某物或整個(gè)句子時(shí)

e.g.She added too much salt to the soup, which spoiled soup.2)先行詞在從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)且介詞前置時(shí)

e.g.This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.2、as與which

(1)as和which都能引導(dǎo)非限定性從句代表整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，as

引導(dǎo)的從句可為于句首、句中或句末，而which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句卻只能位于句末。

e.g.As is known to all ,China is a developing country.Jack, as is know ,is a film director.Crusoe went to the fire ,which is still smoking.(2)as含“正如?..那樣”之意，而which則不含此意。

e.g.He didn’t give us a hand , as had been expected.(3)as在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中多與such, the same,連用，構(gòu)成such?..as?, the same?.as?形式。

e.g.Such a film as you deseribed should not be shown at all.He told me the story as was told the other day.3、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞之確定

是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，不是取決于先行詞，而是看定語(yǔ)從句中需要什么成分，如果需要主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)就用關(guān)系代詞，如果需要狀語(yǔ)就要用關(guān)系副詞。

e.g.We visited the village which that is famous for its scenery yesterday.The day thatwhich we spent together on the island is pleasant.4、幾種特殊形式的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

（1）n.pron.num.+of+whomwhich e.g.The old couple have five children,three of whom are farmers.There are many apples in the basket,most of which are red ones.I bought a book yesterday ,the cover of which is well designed.(2)介詞短語(yǔ)+whomwhich e.g.He lives in a village,in front of which flows a brook.There are 3 students in the picture,in the middle of whom is my brother.總之，在日常教學(xué)中，加強(qiáng)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)是非常必要的，對(duì)語(yǔ)法中的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要求學(xué)生牢固掌握。

第三篇：高中英語(yǔ)《定語(yǔ)從句》語(yǔ)法教案

定語(yǔ)從句在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常 出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。

關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。

18.1 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是充當(dāng)人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

1）who, whom, that 代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。

例如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見(jiàn)的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）

2）whose 用來(lái)指人或物，（只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物，等同于of which）。例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了，大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。

Please pass me the book whose（of which）cover is green.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。

3）which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。

例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

（對(duì)）This is the mountain village（which）I visited last year.（對(duì)）I'll never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。

方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。

例1.Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

A.where B.that

C.on which

D.the one 例2.Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.A.where B.that

C.on which

D.the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A

例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分為賓語(yǔ)，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語(yǔ)的作用，而the one既做了主句的表語(yǔ)，又可做從句的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。

而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選A。

關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞（where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，when 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，why 原因狀語(yǔ)）。

18.4 限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。

2）that前不能有介詞。

3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的“介詞+關(guān)系詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。例如：

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.這是我兩年前住過(guò)的房子。

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂(lè)部的那一天嗎？

Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 18.6 as, which 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.太陽(yáng)使地球暖起來(lái)，這對(duì)我們?nèi)祟惡苤匾?/p>

典型例題

1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A.it

B.that

C.which

D.he

答案C.此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。

2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could

主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。

18.8 what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever

1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：

What you want has been sent here.你要的動(dòng)詞都送來(lái)了。

Whatever you want makes no difference to me.不管你要什么，跟我沒(méi)什么關(guān)系。

2）who= the person that

whoever= anyone who。例如：

（錯(cuò)）Who breaks the law will be punished.（錯(cuò)）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.（對(duì)）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.王子犯法，與庶民同罪。

（對(duì)）Who robbed the bank is not clear.誰(shuí)搶了銀行還不清楚。

3）that 和 what

當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常用作關(guān)系代詞，而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，是個(gè)不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。例如：

I think（that）you will like the stamps.我想你會(huì)喜歡這些郵票的。

What we need is more practice.我們需要的是更多的實(shí)踐。

18.9 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法

1）只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況

1、先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)

eg.This is the first job that I have taken up.This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.

4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)。

例如：Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.這就是我跟你說(shuō)過(guò)的會(huì)有助于你學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的那本英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法書。

5、先行詞為that時(shí)

例如：The clock is that which can tell us the time.鐘是報(bào)時(shí)的裝置。

第四篇：(新概念英語(yǔ))高中英語(yǔ) 第二冊(cè) 語(yǔ)法總結(jié) 名詞性從句表語(yǔ)從句

新概念英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)：名詞性從句（2）表語(yǔ)從句

（二）表語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)。

1.that在引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)無(wú)含義，不作成分，通常不省。1)表示事實(shí)、真理等的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。The fact is that he is lying.The odds are that he will not do it.2）表示某人的意見(jiàn)、信念等的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。Our belief is that things will improve.The trouble is that we are short of money.2.whether引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句（不可用if)。

His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.The question is whether people will buy it.3.連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。This is what I want.The question is who can be chosen to be manager of the company.My question is which of them is better.4.連接副詞when, where, why, how引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。

The problem seemed how we could make him understand it.The question is where we should go.5.as if, as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句（常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）。He looks as if he were angry.It looks as if it's going to rain.專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練：

1.The question is ______ we will have our sports meet next week.A.that B.if C.when D.whether

2．The reason why he failed is ______ he was too careless.A.because B.that C.for D.because of

3.Go and get your coat.It's ______ you left it.A.where B.there C.there where D.where there

4．The problem is ______ to take the place of Ted

A.who can we get B.what we can get C.who we can get D.that we can get

5.What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us.A.that B.if C.whether D.不填

6.The reason is ______I missed the bus.A.that B.when C.why D.what

7.That is ______ we were late last time.A.that B.when C.why D.what

8.She looked ______ she were ten years younger.A.that B.like C.as D.as though

9.--I fell sick!

--I think it is ______ you are doing too much.A.why B.when C.what D.because

10.The reason why he hasn’t come is ______.A.because his mother is ill B.because of his mother’s being ill C.that his mother is ill D.for his mother is ill

11.--He was born here.--That is ______ he likes the place so much.A.that B.what C.why D.how

12.That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.A.what B.where C.that D.why

KEYS

1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.C 11.C 12.B

第五篇：高中英語(yǔ)常用語(yǔ)法

常用語(yǔ)法

一：時(shí)態(tài)：所謂的“時(shí)態(tài)”，就是時(shí)間+狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)見(jiàn)下表： 1．主動(dòng)形式

過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái) 過(guò)去將來(lái)

一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 進(jìn)行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣

完成進(jìn)行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 2．被動(dòng)形式

過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái) 過(guò)去將來(lái)

一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 進(jìn)行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成進(jìn)行 / / /

一．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 一．不定式：

一）不定式的?？夹问剑?/p>

1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被動(dòng)形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.語(yǔ)法功能： 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生

2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被動(dòng)形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.語(yǔ)法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前 二）不定式?？嫉目键c(diǎn)： 1）不定式做定語(yǔ)----將要發(fā)生 2）不定式做狀語(yǔ)----目的

3）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略

1)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性； + doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見(jiàn)了”這個(gè)事實(shí))I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見(jiàn)他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作）

? 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good;It feels comfortable.2)使役動(dòng)詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原to I ?d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn‘t have to be made to learn.3)help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：

want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do.be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do.begin to do.start to do

五)有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式

accustom(oneself)to;be accustomed to;face up to;in addition to;look forward to;object to;be reduced to;resign oneself to;be resigned to;resort to;sink to;be used to;be alternative to;be close/closeness to;be dedication/dedicated to;be opposition/opposed to;be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。

He needs(a lot of)encouraging.二.動(dòng)名詞： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞 1)是名詞 seeing is believing 2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語(yǔ) starving troops is necessary.一)動(dòng)名詞的形式: 一般形式：I don't like you smoking.完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被動(dòng)形式：This question is far from being settled.二)動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)

1)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)

2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞

3)動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過(guò)代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語(yǔ).I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．

A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也對(duì)）I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞

admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;it entails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feel like;finish;forgive;can't help;hinder;imagine;it involves;keep;it means;mention;mind;miss;it necessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說(shuō)法：

it's no good;it's no/little/hardly any/ use;it's not/hardly/scarcely use;it's worthwhile;spend money/time;there's no;there's no point in;there's nothing worse than;what's the use/point...5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可

remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。

I remembered to post the letters.(指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)的動(dòng)作)I remembered posting/having posting the letters(我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作)forgot與remember的用法類似。

I regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…

I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.為了“二十年前的離開”而遺憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try –ing 試驗(yàn) Try practicing five hours a day.I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.[打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.[意味著]贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。

prefer的用法： 我寧愿在這里等。

I prefer to wait here.（所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）

I prefer swimming to cycling.（這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）分詞：

現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞的形式: 1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）?(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生)2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed.(發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前)3)完成被動(dòng)形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.(發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng))過(guò)去分詞

1)過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle unprepared.2)過(guò)去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做)這三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。他們之間的一致關(guān)系——主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。

二：虛擬三：虛擬語(yǔ)氣

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的可能性程度：must/can't ? should/shouldn't ? might/may(not)另外兩個(gè)“類情態(tài)詞的形式：”need/needn't;have to/don't have to ? 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由should/would+原型時(shí)態(tài)（不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài)）本質(zhì)上是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：即，時(shí)間固定在過(guò)去將來(lái)，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。這時(shí)“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)“本來(lái)應(yīng)該……”（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒(méi)有……）（本來(lái)可以……，本來(lái)能……）

I should go!(… but I'm still here!)(一般)I should be working now!(進(jìn)行)I should have practiced more(than I did)!(完成)我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)?。ㄑ韵轮猓F(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。）

I shouldn't dream away my time too much!(完成的否定)(actually I did dream away my time too much!)It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time!(完成進(jìn)行)I may/might/could have finished!(完成)一些常見(jiàn)的句型中，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而處于從句之中，should 常常被省略掉 o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;o require, request;o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.由于他們的含義中包含“建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該”這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會(huì)包含有should+原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

這些動(dòng)詞（以及他們的名次形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形： 主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句

It's suggested that… My suggestion is that… The only suggestion that...The only suggestion I can give you now is that… 一些形容詞引起的表語(yǔ)從句中，也會(huì)有同樣的情況

important;necessary;essential It's natural;strange;incredible that a pity;a shame;no wonder ? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should ? 表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反

1.與現(xiàn)在相反：使用[過(guò)去時(shí)]：

I wish I were not here!(一般現(xiàn)在?一般過(guò)去)Suppose we were not here.He loved me as if I were his own son.(一般現(xiàn)在?一般過(guò)去)Hope I weren't always losing things!(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行?過(guò)去進(jìn)行)If only/If I hadn't been there!(現(xiàn)在完成?過(guò)去完成)What if I hadn't been waiting right here!(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行?過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行)?？季湫停篒t's(high)time(that)…;would rather(that)…

這兩個(gè)從句，只能表達(dá)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的看法，所以，從句中只有一般過(guò)去時(shí)。2.與過(guò)去相反：過(guò)去完成時(shí)；

How nice it is if I had past the test!How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!3.與將來(lái)相反？將來(lái)的事情沒(méi)有發(fā)生，所以只能推測(cè)。

If it rains tomorrow, we'll have to stay one day more.不過(guò)，由于可以用be to表示將來(lái)；所以，虛擬語(yǔ)氣中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)were to；也是CET-4的常考語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。? 虛擬條件句

o if 部分，做一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)（所以只有一般過(guò)去和過(guò)去完成）；

o 主句部分，這是表示基于這個(gè)假設(shè)的推測(cè)，一般使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would，少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/may。

o 注意：兩個(gè)部分之間，是有邏輯關(guān)系，而在兩部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上，沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系。

? 注意，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，產(chǎn)生倒裝。? 隱含的非真實(shí)條件

What would you do with 50 thousand dollar? How could I be happy without you? 除了條件狀語(yǔ)從句之外，原因狀語(yǔ)從句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

o 由in order that, so that引起的從句，肯定的時(shí)候可以使用may/might;can/could;否定的時(shí)候，多用shouldn't;o whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的從句中，多用may+

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別

一、用―情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have ＋done‖結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的推測(cè)

常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有： must have done：

表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè)，常譯作―一定做了……‖，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can‘t／couldn‘t have done?

疑問(wèn)式為Can／Could...have done﹖。

could ／might have done：表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的可能性推測(cè)，常譯作―可能做了……‖。如：

1)My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he ＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture． ? A． couldn‘t have attended B． needn‘t have attended C． mustn‘t have attended D． shouldn‘t have attended 本題選A。

2)Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me． A． mustn‘t have arrived B． shouldn‘t have arrived C． can‘t have arrived

D． need not have arrived（C）

2．當(dāng)前后句在動(dòng)作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，常借助―but, however, instead‖等詞來(lái)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與客觀事實(shí)不符，這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有：

should have done ／ ought to have done：表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做。should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示過(guò)去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上卻做了。

need have done：表示過(guò)去本來(lái)有必要去做某事，但事實(shí)上沒(méi)有做。

need not have done：表示過(guò)去本來(lái)沒(méi)有必要做某事，但事實(shí)上卻做了。如：

3)I was really anxious about you． You ＿＿＿＿＿ home without a word．

A． mustn‘t leave B． shouldn‘t have left C． couldn‘t have left D． needn‘t leave ―本不應(yīng)該離家出走卻走了‖，故本題選B。

4)I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ＿＿＿＿＿ for her．

A． had to write it out

B． must have written it out

C． should have written it out D． ought to write it out 由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對(duì)立關(guān)系，分析題意可知本題應(yīng)選C。

二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法。

5)—Is John coming by train﹖

—He should, but he ＿＿＿＿＿＿ not． He likes driving his car．

A． must B． can C． need D． may mustn‘t 表示―禁止、不準(zhǔn)‖；cannot 表示―不可能‖；need not 表示―不必要‖；may not 表示―可能不‖。分析語(yǔ)境可知本題應(yīng)選D。

6)—I hear you‘ve got a set of valuable Australian coins． ＿＿＿＿＿＿ I have a look﹖

—Yes, certainly．

A． Do B． May C． Shall D． Should 分析語(yǔ)境可知這是在征求對(duì)方的許可，may表示―允許、可以‖，語(yǔ)氣比較委婉。shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句中,表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)和指示，如果此空用shall，則意為―要（我）看一下嗎？‖，不符合上下文意思。故本題選B。

7)Mr Bush is on time for everything． How ＿＿＿＿ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖

A． can B． should C． may D． must

must be 表示肯定的猜測(cè)，只能用于肯定句中，由題意可知本題應(yīng)選A。

8)—Are you coming to Jeff‘s party﹖

—I‘m not sure． I ＿＿＿＿ go to the concert instead． A． must B． would C． should D． might 由題意和下句中的 ―I‘m not sure‖

可知這段對(duì)話中存在一種可能性推測(cè)，might可以用來(lái)表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷，故本題選D。又如： I should have been there, but I ＿＿＿＿＿ not find the time．

A． would B． could C． might D． should 分析題意可知第二個(gè)分句表示過(guò)去的某種能力；C 項(xiàng)只表示語(yǔ)氣上的可能性，與題意不符。故本題選B。

9)Johnny, you ＿＿＿＿ play with the knife, you ＿＿＿＿ hurt yourself．

A． won‘t;can‘t B． mustn‘t;may

C． shouldn‘t;must D． can‘t;shouldn‘t

mustn‘t 表示―不可以；禁止‖，分析題意可知第二個(gè)空表示某種可能性，故本題選B。

10)—Will you stay for lunch﹖

—Sorry, ＿＿＿＿＿＿． My brother is coming to see me． A． I mustn‘t B． I can‘t C． I needn‘t D． I won‘t

分析題意可知因?yàn)楱D我弟弟要來(lái)看我‖，所以―不能留下‖，因此對(duì)別人的邀請(qǐng)或要求應(yīng)給予禮貌的拒絕。A 項(xiàng)表示―禁止‖；C項(xiàng)表示―不必要‖；而D項(xiàng)表示―不會(huì)‖，均不符合題意。故本題選B。又如：

—Could I borrow your dictionary﹖ —Yes, of course you ＿＿＿＿＿．

A． might B． will C． can D． should(C)

11)—When can I come for the photos﹖ I need them tomorrow afternoon．

—They ＿＿＿＿＿ be ready by 12?00．

A． can B． should C． might D． need 該題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的基本含義，分析句意可知本題應(yīng)選B。又如：

12)The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ＿＿＿＿ get out．（A． had to B． would C． could D． was able to 該題考查了could和be able to的區(qū)別，二者都可表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的能力，但如果表示過(guò)去成功地做了某事只能使用was ／ were able to do，故本題選D。13)—Shall I tell John about it ﹖

—No, you ＿＿＿＿＿． I‘ve told him already．

A． needn‘t B． wouldn‘t C． mustn‘t D． shouldn‘t

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall在試題中表示征詢對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示。答句暗示 ―沒(méi)有必要了‖，故本題選A 三、一致關(guān)系 一)主謂一致

1． 主謂一致（與插入語(yǔ)無(wú)關(guān)）

1主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語(yǔ)從句或者省略的定語(yǔ)從句分隔。

2定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致：

3隨前一致：

n.+ together with n2

as well as

including

along with with / of

accompanied with / by

4就近原則：n1 or n

2+v（就近原則）

either n1 or n2

5可數(shù)n1 and 可數(shù)n2+v(pl)不可數(shù)n1 and 不可數(shù)n2+v(pl)

例外：war and peace is… war and peace是一個(gè)整體

但是如果主語(yǔ)表示的是同一個(gè)概念，同一人，同一事的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接的兩個(gè)詞只有一個(gè)冠詞。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.類似的還有：law and order bread and butter black and white

To love and to be loved is … A lawyer and a teacher are… A lawyer and teacher is …

6隨后原則：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(與B一致)7百分比結(jié)構(gòu)：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+ percent of+n1+v.（由n1決定）8倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致：

a）There be +n 由名詞決定動(dòng)詞

b）Among , between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：

Among / Between …+系動(dòng)詞+n.（由名詞決定動(dòng)詞）

9The+adj的主謂一致：

a）當(dāng)表示―一類人‖，b）當(dāng)表示某一抽象概念時(shí) The good is always attractive.10 To do/doing/主從+vs

*More than one+n many a +n.a day or two

二)、倒裝 1 全部倒裝

是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.1)here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。2)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞(back, down, off, up)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。注意：1)上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能倒裝。Here he comes.Away they went.2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be的時(shí)候，不能倒裝。Here it is.Here you are.3）形容詞短語(yǔ)/分詞短語(yǔ)位于句首，引起倒裝

*typical of

characteristic of *coinciding with + n

4）表示地點(diǎn)范圍的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞，一定引起倒裝

In…（表語(yǔ)）+系動(dòng)詞+主，主同。

*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there

*?？冀樵~要倒裝：among between in at beneath ?？嫉南祫?dòng)詞：be lie exist remain rest

部分倒裝

1． 否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒裝：not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no sooner…than

1）not until + 時(shí)間 + 主謂倒裝，not until + 句子+主謂倒裝

2）only+狀語(yǔ)位于句首

only +ad.eg: recently

prep.短短語(yǔ)

eg: in recently years 從句

eg: when clause only一個(gè)詞本身不倒裝

3）在比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中，than后面可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。

部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。

? 1)Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，產(chǎn)生倒裝，一般主動(dòng)詞提前，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他部分就

4)as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提

前）。

as〔讓步〕雖然，盡管〔詞序倒裝。語(yǔ)氣比 though 強(qiáng)〕。

Successful as he is, he is not proud.他雖成功，卻不驕傲。

Women as she is, she's every brave.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意：A)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。B)句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。5)其他部分倒裝

a)so… that 句型中的so;such… that句型中的such位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.b)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.c)在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I would try it again.四、復(fù)合句 從句可分為：

? 名詞性從句? 主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句 ? 形容詞性從句?定語(yǔ)從句 ? 副詞性從句?狀語(yǔ)從句

? ?？嫉年P(guān)系代詞：that;which;who/whom/whose;where;when;what;as。

? 常見(jiàn)的同位語(yǔ)從句現(xiàn)行詞（that之前的抽象名詞）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding… ? 常用的引導(dǎo)詞

o 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：while;when;before;whenever;as;after;till;until;since;once;ever since;as/so long as;as soon as;no sooner… than;hardly… when;scarcely/barely… when;the moment/minute/instant;on(the point of)doing… o 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：where;wherever o 原因狀語(yǔ)從句：because;since;as;seeing that;considering that;now that;in that;for fear that;lest;owing to the fact that;because of the fact that;due to the fact that…

o 方式狀語(yǔ)從句：as;as if;as though;how;save that…

o 比較狀語(yǔ)從句：as;than;as… as;not so… as;hardly… than;o 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：so that;so… that;such… that;so as to…

o 條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if;unless;in case;so long as;so far as;provided/providing/that;supposing;granted/granting that…;giving that….o 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：though;although;even if;even though;whether;as;however;no matter(what, how, when);for all that;in spite of the fact that;granted that;regardless of the fact that…

o 目的狀語(yǔ)從句：that;so that;in order that;lest;for the fear that;in case… 定語(yǔ)從句:

which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)

1）which是關(guān)系代詞，which后面應(yīng)該加缺主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的句子，在這個(gè)句子中，which要作成分，作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ) 2）in which+完整的句子

which在定語(yǔ)從句中作in的賓語(yǔ)，所以不能作后面句子的主語(yǔ)

3）名詞+of which+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

of which來(lái)修飾名詞，名詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以后面直接跟謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.4）介詞+ which +to do 其功能相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句。The key with which to open the door is lost.5）定語(yǔ)從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)：

1． 如果that / which在定從中作 賓語(yǔ)，可以省略.sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt →s+vt+n+s+v

s+vt+n1+n2+vt

*當(dāng)做題時(shí)，若發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)名詞在一起，但是似乎連不上，則一定省略that / which，則動(dòng)詞為vt，做謂語(yǔ)。

6）定從的特殊省略

the way(in which)+ 句子

the reason(why that)+句子 均為完整句

the time(that / when)+句子

I do remember the first time(that省)I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.By the time省that+句子，句子。

7）定從的主系省略（主+系可同時(shí)?。?/p>

即：which be , who be , that be可同時(shí)省

狀語(yǔ)從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)

這種省略從句主語(yǔ)的方式理論上需要滿足以下兩個(gè)條件：

第一、特定的狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞：although though even though when while if as

第二、從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)必須保持一致；

第三、從句的謂語(yǔ)必須是be動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞同進(jìn)同出