第一篇:考博英譯漢技巧總結(jié)
考博英譯漢技巧總結(jié)
1.英漢語言的異同
1.1.英語是形合:需要使用連詞或者關(guān)聯(lián)詞表示各部分的邏輯關(guān)系;漢語是意合:句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系“隱含”于上下文之間。如果漢語使用形合句,則顯得語氣莊重、措辭嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
1.2.語序方面,主謂賓的位置比較相似。然而狀語、定語的位置有差異。狀語:英語可以放在主句前或后,漢語一般放在主句前。狀語順序方面,英語:方式狀語+地點(diǎn)狀語+時(shí)間狀語;漢語:時(shí)間狀語+地點(diǎn)狀語+方式狀語。定語:漢語大部分在修飾詞的前面,英語的狀語可以在修飾詞的前(形容詞)或者后(定語從句)。英語多長句、松散句(中心在句首),漢語多短句、圓周句(中心在句尾)。
1.3.英語中多使用名詞,漢語中多使用動(dòng)詞。因此,英語中的名詞需要譯成動(dòng)詞。
2.詞語翻譯的五大原則
2.1.轉(zhuǎn)換原則:將具有動(dòng)詞意味的名(形、介、副)詞譯成動(dòng)詞。
2.2.具體原則:把原文中抽象或者比較抽象的詞用較為具體的詞進(jìn)行翻譯。2.3.加法原則:增補(bǔ)英語原句中省略的動(dòng)詞或其他省略部分。
2.4.減法原則:英語中的部分不需要翻譯【冠詞;充當(dāng)主語的人稱代詞、作賓語的代詞和物主代詞;連詞(并列連詞、復(fù)合句中的連詞);介詞(表示時(shí)間地點(diǎn)的英語介詞在句首可省略,句尾不能省略)】。
2.5.重復(fù)原則:對上下文出現(xiàn)過的詞加以重復(fù)的譯法。漢語多重復(fù),英語多變化。一是重復(fù)省略的名詞、動(dòng)詞、代詞。二是重復(fù)賓語。為了明確,英語的一句話中兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞共用一個(gè)賓語,賓語在第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞之后出現(xiàn)一次。而漢語,這樣的賓語要在每個(gè)動(dòng)詞后分別出現(xiàn)。三是重復(fù)名詞。兩個(gè)定語共同修飾一個(gè)名詞;被定語從句修飾的名詞。
3.名詞從句的翻譯技巧 3.1.主語從句。
主語從句如果以What, Whatever等代詞引導(dǎo),翻譯時(shí)一般按照原文的順序進(jìn)行翻譯。如果是以It引導(dǎo)的主語從句,翻譯時(shí)要把主句的謂語分譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立句,然后再譯從句【謂語分譯法】。
It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻,氧是大氣中最活潑的元素。3.2.賓語從句。
由that, what, how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,漢譯時(shí)一般按照原文的語序進(jìn)行翻譯。有時(shí)可以加“說”字,接著譯原文賓語從句的內(nèi)容。He replied that he was sorry.他回答說,他感到抱歉。
由It作形式賓語的句子,漢譯時(shí)一般按照原文的順序譯,只是It不譯。I made it clear to them that they should have got these holes dug long ago.我和他們說清楚了,他們本來早該把坑挖好了。有時(shí)需將that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句提前。I owe it to you that I have got the post.我得到這個(gè)職位全靠你。3.3.表語從句:可按照原文順序進(jìn)行翻譯。3.4.同位語從句。
同位語從句漢譯時(shí)可以按原文順序翻譯,也可以將同位語從句提前,這要視具體情況而定。有時(shí)還可以增加“即”、“這樣”或者破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)。
4.定語從句的翻譯技巧
英語中定語從句可分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句,絕大部分后置。漢語中所有定語均前置。漢語不用長定語。如果英語中的定語從句太長,不宜譯成漢語的定語。如果英語中的定語從句短,一般譯成漢語的定語。4.1.譯成定語。當(dāng)英語定語從句比較短,譯成漢語也不冗長,該從句可以譯成漢語中的定語。即“??的”句式。4.2.重復(fù)先行詞譯出。如果英語的定語從句在意思上同先行詞的關(guān)系不太密切,而且整個(gè)從句用作補(bǔ)充或說明先行詞的附加語,或者定語從句套定語從句,可采用重復(fù)先行詞的譯法:按原次序譯出,用名詞或代詞(這、那、其)等代替先行詞。當(dāng)從句中的which和as代表整個(gè)主句時(shí),一般都譯成并列句,主語用代詞(這、那)等代替。
Mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy, which in turn can be changed into mechanical energy.機(jī)械能能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能,電能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械能。(重復(fù)名詞)
Galileo was a famous Italian scientist by whom the Copernican theory was further proved correct.伽利略是著名的意大利科學(xué)家,他進(jìn)一步證明了哥白尼的學(xué)說是正確的。(用代詞,漢語多主動(dòng))
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporating.液態(tài)水變成蒸汽,這就叫蒸發(fā)。(which 代整個(gè)句子,用代詞代替)
4.3.譯成狀語從句。英語的定語從句,如果在意思上具有主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、條件等含義,可譯成漢語的狀語從句。同樣可以用名詞或代詞重復(fù)或代替先行詞譯出。
Einstein, who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921.由于愛因斯坦提出了著名的相對論,因此,他于1921年獲得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。
Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace human.雖然電子計(jì)算機(jī)有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但它不能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性工作,也代替不了人。省譯關(guān)聯(lián)詞。英語的定語從句,如果在意義上作為先行詞的陳述部分用來進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,這時(shí)可采用省譯關(guān)聯(lián)詞的方法,按照原句次序譯出。There are a number of drugs that can cause physical and mental trouble.有許多麻醉品會(huì)對身心造成傷害。
5.狀語從句的翻譯技巧
英語中狀語從句包括表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、讓步、原因等各種從句。漢譯時(shí)要注意兩種語言使用狀語方面的共同性及其各自的特殊性。一般考慮將狀語從句或者狀語部分先譯,放在主句之前。5.1.時(shí)間狀語從句
譯成相應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語。譯成并列分句。
Mr.Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed.史密斯先生自己還不知道犯了什么罪,人家就把他逮捕了。英語中存在著內(nèi)容和形式不相一致的情況。有些時(shí)間狀語從句有時(shí)候可以按其邏輯關(guān)系譯成表示原因、條件、讓步等的分句。
The defense lawyer decided to petition for a new trial when they found an important new witness.由于發(fā)現(xiàn)了一名新的重要證人,辯護(hù)律師決定申請重新開庭審訊。5.2.條件狀語從句
譯成表示“條件”或者“假設(shè)”的分句。譯成補(bǔ)充說明情況的分句。
按其邏輯關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)譯為表示時(shí)間、讓步、結(jié)果、原因等從句。5.3.讓步狀語從句
譯成表示讓步的分句。
譯成表示“無條件”的條件分句。5.4.地點(diǎn)狀語從句
譯成相應(yīng)的地點(diǎn)狀語。
按其邏輯關(guān)系,譯成表示“條件”的狀語。5.5.原因狀語從句
譯成表示“原因”的分句。譯成因果偏正復(fù)句中的主句。譯成因果關(guān)系內(nèi)含的并列分句。
6.反譯法
漢語中表示否定意義的詞都含有明顯的標(biāo)志詞:不、無、非、勿、未、否、別、沒有等。英語更加復(fù)雜。除了否定詞外,還有否定詞綴,如:dis-, il-, in-, non-, un-,-less等、形式肯定、意義否定的各類詞語,如:fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond.短語:instead of, in place of、結(jié)構(gòu) more...than...., other than......, rather than.....由于語言的差異,有時(shí)候英語用否定,漢語用肯定。反之亦然。Wet paint.油漆未干。
反義法:將原文的肯定形式譯為否定形式,或者相反。包括兩個(gè)方向的互相轉(zhuǎn)變。6.1.正話反說
Americans are far more race-conscious than class-conscious.美國人的階級(jí)意識(shí)遠(yuǎn)不如種族意識(shí)那么強(qiáng)烈。6.2.反話正說
The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation.在苦難中,重返故國的念頭始終在他心頭縈繞著。
第二篇:考博英語英譯漢100句
1.The American economic system is.organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[參考譯文]美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟(jì)為架構(gòu)的,在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中,消費(fèi)者很大程度上通過在市場上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費(fèi)來決定什么應(yīng)該被制造出來。
2.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[參考譯文]因此,在美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中,個(gè)體消費(fèi)者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤的欲望和個(gè)人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合,一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制造,以及資源如何被用來制造它們。
3.If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[參考譯文]另一方面,如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降,那么這 1 就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給,而這也就會(huì)反過來降低價(jià)格并允許更多的消費(fèi)者購買產(chǎn)品。
4.In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.[參考譯文]在美國經(jīng)濟(jì)中,私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán),也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利,如確定一個(gè)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和與另一個(gè)私人個(gè)體(經(jīng)濟(jì)單位)自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。
5.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.[參考譯文]同時(shí)這些計(jì)算機(jī)記錄下哪些時(shí)間是最忙的,哪些員工工作效率最高,這樣就能相應(yīng)地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計(jì)算機(jī))也能為促銷活動(dòng)找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的顧客。
6.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.[參考譯文]不計(jì)其數(shù)的其他商業(yè)企業(yè),從劇院到雜志出版商,從公用燃 氣電力設(shè)施到牛奶處理廠,都通過計(jì)算機(jī)的使用給消費(fèi)者帶來更好、更有效率的服務(wù)。
7.Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.[參考譯文]殘疾兒童在許多關(guān)鍵方面都與其同齡人不同。為了讓這些孩子發(fā)展其全部的成人后的潛能,他們的教育必須適應(yīng)這些不同。8.The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.[參考譯文]在過去的30年中,公共教育中顯示的對殘疾兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了我們社會(huì)中的一種中強(qiáng)烈的情緒,那就是所有的公民,不管其情況有多特殊,都應(yīng)享有充分發(fā)展其能力的機(jī)會(huì)。
9.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.[參考譯文]它(廣告)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價(jià)格被迅速分銷出去,因此可以(使公司)建立一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的國內(nèi)市場,同時(shí)也使以具有競爭力的價(jià)格提供出口變得可能。10.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.[參考譯文]除去議會(huì)有27件法案來規(guī)范廣告的條件,沒有任何一個(gè)正式的廣告商敢于推銷一種商品卻不能兌現(xiàn)其在廣告中的承諾。
11.If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.[參考譯文]如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就廣告而言,如果這不是完全不可能達(dá)到的,也是非常難做的,因?yàn)榧幢闶且粋€(gè)諸如襯衫的顏色的選擇這樣的細(xì)節(jié)都會(huì)具有微妙的說服意味,那么廣告就會(huì)如此地乏味以至于沒有人會(huì)關(guān)注它。
12.The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.[參考譯文]得到了升遷的工人們,成績進(jìn)步的學(xué)生,學(xué)會(huì)了一門新語言的外國人一一這些都是那些有可衡量的結(jié)果宋顯示其努力的人們的例證。13.As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.[參考譯文]隨著家庭離開他們原來穩(wěn)定的社區(qū),離開他們多年的朋友和擴(kuò)展的家庭關(guān)系,非正式的信息流動(dòng)被切斷了,隨之而去的是對在需要時(shí)能獲得可靠和值得信賴的信息的信心。
14.The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.[參考譯文]現(xiàn)在每個(gè)人能夠得到的信息比任何時(shí)代的人都多,而找到與他/她的特定問題相關(guān)的那一點(diǎn)信息的任務(wù)不僅復(fù)雜、耗時(shí),有時(shí)甚至令人難以招架。
15.Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.[參考譯文]通過遠(yuǎn)程會(huì)議,專家知識(shí)可以在全世界范圍內(nèi)被分享,而爭 5 論的問題能夠得到解決,同時(shí)相關(guān)人員也不必離開他們的家庭或工作跑到一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的開會(huì)地點(diǎn)。(北京安 通學(xué)校提供)
16.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.[參考譯文]現(xiàn)在這種讓孩子們和其同學(xué)或時(shí)間競爭的熱情導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)雙層結(jié)構(gòu),在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)里面善于競爭的A類好像在某個(gè)方面要比他們B類的同輩更勝一籌。
17.While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.[參考譯文]在跟你談話的時(shí)候,可能成為你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和其他資格是不是值得他雇用你,而你的“商品”和能力一定要以一種有條不紊而且合情合理的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方式被展示出來。
18.The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.[參考譯文]英國廣播公司將作為一個(gè)公共基金支持的廣播組織存在下 來,至少目前會(huì)這樣,但是它的角色、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目現(xiàn)在在英國成了全國上下的討論話題。
19.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.[參考譯文]這場辯論是由政府發(fā)動(dòng)的,政府請任何一個(gè)對英國廣播公司有意見的人一包括普通的聽眾和觀眾一來說說這個(gè)公司好在哪里或壞在哪里,甚至要說說他們是否認(rèn)為這個(gè)公司值得被保留下來。
20.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.[參考譯文]這種變化通過引入許多的專業(yè)因素從而適應(yīng)了這個(gè)新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求,并且它(這種變化)防止了效率的降低。這種效率的降低在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代人(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)公司)的時(shí)候,經(jīng)常會(huì)毀掉那些家族公司的財(cái)富。
21.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.[參考譯文]這樣巨大而非個(gè)人的對資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的操縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他們作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的重要性,這是國家生活中代表不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富的一個(gè)因素,這種財(cái)富不但遠(yuǎn)離了土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任,而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c公司的負(fù)責(zé)任的管理毫無關(guān)系。
22.Towns like Bournemouth and East bourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders? meeting to dictate their orders to the management.[參考譯文]像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的“舒適”階級(jí)提供居住場所。這些人依賴于其豐厚收入而不工作,他們除了分紅和偶爾參加一下股東大會(huì),向管理層口授一下自己的命令之外,跟社會(huì)的其他階層毫無瓜葛。
23.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.[參考譯文]這樣的“股東”對他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無所知,而且他們對勞資雙方的關(guān)系都不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。24.The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.[參考譯文]代表公司的花錢雇來的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接,但是就連他對工人們也沒有那種熟識(shí)的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長式的制度下的雇主們卻常常對他們的工人有這樣的私人關(guān)系。
25.Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country?s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors;and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.[參考譯文]在許多形成因素當(dāng)中,我將挑選出這些:這個(gè)國家優(yōu)秀的小學(xué)教育:歡迎新技術(shù)的勞動(dòng)者們:獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)發(fā)明者的做法;而且最重要的是美國人在對那些技術(shù)性事物的非言語的、“空間性的”思考方面的天賦。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
26.As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal pr ocess...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist”.[參考譯文]正如尤金?弗格森所指出的那樣:“一個(gè)技術(shù)專家思考那些不能被簡化成能被清楚的語言描述的東西。這些東西在他的思維中是通過一種視覺的、非語言表述的過程宋處理的……設(shè)計(jì)者和發(fā)明者……能夠在他們的腦中裝配并操作那些還不存在的裝置?!? 27.Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea”.[參考譯文]羅伯特?法歐特曾經(jīng)這樣寫到:“一個(gè)技師會(huì)坐在杠桿、螺絲釘、楔子、輪子等等當(dāng)中,就像一個(gè)詩人沉浸在字母表的字母中,把這些字母看成自己思想的展示,在這樣的展示中,每種新的次序安排都傳達(dá)了--種新的思想?!? 28.In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.[參考譯文]在最后三章中,他脫下手套,將神造論者好好地揍了一頓。他描述了他們的活動(dòng)和戰(zhàn)術(shù),而且,對于那些對神造論者的做事方式刁;熟 悉的人來說,神造論者的欺騙和扭曲事實(shí)的程度可能會(huì)令這些人有一種不快的詫異。
29.On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.[參考譯文]在這本杰出的書的外紙封面上,史蒂芬?杰伊?古爾德寫道:“這本書本身就代表理性?!倍_實(shí)是這樣的--而且如果理性成為神造論/地化論之間的辯論中的惟一評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話,一切就都好辦了。
30.After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia?s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.[參考譯文] 經(jīng)過了六個(gè)月的爭論以及最后16個(gè)小時(shí)激烈的議會(huì)辯論,澳大利亞北部地區(qū)成了世界上第一個(gè)允許醫(yī)生終止希望死去的絕癥病人生命的立法當(dāng)局。
31.Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.[參考譯文]一些機(jī)構(gòu)終于松了一口氣,但是其他一些機(jī)構(gòu),包括教堂,倡導(dǎo)生命之權(quán)的團(tuán)體和澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì),尖銳地抨擊這個(gè)法案,指責(zé)法案的通過過于匆忙。但是大勢已定,不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。
32.In Australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.[參考譯文]在澳大利亞--人口老齡化,延長壽命的技術(shù)和變化看的社會(huì)態(tài)度,這些因素都在發(fā)揮作用一一其他的州也會(huì)考慮制定相似的關(guān)于安樂死的法律。
33.There are, of course, exceptions.Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.[參考譯文]當(dāng)然,例外是存在的。在美國,心胸狹窄的官員,粗魯?shù)膫髡撸蜎]有禮貌的出租車司機(jī)也并不少見。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見,這使得它值得被討論一下。
34.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.[參考譯文]我們生活在一種藥品(毒品)的醫(yī)學(xué)用途和社會(huì)用途都很廣泛 的社會(huì)里:一片用來止頭痛的阿斯匹林,一些用來社交的葡萄酒,早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡,一支用來定神的香煙。
35.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.[參考譯文]對藥品的依賴性首先表現(xiàn)為不斷增長的耐藥量,要產(chǎn)生想得到的效果所需要的藥品劑量越來越大,然后表現(xiàn)為當(dāng)停止用藥后,令人不快的停藥癥狀的出現(xiàn)。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
36.“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week.“You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” [參考譯文]上星期參議員羅博特多爾質(zhì)問時(shí)代華納公司的高級(jí)管理人員們:“難道這就是你們希望能夠成就的事業(yè)?你們已經(jīng)出賣了自己的靈魂,但是難道你們還非要腐化我們的國家,威脅我們的孩子們嗎?” 37.“The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column´, ”lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...“ [參考譯文]”對任何一個(gè)民主社會(huì)的考驗(yàn),“他在《華爾街雜志》的一個(gè)專欄文章中寫到,”不在于它能夠多有效地控制各種意見的表達(dá),而在于這個(gè)社會(huì)是否能給予思考和表達(dá)的盡可能廣泛的自由,不管有時(shí)候這種結(jié)果是多么的富有爭議或令人不快…“ 38.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month´s stockholders´ meeting, Levin asserted that ”music is not the cause of society´s ills“ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.[參考譯文]在-上個(gè)月的股東大會(huì)上關(guān)于搖滾歌詞的討論中,萊文宣稱說:”音樂不是社會(huì)問題的原因“,他甚至還以他的兒子為例。他的兒子是紐約州布朗克斯的一個(gè)教師,并用說唱音樂與學(xué)生們進(jìn)行溝通。
39.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as ”steering the economy to a soft landing“ of ”a touch on the brakes“,makes it sound like a precise science.Nothing could be further from the truth.[參考譯文]有很多用于描述貨幣政策的詞匯,例如”輕踩剎車“以”操縱經(jīng)濟(jì)軟著陸“,使貨幣政策聽起來像是一門精確的科學(xué)。沒有什么比這更遠(yuǎn)離實(shí)際情況的了。
40.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventi onal measures suggest that both economies, and especially America´s, have little productive slack.[參考譯文]經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們對英國和美國的有利的通貨膨脹數(shù)據(jù)尤其感到驚訝,因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的計(jì)量方法顯示兩國的經(jīng)濟(jì),特別是美國的經(jīng)濟(jì),幾乎沒有生產(chǎn)蕭條的時(shí)候。
41.The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.[參考譯文]很不幸,這最令人震驚的解釋有一點(diǎn)缺陷。一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)有力的變化已經(jīng)結(jié)束了那個(gè)以經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和通貨膨脹的歷史關(guān)聯(lián)為基礎(chǔ)的舊的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式。
42.The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.[參考譯文]例如,阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫,但是它也奪去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--這些換宋的就是這么個(gè)疾病滋生的水庫,現(xiàn)在這個(gè)水庫積滿了淤泥,幾乎不能發(fā)電了。
43.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall produ ctivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training, [參考譯文]企業(yè)重組的新方法--所有那些重新設(shè)計(jì)、縮小規(guī)模的做法--只是對一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體生產(chǎn)力做出了一方面的貢獻(xiàn)。這種經(jīng)濟(jì)還受許多其他因素的驅(qū)動(dòng),比如結(jié)合設(shè)備和機(jī)械上的投資、新技術(shù),以及在教育和培訓(xùn)上的投資。
44.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.[參考譯文]他的同事邁克爾?比爾說,有太多的公司已經(jīng)用一種機(jī)械的方式實(shí)行公司內(nèi)部的重新設(shè)計(jì),在沒有充分考慮長期贏利的能力下削減了成本。
45.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as ”The Flight from Science and Reason“ , held in New York City in 1995, and ”Science in the Age of(Mis)information, which assembled last June near Buffalo.[參考譯文]科學(xué)衛(wèi)士們在會(huì)議上也表述了他們的關(guān)注,比如1995年在紐約市舉行的 “逃離科學(xué)與理性”會(huì)議,以及去年6 月在布法羅附近召開的“(錯(cuò)誤)信息時(shí)代的科學(xué)”會(huì)議。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)46.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.[參考譯文]一項(xiàng)關(guān)于1996年新聞報(bào)道的調(diào)查顯示,反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽還可以貼在許多其他團(tuán)體身上,從提倡消滅最后存留的天花病毒的權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu),到鼓吹削減基礎(chǔ)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)的共和黨人(都被貼上了反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽)。
47.The ´true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.[參考譯文]環(huán)境研究的先驅(qū)、斯坦福大學(xué)的保羅?厄爾里西認(rèn)為,科學(xué)真正的敵人是那些對支持全球變暖、臭氧層損耗以及工業(yè)發(fā)展的其他后果的證據(jù)提出置疑的人。
48.This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America´s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation´s head counting.[參考譯文]這種發(fā)展--以及其對美國政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)在未來幾年的潛在的強(qiáng) 17 有力的影響一一使得南部在全國人口普查中有史以來首次成為美國人口最密集的地區(qū)。
49.Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog crime andother plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.[參考譯文]他們常常選擇--現(xiàn)在依然這樣選擇--居住在那些氣候較為寒冷的地區(qū),比如俄勒岡、愛達(dá)荷,還有阿拉斯加,為的是逃避煙霧、犯罪,以及“金州”(加利福尼亞)城市化進(jìn)程中的其他問題。
50.As a result, California´s growth rate dropped during the 1970´s, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960´s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.[參考譯文]結(jié)果,加利福尼亞的人口增長率在20世紀(jì)70年代時(shí)下降到了18.5%一稍高于60年代增長率的三分之二,大大低于西部其他各州。51.Unlike most of the world?s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth?s surface;on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.[參考譯文]跟世界上的大多數(shù)火山不同的是,它們(熱點(diǎn))并不總是在由構(gòu)成地球表面巨大漂流板塊之間的邊界上出現(xiàn);相反,它們中有許多位于一個(gè)板塊較縱深的內(nèi)部。52.The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth?s interior.[參考譯文]攜帶這些大陸板塊的相對運(yùn)動(dòng)已經(jīng)能夠被詳細(xì)地表述出來,但是這些板塊相對于另一些板塊的運(yùn)動(dòng)還不能輕易地解釋為它們相對于地球內(nèi)部的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
53.As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.(略)
54.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn?t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.[參考譯文]盡管警告常常是適當(dāng)而且必須的--比如對于藥物相互作用的危險(xiǎn)提出警告--許多警告還是按州或聯(lián)邦政府規(guī)定要求給出的,然而(我們)并不清楚,如果顧客受到傷害時(shí),這些警告是不是確實(shí)可以使得生產(chǎn)者和銷售者豁免責(zé)任。
55.At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.[參考譯文]與此同時(shí),美國法律研究所--由一群法官、律師和理論專家組成,他們的建議分量極重--發(fā)布了新的民事傷害法令指導(dǎo)方針,宣稱公司不必提醒顧客注意顯而易見的危險(xiǎn),也不必連篇累牘地一再提請他們注意一些可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的危險(xiǎn)。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
56.In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.[參考譯文]但是,在過去的一年間,軟件公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)出工具,使得公司可以直接將信息“推出”給顧客,直接把營銷訊息傳遞給目標(biāo)顧客。57.The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.[參考譯文]像Virtual Vineyards,Amazon.com這樣的先驅(qū)網(wǎng)站表明,20 一個(gè)將交互性、熱情服務(wù)和安全性合理結(jié)合以銷售同類商品的網(wǎng)址是可以吸引網(wǎng)上客戶注意的。
58.An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students? career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.[參考譯文]有些人為了學(xué)生的就業(yè)前景為教室里放置電腦而辯,有些人為教育的徹底改革中更為廣泛的理由為教室里放置電腦而辯,這兩群人之間有一條無形的界線。
59.Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.[參考譯文]我們更應(yīng)該具有的是作為美國公民的某種觀念,這個(gè)公民人物如果不能很恰當(dāng)?shù)卣J(rèn)識(shí)到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影響,那么其公民特征就是不完整的。
60.Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.[參考譯文]另外,在我們這么一個(gè)大國里,經(jīng)濟(jì)延展到這么多的州、涉 及到這么多的國際公司,因而要按照數(shù)量培養(yǎng)出所需的各類專業(yè)人員是不大可能的
61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.[參考譯文]但是,對一個(gè)小部分學(xué)生來說,職業(yè)教育也是條可取的路徑。因?yàn)樵谄渌蛩叵嗤那闆r下,技能的嫻熟是得到工作與否的關(guān)鍵。62.Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.[參考譯文]他宣布自己反對使用這種非同尋常的畜牧繁殖技術(shù)來克隆人類,并下令.不準(zhǔn)聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類試驗(yàn)--盡管還沒有人建議這么做--他還請一個(gè)以普林斯頓大學(xué)校長哈羅得?夏皮羅為首的獨(dú)立的專家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報(bào)關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國家政策的建議。
63.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning”.參考譯文]在5月17日的會(huì)議上所討論的這份建議書的序言草案中,夏皮羅提出,專家組已經(jīng)達(dá)成廣泛共識(shí),那就是“試圖通過成人細(xì)胞核克隆來制造人類幼兒的做法在道德上是不可接受的”。
64.Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth)for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo?s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.[參考譯文]因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)今的聯(lián)邦法律已經(jīng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金克隆胚胎(人類后裔在出生前的最早階段)用于研究或者有意地威脅胚胎的生命,NBAC在胚胎研究上將保持沉默。
65.If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.[參考譯文]如果試驗(yàn)是像科學(xué)雜志上的報(bào)告所示的那樣如實(shí)地根據(jù)計(jì)劃規(guī)劃和實(shí)施的話,那么對管理層來說,期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。(北京安 通學(xué)校提供)
66.It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one e ye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.[參考譯文]審查者完全有理由相信,知道自己準(zhǔn)備做什么、怎么做的科學(xué)家不應(yīng)該因?yàn)楸仨氁恢谎鄱⒅浙y機(jī),一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。67.Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.” [參考譯文]如果科學(xué)家對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫作所反映的一樣,那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的“思維與眾不同的人”,喜歡其中較為傳統(tǒng)的“善于團(tuán)隊(duì)合作”的思想者而受到指責(zé)了。
68.The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.[參考譯文]當(dāng)今人與人在很大程度上的平等--即面對自然淘汰法則人人機(jī)會(huì)均等,并且連子嗣的數(shù)目都一樣--意味著和在印度土著部落中的情況相比,印度中上層階級(jí)中已喪失了80%的自然選擇中的優(yōu)勢。
69.When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.[參考譯文]當(dāng)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)新運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展成某種流行時(shí)尚時(shí),最好應(yīng)該弄清這場運(yùn)動(dòng)倡導(dǎo)者的真正意圖,因?yàn)?,不管他們的原則在今天看來多么牽強(qiáng)無理,很可能多年以后他們的理論會(huì)被視為正常。
70.With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.[參考譯文]然而就未來主義詩歌來說,情況則不這么簡單了,因?yàn)椴还芪磥碇髁x詩歌是什么--就算承認(rèn)它賴以存在的理論基礎(chǔ)都是正確的--這種形式也很難被歸入文學(xué)。
71.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, “Pluff!Pluff!” A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.“ [參考譯文]但當(dāng)我們先是從注釋中得知某詩行講述了一個(gè)土耳其軍官和一個(gè)保加利亞軍官在橋上動(dòng)手打架并雙雙掉進(jìn)河里,而后卻發(fā)現(xiàn)該行詩中不過只充斥著”撲通,撲通,185公斤重“這類對他們落水時(shí)的動(dòng)靜以及對軍官 們體重的描寫時(shí),我們不免感到困惑不安。
72.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan?s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[參考譯文]戰(zhàn)后嬰兒潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主導(dǎo)的勞動(dòng)力市場使得青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)變得極為有限,他們已經(jīng)在不停地質(zhì)疑為了爬上日本國內(nèi)那通往優(yōu)秀學(xué)校和體面工作的嚴(yán)酷的社會(huì)階梯而做出的巨大的個(gè)人犧牲。
73.Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the ”Japanese morality of respect for parents“.[參考譯文]去年,當(dāng)擔(dān)任教育部長職務(wù)的瀨戶光夫爭辯說二戰(zhàn)后由美國占領(lǐng)當(dāng)局引入的自由主義革新削弱了日本民族”尊敬父母的道德品質(zhì)“的時(shí)候,輿論嘩然。
74.With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan?s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.[參考譯文]隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長,出現(xiàn)了集中化:全國1.19億公民,其中整整76%的人口定居城市:在這里,原來的社區(qū)和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒棄,取而代之的是與外界疏于往來的、只由兩代人組成的核心家庭。
75.If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared;and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.[參考譯文]如果野心的傳統(tǒng)具有生命力,那么這傳統(tǒng)必會(huì)為許多人分享;尤其會(huì)受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睞,在這些人中受過良好教育的可不占少數(shù)。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
76.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.[參考譯文]當(dāng)然,人們現(xiàn)在對成功及其各種標(biāo)志的興趣似乎并不亞于先前。消夏別墅、歐陸旅行、寶馬車--地點(diǎn)、地名以及品牌或許會(huì)有變化,但這類事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不會(huì)亞于一二十年前。
77.Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home;the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants;the jou rnalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.[參考譯文]相反,我們被款待看到這樣一些虛偽的壯觀景象,他們似乎比以前的任何時(shí)候都更供應(yīng)充足:美國式物質(zhì)主義的批判者卻擁有位于南安普頓的避暑山莊:激進(jìn)書籍的出版商卻在三星級(jí)餐廳享用一日三餐;倡導(dǎo)在人生各個(gè)階段的參與民主制的記者,他的子女卻就讀于私立學(xué)校。78.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.Nevertheless, the word ”amateur“ does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.[參考譯文]科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余愛好者之間劃不出涇渭分明的界線:因?yàn)槿魏我?guī)則都有例外。然而,”業(yè)余“一詞的確意味著相關(guān)人員不能充分融入職業(yè)科學(xué)界,尤其未能分享科學(xué)圈子的價(jià)值。
79.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.[參考譯文]很自然,這種趨勢會(huì)在尤以數(shù)學(xué)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的自然學(xué)科領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)最為明顯,并且可以英國的地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展作例證來說明。
80.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.[參考譯文]將過去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)英國地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的出版物做一下比較,(我們)就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅對科研的主導(dǎo)地位的強(qiáng)調(diào)不斷攀升,而且一篇可接受的科研論文所包含的內(nèi)容的
81.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.[參考譯文]這樣一來總的結(jié)果便是業(yè)余愛好者想在專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)期刊…卜發(fā)表文章就更難了,而被廣泛使用的論文評審?fù)扑]制度又進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了這一結(jié)果,該種制度先是出現(xiàn)在19世紀(jì)的國家級(jí)刊物上,后又在20世紀(jì)被幾家地方級(jí)地質(zhì)學(xué)刊物所使用。
82.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.[參考譯文]一個(gè)頗為相似的分化過程已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致專業(yè)的地質(zhì)學(xué)家走到一起組成一到兩個(gè)全國性的??茖W(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán),而業(yè)余地質(zhì)愛好者們傾向于要么仍留在地方社團(tuán),要么也以另一種方式組成全國性機(jī)構(gòu)。
83.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.[參考譯文]遺憾地講,這次新聞機(jī)構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計(jì)劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些十分低層次的發(fā)現(xiàn),比如新聞報(bào)道中的事實(shí)錯(cuò)誤,拼寫或語法錯(cuò)誤(和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn))交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
84.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers´ demands.[參考譯文]我認(rèn)為巨大的并購浪潮背后的最重要的推動(dòng)力同時(shí)也就是促成全球化進(jìn)程的那方基石:即降低交通運(yùn)輸成本,逐漸減少貿(mào)易投資壁壘,以及大。幅度拓展市場,這些都要求更大規(guī)模的經(jīng)營管理以滿足消費(fèi)者需求。85.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile car eer although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming ”I wanted to spend more time with my family.“ [參考譯文]一次側(cè)面的不光明磊落的攻擊傷害了我的自尊,阻礙了我事業(yè)的發(fā)展,使我不得不拋棄了那份引人注目的工作,盡管表面上我還要以一個(gè)蒙受屈辱的政府部長的姿態(tài),通過聲稱”我只不過是想多和家人呆在一起“來掩蓋我的退出。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
86.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of ”juggling your life“, and making the alternative move into ”downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.[參考譯文]或許正像凱爾西在不堪積勞重負(fù)而公開地辭去她在《她》雜志社的編輯一職之后一樣,我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),放棄那種“為生活忙碌”的人生信條并轉(zhuǎn)而追求比較悠閑的生活帶給你的回報(bào)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于經(jīng)濟(jì)成功和社會(huì)地位。87.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ´ 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.31 [參考譯文]在美國,這一返樸趨勢是以經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落的反應(yīng)為開始的--那是在80年代末期裁員而引起大量的失業(yè)之后一一現(xiàn)在依然與提倡節(jié)儉的政綱相關(guān);而在英國,最起碼在我所熟識(shí)的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)返樸歸隱者中,追求簡約;生活的原因就多種多樣了。
88.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the´ 80s, down-shifting in the mid´ 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.[參考譯文]對于我這一代曾在整個(gè)80年代為生活奔波的女人來說,90年代中期出現(xiàn)的歸隱恬退與其說是我們尋求一種神話般的美好生活--用有機(jī)肥種;植蔬菜,并且自己放棄一切的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)--不如說是我們清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到自身;能力是有限的這一事實(shí)。
89.If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it´ 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman´ s notorious bad taste in ties.[參考譯文]如果你是你講話對象中的一員,那么你就身處一種(有利)位置宋了解對你們來說都很普遍的經(jīng)歷和問題,而且你對餐廳中難以下咽的食物或老總臭名昭彰的領(lǐng)帶品位進(jìn)行隨意評判也是合適的。
90.There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone [參考譯文]現(xiàn)在已有一些機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)能夠進(jìn)行精確到毫米以下的腦部和骨骼手術(shù)這要比極具技巧的醫(yī)生單單用手精確得多。
91.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least´ a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.[參考譯文]但是如果機(jī)器人要達(dá)到節(jié)省人工的下一個(gè)階段,它們將必須在更少的人力監(jiān)督之下工作,而且還要能夠自己作出至少幾個(gè)決定--這些目標(biāo)才會(huì)引發(fā)真正的挑戰(zhàn)。
92.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.[參考譯文]但是人類的頭腦可以只迅速地瞟一眼一個(gè)快速改變的場面,然后立刻放棄98%的不相關(guān)部分,而馬上聚焦于一條崎嶇森林道路邊的一只猴子,或者在茫茫人海中的一張可疑的臉。
93.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25---0.5% of GDP.[參考譯文]OECD在其最近的《經(jīng)濟(jì)瞭望》中估計(jì),如果石油價(jià)格與1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均為每22美元,這也只會(huì)給富裕的經(jīng)濟(jì)體的石油進(jìn)口賬單上增加GDP的0.25%到0.5%。
94.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.[參考譯文]另外一個(gè)不應(yīng)因油價(jià)上漲而失眠的原因是,這次不像70年代的那些次上漲,它并不是在普遍的商品價(jià)格暴漲和全球需求過旺的背景之下發(fā)生的。
95.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.[參考譯文]盡管它裁決并沒有憲法權(quán)利來支持醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺行為,34 最高法院實(shí)際上支持了被稱為“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則;這個(gè)已有幾個(gè)世紀(jì)歷史的道德原則認(rèn)為一個(gè)可能有兩個(gè)效果的行為--一個(gè)想要達(dá)到的好的效果和一個(gè)已經(jīng)預(yù)見到的有害的效果是被允許的,如果行為的實(shí)施者想要的只是好的效果的話。(北京安通學(xué)校提供)
96.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.” [參考譯文]Nancy Dubler,Montehore醫(yī)療中心的主任,認(rèn)為這一原則將會(huì)保護(hù)這樣一些醫(yī)生,他們到目前為止還強(qiáng)烈堅(jiān)持他們不能夠給病人足量的鎮(zhèn)痛劑來控制他們的疼痛,如果這么做會(huì)加速他們的死亡的話。97.On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted—suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.[參考譯文]在另一個(gè)層面上,很多醫(yī)療界的人承認(rèn),關(guān)于醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺的討論部分是因?yàn)椴∪说慕^望情緒,對他們來說,現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)延長了死亡的身體痛苦。
98.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of
end--of--life care.[參考譯文]它把對疼痛的治療不足和盲目積極使用“有可能延長死亡時(shí)間甚至讓死亡過程蒙羞的無效并且強(qiáng)迫性的醫(yī)療手段”視為生命臨終醫(yī)護(hù)的兩個(gè)問題。
99.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.[參考譯文]換句話說,在媒介機(jī)構(gòu)的新聞采編室文化中存在著--套約定俗成的寫作模式,為新聞報(bào)道提供了主干框架以及可直接套用的敘述結(jié)構(gòu)。若沒有這些,新聞內(nèi)容就會(huì)一團(tuán)混亂,讓人摸不著頭腦。
100.If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.[參考譯文]如果新聞界真的注意到了問題的關(guān)鍵,它就應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步開放其多樣化項(xiàng)目,這個(gè)項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)在還只單純考慮招收不同種族和性別的員工,而進(jìn)一步尋找那些世界觀、價(jià)值觀、教育水平和社會(huì)階層大相徑庭的各種記者。
第三篇:英譯漢翻譯技巧
英譯漢翻譯技巧
王 瑛
英譯漢部分要求翻譯單句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要讀懂句子,了解句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、使用的固定詞組、習(xí)慣用法及詞與詞之間的語義關(guān)系, 然后, 再正確分析原文的語言現(xiàn)象和邏輯關(guān)系,進(jìn)行透徹的理解, 最后, 力圖用簡潔明了的漢語表達(dá)出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻譯技巧。
一、翻譯技巧一
一般的英譯漢考題不會(huì)只是簡單句。我們在做題時(shí), 首先要從語法入手, 找尋和確定句子大的框架結(jié)構(gòu), 通過分析把句中的從句和插入部分先排除掉, 明確句子結(jié)構(gòu)有助于我們正確理解整句話的意思。
(一)重點(diǎn)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)
其實(shí), 就英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)而言, 是有規(guī)律可循的。除去省略句、倒裝句、感嘆句和
一些特殊句子外, 英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為三類: 1.to be句型: 主語 + be + 表語
Miss Jones is a manager.瓊斯小姐是位經(jīng)理。
2.to do句型: 主語 + do +(賓語)+(狀語)He teaches English in this school.他在這所學(xué)校教英語。
3.there be句型: There be + 主語 + 狀語
There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美麗的野花。
(二)確定語法現(xiàn)象和慣用結(jié)構(gòu)
英譯漢考題中常見的重點(diǎn)語法有: 時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句、狀語從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、虛擬語氣、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句等??忌浅J煜み@些語法現(xiàn)象, 才不至于對句子產(chǎn)生誤解。例如:
? Anyone who is interested in it can go with us.對這事感興趣的人可以跟我們?nèi)ァ?who引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾主語anyone)? The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天會(huì)上討論過的那個(gè)問題非常重要。(過去分詞短語作后置定語修飾主語the problem)? You could have done better if you had been more careful.要是細(xì)心一點(diǎn)的話,你就會(huì)做得更好。(if 引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句)? Hardly had I said that when she entered the room.我剛說完,她就進(jìn)來了。(倒裝句, 否定詞hardly位于句首, 助動(dòng)詞had 放在主語I之前)? It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到這件事。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句: It was not until+強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that句子其余成分)? The books were either works on travel or detective novels.這些書要么是關(guān)于旅行的, 要么就是偵探小說。(連接詞either? or?連接兩個(gè)表語)(三)熟悉固定搭配詞組和習(xí)慣用法
英譯漢考題中還常常會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的考點(diǎn) – 固定搭配的詞組和習(xí)慣表達(dá)法, 旨在考查考生對詞匯的掌握和運(yùn)用情況。考生在理解這些習(xí)慣用語時(shí)會(huì)感到很困難, 這是因?yàn)閱螐慕M成某個(gè)習(xí)慣用語的詞的字面意思上來理解其含義, 往往會(huì)出偏差, 必將影響到對整個(gè)句子的理解。例如:
? They came up with a cure for the disease at last.他們最終發(fā)現(xiàn)了治療這種疾病的方法(短語動(dòng)詞,意為“提出;發(fā)現(xiàn)”)
? The news got around by word of mouth.這一消息通過人們的口傳播開來。(介詞短語,意為“口頭流傳”)
? It’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.從長遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來看, 用真皮更便宜。(介詞短語,意為“從長遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)來看”)
? I’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.不管他們愿不愿意聽, 我要告訴他們真相。(形容詞短語,意為 “不管...”)
? Punishment had very little effect on him.懲罰對他沒有什么效果。(名詞短語,意為“對?起作用”)
(四)熟練掌握過渡連接詞
過渡連接詞是使上下文的連接自然、緊湊的有效方法,使文章整體具有結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性和意義上的連貫性。因此,熟練掌握過渡連接詞能充分把握住原文的意圖和出題思路。過渡連接詞按語義劃分為以下最常見的幾種類型
表示增補(bǔ): and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore ?
表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence ?
表示轉(zhuǎn)折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact ?
表示列舉: firstly, secondly, for one thing?for another, to begin with, then, last ?
表示解釋: for example, for instance, that is, namely ? 表示總結(jié): in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole ?
例如:
? The railroad connects two cities, namely, New York and Chicago.這鐵路聯(lián)接兩個(gè)城市, 即紐約和芝加哥。(表示解釋)? She was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.她雖然很疲倦, 然而她卻繼續(xù)工作。(表示轉(zhuǎn)折)? He said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他說他找不到它, 而且也沒有人會(huì)找到它。(表示增補(bǔ))? He was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示結(jié)果)他病了, 所以未能來。
二、翻譯技巧二
每一種語言,在詞意的運(yùn)用,語句的鋪排、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)方面,都有其獨(dú)特的方式,而每一詞每一字所承載的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英譯漢的表達(dá)方式總體上可以分成兩大類:
(一)直譯法:
一般來說, 在語言條件許可的情況下, 應(yīng)該盡可能地用直譯, 使譯文既能保持原文的內(nèi)容, 又能保持原文的形式和風(fēng)格。例如:
o All roads lead to Roma.條條大路通羅馬。
o The soldier was as brave as a lion.那個(gè)士兵像獅子一樣勇敢。
o My brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作崗位上如魚得水。
o It is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他這個(gè)人一向?qū)θ耸茄┲兴吞?,從來不是錦上添花。
(二)意譯法: 為使譯文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息,當(dāng)翻譯中遇到兩種文化有差異,用直譯無法使譯文傳達(dá)準(zhǔn)確的信息時(shí),就要在母語中尋找與其對應(yīng)的表達(dá)方式,利用各種必要的轉(zhuǎn)換手段進(jìn)行意譯。例如: ? He is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.他窮困, 潦倒,好像過著牛馬一樣的生活。(轉(zhuǎn)譯法-a dog’s life轉(zhuǎn)換詞義)
? He behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采訪者問題時(shí), 很有禮貌。(省略法–behaved 一詞不譯出)? He is a stranger to the company’s business.他對于該公司的經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)是陌生的。(轉(zhuǎn)換法–stranger 名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞)? All preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做試驗(yàn)之前, 一切準(zhǔn)備工作都必須做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)
? Each country has its own customs.各國有各國的風(fēng)俗.(重復(fù)法-Each country重復(fù)使用“各國”)
第四篇:考博英語詞匯解答技巧
考博英語詞匯解答技巧
一、動(dòng) 詞
動(dòng)詞及短語動(dòng)詞是博士生入學(xué)英語考試詞匯部分的一個(gè)重要測試項(xiàng)目。該項(xiàng)目對考生的測試點(diǎn)包括:1)動(dòng)詞的認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力;2)動(dòng)詞用法的掌握程度;3)動(dòng)詞搭配關(guān)系的熟練程度。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計(jì)在碩士研究生入學(xué)考試5500個(gè)詞匯中,大約有五分之一是動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞詞組。因此,掌握好這批詞匯直接關(guān)系到能否通過博士生入學(xué)英語詞匯部分的考試。
在動(dòng)詞部分中,考生首先應(yīng)該具備較好的認(rèn)知能力,即遇見一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后,能夠較快地確定它的前兩個(gè)或前三個(gè)詞義。如:evolve v.,第一個(gè)詞義是“使發(fā)展”,第二個(gè)詞義是“使進(jìn)化”,第三個(gè)詞義是“推論”。在考試中,檢查考生這一能力的題是比較多的;考生應(yīng)該能夠根據(jù)上下文確定動(dòng)詞的有關(guān)詞義。在具備認(rèn)知能力的基礎(chǔ)上,考生還需掌握這些詞匯的基本用法。如:forbid v.后面不能用to smoke,只能用動(dòng)詞+ing的形式,即smoking;Occur v.(發(fā)生),只能用于主動(dòng)語態(tài),不能以被動(dòng)的形式出現(xiàn)。最后,還要熟悉動(dòng)詞的基本搭配關(guān)系。如:concentrate和associate兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,其后面的介詞一般只能是on和with。以下是按照上面三種情況出現(xiàn)的詞匯題:
1.The diplomatic relations between the two countries have ____.A.ticked away B.gone out C.broken off D.rung up 2.The Constitution also provides that the organ of state must practice democratic centralism.A.supplies B.specifies C.presents D.withhold 3.As a result, they had to ___ answering their letter by three days.A.decide B.refrain C.surpass D.delay 第一句表示“外交關(guān)系終止”需用動(dòng)詞詞組“break off“。
第二句中的 ”provide",第一個(gè)詞義是“提供”或“供應(yīng)”,第二個(gè)詞義是“規(guī)定”。四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中,“specify” 含有“規(guī)定”的意思,因此B是正確答案。第三句中只有“delay”一詞的后面可以采用動(dòng)名詞,所以應(yīng)該選擇D。
考生在平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)時(shí),可以有意識(shí)地按照以上三點(diǎn)記憶動(dòng)詞和短語動(dòng)詞。在準(zhǔn)備動(dòng)詞詞匯部分時(shí),考生還需注意以下幾點(diǎn)。
1.不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的詞形變化: 有一定數(shù)量的動(dòng)詞,其過去式和過去分詞與原形不同。這部分詞匯在測試中起到較強(qiáng)的干擾作用。在5500詞匯中類似動(dòng)詞較多,以下僅舉部分例子:
動(dòng)詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 bear忍受 bore borne,born bend彎曲 bent bent bid 表示 bade, bid bidden bid breed 繁殖 bred bred abide 遵守abode,abided abode,abided arise 升起 arose arisen awake喚醒 awoke woke, awaken fling 扔,拋 flung flung forbid禁止 forbade, forbad forbidden freeze 結(jié)冰 froze frozen shred 撕碎shredded, shred shredded,shred cast 投,擲 cast cast creep 爬 crept crept dwell 留居dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled 2.動(dòng)詞詞形相近,詞義不同: 有些動(dòng)詞在詞形上相似,但其詞義是不同的。考生在平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)時(shí),需注意對它們的辨別。例: compliment vt.贊美
He is complimented for his fine work.complement vt.補(bǔ)充
They need to complement the factory with more workers.adapt vt.使適應(yīng) We have to adapt our thinking to the new circumstances.adopt vt.采用
They have adopted close planting.類似的動(dòng)詞還有:
inquire vt.打聽,詢問 require vt.要求,命令 compel vt.強(qiáng)迫,迫使屈從 impel vt.促成,推動(dòng) compress vt.擠壓 comprise vt.包括 confirm v.證實(shí) conform v.符合 affect vt.影響 effect vt.產(chǎn)生,引起 award vt.授予!給予 reward vt.獎(jiǎng)賞,報(bào)答 ensure vt.保證,擔(dān)保 insure vt.給??保險(xiǎn) rescue vt.援救,營救 secure vt.保護(hù),使??安全 extinguish vt.熄滅 distinguish vt.區(qū)別,辨別 wander vt.漫游 wonder vt.驚嘆
contract vt.締結(jié),訂約 contact vt.使接觸 respect vt.尊重 suspect vt.猜想 類似的形近義不同的動(dòng)詞還有一些,注意了它們之間的詞義差別,也有利于我們對這些動(dòng)詞的記憶與辨認(rèn)。
3.動(dòng)詞詞義相近,用法不同 consist vt.一般用于主動(dòng)態(tài)
This class consists of forty students.compose vt.常用于被動(dòng)語
This country is composed of ten nations.insist v.后面需用介詞on。
He insisted on going to the hospital tomorrow.persist v.后面需用介詞in。
He persisted in working on this experiment.arrive vi.后面需采用at, in, on等介詞。He arrived in Bejing yesterday.reach vt.及物動(dòng)詞,直接跟賓語 They reached the village yesterday.4.動(dòng)詞后需用動(dòng)名詞: 有一批動(dòng)詞的后面只能使用動(dòng)名詞。在詞匯考試部分中,有時(shí)要求考生能夠正確判斷動(dòng)詞的這一用法。這類常見動(dòng)詞有:
anticipate avoid delay envy escape miss mind risk band enjoy complete imagine consider deny practice acknowledge appreciate favor facilitate postpone quit resent resume include favor deny 例:He will consider giving us a chance to do the experiment.resume permit 5.動(dòng)詞后需用不定式: 英語動(dòng)詞中,還有一些動(dòng)詞的后面只能使用不定式。這類常見動(dòng)詞有: claim arrange demand determine expect intend pretend promise afford refuse decide seek agree care learn manage presume desire consent prepare resolve undertake consented decided 例:She refused to offer her help.agreed intended 6.動(dòng)詞后可用動(dòng)名詞或不定式: 還有一些動(dòng)詞的后面即可以使用動(dòng)名詞,也可以使用不定式。常見這類動(dòng)詞有: continue dislike prefer begin like propose remember deserve regret intend neglect attempt forget 7.動(dòng)詞固定搭配: 動(dòng)詞的固定搭配是英語測試中的一個(gè)很重要的項(xiàng)目。動(dòng)詞的搭配關(guān)系主要反映在動(dòng)詞與介詞、動(dòng)詞與名詞的關(guān)系上。下面分組做一簡單的介紹: 1)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配: call for 要求,需要 call off取消,放棄 carry off 奪取,奪去 come by得到,獲得 come up to達(dá)到,符合cut down削減,降低 break down損害,分解 break off終止,中斷 break out逃出,爆發(fā) break through突破,突圍 bring about 產(chǎn)生,引起 bring forward 提出,提議 drop off 減弱, 減少 drop out退出, 離隊(duì)
get over克服 give away泄漏 get across使人了解 get at夠得著 2)動(dòng)詞與名詞的搭配
arrive at a conclusion 得出結(jié)論 take in to consideration考慮到 commit a crime 犯罪 make a decision 決定
reach an agreement達(dá)成協(xié)議 break one's promise 違約 take action 采取行動(dòng) keep balance 保持平衡
catch one's breath 喘氣 accept a challenge 應(yīng)戰(zhàn) take a risk 承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) keep sb.company 陪伴某人 keep one's head 保持鎮(zhèn)定 lose heart 失去勇氣 take shape 成型,形成 resist temptation 抵制誘惑 3)動(dòng)詞與名詞和介詞的搭配 have control over 對??控制 attach importance to 重視
hold an inquiry into sth.某事進(jìn)行調(diào)查 gain an advantage over 勝過,優(yōu)于 make the acquaintance of sb.結(jié)識(shí)某人 make an apology to sb.向某人道歉 make comments on sth.評論某事 lose contact with 與??失去聯(lián)系 express sympathy for 對某人表示慰問
二.名詞(一)名詞的特點(diǎn)
英語和其他語種一樣,其名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞以及連詞都有各自不同的特點(diǎn)。在學(xué)習(xí)名詞時(shí),應(yīng)注意名詞的一些特點(diǎn)。奉節(jié)著重談一下名詞的構(gòu)成和名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。1.名詞的構(gòu)成
(1)除了英語本族語及少量外來語等拼寫簡單的名詞外,名詞多數(shù)是由希臘及拉丁詞根加上前綴、后綴構(gòu)成。大量的名詞后綴是表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和行為的。如:-ance importance(重要性)-ence independence(獨(dú)立)-ion selection(選擇)-ition addition(增加)-sion conclusion(結(jié)論)-ation hydration(水化)-ity productivity(生產(chǎn)力)-ment movement(運(yùn)動(dòng))-ship hardship(艱難)-ness weariness(厭倦)-y difficulty(困難)表示“??人”、“??者”的后綴,除了-er、-or、-ar、-ee、-eer、-ese、-ess等大家熟悉的以外,還有:-ian musician(音樂家)-ain captain(船長)-ant occupant(居住者)-ent dependent(依賴他人者)-ary secretary(書記,秘書)-yer lawyer(律師)sawyer(鋸木工)-ate candidate(候選人)-al rival(對手)-ist socialist(社會(huì)主義者)-icist physicist(物理學(xué)家)表示地點(diǎn)、處所的有:-age orphanage(孤兒院)-ium auditorium(禮堂)-ary granary(谷倉)-ery surgery(手術(shù)室)-ory laboratory(實(shí)驗(yàn)室)表示科技學(xué)科名稱及觀測試驗(yàn)方法或技術(shù)的有:-graphy seismography(地震測量法)-ic logic(邏輯學(xué))-ics electronics(電子學(xué))-logy zoology(動(dòng)物學(xué))在認(rèn)知名詞時(shí),也切忌望文生義。如下列單詞,似乎不是名詞,但它們確實(shí)是名詞。請寫出它們的詞義:
1.wireless___ 2.captive___ 2.coefficient ___ 4.graduate ___ 5.alternative____ 6.exclusive____ 7.combustible____ 8.functionary ____(2)有些名詞是由其他詞類轉(zhuǎn)換而來。如由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)來的the old(老年人),the wounded(受傷者,傷員),the sick(病人);由短語動(dòng)詞come out轉(zhuǎn)來的outcome(結(jié)果),cry out轉(zhuǎn)來的outcry(強(qiáng)烈反對),還有well-being(福利),等等。2.詞的復(fù)數(shù)
改-y為-i+-es,在-o后加-es或-s,改-f為-v+-es,大家都已熟知。研究生英語 大綱及有關(guān)詞匯表所列名詞中有一些大家不太熟悉的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式?,F(xiàn)介紹如下:(1)以-f結(jié)尾的名詞,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加-s,如:
cliffs(懸崖)griefs(憂愁)gulfs(海灣)proofs(證據(jù))有些以-f結(jié)尾的名詞可有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves(侏儒)hoof-hoofs/hooves(蹄)handkerchief--handkerchiefs/handkerchieves(手帕)(2)源自拉丁語、希臘語及法語的一部分外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍然保留不變。1)來自拉丁語的: stratum/strata(地層)larva/larvae(昆蟲的幼蟲)stimulus/stimuli(刺激)bacterium/bacteria(細(xì)菌)2)來自希臘語的:
analysis/analyses(分析)hypothesis/hypotheses(假設(shè))synopsis/synopses(概要, 大意)thesis/theses(論文,論題)criterion/criteria(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))phenomenon/phenomena(現(xiàn)象)(3)一些外來詞兼有原有復(fù)數(shù)形式和英語規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式。外來詞 原有復(fù)數(shù) 英語規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)
nucleus(拉)nuclei nucleuses(原子核)syllabus(拉)syllabi syllabuses(大綱, 課程表)medium(拉)media mediums(媒體)symposium(拉)symposia symposiums(座談會(huì))appendix(拉)appendices appendixes(附錄,盲腸)plateau(法)plateaux plateaus(高地)(4)復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
1).daughter-in-law----daughters-in-law)2).looker-on--lookers-on(旁觀者)3).man-servant--menservants(男仆)4).air-raid--air-raids(空襲)stand-by-stand-bys(可依靠的人或物)(5)一些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同。kindness(善意)---kindnesses(善行)anxiety(焦慮)----anxieties(令人憂慮之事)security(安全)----securities(證券,債券)(6)有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式兼有單數(shù)形式的意義和新的意義。colour顏色 colours顏色/軍旗 letter字母;信
letters字母;信/文學(xué),學(xué)問 manner方式,方法 manners方式,方法/禮貌 pain痛 pains痛/努力 scale鱗;尺度 scales鱗;尺度/磅秤(二)同義詞學(xué)習(xí)
我們在學(xué)習(xí)名詞時(shí)碰到的問題主要是認(rèn)知方面的。準(zhǔn)確地掌握名詞所表示的概念的外延和內(nèi)涵是學(xué)會(huì)正確使用名詞的基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)習(xí)同義詞是幫助我們更好地認(rèn)知、理解、掌握名詞的方法之一。學(xué)習(xí)同義詞時(shí)要注意不能從中文釋義出發(fā),而應(yīng)仔細(xì)研究英文原文定義及注釋,搞清名詞所表示的概念的內(nèi)涵和外延。例如:
The reproductive potentialities of aphides are unmatched in the insect world.A.1atent capacity B.power C.strength D.mentality potentialities,latent capacity,power,strength和mentality這些詞都有“力”這個(gè) 概念的內(nèi)涵,相當(dāng)于邏輯上講的“各個(gè)種概念都具有屬概念的內(nèi)涵”。但這些詞又有各自特有的內(nèi)涵,這些內(nèi)涵又屬于“力”的不同外延。potentiality:power or quality which is potential,and needs development,指潛能,潛力;與latent capacity“隱藏的能力”一致。power:1)ability to do or act指行動(dòng)的能力;2)faculty of the body or mind指精力,體力,智力;3)strength or force指力,力氣;4)energy or force that can be used to work指動(dòng)力,機(jī)力;5)right,control,authority指權(quán),權(quán)力,勢力。Strength: 1)quality of being strong指力量、強(qiáng)度;2)power measured by numbers of persons present or persons who can be used指實(shí)力,兵力或人數(shù)。mentality:general intellectual character;degree of intellectual power指精神力,智力。
在于解了上述各詞的共同點(diǎn)(即“屬概念”的內(nèi)涵),又明白了它們各自的特有屬性(即“種概念”的內(nèi)涵)后,區(qū)別它們也就不難了:potentiality和latent capacity的內(nèi)涵一樣,是同義詞;power是最基本的“行動(dòng)能力”,又具有“力”的不同外延如精力、體力、智力、動(dòng)力、機(jī)力、權(quán)力、勢力;strength除了具有“力”的不同外延如實(shí)力、兵力外,則強(qiáng)調(diào)力量的“quality'’;mentality則主要指智力及其 “degree”。
此外,表示“環(huán)境”的名詞也有好幾個(gè)。settings具體指舞臺(tái)背景,故事發(fā)生地點(diǎn),背景音樂等。它和environment在此時(shí)是一個(gè)意思,即外部環(huán)境。circumstance的單、復(fù)數(shù)都是指外部的環(huán)境,相關(guān)的人或事,有影響力的人或事。condition的復(fù)數(shù)表示環(huán)境、情形等外部狀況,和circumstances同義。surrounding的單、復(fù)數(shù)也是指周圍事物,即“環(huán)境”。但要表示舞臺(tái)背景,故事背景,背景音樂等意思,還是得用“setting(s)”??傊?,學(xué)習(xí)同義詞時(shí)要多研讀英文釋義,認(rèn)真體會(huì),才能獲得真經(jīng)。
三、形容詞
形容詞是博士入學(xué)英浯考試詞匯部分的一個(gè)重要測試項(xiàng)目。因?yàn)樾稳菰~是英語三大實(shí)詞之一,是英語語言文字中意義較豐富、用法較積極的一部分。該項(xiàng)目的測試點(diǎn)包括:1)形容詞的認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力;2)詞形及詞義相近的形容詞的區(qū)分;3)形容詞和介詞的搭配。在國家頒布的碩士生和博士生英語教學(xué)大綱附錄的詞匯表中有相當(dāng)比例的形容詞及與其緊密相關(guān)的副詞,在各種研究生入學(xué)考試和模擬考試中也涉及為數(shù)不少的形容詞。掌握好形容詞有助于考生考試時(shí)答題順利,也為全面掌握英語這門語言打下基礎(chǔ)。考生平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意積累大量詞匯,每學(xué)一個(gè)單詞要知道它的詞性、主要詞義及其與介詞的搭配。認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力是基礎(chǔ)、就是說,見到一組形容詞首先要清楚它們的基本含義和用法;其次是辨別這組形容詞詞義和用法的不同;再次是把這些詞義和用法與句子具體的語境結(jié)合起來,最后就可確定題目的正確答案。此類題目出現(xiàn)頻率較高。例如:
1.TV sets are rapidly becoming accessible to the people in the remote areas.A.doubtful B.obtainable C.imaginary D.negligible 2.All the off-shore explorers were in good mood when they read ____ letters from their family.A.affectionate B.intimate C.passionate D.considerate 3.All the girls seem to be ____ of her beauty and intelligence.A.envious B.indifferent C.distinct D.enthusiastic 例句1題干中 “accessible”詞義為“可以接近的,可以弄到的”,選項(xiàng)中doubtful為“持懷疑態(tài)度的”;obtainable“可以獲得的”;imaginary“想象中的”。答案顯然是B。例句2中的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的拼寫有些類似。根據(jù)語境和閱讀,我們可以確定句子需要一個(gè)含有“充滿感情的”含義的詞,affectionate便是答案了。例句3中只有envious(嫉妒的,羨幕的)和介詞of搭配。
考生在考前復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)要注意下面幾個(gè)方面的問題,它們極易成為出題的重點(diǎn):
1.注意詞形相近的形容詞。如:conspicuous,miraculous,meticulous,incredulous,2.注意積累大量的同義詞和反義詞。如wonderful的同義詞有:marvelous, excellent,extraordinary,remarkable,miraculous,prodigious等。如generous的反義詞有:miserly,mean,stingy,selfish等。
3.注意把形容詞的學(xué)習(xí)和動(dòng)詞的學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)合起來。如:indicate-indicative;receive--receptive;inquire-inquisitive等。
4.注意把形容詞的學(xué)習(xí)和名詞結(jié)合起。如:defect-defective,intention-intentional等。
5.注意以-1y結(jié)尾的單詞的詞性。名詞加-1y多構(gòu)成形容詞。如:heavenly,womanly,worldly等。
6.注意有的單詞在拼寫不變的情況下既是名詞,又是形容詞。如:choice goods上等品;quality apple優(yōu)等蘋果;minute particles微小的顆粒。7.注意有些不規(guī)則形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化形式。如:
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) good better best bad worse worst little less(1esser)least far farther(further)farthest(furthest)考生在復(fù)習(xí)當(dāng)中要注意學(xué)會(huì)用歸納法和聯(lián)想法記憶單詞。下面舉幾個(gè)形容詞和介詞搭配的例子。
1.與介詞搭配的形容詞:
guilty, jealous, envious, ignorant, hopeful, aware, conscious, considerate, thoughtful, desirous, short, irrespective, exclusive, independent, tolerant, worthy, capable, sure, certain, confident, critical, characteristic, suspicious, dubious, wary 等等 2.與介詞 to 搭配的形容詞: accessible, available, accustomed, adjacent, advantageous, beneficial, alert, alien, agreeable, comparative, attentive, awake, pertinent, relevant, subject, susceptible, contrary 等等 3.與介詞 with 搭配的形容詞: consistent, compatible, identical, popular, satisfied等等
扼要介紹以上內(nèi)容,希望起到拋磚引玉的作用。英語考試大綱中沒有明確規(guī)定哪些詞匯和短語需要熟練掌握,哪些只需要認(rèn)識(shí)。因此,考生要盡可能多地熟練掌握考試大綱所涉及的詞匯和詞組。
四、副 詞
副詞也是博士生入學(xué)英語考試中的一個(gè)重要項(xiàng)目。在這部分詞類中,要求考生能夠正確地識(shí)別副詞的形式以及詞義。在這一章中,我們將介紹副詞的分類、用法、構(gòu)成及特點(diǎn),幫助考生熟悉考試的形式。(一)副詞的分類
副詞按其詞義和作用可分為下列幾類:
1.時(shí)間副詞,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。
2.頻率副詞,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。
3.地點(diǎn)、方向副詞,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。
4.方式副詞,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。
5.強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。
6.疑問、連接副詞,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。(二)副詞的用法
1.修飾動(dòng)詞: The girl threw the ball quickly.2.修飾形容詞: The job is too hard to him.3.修飾其他副詞: He drives rather fast.4.修飾小品詞: They let her well behind.5.修飾不定代詞和數(shù)詞:
Nearly everybody came to out party.7.修飾名詞:Life here is full of Joy.9.修飾全句:
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven.(三)副詞的構(gòu)成
1.大多數(shù)副詞是由形容詞加后綴-ly 構(gòu)成的。如:politely,sadly;當(dāng)形容詞以-y結(jié)尾時(shí)。在加-1y之前,先變-y為-i:heavily,busily;以-1e結(jié)尾時(shí)去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll結(jié)尾時(shí),只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic結(jié)尾時(shí),則在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。
2.由名詞加-ly構(gòu)成的副詞,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。3.由數(shù)詞加-1y構(gòu)成的副詞,如:firstly。4.由不定代詞加-1y構(gòu)成的副詞,如:mostly。5.由介詞加-ly構(gòu)成的副詞,如:overly。
6.由短語加-1y構(gòu)成的副詞, 如: matter-of-factly。7.由各種詞類加前綴-a或后綴-fashion,-ways,-style構(gòu)成的副詞,如:alike,round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。
8.有些副詞由介詞或地點(diǎn)名詞加后綴-ward(s)構(gòu)成,意義是“向?”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。
9.另外,有些副詞是由名詞加后綴-wise構(gòu)成,表示方向、位置、狀態(tài)、樣子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。
四、與形容詞同形的副詞
有些形容詞與副詞同形,但有著不同的句法功能。如: We had an early breakfast.We had breakfast early.early在第一句中是形容詞,做定語;在第二句中是副詞,做狀語。有些表示時(shí)間的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。(五)兼有兩種形式的副詞
有些副詞有兩種形式:一是與形容詞同形,二是由該形容詞加-1y構(gòu)成。這兩種不同的形式,有些含義相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: 1.close做“近”解:
He lives close to the school.He was following close behind.做其他解釋時(shí)用closely: Watch what I do closely.The prisons were closely guarded..2.dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: She stopped dead.在非正式用語中作“完全地”“直接地”解: He was dead tired.The wind was dead against us.deadly做“死一般地”或“非?!苯?,例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。3.direct做“直線地”“不繞圈子地”解: The train goes there direct.The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome;it goes by way of Paris.做“直接地”(即“間接地”的反義詞)解時(shí)用directly: He was looking directly at us.She answered me very directly and openly.directly也可以做“立即”或“馬上”解: Answer me directly.Let's meet directly after lunch.有些詞,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在與動(dòng)詞搭配時(shí),其后面沒有賓語,這些詞是做副詞。請看以下例句: They looked around.Let’s go on with the work.上面兩句中的around和on都是副詞。(六)副詞的詞序
1.副詞修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí),通常放在被修飾詞的前面。The building is very high.He came long before the appointed time.2.副詞修飾動(dòng)詞。
不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞:She speaks well.及物動(dòng)詞+受詞+副詞:She speaks English well.3.地點(diǎn)副詞和時(shí)間副詞可置于句首或句末,放在句首時(shí)語氣較強(qiáng)。I was born in Zhejiang in 1963.4.頻度副詞的位置。
在一般動(dòng)詞前:They always say so.有be動(dòng)詞時(shí),在be動(dòng)詞后: I am always busy.有助動(dòng)詞時(shí),在助動(dòng)詞和本動(dòng)詞之間:This job will never be finished.5.兩個(gè)以上的副詞詞序。單位較小者+單位較大者:
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China.6.兩個(gè)以上不種類的副詞詞序。地點(diǎn)+狀態(tài)+次數(shù)+時(shí)間:
She arrived there safely the other day.程度十狀態(tài)+地點(diǎn)十時(shí)間:
They played fairly well there yesterday.五、介 詞
介詞是英語中最活躍的詞類之一。一些常用介詞的搭配能力非常強(qiáng),可用來表示各種不同的意思,大部分的習(xí)慣用語都是由介詞和其他詞構(gòu)成的,所以介詞出現(xiàn)在英語測試的各個(gè)項(xiàng)目中。對介詞的測試點(diǎn)主要包括:1)一些主要介詞的基本意思的掌握程度;2)介詞與其他詞特別是動(dòng)詞、形容詞和名詞的搭配的掌握程度。所以在準(zhǔn)備介詞詞匯時(shí),考生應(yīng)該注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1.介詞在句子中不能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,而是需要和一個(gè)名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語,從而在句子中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。能和介詞一起構(gòu)成介詞短語的有: 1)名詞。如:
The car crashed into the train, and two men in it were killed on the spot.2)代詞。如:
“What does your car look like?” “That is similar in shape with yours.” 3)動(dòng)名詞(短語)。如:
The prosecutor accused the man of smuggling.4)由連接代(副)詞引起的從句或不定式短語。如: I am preparing for what to say in the interview.2.關(guān)于介詞和動(dòng)詞的搭配,考生應(yīng)該注意:
1)在什么動(dòng)詞后需要跟什么介詞,如:rely on依靠,指望;consult with和?商議;remark on就??發(fā)表看法,評論。2)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞在什么情況下跟不同的介詞,如:match to使和??相等/match up調(diào)諧,相配;使互相吻合/match up to跟上??的水平(形勢等);gear to使合適/gear up促進(jìn),增加。
3.不同的形容詞后有時(shí)需跟特定的介詞,如:be strict with 對?嚴(yán)格; be sick for 思念;be loyal to忠于。
4.不同的名詞后也常常需跟不同的介詞。如:confidence in對?的信心;satisfaction with對??滿意;loyalty to對??的忠誠。
5.介詞還可以和名詞構(gòu)成成語。如:for instance例如;in proportion成比例,按正確比例,按本來大小(看事物),客觀地;in general通常,大體上,一般而言。
六.連 詞
連詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分,只起連接詞與詞、短語與短語以及句子與句子的作用。連詞一般分為并列連詞(連接平行的詞、詞組或分句)和從屬連詞(用來引起分句)。除了連詞外,許多連接代詞、連接副詞、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞都可以用來引起一個(gè)從句。還有一些副詞,如anyway,therefore,also,still等也有類似的作用。另外,有些詞組,如: on the other hand,for that reason等也可以幫助前后文更加連貫??忌跍?zhǔn)備連詞時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問題。
1.連接兩個(gè)分句,一個(gè)連詞就夠了。容易出錯(cuò)的典型例子是: Although he was tired, but he went to work.Because she liked him, so she went out with him.在上面所提到的兩個(gè)例子中,我們可以選用although或but,because或so,不能 同時(shí)使用兩個(gè)連詞。但是連接三個(gè)分句時(shí),可以用兩個(gè)連詞。如:
Although he was tired, he went to work, but he didn't stay there long.類似的錯(cuò)誤還有把that和where,how或whether連在一起用。如: I asked him that how he was working.l wondered that where he lived.2.關(guān)系代詞who,whom和which的一個(gè)特殊用法是可以連接分句。所以它們既是代詞,又是連詞。容易出錯(cuò)的典型例子是: He never listens to the advice which I give it to her.在該句中it是多余的,which連接兩個(gè)分句,同時(shí)又代替it而成為第二個(gè)分句的賓語。3.That經(jīng)常用來代替which和who,但是不常用that來代替where和when。容易 出錯(cuò)的典型例子是: The house that she lives is very small.正確的句子應(yīng)該是:
The house where she lives is very small.The house that she lives in is very small.4.連詞不能單獨(dú)和一個(gè)分句連用。連接詞要連接兩個(gè)分句,而這兩個(gè)分句一般要 寫成一句話,即不能寫成中間用句號(hào)隔開的兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。容易出錯(cuò)的典型例子是: When I came back home.It was late.正確的句子應(yīng)該是:
When I came back home it was late.
第五篇:英譯漢應(yīng)試技巧
關(guān)于應(yīng)試技巧的內(nèi)容很多,你可以直接把它們下載到你的電腦上,慢慢閱讀。
第六章
英譯漢應(yīng)試技巧
英譯漢試題是1996年1月始開始出現(xiàn)的一種新的測試學(xué)生能力的試題,它主要是考查考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用漢語來準(zhǔn)確而又完整地表達(dá)英文意思的能力。這其中涉及到詞匯、語法、句子結(jié)構(gòu)剖析,表達(dá)方式等各方面知識(shí)。翻譯的過程是個(gè)創(chuàng)作過程,嚴(yán)格意義上講它要求達(dá)到“信”、“達(dá)”、“雅”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但從四六級(jí)考試角度而言,一般只要求做到“忠實(shí)”、“通順”即可。但縱觀歷屆考生試卷,許多考生在翻譯這一項(xiàng)得分不高。許多考生做此項(xiàng)題的最大感受是心理明白英文意思,可就是不能用漢語準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)出來。這主要是因?yàn)榭忌綍r(shí)在此方面訓(xùn)練得少,沒有掌握英譯漢基本技巧。近幾年此類題型成為考試的一種趨勢(考研英譯漢必考,占15%),為此,我們在研究大學(xué)英語四六級(jí)真題基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)出英譯漢試題命題的一些規(guī)律,并詳細(xì)解析各類考題的應(yīng)試方法和技巧。
第一單元
命題規(guī)律
1.定語從句???/p>
英譯漢中要求巧妙地翻譯定語從句是最常見的題型。英語中,定語從句都放在被修辭詞后面,考生關(guān)鍵就是把英語原句中的定語從句翻譯成帶“的”的定語詞組,放置于被修飾詞之前。此類方法一般叫前置限定的合成翻譯法,即把英語的后置定語譯在被修飾的名詞或代詞前。
例(1)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious ill were quite aware of its potential outcome.解析:此句中有個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾前面的“those patients”,我們要用合成翻譯法把who引導(dǎo)的定語從句變成一個(gè)前置性定語來修飾“patients”。所以此句話可譯為:給我們留下極深印象的是:即使那些沒有被告知嚴(yán)重病情的病人,對其疾病的潛在后果也是非常清楚的。
例(2)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.解析:此句中that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞“features”,考生只要用合成翻譯法把該定語從句變成一個(gè)前置性定語,此句就不難翻譯為:即使是老道的作家也很可能不能完全描述出決定人的面孔各不相同的所有特征。
但是,當(dāng)定語從句較它時(shí),如果翻譯成位置的定語,就會(huì)不符合漢語表達(dá)的習(xí)慣。在此種情況下,往往把該定語從句用轉(zhuǎn)換法把翻譯成并列的分句或作插入語,放在原來它所修飾詞后面。
例(1)They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.解析:此句中Which引導(dǎo)的定語從句較它,我們可以用轉(zhuǎn)換法把它譯成并列分詞。譯文為:他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一理想而努力,這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國人內(nèi)心所珍愛的,在過去,許多中國人曾為它而犧牲了自己的生命。
例(2)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.解析:此句that引導(dǎo)的定語從句也較它。如果考生不能精煉地表達(dá)出that后面內(nèi)容而又把它放在“features”前,就不符合漢語表達(dá)方式。此時(shí),考生可用轉(zhuǎn)換法把該從句變成一并列分句。譯文為:即使是最老道的作家也很可能描述出全部特征,這些特征能夠體現(xiàn)出各人面孔的不同。2.賓詞從句???/p>
賓詞從句一般在句子中做賓語,它總體上也符合漢語主、謂、賓表達(dá)方式。而四六級(jí)英譯漢試題中的賓語從句本身也較容易,沒有復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)。故此類試題用順向法即可翻譯出,即順著字面的內(nèi)容從前向后翻譯,也就是通常所指的直譯。
例(1)Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 ream without being damaged.解析:此句話的句子結(jié)構(gòu)很簡單,than引導(dǎo)的賓語從句主、謂、賓俱全,more…than是一比較結(jié)構(gòu),可譯成“超過”,without引導(dǎo)的介詞短語作狀語。全句按字面意思即可譯出:科學(xué)家有理由認(rèn)為一個(gè)人可以忍受遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過0.1雷姆的幅射而不受傷害。
例(2)Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break(機(jī)遇)。But rarely is success so mysterious.解析:此句句子結(jié)構(gòu)也較簡單,“Too often”作狀語提前(漢語也有此表達(dá)方式),believe后面是一個(gè)省略that的賓語從句,但從句的主語又是一個(gè)what引導(dǎo)的完整句子。第二句是一個(gè)含否定意義的倒裝句。但整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)基本符合漢語習(xí)慣,故可用順向法翻譯為:我們常常相信別人的成功是由于某種特殊的奧秘或者某種機(jī)遇。但成功是很少如此神秘的。
3.省略處???/p>
英語表達(dá)中,常有省略主語、謂語而用一短語來表達(dá)句意的做法。做此類翻譯時(shí),如果按字面意思去處理,句意就不完整,所以考生可用分譯轉(zhuǎn)換法,把短語變成一個(gè)分句。
例(1)Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet version for the other.解析:此句中后面兩個(gè)短語其實(shí)省略了“we fed”, 這樣在英語表達(dá)中,句子結(jié)構(gòu)精煉而又不影響表達(dá)意思。但變譯成漢語時(shí),考生需要增添謂語等成分,把短語變成分句,才能把句意表達(dá)清楚。譯文為:然后我們給他們喝四種沒貼標(biāo)簽的可樂樣品,一次一種,給其中一組喝一般性可樂,給另一組喝低糖可樂。
例(2)…We find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations.解析:此句中“and such-like…”部分其實(shí)跟that引導(dǎo)的從句并列,完整的表達(dá)法應(yīng)是“we find such-like factors common to all biological Situations.”考生在翻譯時(shí),就需要用分譯轉(zhuǎn)換法把后面這一句轉(zhuǎn)換成獨(dú)立的分句。譯文為……我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們必須考慮諸如氣候、土壤、植物此類的因素,且此類因素是所有生態(tài)環(huán)境中常見的要素。
4.狀語部分常考
英語中作狀語部分時(shí)一從句,有時(shí)是介詞或連詞短語。英語的狀語部分位置和漢語中的狀語位置有時(shí)不同,考生做題時(shí)要符合漢語表達(dá)方式將它提前。故可采用逆向翻譯法,即先譯后面內(nèi)容,再譯前面的。
例(1)But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.解析:此句中,重點(diǎn)考的是對“almost as well……as they did with it”部分的翻譯??忌紫纫治龀鼍渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu),主語是that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句,謂語是“is”, 賓語“victory”。As well … as 考生可將其調(diào)為“as well as they did with it without government”。這樣,整個(gè)句子各部分分清楚之后,考生翻譯時(shí)把相應(yīng)狀語提前,整個(gè)句子表達(dá)就通順了。譯文:但是,對許多人而言,窮人象以往一樣在沒有政府救濟(jì)的情況下,生活照樣過得很好,這一事實(shí)本身就是一個(gè)巨大的勝利。
例(2)What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose profession identity(身份)than to step out of uniform?
解析:此句只要把“for…,or a waiter” 這個(gè)狀語提前,整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)就容易看出:for…,wate easier way is there to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 所以該句可翻譯為:對于一名護(hù)士、一名警察、一為理發(fā)師或一名侍者而言,還有什么比脫掉制服更加便利的方法能讓他們失去職業(yè)身份呢?
5.同位語從句???/p>
同位語從一般都較長,考生先將該從句用順譯法或合成法(視具體情況而定)譯成一獨(dú)立分句,然后前面的先先詞視具體情況取舍或巧妙安排。
例(1)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.解析:此句重點(diǎn)考that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句譯法,該從句中還套用一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句??忌梢园裻hat引導(dǎo)的同位語從句單獨(dú)譯成一分句。譯文為:給我們留下極深印象的事實(shí)是:甚至那些沒有被告知嚴(yán)重病情的疾人,對其疾病的潛在后果也是非常清楚的.例(2)But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well as without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.解析:該句是一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句作主語,考生先將that后面內(nèi)容翻譯出來,然后把“the fact”調(diào)到后面作is主語。譯文為:對許多人而言,窮人象以往一樣在沒有政府救濟(jì)的情況下,生活照樣過得很好,這一事實(shí)本身就是一個(gè)巨大的勝利。
6.非謂語動(dòng)詞???/p>
英語中非謂語動(dòng)詞包括分詞(過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞),不定式和動(dòng)名詞。英譯漢考得較多的是過去分詞作后置定語,考生可用前置限定合成翻譯法,把后置定語譯在被修飾的名詞或代詞前.例(1)In the1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.解析:此句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,考生翻譯關(guān)鍵是把divided修飾的后置定語巧妙安置到land前。譯問為:19世紀(jì)80年代美國是一個(gè)貧富分化極為明顯的國家.如果過去分詞后置定語不好安置于所修飾詞前,考生可用轉(zhuǎn)換法講該分詞后置定語變換成一個(gè)并列的分句。
例(2)Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties.解析:此句如果把定語放于所修飾詞前,句意就比較敖口而難懂??忌蓪⑦^去分詞后置定語游離出句子之外,單獨(dú)譯成一個(gè)分句。譯文:社會(huì)資助是由人與人之間的資源交換所構(gòu)成,而這種交換乃是建立在他們的人際關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上。
在四六級(jí)英譯漢中,出現(xiàn)了不定式作狀語的題型。此類題一般按順向法即可譯出.例(3)You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you mean no threat.解析:此句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,主要考如何把它們切換成兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的小分句.譯文:你很可能給其他乘客很快的一瞥,打量他們一下,以此讓他們確信你對他們沒有威脅。
7.表語從句譯法
四六級(jí)英語英譯漢中考了一題表語從句譯法。一般而言,是將表語從句部分單獨(dú)譯成一個(gè)分句。如果表語從句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,可將復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)肢解成簡單句子.例(1)My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.解析:該句表語從句中有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞后置定語,可用合成法將它放置在先行詞one前。其他的可按順向法譯出.譯文:我的觀點(diǎn)是,一代人對今跟其后的另一代人的頻繁抱怨是不可避免的。
8.被動(dòng)語態(tài)譯法 被動(dòng)語態(tài)是英譯漢中常見的試題。英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)較多,而漢語表達(dá)中則較少。故考生做此類翻譯題時(shí)盡量按漢語表達(dá)方式譯成主動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例(1)We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of ite potential outcome.解析:此句中含有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如果按字面順向譯,表達(dá)就不順利。故用轉(zhuǎn)換法譯成主動(dòng)語態(tài).譯文:留給我們極其深刻的印象的事實(shí)是:甚至那些沒有被告知嚴(yán)重病情的病人,對其疾病的潛在后果也是非常清楚的。
綜觀以往四六級(jí)英語英譯漢題型??嫉米疃嗟氖嵌ㄕZ部分的翻譯。比如用從句作定語,分詞作定語的等??忌龃祟愵}時(shí),如果定語部分較短,也較容易放到先行詞前,考生可用合成法將后置定語放到先行詞前。如果后置定語較長,意義容量大,可用轉(zhuǎn)換法將后置定語變換成一個(gè)獨(dú)立分句.其次考得最多的是狀語部分的翻譯。有從句作狀語,不定式作狀語,介詞連詞作狀語,分詞作狀語等。做此類翻譯時(shí),一般將狀語先譯出,或者前置。另外,不定式短語作狀語時(shí),如果句意容量大,可以將他們轉(zhuǎn)換成分句來翻譯。
第二單元
英譯漢得高分原則和技巧
考生在掌握了命題規(guī)律之后,平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)就應(yīng)注意各種題型,側(cè)重練習(xí)??碱}型的譯法。但是,能把句子翻譯通順還不是翻譯的最高境界。翻譯的的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是講究“信”、“達(dá)”、“雅”的結(jié)合??忌粝朐诖隧?xiàng)試題中得高分,還必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則。
1.直譯意譯互動(dòng),但側(cè)重于意譯。
四六級(jí)英譯漢試題中,一般句子能直譯出來,但為了達(dá)到“雅”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),考生在把握了句意,安排好了句子結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上,若選用意譯,其效果更佳。
例(1)Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.解析:此句中“make one face different from another”, 若直譯則譯為“區(qū)別人臉的。”這在漢語表達(dá)中不夠“雅”。因此考生可根據(jù)上、下文(或句),采用意譯:即使是最老道的作家也很可能不能描述出不同面孔的區(qū)別所在。
例(2)In the 1880s the United States was a lard sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.解析:此句中對“Sharply divided been the immensely wealthy and the very poor.”翻譯若采取直譯法,則成了大白話:“分成極富的和極窮的。”若意譯為“貧富懸殊極大的”,則顯得通順、高雅。
2.注意詞義的精選和引申。
英語中的單詞一般都有多種意義,不同的語境、詞匯搭配關(guān)系的不同都導(dǎo)致詞意的不同所以考生一定要聯(lián)系上、下文或上、下句精確地選擇詞義。此外,有些詞根據(jù)字典的釋義無法進(jìn)行翻譯,這一需要根據(jù)基本詞義,進(jìn)行引伸。
例(1)Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet version for the other.解析:此句中“unidentified”的翻譯互關(guān)重要,它需要根據(jù)上、下文(或句)聯(lián)系才能最精確地表達(dá)出其內(nèi)涵。根據(jù)短文意思,我們可翻譯為“沒有貼標(biāo)簽的四種可樂樣品?!?/p>
例(2)In the 1880s the United states was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.解析:此句中“l(fā)and”的翻譯能看出考生的功底。直譯為“大陸”、“陸地”都沒有達(dá)到境。根據(jù)上、下文可譯為“國家”。
3.適當(dāng)?shù)卦鲈~或減詞。
在英漢翻譯時(shí),為了更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)原文含義或?yàn)槭棺g文更符合漢語習(xí)慣,考生要學(xué)會(huì)適當(dāng)?shù)卦鲈~(如表轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步、因果、假設(shè)等關(guān)系的連詞。)
例(1)While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times.解析:此句中有while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,所以翻譯成漢語時(shí)一定要增添“但是”,以符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。譯文:盡管兩組表現(xiàn)得比我們預(yù)料的要好,但是每組幾乎一半?yún)⒓诱咦鞒隽藘纱位騼纱我陨系腻e(cuò)誤選擇。
4.堅(jiān)持長句短說的表達(dá)方法。
英譯漢句子中。有些句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,從句中再套有從句,或者是修飾性定語、狀語太長??忌g此類長句時(shí),首先把復(fù)雜長句層層剝離,分成相對獨(dú)立的分句,然后逐個(gè)翻譯這些分句,直至把整個(gè)句子意義表達(dá)出來。
例(1)Researchers have established that when people are mentally,bio-chemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effeetively in cognitive(認(rèn)知的)areas such as attention and memory.解析:此句結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜,前that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。賓語從句中又有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,還有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句修飾changes。此外,還有一個(gè)such as引導(dǎo)的短語修飾areas??忌粝敕g好此句子,最好用一個(gè)個(gè)小短句來表達(dá)不同部分的意思。參考譯文:研究人員己證實(shí),當(dāng)人們在動(dòng)腦筋時(shí),頭腦里會(huì)產(chǎn)生生化變化。這種變化可以使頭腦在一些認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域(如注意力、記憶力領(lǐng)域等)里更加有效地進(jìn)行活動(dòng)。
5.善于分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)
做好英譯漢的重要步驟之一就是要會(huì)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。再長,再復(fù)雜句子,把主、謂、賓、狀、補(bǔ)一一分析出來??忌睦锞蜁?huì)明白句意,然后針對各成分,采用不同的譯法翻譯出來??忌滓囊徊骄褪钦页鼍渥又鞲桑褐?、謂、賓。主干抓住了,其它成分就能能更好地找出。
總之,英譯漢也是考查學(xué)生綜合能力的一項(xiàng)測試??忌陂喿x理解的基礎(chǔ)上,掌握上述的命題規(guī)律和做題基本原則,一般是能考出理想成績的。希望考生在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)過程中,照我們總結(jié)的一些規(guī)律和提供的一些建議多加練習(xí)。