第一篇：科技英語翻譯第三四章

3.1 名詞的譯法 第1節 翻譯練習1 In an unusual application, this organization uses a fingerprint scanner to monitor the comings and goings of its residents.A capacitor is used to eliminate sparking when a circuit containing inductance is suddenly opened.一個不同尋常的用途是：這個機構使用指紋掃描器監視居住人員的進出。當含有電感的電路突然斷開時，可用電容器消除火花。第1節 翻譯練習2 The comparison reveals that the error is due to aliasing.The scans confirmed that the subjects’ brains dealt with words in ways that contradict one hoary old idea.The latest research with radioactive isotopes has shown that this assumption is quite wrong.比較結果表明，誤差是由于名稱不同而造成的。

掃描結果證實，受試者的大腦處理詞的方式同一種古老的舊觀念不一致。對放射性同位素的最新研究結果表明，這種設想是完全錯誤的。

Metals differ in the ease with which they give up electrons and enter into chemical combination.Internal-shoe drum brakes provide better protection from water and dust.People on earth are protected from the dangerous ultraviolet radiation of the sun by a layer or ozone that spans the planet and absorbs the radiation.各種金屬放出電子和參與化學反應的難易程度不一。內蹄式鼓形制動器的防水、防塵性能比較好。

地球上的人們受到包圍著地球并能吸收輻射的一層臭氧層的保護，從而免受危險的太陽紫外線輻射的傷害。

According to the molecular theory the temperature of an object depends on the average speed of its molecules.Effectiveness of temperature control depends upon the amount of lubricant supplied, the ambient temperature, and the external cooling.根據分子理論的原理，物體的溫度取決于其分子的平均速度。

溫度控制的效果取決于潤滑劑的用量、環境溫度以及外部的冷卻設施。第1節 翻譯練習3 Particular attention should be given to hoses to ensure that chafing does not occur.The primary concern of electrical engineering is the doing of work by the delivery of energy.Gene piracy is not new.All plants and animals need carbon for growth.要特別注意軟管，保證沒有擦傷。竊取基因不是新鮮事。

電工學主要關注的是通過輸送能量做功的情況。所有動植物均需要碳才能生長。第1節 翻譯練習4 The experiment was a success.Semiconductor devices can perform a variety of control function in electronic equipment.這個試驗是成功的。

半導體在電子設備中能起各種各樣的控制作用。3.2 冠詞的譯法 第2節 翻譯練習1 A polymer is a substance of high molecular weight.Being a good insulator, rubber is often used in cables.The patient was administered the mixture twice a week.These machines may be oiled once or twice a month.聚合物是一種高分子的物質。這種混合劑病人每周服用兩次。

橡膠是一種良好的絕緣體，所以經常使用在電纜上。這些機器每個月可以加一次或兩次油。第2節 翻譯練習2 A bearing can be defined as a member specifically designed to support moving machine components.Use a transformer and power at low voltage can be changed into power at high voltage.An object at rest has no kinetic energy, its velocity being zero.軸承可以定義為一種專門用于支撐運動著的機器零件的構件。靜止的物體沒有動能，因為它的速度為零。使用變壓器可將低壓電轉變為高壓電。第2節 翻譯練習3 作為固定詞組時的省譯： on a large scale a majority of a wealth of as a result 結果，因此 大規模地 大多數的 大量的

第2節 翻譯練習4 The machine is intended for grinding the top and bottom surfaces of tungsten carbide tips.The mechanism has been termed cumulative feedback inhibition.該機床是供磨削硬質合金刀片上下表面用的。這種機制就叫做累加反饋抑制。第2節 翻譯練習5 The basic job of the computer is the processing of information.The main effect is to raise the fundamental slosh mode frequency.計算機的基本任務是處理信息。主要作用在于提高基本的晃動頻率。第3章 總復習題

Other factors affect the configuration of the total system.In normal flight the hatch doors fair into the fuselage.Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed by any means known to man.另一些因素則將影響整個系統的結構。飛行正常時，艙門與機身平整貼合。

用人們已知的方法，既不能創造能量也不能消滅能量。It is customary to refer to design levels as high or low on component complexity.The main economy of the system stems from the ability to move cars in a continuous train without uncoupling.He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer.他對電子計算機的操作是陌生的。

習慣上根據部件的復雜程度把設計級稱為高設計級和低設計級。

此系統的主要經濟之處在于它能移動列車的車廂而不必將它們脫鉤分開。A key element in system capacity planning is the financial cost of performance.The assembler can expand the key words in the assembly code into their full instruction set.The flame does not touch the flask directly.這種匯編程序能把匯編碼中的關鍵字擴展成完整的指令集。系統能力計劃中關鍵因素是性能的金融成本。火焰沒有直接接觸燒瓶。

The study of the strength of solids involves the study of the defects in the crystalline structure.The problem was solved by the provision of a compensating jet.The rusting of iron is the slow chemical combination of the elements iron and oxygen in moist atmosphere.研究固體的強度，就必須研究晶體結構中的缺陷。鐵生銹是鐵元素和氧元素在濕空氣中緩慢化合的現象。通過安裝一個補償噴嘴，解決了這個問題。

The decay of organic matter is a slow oxidation by oxygen in the air.In order to improve a certain kind of battery, Edison spent almost ten years and made nearly 50,000 experiments.有機物的腐爛是空氣中的氧引起的一種緩慢氧化過程。

為了改善一種電池的性能，愛迪生花了差不多十年時間，做了近50000次試驗。4.1 代詞的一般譯法 第1節 翻譯練習1 In this cell the light incident on the sensitive surface of the cell causes the photo-electric emission of electrons from the surface, and these electrons are attracted to the other electrode.The owl can hear a mouse chewing and fly down on it, even though it is hidden from sight under a pile of leaves.在這種電池中，照在電池光敏表面光電效應而發射電子，而這些電子被吸引到另一電極。即使老鼠躲藏在一堆葉子下看不見的地方，貓頭鷹也能聽見老鼠咀嚼的聲音而飛下來襲擊它。This might be compared with the mumble of wavelengths of sound that go to make up ordinary noise.這可以與雜亂的聲波相比，一般的噪音就是由這種雜亂的聲波組成的。

第1節 翻譯練習2 Drawing electrons away from the atom causes it to have a net positive electric charge.Each crystal should have a shape as much like that of the other crystals as possible.將電子與原子分離會使原子帶上純凈正電荷。每一結晶的形狀應與其他結晶的形狀盡可能相似。第1節 翻譯練習3 Every element retains its identity no matter how it is finely divided.Astronomers can estimate the size and brightness of a star by its color.每種元素不論分得怎樣細小，它仍保持其特征。

天文學家根據恒星的顏色可以估計它的大小和亮度。第1節 翻譯練習4 Many processes have already been proposed, and one possible future process is a smelting reduction.It is possible to work backward from the known strength and determine what factor of safety was used.Each is a solid sphere with a metallic core surrounded by silicate shells.我們能夠由已知的強度反過來求出所用的安全系數。

它們每一顆都是由硅酸鹽外殼包圍著金屬內核的固態球體。

人們已經提出了很多方法，未來可能的選擇之一就是熔融還原法。第1節 翻譯練習5 In this chapter our task is to find out what the air is made of.Today we have a fairly clear idea of what goes on inside of atom.Practically all of the heat energy received by the earth comes from the sun.現在我們對原子內部的情況已相當清楚了。地球所得到的熱能幾乎都來自于太陽。

在這一章中，我們的任務是弄清空氣的構成成分。4.2 人稱代詞的譯法 第2節 翻譯練習1 You can decide what resolution and compression level is best for your output.We’ll do everything possible to improve the supply of electricity.You can find the density of a body providing you know its mass and volume.We must be very careful to avoid trying to express energy in terms of power units.我們將盡一切努力來改善電力供應。

只要知道物體的質量和體積，就可求出物體的密度。你可以決定哪種溶解和壓縮程度對成品最好。必須注意避免用功率單位表示能量。第2節 翻譯練習2 It may require the taking of a large sample as in macro analysis.If an atom contains three protons, it must have three electrons to be electrically neutral.如果一個原子有三個質子，這個原子必然有三個電子來使其呈電中性。它可能要求像宏觀分析中那樣采用大的樣本。4.3 形容詞性物主代詞的譯法 第3節 翻譯練習1 The density of anything is its mass per unit volume.Each substance shows an individual structure of its own.One of the drawbacks of the early lasers was their inability to operate continuously.每一種物質都顯示出它自己的獨特結構。任何物體的密度是它的每單位體積的質量。早期激光器的缺點之一是它們不能連續地工作。第3節 翻譯練習2 In their workshop there is no one who understands how a computer uses its tubes.Transistors are more advantageous to vacuum tubes for their being small and light.The transformer cannot be called a machine because of its having no moving parts.晶體管優于真空管，因為它尺寸小、重量輕。

在他們車間，無人能理解計算機是怎樣使用其電子管的。變壓器不能稱為機器，因為它沒有轉動的部件。第3節 翻譯練習3 According to their ability to conduct electric current, all materials may be classified into three major categories: conductors, semiconductors and insulators.You shouldn’t have touched the wire with your wet hands.你不該用濕手觸摸導線。

根據導電的性能不同，所有的材料可分為三大類：導體、半導體和絕緣體。第3節 翻譯練習4 Heating semiconductors means increasing their conductivity.Triangles can be classified according to their angles or the relative lengths of their sides.According to their composition, these raw materials may be separated into three groups.The brain has its managing system.三角形可按照其角度或其相對邊長來分類。

根據這些原材料的構成成分，它們可以分為三種類型。加熱半導體就會增加其導電率。大腦有自己的管理系統。4.4 指示代詞的譯法 第4節 翻譯練習1 All atoms, except those of hydrogen, contain one or more neutrons in the nucleus.The speed of the object approaches that of light.The geometry of the test specimens differs from the geometry of those used in tension tests.所用試件的形狀和尺寸與拉伸試驗的試件不同。除了氫原子外，所有的原子都有一個或幾個中子。該物體的速度接近光速。第4節 翻譯練習2 It diffracts the diffracted beam and this means that it generates an inverse transform.Heat is a form of energy and that is known to all of us.They used the transformers of poor quality, and this caused the whole power supply system break down.他們用了一批劣質的變壓器，使得整個供電系統陷于癱瘓。熱是能的一種形式，這是大家都知道的。

它對衍射光束發生衍射，這意味著它產生了一個逆變換。第4節 翻譯練習3 This is a simple criterion that guarantees the existence of such a representation.The percentage of such cases among surgical patients can be determined in the following manner.在接受手術的病人中，這樣的病例所占的百分比可用下述方法確定。這是確保這種等值表達式存在的一個簡單標準。第4節 翻譯練習4 As a rule solids and liquids expand when heated, water does the same except near its freezing point.The same is true when an alternating voltage is applied to a resistance.按照固體和液體遇熱膨脹的原理，水除了接近其冰點的情況之外也是如此。當交流電壓加在電阻上時，情況也是一樣的。

第4節 翻譯練習5 All motion in this universe is the form of successively rising and falling.Series do have the advantage of increasing resistance to reduce current when this is desirable.串聯電路的確有這樣的優點：在需要時可以增加電阻來減少電流。宇宙內的一切運動，均處在連續上升和下降的狀態中。4.5 不定代詞的譯法 第5節 翻譯練習1 All these elements can be used in semiconductor manufacture.All transformers and electric machinery use magnetic material.All the shafts were cut from heavy planks of wood.所有的變壓器和電機都使用磁性材料。在半導體生產中，所有這些元件都能用上。箭桿都是用厚木板削制而成的。

Almost all who die of AIDS actually die of starvation.All the currents at node were not to add up to zero.Not all the energy from an antenna is radiated in the main beam.Not all people who test positive for the AIDS antibody get the disease AIDS.幾乎所有喪命愛滋病的患者都是死于饑餓。并非所有節點上的電流總和為零。天線能量并不都是由主波束輻射的。

并不是所有的愛滋病抗體試驗為陽性的人都患有愛滋病。第5節 翻譯練習2 The equipment will compensate for any dimensional variations caused by wheel wear.Any portion of the flight control system may be readily removed in any sequence by the removal of attaching bolts and nuts.Which, if any, of the three statements below are false? 拆卸了原裝的螺釘及螺母，便可很快地按任意順序拆除飛機控制系統的任何部分。該裝置對砂輪磨損引起的任何尺寸誤差給予補償。下面三種說法中如果有錯，那么是其中的哪一種？

What, if any, effect do you feel the imports of Canadian gas will have on the American producer? There are few, if any, of them know the construction of the transformer.你覺得進口加拿大的天然氣對美國的生產者可能產生什么影響嗎？ 他們當中幾乎沒人懂得變壓器的結構。第5節 翻譯練習3 Both alternatives are presented on the screen.Velocity is a vector quantity involving both magnitude and direction.速度是一種矢量，既有大小，又有方向。兩種選擇都在屏幕上顯示出來了。第5節 翻譯練習4 Each of the bits has a different optimum cutting speed.There are many types of efficient water pumps, each designed to meet a specific need.Every element, no matter how it is finely divided, retains its identity.效率高的水泵有多種類型，每一種都用來滿足某個特定的需要。每個鉆頭都有一個不同的最佳切割速度。

每種元素不論分得怎樣細小，仍保持該元素的特征。One half of the medium was renewed every three days.It has an error rate of one or two words in every hundred.Not every minute difference is noted.每三天更換一半溶劑。

誤差率是每百字有一兩個錯誤。

并非每一個細微的差別都被注意到了。第5節 翻譯練習5 Without electricity neither machine could be stared.I believe either method will do.我看兩種方法中的任何一種都行。沒有電，這兩臺機器都開動不了。第5節 翻譯練習6 Sometimes one finds in fossil stones the imprint of a leaf.The last sound to reach the receiving ship is the one that hits the basement.Neutrinos from a subsidiary decay process are the ones to be detected.傳到接收船上的最后的聲音就是碰到底層的聲音。有時人們能在化石里發現一片樹葉的痕跡。有待探測的中微子來自次要的衰變過程。

Driving machines are always the opposite of driven ones.One of the most successful methods of achieving this depends on the use of fluidization.One of the uses of the triode is that it can amplify.主動機和從動機總是相反的。

達到這一目的的最成功的方法之一就是采用流化技術。三極管的用途之一是放大。

Ones who make the decisions on what went into the system are programmers.Ones who claim ECT is both effective and safe, in fact, cannot prove it.There are two 300MW thermal power units in this power plant.One is made in China;the other is imported from Germany.決定要把什么寫進系統的人是專業編程人員。

那些宣稱電痙攣療法既有效又安全的人，實際上并無法證明他們的觀點。

這家電廠有兩臺30千瓦火力發電機組，一臺是國產的，另一臺是從德國進口的。

There are two kinds of electric currents.One is the direct current;the other is the alternating current.電流有兩種，一種是直流電流，另一種是交流電流。第5節 翻譯練習7 This chemical is poisonous.Others are poisonous, too.Some parts require a hard, tough metal and others may be made of softer metals.The coolant serves no other purpose than to remove excess heat.Some atomic nuclei undergo spontaneous disintegration while others do not.冷卻劑除了排除多余的熱以外沒有任何其他用處。這些化學制品有毒，別的化學制品也有毒。有些零件需要由硬的韌性金屬制成，而有些則可由軟的金屬制成。有的原子核會同時裂變，而另外一些卻不會。第5節 翻譯練習8 Another method is available to increase the system capacity.Heat is always being transferred in one way or another, where there is any difference in temperature.凡有溫差的地方，熱都會以這樣或那樣的方式傳輸。還有另一種可增加系統容量的方法。第5節 翻譯練習9 Some metals burn more readily than others.To specify a distance, we must use some unit of length.When an object is warmer than the surrounding region, it loses some of its heat by radiation.The particles require some a day to reach the earth.為了確定距離，我們必須使用某種長度單位。有些金屬比另一些金屬更容易燃燒。

當一個物體比周圍環境熱時，該物體會通過輻射失去它的一些熱量。這些粒子大約需要一天的時間才能到達地球。4.6 it及其句型的譯法 第6節 翻譯練習1 It moves or rotates by a fixed amount each time an electrical pulse is applied to it.To help avoid information overload, it(virtual convergence)will do this intelligently.The earth rotates as it travels through space.As current flows through a conductor, it sets up a magnetic field.為了避免信息過載，它（虛擬連接）將會智能化地進行操作。對它每加一個電脈沖，它就移動或旋轉一個固定的量。地球在空間運行時，它還要自轉。電流通過導體，便產生磁場。第6節 翻譯練習2 It is a $12-billion industry whose factories, numbering in the hundreds, are found all over the world.It is twenty meters in height.那個行業資金達120億美元，工廠有上千家，遍布世界各地。高度為20米。第6節 翻譯練習3 It is very far to the airport.It is raining hard.到機場很遠。雨下得很大。

第6節 翻譯練習4 It is recommended that the screw be used to increase accuracy of measurement.By using a laser, it is possible to throw very large and very clear television pictures on to a screen.It was pointed out that while the lead obtained from the disintegration of radium possessed all the characteristics of ordinary lead, it differed from it in atomic weight.使用激光器，可以將很大很清晰的電視圖像投射到屏幕上。建議使用螺桿調節，以提高測量的精確度。

前已指出，雖然由鐳蛻變而獲得的鉛具有普通鉛的一切特性，但其原子量與普通鉛不同。第6節 翻譯練習5 It necessitates careful design of the apparatus to get rid of the heat.It is unknown when to begin to make transportable transformers.It is interesting to compare the energy needed to place a satellite in orbit with the energy that would be required to cause it to escape.什么時候開始制造移動式變壓器還不知道。除熱需要對設備進行仔細設計。

把一顆衛星送入軌道所需的能量和使衛星脫離地球所需要的能量進行比較是很有意思的。第6節 翻譯練習6 It used to be thought that when you see a word and speak it, several stages of processing are involved.It must be remembered that the condition may be silent until haematemesis, melaena or perforation occurs.It is known that electronic computers play an important part in science and technology.大家必須記住，在嘔血、黑便，或穿孔發生之前，該病可能無癥狀。過去人們常常認為一個詞從看見到念出來包括好幾個處理階段。我們知道，電子計算機在科學和技術方面起著重要作用。第6節 翻譯練習7 It follows that any form of preheat adds to the welder’s difficulties and causes discomfort, particularly when welding at high preheat temperature levels inside vessels.It can be concluded that temperatures on the surface of Venus is too hot for life as known on earth.It had been calculated that actual error probability for the value was of the order of 0.5 percent.由此可見，任何形式的預熱都會增加焊工的困難，使他們身感不適，在容器內高溫預熱下施焊時尤其如此。

可以斷定，金星表面的溫度過熱，地球上的生物是不能適應的。據計算，這個數值的實際誤差概率約為0.5%。第6節 翻譯練習8 It makes no difference when inducing an e.m.f., which moves, the coil or the magnet.It is essential that the body of the machine is effectively earthed.在感應出電動勢時，是線圈運動還是磁鐵運動，這沒有區別。這機器的機身必須有效接地，這一點十分重要。第6節 翻譯練習9 The heating effect makes it possible to produce the light.We find it possible to transform a.c.into d.c.by using a rectifier.We think it true that the human body is also a good conductor.熱效應使產生光成為可能。

我們發現能用整流器將交流電變成直流電。

人體也是一種良好的導體，我們認為這點是正確的。第6節 翻譯練習10 It is the voltmeter which we use to measure the voltage.It is through this interface that the substation operator must control and monitor the entire substation.It was not until I came in that he began to repair the old generator.我們用來測量電壓的就是伏特計。

變電站運行人員正是通過這個界面控制和監視整個變電站的。直到我進來，他才開始修理那臺老式發電機。

It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.直到19世紀，熱才被認為是能的一種形式。第4章 總復習題

The rise in temperature could not have happened of itself.Be the shape of a body complicated, it is possible to find out its volume.The more energy we desire to send, the higher we make the voltage.The most typical humanlike characteristic of a robot is its arm.溫度上升不可能是出于自身的原因。

不論物體的形狀如何復雜，人們均可求出它的體積。要求輸送的電能越多，就得使電壓升得越高。機器人最具人性化的特點就是它的機械臂。

In our studies of the implications for the First Law, we were able to see the importance of the distinction between state and path functions.The first job of an electron tube is to get the electrons apart from their nuclei.That type of turbine usually rotates at a very low speed.那種汽輪機通常以非常低的速度運轉。

我們研究第一定律時，可以明白區分狀態函數和路徑函數的重要性。電子管的第一項工作就是使電子與其原子核分開。

Small objects such as dust particles and water droplets fall only small distances before losing most of their acceleration.The same has happened to the central control system.There’s hardly any room for any impurities in such a microfiber.中心控制系統也發生過同樣的事故。

小物體，比如塵粒和水珠，僅僅下落了一小段距離后便失去了其大部分的加速度。在這種微纖維中，雜質幾乎沒有存在的可能。

His instances were Lennard and Stark, both of them were Nobel laureates but later became fervent followers of Hitler.The primacy function of a regulator is to supply constant pressure to each device.The best use of these equations is in checking the theoretical analyses using the other approaches.他舉出勒納德及史塔克為例子。這兩個人都得過諾貝爾獎，但后來卻成了狂熱的希特勒信徒。這些方程式最大的用處是可對采用了其他方法的理論分析進行檢驗。調節器的基本功能是給每個裝置提供穩定的電壓。

It is desirable to characterize electrical noise as accurately as possible.It is known that local weather can be affected within a few days by meteorological conditions thousands of miles away from here.需要盡可能準確地表征電噪音。

我們知道，當地的天氣在幾天內會受到幾千英里以外地區氣象狀況的影響。

第二篇：科技英語翻譯

形合和意合

1.昨天看電影我沒有買到好票。

I did not buy good seat for movie last day.2.這個車間既做來料加工，又做來樣加工。

This workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well.3.她在中國留學服務中心工作。

She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange.4.烤煙，蘋果，羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大農產品，年產量3.12億元，占農業總產值的52.5%。

Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values.5.可以預言，鈦材在飛機或各種飛行器上的應用將會與日俱增，并且在其他工業中的應用也會擴大。It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other industries.6.If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension.某種與其他疾病伴發的高血壓，稱為繼發性高血壓

7.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本節內容如有更改，均見本書末附錄。

8.一種微生物能夠破壞另一種微生物，這種現象最早是巴斯德發現的，他指出這可以用到醫療上去。

That a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by Pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use.英漢句子中心的差異

1.他們培育出的細胞看上去像胚胎干細胞，這的確令人驚訝。

It’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells.2.1968年12月阿波羅8號宇宙飛船上那些想家的宇航員們在太空拍下了整個地球的彩照，此后在1970年4月很快就出現了第一個地球日，這絕非是歷史的偶然。

It’s no accident of history that the first Earth Day in April 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission to the moon December 1968.3.你們已經取得了進步，對此我毫不懷疑。

There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved.4.由于貴國政府的提議，才得以這樣快的重新實現訪問，這使我感到特別高興。

I was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.5.由于現代世界的發展和近年來在單門學科狹窄前沿上的研究進展，出現一些極其復雜的難題，單憑一兩人的力量是無法對它們進行透徹研究的。

One cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline.6.這種小型熱帶魚由于具有自行修復受損和患病的眼部細胞的獨特能力，長期以來一直為科學家所關注。The tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes.7.不努力就不會成功。

One can never succeed without making great efforts.8.想到要出國深造，他激動不已。

He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.9.如蒙早日寄來樣品或產品冊，將不勝感激。

I would appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon forward to us.10.如能盡早回復，我將非常感謝。

I would appreciated it if you can reply as soon as possible.11.他本來在天津開會，會議一結束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飛機回來。

He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjing.12.In practice, the selected interval thickness is usually a compromise between the need for a thin interval to maximize the resolution and a thick interval to minimize the error.為保證最大的分辨率必須選用薄層，為使誤差最小必須選用厚層，實際上要權衡一下來選擇厚度。

13.在自然界找不到處于游離狀態的鋁，因為這種金屬總是和其他元素結合在一起，最普遍是跟氧結合（鋁和氧都有很強的親和力）。所以，鋁直到十九世紀才被人類發現。

Aluminum remained unknown until 19th century, because no free aluminum can be found in the nature, due to the metal can connected with other elements, most commonly with oxygen for aluminum and oxygen having strong affinity.14.It was to test the effect of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clipping from toenails, where heavy metal tend to be deposited.重金屬通常是富集在指甲內，于是兩項新的研究比較了腳趾甲剪取物中的汞水平，以此來考察對比心臟的影響。

英漢語序差異

1.人體T細胞白血病病毒：human T-cell leukemia virus 2.國際經濟新秩序：a new international economic order 3.第五屆全國化學生物學學術會議：The 5th National Conference on Chemical Biology 4.Nation Academy of Sciences：國家科學院

5.Overview of GMP, Quality System and Compliance in the US：美國的GMP和質量體系合規性概觀

6.common side effect of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer：治療癌癥的化療藥的一般副作用 7.這個通信衛星可以在任何時間向任何地點有效的傳遞語音信號和數據信號。

The communications satellite can send voice signal and data signal to any place at anytime.8.昨天在真空中進行了這個反應。

The reaction is carried out in a vacuum yesterday.9.中國南京江寧區龍眠大道639號。

639 Longmian Avenue, jiangning district, Nanjing, China 10.When the gene is activated, mice exhibit symptoms that mimic depression.基因被激活，小鼠表現出抑郁的癥狀。

11.The temperature is between 20-25℃ in the lab no matter when it is measured.無論什么時候測量，實驗室的溫度都保持在20-25度之間。12.無論出于固態，液態或氣態，水的化學成分都保持不變。

The chemical constituents of water remains constant whether it is in solid, liquid or gaseous state.13.SELDL-TOF-MS is a rapid and sensitive proteomic technique that has been applied to identify biomarkers in various diseases.14.由于甜椒中的親脂性成分，用極性洗脫液洗脫的甜椒樣品表現出更高的生物活性。

The sweet pepper samples eluted with polar eluents exerted high bioactivity due to their lipophilic component.15.該項準則隨后成為了全球公認的評價口服固體劑型均勻度的非藥典測量方法。

動態，靜態及名詞化

1． 地球繞軸自轉，引起晝夜變化。

The rotation of earth its axis causes the change from day to night.2． 采用這種新裝置可以大大降低廢品率。

The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.3． 為使物體克服慣性而運動，就需要一個力。A force is needed to move an object against inertia.4． 許多學貫中西的大師的經歷證明，學不好母語的人，也不可能真正學好外語。

The experience of many great master well versed in the learning of both Chinese and Western cultures have shown that without a mastery of his native language, it is impossible for one to be truly at home with a foreign language.增詞減詞 增詞

1.After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.2.He said he’d come to the discussion.3.Her job was sweeping, scratching, cleaning.4.I could knit when I was seven.5.This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.6.Because of its reliability and simplicity evaporation is often applied on a large scale, normally using steam as the heat source.7.Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.8.During an EL Nino the pressures over Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines are higher than normal, which results in dry conditions or even droughts.9.Were there no gravity, there would be no air around the earth.10.The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.11.The frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely related.12.Human beings have not yet been able to make an element by combining protons, neutrons and electrons.13.Air is a mixture of gases.14.Things in the universe are changing all the time.15.Plastic bowls marked microwavable are probably safer than those that aren’t.16.Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.17.The earth’s population is doubling, the environment is being damaged.18.The chief effects of electric currents are the magnetic, heating and chemical effects.減詞

1.由于失業率增高，美元幣值下降，股票市場處于困境之中，經濟問題將是總統所面臨的最嚴峻的考驗。With high unemployment, the low dollar and the distr stock market, the economy will be the president’s trail.2.你參加過花樣滑冰項目的比賽嗎？

3.陽光會破壞牛奶一類食品的維生素成分。

4.我們已經從其他國家有計劃有選擇的進口了一些成套的設備。5.應探索各種途徑和手段促進兒童語言的發展。

Various channels and ways should be explored to promote the language development of children.6.這家航空公司需要加強改進和完善運行機制。

The airline company should make intensive effort to change and improve.7.回顧過去病史，未發現感染反復發作。

8.今年我們在引進工作方面又取得了重大成績。9.我們積極支持生態農業。

10.肯德基出了新品種的香辣雞翅。

11.抗氧化劑是某種存在于食品中的化學物質。Antioxidant is a chemical in food.12.這臺較復雜的電腦又能設計出一臺更為復雜的電腦，而且還可以一代代更加復雜精密的開發，研制下去。This more complex computer could design one still more complex and soon…

句意反譯 肯定譯為否定

1． 這份說明書不夠詳盡。The specification lacks details.2． 我們不應該再把海洋當成人類的生活污水和工業污水的垃圾場了。We should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent.3． 精密儀器必須保持無塵。

Precise instrument must be keep free from the dust.4． 鐵箱能使地球磁場影響不了指南針。

An iron case will keep the Earth’s magnetic field away from the compass.5． 我們無權簽此合同。

It’s beyond our power to sign the contract.6． 他們公司在產品的包裝和宣傳上明顯比不上競爭對手。

Their company is obviously inferior to their rival in product packing and davertisement.7.There are many other energy source in store.有很多能源尚未開發。

8.In the high altitude snow and ice remain all year.高海拔處冰雪常年不化。

9.As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it, it is used as insulating material.由于橡膠不導電，所以可以用作絕緣材料。

10.We have found your terms and conditions agreeable.我們對你的章程和條款沒有異議。

否定譯為肯定

1.The study of genetics will never be so all encompassing as to gobble up every subject from medicine to sociology.遺傳學幾乎包含了從藥學到社會學的所有學科。

2.The advantages of nano-structured materials do no end here.納米材料的優點一言難盡。

3.Until recently geneticists were not interested in particular gene.基因學家最近才開始對特定基因感興趣。4.Don’t lose time in posting this letter.請及時送達這封信。

5.No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.憑票退押金。

6.It was suggested that such devices should be designed and produced without delay.這意味著這個設施需要按時設計和生產。

7.Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。

8.These bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100℃ 100℃可以殺滅細菌。

9.Its importance can’t be stressed too strongly.它的重要性怎么強調也不為過。

10.We don’t consider melting to be chemical changes.我們認為熔化不改變化學成分。

11.The doctor do not expect that the patient with breast cancer will recover.醫生認為乳腺癌患者康復機率小。

12.One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.搬到一個新住處要越小心越好。

物稱與人稱

1.Pork has priced itself out of his dish.豬肉太貴，他吃不起。

2.Space does not allow us to further analyze this problem here.限于篇幅，我們不能在此對這個問題做進一步分析。3.By now optimism had given way to doubt.至此，人們不再盲目樂觀，而是疑惑重重。

4.Aminophylline does not share the usual objection to vasodilators.人們通常反對使用血管擴張劑但并不反對使用氨茶堿。5.The exigency of the case admitted of no alternative.情況緊急，別無選擇。

6.It never occurred to me that she was dishonest.我從來沒想過她不老實。

7.There was a strike participated in by five thousand workers.五千個工人參加了罷工。

8.“There is an increased level of anxiety disproportionate to the actual risk,” says Jerrold Bushberg, who directs programs in health physics at the University of California at Davis.“It’s the dose that makes the poison.It’s not a binary thing.”

人們的焦慮情緒日益強烈，但實際上人們并不需要如此擔憂，只有劑量夠大，才會把人毒死，并不是非此即彼。

9.The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are know.已知電壓和電流可以確定電阻。

10.Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.有人在此講了不該講的話

11.It is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by moon.月亮影響潮汐規律。

12.突然間我想到了一個主意。

Suddenly I got an idea./Suddenly an idea struck me.13.不同的人對食物持不同的態度。

Different people have different attitude towards food./Attitudes toward food vary from person to person.14.人們一致認為植物病毒不會感染動物，反之亦然。

It has always been assumed that plant virus cannot infect animals and vice versa.15.Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22000-student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria inn for lunch and later played an exhibition match.中國乒乓球隊在星期五早上參觀了坐落于安娜堡附近，擁有2200名學生的密歇根大學的現代化校園，并在學校自助餐廳與學生一起進餐，然后進行了一場表演賽。

16.There has been a striking continuous, but unexplained decline in the reported death rate of gastric carcinoma in the United States from 34 per 1,000,000 population in 1930 to 8 per 100,000 currently.據報道，美國的胃癌死亡率一直在明顯地持續下降，從1930年的0.034%到目前的0.008%，但原因不明。17.The journey from embryonated egg to the ligase chain reaction has embraced an enormous amount of work involving tissue cell culture ,enzyme immunoassay, fluorescence ,and molecular techniques.從最早的雞胚（中分離得到衣原體）發展到用連接酶鏈鎖反應（診斷衣原體感染），醫學專家們進行了組織細胞培養、酶免疫測定、熒光反應和分子技術等大量工作。

被動語態

1.Qinghao has been used to treat malaria in China for over 2000 years.在中國使用青蒿治療瘧疾已經有2000多年歷史了。2.There problems must be solved before the tests start.考試開始之前必須解決這些問題。

3.Pain may be treated with drugs, physical measures or surgery.藥物，物理治療，外科手術可以治療疼痛。

4.The patient is questioned by a doctor about his present complaint and the date of the onset of the disease.醫生詢問病人現在的情況以及疾病開始的時間。

5.Several elements and compounds may be extracted directly from seawater.一些元素和化合物可以從海水中直接提取出來。

6.While a current is flowing through a wire, the latter is being heated.電線有電流通過后會發熱。

7.Weak magnetic field are know to come from the human body.已知人體會產生一定的微弱的磁場。

8.Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the missile is to be designed.導彈設計時要特別注意空氣阻力問題。

9.It is claimed that soap powders polluted the water we drink.有人聲稱肥皂粉污染了我們的飲用水源。10.心臟往往被看作是人體最重要的器官。

The heart is often regarded as the most important human organ.11.雄性Wistar大鼠20只隨機分成對照組和糖尿病組。male Wistar rats were divided into two groups randomly :control group and diabetes group.12.本文以前沒有發表過，目前也沒有考慮投寄其他雜志發表。

This paper has not been previously published, also not been considered in other journal at present.13.Replication is normally carried out by the A, B, or C family polymerases with high fidelity and high processivity.復制過程通常是由具有高保真性和高持續合成性的聚合酶家族A，B或C實施的。

14.The conflict between the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents against resistance bacteria in clinic and less development of new antibiotics should be resolved by the cooperations among enterprises , government and institutions.企業、政府和科研機構之間的合作將是解決臨床對于治療耐藥菌感染的新型藥物的迫切需求與抗菌藥研發處于低谷之間矛盾的方法。or耐藥菌感染治療急需新型抗菌藥物，而抗菌藥物的研究開發處于相對低谷,由此所產生的矛盾應該由企業、政府與科研機構合作解決。

15.Although an association between migraine and chest pain has been described, an association between migraine and coronary events has not been firmly established.雖然先前已有過關于偏頭痛和胸痛之間關聯的描述，但是偏頭痛和冠心病之間的關聯尚未確立。

漢語無主語句的英譯

1.弄不好，就會前功盡棄。

If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.2.要了解中國，可以有很多視角。

There are different angles to approach China.3.學習先進，才有可能趕超先進。

Only by learning from the advances is it possible for one to catch up with and surpass them.4.與其說海洋把陸地分開，不如說海洋把陸地連在一起。The ocean do not so much divide the world as unite it.5.從他家到公園很近。

It is only a stone’s throw from his house to the park.6.我的家鄉冬天很少下雪。It seldom snows in my hometown.7.可以采用各種方法使溫度下降。

We can take all sorts of measures to bring the temperature down.Various methods can be adopted to keep the temperature down.8.首先要保證產品的質量。

The quality of the products must be guaranteed.9.操縱這些機器時必須小心。

Be careful when operating these machines.10.要著力解決經濟社會發展中的突出矛盾。

Efforts must be made to resolve the prominent conflicts in economic and social development.11.使用電子顯微鏡，能獲得大得多的放大倍數。

Much greater magnification can be obtained when electronic microscope is used.12.該項實驗中肯定困難很多。

There must be many difficulties in the experiment.13.沒有順利，無所謂困難；沒有困難，也無所謂順利。Without facility, there would be no difficulty, and vice versa.14.對母語是英語的人來說，根本不可能4個星期就學會漢語。

It is impossible for native English speakers to master Chinese in just four weeks.15.已經決定幾個月后進行生產。

It has been decided that production should begin in a few months.16.建議采用中國生產的設備。

It is suggested that the equipment made in China be adopted.17.隨信附上我們新開發產品的樣品。

Enclosed are samples of our newly developed products.定語從句

1.Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科學家們努力探索的新領域。

2.Fever is a condition in which the body temperature is higher than normal.發燒是提問高于正常的情況。

3.Essential hypertension is the name given to the type of hypertension for which no cause can be found.原因不明的高血壓成為原發性高血壓。

4.The chemicals that make metabolism possible come from the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat.使新陳代謝成為可能的化學物質來自我們呼吸的空氣、所飲的水和所吃的食物。

5.The body consists of a large number of organs, each of which has its own particular function to perform.人體由大量器官構成，每種器官都有特殊的功能。

6.Glycogen is stored in the liver, which is released as needed in the form of glucose.糖原儲存于肝，需要時以葡萄糖的形式釋放出。

7.Operation can be performed with acupuncture analgesia, which is a great contribution to the development of medical science.手術可用針刺痛法進行，這對醫學的發展是一大貢獻。

8.The blood flows from the small arteries into the capillaries in which it gives up oxygen to the body cells and removes wastes from the tissues.血流由小動脈流入血管，在毛細血管血液把氧釋放給身體的細胞并從組織中排除廢物。

9.We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我們知道由于貓的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光線，所以可以在夜間看的清楚。10.The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.此病可發生于任何年齡，但以年輕的成年人常見。

11.Cancer should be suspected in persons who have any of these symptoms and signs for unaccountable causes and for an unreasonable period of time.如果病人具有任何這些癥狀和體征，病因又難以說明，而且持續時間長，就應懷疑癌癥。

12.Third world countries export their mineral deposit and tropical agriculture products, which bring them desired foreign exchange.第三世界國家出口礦物和熱帶農作物以換取所需的外匯。13.The purpose for which electricity is used is numerous.電的用途是很多的。

14.Fortunately, there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.幸好，有些化學燃料是潔凈無煙的。

英語長句

1.It was believed that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother, the growing embryo becomes fixed on the sound of the heart beat;if this is so, then the discovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a calming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been thrust into a strange and frightening new world outside.據說，在母體發育期間，胎兒的注意力可能會集中于心跳的節律；如果是這樣，那么外界相似的聲音可能會對出生后的嬰兒產生鎮靜作用，特別是剛來到這陌生又可怕的新世界的嬰兒。

2.Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition , and that informing them risking destroying their hope , so that they may recover more slowly , or deteriorate faster , perhaps even commit suicide.研究表明，大多數醫生深信重病患者并不想知道他們的真實病情，冒著會毀滅他們希望的風險告知他們事實，會使他們恢復得更慢，或者會加速惡化，甚至導致自殺。

3.He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that had been given a same name and different names that had been given to the same substance.同名不同藥，同藥不同名，由此造成的混淆，他都一一予以澄清。

4.It was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails,(where heavy metals tend to be deposited).因為重金屬容易在腳趾甲富集，為了測試汞對心臟的影響，所以兩項新的研究比對了從腳趾甲上剪下的碎片中的汞水平。

5.What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? 比如說一個46歲的男子----在與家人外出度假之前進行常規身體檢查---盡管他自己感覺很好，但醫生發現他患有某種癌癥，6個月內會死亡，這時醫生該怎么對他講呢？

6.There is no more difference, but there is the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person ,as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales , and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.科學家的思維活動和普通人的思維活動之間存在著差別。這種差別就跟面包師或賣肉的人與化學家在操作方法上的差別一樣——前者用普通的秤稱商品的重量，后者則用天平和精密的砝碼進行艱難復雜的定量分析。其差別不過如此而已。

7.This hope of “early discovery” of lung cancer followed by surgical cure, which currently seems to be the most effective form of therapy, is often thwarted by diverse biology behaviors in the rate and direction of growth of cancer.肺癌早期發現，隨后進行外科治療，這可能是目前最有效的治療辦法，但這個希望由于肺癌生長速度和方向等生物學特征不相同而破滅。

8.Over the periods the snakes’ saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.在演化的過程中，蛇的唾液——一種溫和、助消化的像人類唾液一樣的液體——變成了甚至在今天也難以分析的毒液。

9.But scientists hope stem cells can be used to grow a range of tissues, from brain tissue to treat diseases such as Parkinson’s, in which brain cells are destroyed, to juvenile diabetes, in which key cells in the pancreas die off.但科學家希望干細胞能用來分化成一系列組織，如從腦組織到胰腺組織，用于治療由于腦細胞被破壞引起的疾病如帕金森病以及由胰腺關鍵細胞死亡引起的青少年糖尿病。

第三篇：科技英語翻譯

寧波工程學院簡介

（NINGBO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN PROFILE）

寧波工程學院是一所由寧波市政府舉辦的全日制普通本科院校，前身寧波高等?？茖W校創建于1983年5月。2004年5月升格更名為寧波工程學院。學校分東、西兩個校區，占地面積1400多畝（西校區（翠柏路）300畝；東校區（風華路）規劃1100多畝，其中已建成約400畝），校舍建筑面積30萬平方米?，F有11個二級學院，27個本科專業。有教職工825人，在校全日制學生9429人。Ningbo University of Technology is a Full-time regular undergraduate program university which financed by Ningbo Municipal Government,it was founded in May,1983 as Ningbo polytechnic college which was upgraded and redesignated in May,2004.(east campus and west campus with total area of 1400mu and building area of 0.3 million square,the west camps at 208Cuibai Road ,the 400mu east camps at the Fenghua Road to be developed.It is constituted of 11schoolos ,27 undergraduate-programs, registering a staff of 825,full-time admission of 9429.學校綜合辦學條件良好，基礎設施齊備?，F有教學儀器設備總值8989萬元，館藏圖書117萬余冊。目前學校專任教師511人，其中有碩士以上學位者297人，占58%，博士67人，占13%；副教授129人，教授56人，副高以上占36%，師資隊伍建設呈現良好發展態勢。

NBUT is well-equipped,in the value of 89890000RMB and a library of

1.17million volumes.The university registers a faculty of 511,of whom 297 have obtained master degrees and over 67 doctor degrees,(58% and 13% of the total respectively),and whom 129 associate professors and 56 professors(36% of the total respectively),the construction of teaching resource shows a favorable development trend.學校以學科建設為龍頭，以市場需求為導向，精心設置專業，堅持工科為主，多學科協調發展。學校不斷提高專業建設水平，辦好優勢專業，扶植特色專業，全面實施“321教學質量工程”。現有省級重點學科1個，重點專業2個，精品課程5門，省級示范基礎實驗室。

Directed to the discipline building and market demand ,NBUT attaches prime importance to program configuration with the focus upon engineering courses in cooperation with others.The “321 Teaching Quality Project” is underway,in support of advantaged and specialized.Currently rated at provincial level is a parcel of fruits,a key note program,two key note major programs and five excellent courses,model basis laboratory.學校加強科研基地和隊伍建設，大力開展應用性科技研究和發展，現有科研機構十余個2008年已獲國家級項目5項，省級項目14項；發表論文282篇，其中三大檢索論文48篇，CSSCI來源期刊論文14篇；實現專利轉讓2項。學校積極推進產學研結合，科研成果的應用轉化成效良好。

NBUT provides an impetus to the growth of research basis under personal,in view of applied R&D.Available on the campuses are over ten research basis.The 2009 saw the research proceeds in the amount of over 40million RMB,three state Natural Science Fund,5 PNSF projects ,the publication of 282 theses,of which 56 are retrieved into SCI,EI and ISTP,and 14 into CSSCI,along with the transfer of two patents.2008年，為進一步加強學校與地方政府、企業以及高等院校、科研院所之間的聯系與合作，啟動了“雙合作”工作，初見成效。與鎮海區簽訂了全面科技合作協議；與中國社會科學院合作共建國際港口與物流研究中心；與中國科學院寧波材料技術與工程研究所共建專業實驗室。

The Double coo-program/Scheme was launched in 2008 to keep in close contact with the local government and the above-mentioned institutions.Agreements were signed covering all round science and Technology Cooperation with Zhenhai district, the jointly-built international sea-ports and logistics research-canteen with China of society science, the jointly-built specialized lib with Ningbo Medical Technology and engineering institute under China of science.學校以應用開發型高級技術人才為培養目標，積極探索“知行合一，雙核協同”的人才培養模式。學校注重培養學生的實踐能力，組織參加省級以上專業競賽，屢獲佳績。畢業生深受地方用人單位的歡迎，初次就業率一直保持在95%以上。

Aimed to cultivating the advanced technical talents in applied R&D,NBUT is seeking after about the educational mode of knowledge and practice in “Oneness” and “Double-Kernel Link” students are encouraged to take part in the specialized competition at province level with outstanding awards.Graduates are welcome to local companies.The first employment rate is kept over than 95%.學校廣泛開展對外合作，借鑒國外先進經驗，強化外向型辦學特色。1984年即與亞琛應用科技大學結對，是全國四所中德合作研究院校之一。先后與澳大利亞、德國等多國的大學建立校際合作關系并開展合作辦學、師生交流和合作研究。學校設有寧高出國留學服務中心。

NBUT extensive corporation with the foreign university is promote.AS early as 1984,NBUT set up the sister relations with Aachen Applied Te-University ranked among colleges in China for Sino-German join educational program.Bilateral have been earlier or later established with a dozen of universities Australia、German and some other countries in regular of the degree program, exchanges of teacher and students , joint research projects.NG O-S-S is attached NBUT.學校全方位、多層次構建高格調、高水平、高質量的校園文化，著力塑造“知行合一”的辦學理念，積極發揮環境育人的功能，努力營造特色鮮明、文明和諧、健康向上的校園文化氛圍，全面提高學生綜合素質。

Due efforts are distributed to the educational mode” knowledge and practice in oneness,double-kernel link” in the hope of achieving a lofty advanced and harmonious campus culture and training the well-developed students.

第四篇：科技英語翻譯unit10

第十單元 尋找生命

課文A

天體生物學

到目前為止我們還沒有人見過外星生物，對于天體生物學來說這似乎是個問題。但在過去的20多年中，科學家們已經發現了一些蛛絲馬跡，顯示宇宙間生命或許并不罕見。許多科學家充滿希望，認為不久將能找到外星生命的有力證據。

其中的一些線索來自陸地生命。生物學家們發現了多種嗜極生物，即可以在極端環境（如堿性湖泊和地下深處的巖石縫隙）中蓬勃生長的微生物。生命可能起源于海底的地熱口或火山口附近，這可能是其他行星和衛星的共同特點。

在隕石撞擊地球并造成晚期宇宙大爆炸之后不久，在地球的巖石中出現了新陳代謝活動留下的化學痕跡，這意味著生命的起源或許是個快速、簡單的過程。

來自火星的隕石不時地撞擊地球。盡管面臨著低溫和強烈的輻射，隕石上的細菌及其孢子很有可能在這種空間之旅中存活下來，這意味著原始生命有可能一度被太陽系的行星攜帶到四面八方，這一理論被稱為胚種論?；鹦俏⑸?/p>

1996年，有一組科學家聲稱一顆代號為ALH84001的火星隕石含有火星的化石納米細菌。雖然他們的多數證據已被證實并不可信，但對此持有懷疑的人也無法充分解釋在ALH84001號火星隕石中為什么會有磁晶體，因為它們與地球細菌產生的晶體十分相似。

雖然火星曾一度被認為是個干燥、貧瘠的星球，但來自歐洲航天局的火星特快飛船、美國國家航空航天局的月球車以及“勇氣號”和“機遇號”火星車的最新證據表明，火星表面或接近表面的部分有液體水存在的跡象?？磥頂凳畠|年前火星曾有過一段短暫的溫暖、濕潤的時期，甚至在今天火星表面仍可能不時有水流動。

也許火星表面以下存在一個更適于微生物棲身的“港灣”，因為那里永久存在著液態水，而且危險的太陽紫外線輻射也無法穿透表層照射到那里。最近還發現在火星大氣中存在著甲烷，這可能是生活在深層的細菌產生的副產品?？茖W家已制定了一系列計劃來尋找更明確的生命跡象，其中包括制造新的飛船以取代失蹤的比格II號，并最終完成美國太空取樣重返地球的宏偉計劃。深暗的海洋

其他內行星上存在生命的希望似乎更加渺茫，盡管有人認為金星似曾適于生存，而且在金星表面以上50公里、溫度降至70℃以下的云層中仍有微生物存活。

美國康奈爾大學的托馬斯·歌德認為，水星和我們的月球上都存在著“深層熱生物圈”，在那里生活的微生物能夠將厚達10公里的外殼巖石消化掉。他還指出，太陽系中大部分由巖石構成的行星和大型衛星都存在這種現象。人們認為，太陽系中一些繞外行星旋轉的大型衛星的冰層下有著很深很暗的海洋。木星的衛星（木衛

二、木衛三和木衛四）以及土星的衛星（土衛六與土衛二）上，火山噴發所產生的熱量和化學物質進入海洋，從而供養了這些生命體。同樣的情況也可能存在于海王星的衛星（海衛一）上。那里的海洋由于少量氨防凍劑的作用而得以保持液體形態?？茖W家們希望能夠發送探測器來探索木衛二上的海洋。

與此同時，“洛賽塔”彗星探測器和其他航天器已進入太空，以確定彗星是否像科學家猜測的那樣攜帶著復雜的有機化學物質。彗星有可能為那些“年輕”的星球提供化學“原料”，給生命的產生奠定基礎。許多有機分子都是由紅巨星產生的，天文學家在星際云團中檢測到了這些分子。此外科學家在默奇森隕石中還發現了蛋白質的成分氨基酸。

外太空“地球”

科學家在太陽系之外已經發現了150多顆行星，這些系外行星中有不少都是“熱木星”（即繞著恒星近距離高速運行的大型行星）。

這些外太空“地球”似乎更有生命存在的希望。它們是類似地球的由巖石構成的行星，在一個生命可以生存的區域內運行—距離恒星既不太近也不太遠，表面溫度正好適宜液態水存在。其他猜測（例如由海洋覆蓋的行星）則更加離奇。定于2008年開始的美國國家航空航天局的“開普勒計劃”有可能發現數百個適于生存的外太空“地球”。

下一階段則是在這些遙遠的星球上尋找生命的痕跡。歐洲航天局的“達爾文探測器”和美國國家航空航天局的類地行星探測器將尋找氧氣的光譜跡象，這一跡象可以顯示生命的存在，但不是結論性的。此后太空望遠鏡將用于觀測許多光年以外的類地行星，尋找更明確的生命跡象。

此外，在那些更加特殊的環境里也許有生命的存在。美國帕薩迪納加州理工學院的大衛·史蒂文森認為，那些獨自在遠離恒星的地方運行的行星，有可能在氧氣層的覆蓋下保持著溫暖的環境，從而能夠維持液態水和生命的存在。外星人的呼喚？

是否有智能生命存在呢？根據德瑞克方程式的計算，我們可以預言在銀河系中有多少文明世界正在試圖與我們聯系，盡管該方程式中的某些因子幾乎是純粹的猜測。

對這一問題持樂觀態度的人面臨著“費米吊詭”：如果說宇宙中普遍存在地外文明，我們為什么至今還沒有見過呢？40多年來，科學家通過射電天文望遠鏡來捕捉來自其他恒星的電波，一直在尋找外星智能生命。為了這一目的專門建立了艾倫望遠鏡陣列。其他搜尋外星智能生命的天文學家使用光學望遠鏡來尋找地外文明發射的激光束。還有一些專家則認為我們應該在尋找巨型空間結構方面下工夫，也就是尋找“裝在瓶子里的信息”。

到目前為止我們還一無所獲，但是在我們收到來自外星的電視節目之前有可能發現外星生物。

（潘文靜 譯 李健 審校）

課文B

南極冰層下是否存在生命？

幾年前，研究人員發現了震驚科學界的現象：世界上有多種微生物群落是不需要陽光或養分就能生存的。

科學家們的這個發現并不是在遙遠的外太空搜尋的結果，實際上他們只是在南極洲2.5英里（4公里）厚的冰層下取樣。

沃斯托克是一個淡水湖，上面覆蓋著厚厚的冰層?？茖W家們指出，冰層的底部由湖水凍結而成，其中蘊含著微生物。由此科學家們推測在湖中生長著大量而多樣的微生物群落。如果該理論是正確的，就能回答有關地球上生命極限的問題，并且擴大太空中生命體得以生存的環境范圍。

兩個獨立的研究小組在1999年12月10日的《科學》雜志上公布了它們對南極冰層中微生物的最初發現。

約翰·普里什庫是來自博茲曼蒙大拿州立大學陸地資源與環境科學系的一位生態學家，他主持了其中一項研究。另一項研究由來自檀香山夏威夷大學海洋與地球科學技術學院的微生物學家大衛·卡爾主持進行。

此后，這兩個研究小組和其他科學家都對這些微生物進行了進一步的分析。他們試圖描述這些微生物的多樣性，并確定它們是否是被用于采集和研究的儀器帶到冰核樣本中去的。

普里什庫說，他的小組獲得的新數據表明這些微生物具有多樣的生理機能。他說，根據這些數據可以推斷沃斯托克湖中存在非常豐富的生命形式。

普里什庫說：“我相信，在沃斯托克湖的表層水面每毫升（0.2茶匙）中有大約一萬個微生物細胞，比一般海水內每毫升的微生物細胞數量低大約100倍。”

卡爾的研究小組也進行了進一步的分析，發現在該湖幾英里厚的冰層下面生存著微生物群落，盡管卡爾注意到“那里的生物量可能非常低”。

然而，有些科學家對以上兩個小組的初步研究結果提出了質疑，他們認為，從冰核中取樣并進行研究的儀器上帶有微生物，因此微生物并非來自冰原的底層。湖水樣本

解決科學界出現的上述爭端的方法是穿透沃斯托克湖面2.5英里（4公里）深的冰面直接取樣。

國際科學界對此很感興趣，但是各國在如何操作的問題上卻持有不同意見。來自美國和歐洲的科學家傾向于更加謹慎的方式，并在尋找研究資金。

英國布里斯托大學地理科學學院的冰川學家馬丁·希格特倡議，在探測沃斯托克湖之前，應先在南極洲西面的一個叫做埃爾斯沃思的較小的冰河下層湖泊中取樣。希格特說，要全面執行沃斯托克湖探測計劃需耗資數千萬美元，而埃爾斯沃思湖比較小，而且其表層的冰溫也高一些，因此在那里取樣只需400萬美元左右。

希格特說：“我們可以深入這個湖，對水質進行分析，并且最終證明湖水和沉積物是不是如我們所想象的提供了一個良好的環境。完成這次調查后，我們就可以進行下一步工作，最終探測沃斯托克湖?！?/p>

美國的科學家對于如何系統地勘探南極冰川下層湖泊也制定了計劃。然而，比斯古指出，獲取項目資金是有困難的。

與此同時，一組俄羅斯的科學家近日公布了準備在2006-2007年南極的夏季在沃斯托克湖鉆孔進行勘探的計劃。

比斯古說：“我贊賞俄羅斯項目的進取性與大膽的計劃，但是我更愿看到該計劃由國際合作共同努力完成，這樣就可以制定更加完善的環保、教育和科學計劃，所有這些都要符合南極研究的精神?！?/p>

（潘文靜 譯 李健 審校）

第五篇：科技英語翻譯論文

淺談科技英語翻譯的忠實性

摘要： 隨著各國科學技術交流的不斷深化，科技英語翻譯的任務也日益艱巨。由于科技文章文體具有清晰，準確，精煉，嚴密的特點，忠實性成為科技英語翻譯必須遵守的原則。要確保忠實性的實現，在翻譯過程中就應遵循分析，轉換和重構的“三步走戰略”，使譯文具有可讀性。

關鍵詞：翻譯 重視性原則 原文 譯文

翻譯有直譯和意譯之分，直譯比較傾向于保持原文的結構成分和意義的某些隱含成分；而意譯則注重意義的準確傳達，如果必要，可以不顧及原文的結構成分和意義的某些隱含成分。鑒于科技英語文體的特點，進行翻譯時，采用直譯方式居多，但并不排除意譯的使用。無論是直譯還是意譯，忠實是必須遵守的原則。

早在18實際末葉，國外的著名翻譯理論家泰特勒在《翻譯的原則》一書中提出了著名的三原則;A,譯文應完整地再現原文的思想內容；B，譯文的風格，筆調應與原文的性質相同；C，譯文應該像原文一樣流暢自然。他強調的是譯文與原文在思想，風格，筆調，行文等方面的對等，實質上就是“忠實性”中“一致性”的反映。這是忠實性最初也是最重要的階段。在進行案例翻譯過程中，譯者客觀地分了原文內容，也謹以科技文體要求。用中文再現了空氣三大污染物的來源及危害。

但是在翻譯過程中，譯者發現根據原文做出的譯文有多處不符合漢語使用規范。意識到翻譯的忠實性不只停留在對原文的完全對等輸出狀態。翻譯時還應考慮譯文讀者的接受力，這樣譯文才有可讀性和可接受性?？萍加⒄Z文章大量使用名詞化結構，廣泛使用被動語句，常用前置性陳述，但是漢語行文結構中少有這樣的語法現象。如果按原文結構翻譯，譯文將有些句子主語缺失，陳述對象前后不一致等弊病。因此，譯者在翻譯過程中，補全了原文缺失的主語，賓語，以及意義，對有些句子語序做了調整，使其更符合漢語讀者的習慣。這樣的改動是對原文更加充分的翻譯，在表達清楚原文的基礎上，又滿足了讀者的需求，使忠實性原則更加切合實際地體現了出來。

既考慮島原文，原作者，又顧及到譯文及讀者，忠實性發展到這一階段已經基本能滿足一般的翻譯需求了。但不同的語言歸屬不同的語言，不同的文化背景，因此，翻譯作為一種跨語言，跨文化，跨社會的交際活動，具有豐富多彩的內容。它既是一種技巧，又是一種藝術，是一種具有創造性和科學性的藝術。成功的翻譯作品必須與譯文所屬文化范疇相吻合，這尤其體現在文學翻譯作品中。但做科技英語翻譯時，同樣需要考慮這點。盡管案例的文化色彩不是很重，但譯者查閱了漢語中關于空氣污染物的相關文章，翻譯中采納了其中的一些定義，便于讀者接受。

綜上所述，通過思考科技英語翻譯中的忠實性原則，在做案例翻譯時，結合“三步走戰略“和”忠實性“的三個層面，使譯文能更好地展現原文，更放心地呈現給讀者。

參考文獻： 韓其順 《科技英語的特點和翻譯》

泰特勒：《翻譯的原則》