第一篇：中科院考博資料總結

英語：中科院考博英語真題，北京理工大學出版社

單詞書：新東方考博單詞，或中科院考博單詞，北京理工大學出版社

高物：課本（沒有指定，我用的復旦大學何曼君那本），課后題

題庫書：高分子物理習題集，徐世愛，華東理工大學出版社 歷年真題

高化：課本（高分子化學，潘祖仁），課后題

題庫書：高分子化學習題及解答，焦書科，化學工業(yè)出版社

歷年真題

高物高化出的范圍比較廣，除了題庫的題，歷年真題，還有別的題，應該好好看看課本，復習的全面一些

質譜：歷年真題，重復率高

參考書：有機質譜原理及應用，陳耀祖，科學出版社，（這本書最好在網(wǎng)上買一本或復印一本，看著方便）

可以去圖書館借些有質譜章節(jié)的表征書

所有的書都可以在淘寶上買到，也不貴，書后面都有答案。選專業(yè)課：應化所主頁-（右欄）招生信息-（左欄）招生簡章

專業(yè)課真題：應化所主頁-（右欄）招生信息-（上欄）招生信息-下載專區(qū)。這是我用的資料，可以多逛逛小木蟲，上邊有很多考試資料和經(jīng)驗。

第二篇：中科院考博英語

考博英語范文總結十篇

一、Television Program and Their Effect on children

Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children.Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child.Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young.There are often specials on animal life.A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative.The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children.Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy.All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs.A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.二、―The younger generaton knows best‖

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were.The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true.It has never been truer than ti is today.The young are better educated.They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents.They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders.Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history.This is as it should be.Every new generation is different from the one preceded it.Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened.And this precisely what the young are doing.They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency.They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?

There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly.Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless.Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance.Today, the situation might reversed.The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ―sinful‖.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life.It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions.It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future.This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation.This is their glorious heritage.Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?

三、How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities

With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.People have offered many solutions to this problem.I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical.The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc.in the overcrowded city.With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining.The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.四、Public Transportation

As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples.There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways.Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home.And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles.For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held.In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated.So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.五、Human Education

The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture ―Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text‖.In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement.His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth.In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit.At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion.On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society.It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation.Our times call for an ideal humane education.It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole.Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation.Our attitude towards tradition should be ―discarding the dross and selecting the essence‖.The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education.It should start from primary school.In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality.The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education.We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.六、Criticism on Television

A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren.A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago.In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children.The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents.In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life.There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs.When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.七、he ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man.They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married.The young people’s parents shook their heads.―You can’t get married yet.‖ They said.Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married.They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter.They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car.The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive.Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood.When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one.If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself.The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning.Built-in obsolescence provides the means;goods are made to be discarded.Cars get tinnier and tinnier.You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education.Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.Every course of studies must lead somewhere.i.e.to a bigger wage packet.The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them.Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder.The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.八、Communication and Language

One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language.There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today.In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position.But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication.Sometimes, we ―say‖ more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication.Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites.Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth.The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex.But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.九、Cooperation Goes with Competition

In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world.Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind.It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now.As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges.From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others.This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal.It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation.Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.十、he Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago.Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions.This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society.Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations.The number of U.S.patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995.The direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small.In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act()is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history.It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.Intellectual property terms have become vitally important.The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors.But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret.The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.

第三篇：中科院考博英語作文材料

Kobe Bryant can be a good case of how diligence works in our life.When asked by one of his friends that what is the secret of his success, he replied with humor and implication that，“Do you know how Los Angeles looks like at 4 o'clock AM ? I know.”O(jiān)bviously, how could he, one of the greatest basketball players throughout the history of mankind who was once deemed not appropriate for playing basketball, have achieved unprecedented success in NBA without diligence ?

科比.布萊恩特是一個證明勤奮是如何起作用的很好的例子。當被他的一個好朋友問到他成功的秘訣的時候，他幽默而又意義深遠地回答到：“你知道洛杉磯凌晨四點的樣子嗎？我知道。”很明顯，這位曾經(jīng)被認為不太適合打籃球的、人類歷史上最偉大的籃球運動員之一的科比，如果沒有勤奮的話，怎么可能在美職籃獲得史無前例的成功呢？

Thomas Edison，one of the greatest inventors and entrepreneurs throughout the history of mankind, could be best case of how persistence works in the course of pursuing success.Just imagine, having experienced thousands of times of unsuccessful attempts, how could he have succeeded in inventing the first electric lamp and changed the world without persistence?

人類歷史上最偉大的發(fā)明家、企業(yè)家之一的愛迪生就是堅持如何在追求成功的過程中起作用的最好的例子。試想一下，如果沒有堅持，他如何能夠在經(jīng)歷了數(shù)以千計的失敗的嘗試后依舊不放棄，直至最后發(fā)明出第一盞點燈并改變全世界呢？

To further illustrate the importance of being patient, I would like to take Thomas Edison as a case in point: as one of the greatest inventors throughout the history of mankind who experienced thousands of times of unsuccessful attempts in the course of scientific inquiry, how could he have invented the first electric lamp and changed the world without patience and persistence ?

為了進一步證明能夠耐心的重要性，我想以托馬斯.愛迪生作為例子：作為人類歷史上最為的、在科學探索中經(jīng)歷數(shù)以千次的失敗嘗試的發(fā)明家，如果沒有耐心和堅持，他如何能夠發(fā)明出第一盞電燈并且改變世界？

Besides, surveys conducted by some biographers have also demonstrated that almost all of the great men and celebrities have built their mansion of success on the bedrock of adversities.Take Georgia Washiton, one of the greatest founding fathers of the United States of America, as a case in point：to break away from the British Empire and became an independent country，he led the American War of Independence.However，problems and challenges such as inexperience of war, adverse weather condition, shortage of ammunition and smallbox arose.Confronted with such an adversity, he became more mature and composed, and then won the Revolutionary War finally through his courage and wisdom resulted from supassing adversity.而且，由一些傳記作者展開的調查也已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，幾乎所有的偉大的人物和名人都將自己成功的大廈建立在逆境的基石上。以美國最偉大的開國之父之一喬治亞.華盛頓為例，為了脫離英國的殖民統(tǒng)治，建立一個獨立的國家，他領導了美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭。但卻遇到了諸如戰(zhàn)爭經(jīng)驗不足、氣候條件惡劣、彈藥不足及天花肆虐等各種問題和挑戰(zhàn)。面對這樣的逆境，華盛頓變得更加成熟鎮(zhèn)定，并最終用自己戰(zhàn)勝逆境的勇氣和智慧，贏得了這場戰(zhàn)爭的最后勝利。

Honesty can be a more noble quality than intelligence,abilities and anything you can learn from books.George Washington，one of the most influential founding fathers of US, was not only famous for his wisdom, courage and political talent，but also his honesty.When he was a little boy, out of curiosity he chopped down the cherry tree planted by his father.Confronted with his father's query，he did not lie to him but admitted his fault frankly.Then, his father exclaimed with gratification，“an honest boy is more valuable than one thousand trees!”

誠實甚至是比智慧、能力和任何你能從書上學到的知識更為高尚的品質。美國開國之父喬治亞華盛頓，不僅以他的智慧、勇敢和政治才能聞名，更以誠實為人聞名。在小的時候，他曾經(jīng)砍掉了父親栽種的一株櫻桃樹，面對父親的詢問，他沒有撒謊，而是誠實地承認了自己的行為。他的父親感嘆：“一個誠實的孩子勝過一千株櫻桃樹”！

Jeremy Lin, one of the most famous Chinese American basketball players, can be a good case of how confidence works in the course of pursuing success.He was once a common and little-known player at Harvard University.When fell on his evil days and became homeless, he could only live in his friends' home and sleep on the sofa.Without confidence and diligence, how could he have distinguished himself from other excellent players and achieved unprecedented success in NBA?

作為最著名的華裔籃球運動員之一的林書豪就是證明自信在追求成功的過程中是如何起作用的最好的例子。他曾經(jīng)只是哈佛大學校隊的一名普通運動員，落魄的時候，無家可歸，甚至只能住在朋友的家里。如果沒有強大的自信心和自身的努力，他怎么可能在高手如林的美職籃賽場上脫穎而出并且最終取得史無前例的成功呢？

第四篇：2010年3月中科院考博英語翻譯

The Internet is good at shame.【There are countless Web sites where people can post nasty rants about ex-lovers and rude customers or, worse, push fragile teens over the edge, as in the recent case of a Missouri girl driven to suicide by online bullying】.Now a new site aimed at college students is raising questions about the legality of online rumor mills.【JuicyCampus.com is a rapidly growing gossip site that solicits content with the promise of anonymity.But what began as fun and games—and now has spinoffs on seven college campuses, including Duke University, where it began—has turned ugly and, in many cases, flatly defamatory】.The posts have devolved from innocuous tales of secret crushes to racist tirades and lurid finger-pointing about drug use and sex, often with the alleged culprit identified by first and last name.In one post, a nameless Loyola Marymount University student asks why so many African-Americans and Latinos are enrolled at the school: “I thought the high tuition was supposed to keep the undesirables OUT?”【 It's gotten to the point, says Dan Belzer, a Duke senior who has written about the site for his school's newspaper, where “anyone with a grudge can maliciously attack defenseless students.”】

【And get away with it, too.JuicyCampus—whose Duke-graduate founder, Matt Ivestor, declined to comment for this story—isn't sponsored by the schools it covers, so administrators can't regulate it.】 Neither does the law.Such sites are protected by a federal law that immunizes Web hosts from liability for the musings of their users—as long as the hosts themselves don't modify content.(And firmly establishing the identity of an individual poster would be next to impossible.)The rationale is to protect big companies like AOL from the actions of each and every user.But as a consequence, it means victims of a damaged rep have little legal recourse.“Courts tend to have antiquated understandings of privacy,” says Daniel Solove, an expert in cyberlaw and the author of “The Future of Reputation.” “Until that changes, we're going to see this keep happening.” 【At present, there's only one sure way to rein in a site like JuicyCampus: persuade everyone to stop using it.But you don't need a college degree to figure out that won't happen.】

Part IV Translation(30 minutes, 15 points)Direction: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet II.As we enter the 21st century, the gap between the worlds’s rich and poor is widening, both within and among countries.1)The vast majority of the world's population is receiving an ever-decreasing share of its collective wealth, while the share claimed by a few rich nations and individuals is steadily growing.In 2001 Forbes magazine counted 538 billionaires with a total net worth of 1.7 trillion dollars, while the United Nations identified 2.8 billion people surviving on less than two dollars a day.Overall, the richest 20 percent of the world's people control 86 percent of global income, while the poorest 20 percent control barely one percent.The impacts of this widening rich-poor gap are varied and worrisome.2)They include environmental destruction—richer nations and individuals can afford to over-consume resources, while poorer nations and individuals are forced to over-exploit the environment just to survive.They include migration—people are forced to move in search of adequate resources.And they include conflict—wealthier nations and individuals fight to keep what they have, while those suffering a lack of resources fight to obtain them.3)Because poorer groups typically lack the assets and technology to conduct large-scale conventional war to obtain their goals, they often resort to low-intensity conflict and terrorism.The causes of this global disparity are diverse and complex, but include colonial era trading patterns that favor industrialized nations;the globalization of economies and economic structures, in which poor nations struggle to compete;a growing “digital divide” characterized by lack of access to information technology;inadequate governance and protection of law;and lack of access to education, healthcare, and social safety nets, especially for women and girls.4)Individuals and nations need not remain in poverty indefinitely, however.With an awareness of the interdependence of our modern world and a concerted political will, it is possible to reverse this trend that threatens to divide the world against itself.And reversing this trend would have powerful and positive impact on our future.5)Bringing the nearly 5 billion people of the less industrialized world into a sustainable economy through “pro-poor” policies would provide a tremendous boost to the world economy, as well as to those people.With increased economic opportunities comes improved access to nutrition, education, and health care.With those comes higher income, greater autonomy—especially for women—and the opportunity to pursue environmentally sound technologies and products.進入21世紀以來，在全球范圍內，不論是國內還是國家之間，貧富差距加大。全球財富中，世界上絕大多數(shù)人所能獲得的份額在日益減少，而少數(shù)幾個富人和富國所獲得的份額卻在穩(wěn)步增長。2001年《福布斯》雜志收錄了資本凈值總額為l．7萬億美元的538位億萬富翁，而聯(lián)合國確認有28億人每天靠不足2美元艱難度日。總的說來，全世界最富裕的20％的人口控制著全球86％的財富，而最貧窮的20％的人El所占的財富僅為1％。

貧富差距日益加大所產(chǎn)生的影響是方方面面的，也是令人擔憂的。其中包括對環(huán)境的破壞：富人和富國因財力充足而過度地消費資源；窮人和窮國為了生存而不得不過度地開發(fā)利用環(huán)境。其次是遷移——人們?yōu)榱藢ふ易銐虻馁Y源而不得不背井離鄉(xiāng)。還有沖突——富人和富國通過對抗以確保對財富的所有權；飽受資源不足之苦的窮人和窮國則通過對抗來獲得他們所需要的資源。貧窮的群體一般都缺乏資金和技術，無力從事大規(guī)模的常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭以達到自己的目的，因此常常訴諸于小型的對抗和恐怖活動。

雖然導致全球貧富差距的原因是多方面的，也是很復雜的，但是其中就包括了有利于工業(yè)化國家的殖民時代的貿易模式；窮國在其中奮力抗爭的經(jīng)濟和經(jīng)濟結構的全球化；由于信息技術不發(fā)達而逐漸增大的“數(shù)字化差異“；法律管理和保護的不善；教育、醫(yī)療保健、社會安全保障體系的缺乏，尤其是針對婦女和女童的安全保障體系的缺乏。

但是，這些國家和個人不必毫無止境地貧困下去。意識到當今世界需要相互依賴，在共l司的政治愿望的促使下，扭轉這種迫使世界違背自身的愿望而分裂的趨勢是有可能的。而扭轉這種趨勢對我們的未來會產(chǎn)生積極而有力的影響。

執(zhí)行“扶貧”政策，把來自世界工業(yè)發(fā)展欠發(fā)達地區(qū)的近50億人都納入到一個可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的框架之下，將不僅造福于這50億人，而且將極大地推動世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展機遇的增加，人們獲得的營養(yǎng)、教育和醫(yī)療保健的水平也得以改善。而這些帶來的又是高收入、高度自治——尤其是婦女的高度自治以及追求環(huán)保型技術和產(chǎn)品的機遇

英語和漢語語言結構和表達習慣有很多差異之處，翻譯時往往不能死扣原文逐詞逐句譯出。一、一些原義并無否定意思的形容詞和別的詞搭配有時可譯成否定句

1.These goods are in short supply.這些貨物供應不足。

2.This equation is far from being complicated.這個方程一定也不復雜。

二、為了使譯文自然流暢，讀起來順口，在一些形容詞前可根據(jù)上下文內容加上副詞“很”、“最”等字

1.It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.這是我度過最愉快的一天。

2.It is easy to compress a gas.氣體很容易壓縮。

三、有時可將英語的“形容詞+名詞短語”譯成漢語的主謂結構

1.She spoke in a high voice.她講話聲音很尖。

2.This engine develops a high torque.這臺發(fā)動機產(chǎn)生的轉矩很大。

四、如果一個名詞前有幾個形容詞修飾，英譯時應根據(jù)漢語習慣決定其順序

1.a large brick conference hall

一個用磚砌的大會議廳

2.a plastic garden chair

一把在花園里用的塑料椅子

五、英語中一些表示知覺、情感、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞同連系動詞構成復合謂語時，翻譯時可將形容詞譯成動詞

1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承擔的責任。

2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.類似的批評在他后來寫的評論美國的文章中屢見不鮮。

3.He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.他誠懇地懺悔過去，并保證永遠不再玩汽車。

六、由于語言習慣不同，英語里的形容詞有時譯成漢語副詞

1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.我要對每一個人都親切、溫順、和善。

2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family.他詳盡地問起我自己和我家里的情況。

3.Another war will be the absolute end of our country.再來一次戰(zhàn)爭將徹底毀滅我們這個國家。

從以上幾個方面可以看出，譯好形容詞是使譯文通順、流暢的一個環(huán)節(jié)。

英漢互譯的幾種方法

在翻譯中，針對詞匯空缺現(xiàn)象，在詞匯的借用、引用方面通常采取四種形式： 音譯、直譯、改編、意譯

1.音譯：人名、地名以及一些表示新概念 而本族語里又找不到對成詞來表示時，均可采用 音譯法介紹到譯文語言中去，如: [漢譯英] 磕頭（kowtow），荔枝（litchi）； [英譯漢]、engine（引擎），motor（馬達），sofa(沙發(fā))，logic（邏輯）（考試大）

2．直譯： paper tiger(紙老虎)，lose face（丟臉），Seeing is believing.（百聞不如一見。）Out of mind，out of sight.（眼不見，心不煩）

3.改編：所謂“改編”指的是音譯或直譯如意 義補充的翻譯，在翻譯的“改編法”中，譯者總 是一方面盡可能保持原文語言的特性，另一方面 更希望譯文含義明朗，使讀者一目了然。

比如，漢語的“班門弄斧”這個成語，可譯成 This is like showing off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter 其中，“魯班”變成了“Lu Ban the mater carpenter” 否則魯班究竟是什么人，不知道典故的外國讀者 就會感到茫然。這類譯法在英譯中比較常見，如巧克力糖（chocolate），鴉片煙（opium），高爾夫球（golf），來福槍（rifle），尼龍布（nylon）

4．意譯法：填補語言中的詞匯、語義空缺，采用“并行法”即意譯法是一種常見的有效方 法。如果某一語言觀象，在譯文語言中只的用意 義相同的不同語言形式即“并行”的詞匯來翻譯 時，那么就等于說譯文語言的形式中存在著一個 “空缺”。比如，有許多詞以及由這些詞代表的思 想概念，最先只存在于某種語言中，當把這些詞 或概念介紹到另一種語言中去時，我們可采取音 譯，直譯法，同時也可采用意譯法，而且意譯譯文 可從語音、語法、語義等方面都合乎譯文語言的 規(guī)范，因此最易為讀者接受。比如： communism，democracy,和proletariat等外來詞變成“共產(chǎn)主義” “民主”和”無產(chǎn)者”時，可以說最先是意譯的結 果。同時，由于“共產(chǎn)主義”，“無產(chǎn)者”等完全 是按我們漢語的構詞規(guī)則，用漢語的構詞材料構成 的。因此，這種意譯只不過是屬于一種概念的借鑒 而已。

倒裝和分割結構

為了強調句子的某些部分，或是為了保持句子平衡，英語中常常使用倒裝。大體說來，倒裝可以分為主謂倒裝和非主謂倒裝。主謂倒裝里又分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。在翻譯的時候，既可以按照主謂語的順序翻譯，也可以按照字面意思翻譯。非主謂倒裝只是將強調部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起強調作用。翻譯時可以采用順序譯法或是倒序譯法。

1.For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.分析：本句中 had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 屬于部分倒裝。正常語序為： if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文體中，可以將虛擬條件句中的 if 省略，并將助動詞提前。

譯文：例如，它們（指測試）并不彌補社會的不公，因此不能說明一個貧困青年，要是在比較有利的境況下長大，會有多大才干。

2.Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.分析：該句中 so did bigger crops of babies 屬于語法倒裝。用 so 來代替前述肯定句謂語部分所說情況。

譯文：不間斷的移民浪潮也起了作用 —— 而且隨著昔日在 “ 生育高峰期 ” 出生的一代人達到生育年齡，嬰兒的出生數(shù)量增加了，這同樣起了作用。

3.Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.分析：該句的 Much as I have traveled 是一個由 as 引導的讓步狀語從句。相當于 though I have traveled much，但語氣要比后者強。這種結構要求部分倒裝。

譯文：我雖然見多識廣，但還從未見過比她細心的人，不管什么職業(yè)。

4.Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.分析：相信大家對這種結構都不陌生。Only 后加副詞、介詞、狀語從句時要用部分倒裝。但是要注意的是，如果 only 修飾的不是狀語，則不用倒裝。

譯文：只有很好地掌握了語法知識，寫出來的東西才會正確。

5.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.分析：當句首是否定副詞或含有否定詞的詞語時，一般要部分倒裝。

譯文： 1980 年哪里的人口普查統(tǒng)計資料也不如遠西地區(qū)的更能生動地說明美國人對寬敞的生活環(huán)境的追求。

6.Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.分析： hardly…when 的結構表示 “ 剛 … 就 …”。含有這種結構的句子常將 hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒裝的語序。此外，hardly 分句中一般采用過去完成時，而 when（或 before）分句中使用過去時。還有，與 hardly…when… 結構類似的用法還有 barely(scarcely)…when…

譯文：他剛開始講，聽眾就打斷了他的話。

7.To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.分析： such…that 結構可將 such 或含有 such 的詞組放在句首，使全句采用部分倒裝。與此用法類似的還有 so…that 結構。

譯文：她在排演中搞得太過分，以致兩名男演員退出不干了。

8.Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.分析：本句為表語前置，表示強調。正常語序應為： It is certain that…。

譯文：植物發(fā)育生長的全部基本過程當然是在水中發(fā)生的。

9.We rally should not resent being called paupers.Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.分析：這兩句話是為了使上下文緊密銜接，從而將第二個并列分句的表語前置。

譯文：我們確實不應因為被稱作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋，而且還會繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。

10.Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.分析：正常語序應為： The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。為使語言生動形象，文學作品中常用這類倒裝。在翻譯時要盡量翻譯出原句的語言效果。這里 bear=carry。

譯文：從擁擠的街道上駛來了一輛劍橋大學最有特色的車，車上坐著學校最著名的人物。

語法關系密切的兩個句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的現(xiàn)象稱為分割結構。英語中，分割結構的類型是多種多樣的。例如，英語句子的主語和謂語一般都緊密相聯(lián)，它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長的結構。但是，在有些情況下，或是為了保持句子的平衡，避免頭重腳輕；或是為了語義嚴密，結構緊湊，在主語和謂語之間有時也會插入其他成分。此外，還有定語（或定語從句）與其中心詞被分隔；某些詞語與其所要求的介詞被分隔；動詞與其賓語被分隔；介詞與其賓語被分隔等等。總之，英語的分割應遵循尾重原則（應把長而復雜的成分放在句末，使結構勻稱）和句尾信息焦點原則（把新信息，即語意重點放在句末）。同時，在閱讀時要注意找出原來屬于一個整體部分的意義。

1.Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.分析：本句的主干結構是： Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell.Turner 是美國歷史學家。under a spell ：被迷住，著迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修飾主語，起分割主謂的作用。而其中的狀語從句 when they considered women at all 是定語從句 who considered women in the West 中的狀語成分。

譯文：從本世紀初到本世紀中葉從事寫作的小說家和歷史學家只要描寫婦女，就會描述西部婦女，而且都被特納迷住。

2.Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.分析： the claim 和其同位語 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定語從句 that Americans often made 分割。同位語從句在翻譯時可按照順序翻譯，將其翻譯為分句。

譯文：美國人常認為，在他們國家，一個人的地位可以從社會最底層上升到社會最上層，亞伯拉罕 " 林肯就是極好的例子。

3.In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.分析：本句的主干結構是： …there were negotiations and…threats of failure。“overcome by…” 是過去分詞短語，修飾 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定語動詞不定式 “to succeed” 被 “indeed, some call it unprecedented determination” 分割。

譯文：在最后的八年里，進行了艱苦卓絕的、幾乎是不間斷的談判，其間屢經(jīng)失敗之虞，但最終通過創(chuàng)造性的協(xié)調和要取得成功的頑強決心 —— 確實有人稱之為前所未有的決心 —— 而渡過難關，取得了勝利。

4.The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.分析： in trying to solve 插在 the problem 和定語從句 which… 之間，起到承上啟下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics 為 investigations 的后置定語，起到分割作用。

譯文：由于剩余價值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，使問題明朗化了。而先前，無論資產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟學家還是社會批評家所從事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

5.A better knowledge of China ’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.分析： lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介詞短語 to us 分割。本句選自英國前首相撒切爾夫人 1982 年在中國歡迎宴會上的講話。翻譯時要注意轉譯的應用。如把 “better” 譯為副詞 “ 更好地 ”。

譯文：更好地了解中國的文明，將為我們打開一個知識的王國，對這個王國迄今只有神話般的描述。

6.It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States —a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.分析： insistence 后接 upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中間被插入語 as a first consideration 分割，做進一步說明。該句選自美國前總統(tǒng)羅斯福在 1933 年的就職演說。漢語中動詞用得較多，翻譯時可把名詞轉譯為動詞。

譯文：我們首先應考慮的是，堅持美國國內各種因素之間、各個部分之間的相互依賴關系 —— 即承認體現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的和永遠重要的美國開拓精神。

7.Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.分析：連詞 as 引導的比較狀語從句中，it 代替 for two old people to be。to be 后省略了 fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。

譯文：象兩位老人一生中沒有其他什么東西可愛而彼此相愛一樣，老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相愛慕。

8.As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.分析：該句包含了并列結構被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy 和 sentiment 是并列結構，作 two other reasons 的同位語。但是被非限定性定語從句 both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。

譯文：人們隨著日趨年邁，積存物品還有其他兩個原因：一是缺乏體力和精神，兩者在清理和扔掉無用之物時不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。

9.Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.考博漢英翻譯重要策略

EMBA 在職博士 專升本 自考網(wǎng) 在職研究生

育龍網(wǎng)核心提示： 版權保留，任何網(wǎng)絡轉載，請注明出處；在未經(jīng)過本站同意，不得在網(wǎng)絡以外的任何地方使用

一、中的一個悖論 英漢翻譯和翻譯，哪一個更難？

版權保留，任何網(wǎng)絡轉載，請注明出處；在未經(jīng)過本站同意，不得在網(wǎng)絡以外的任何地方使用

一、中的一個悖論

英漢翻譯和翻譯，哪一個更難？大多數(shù)人會答曰：漢英翻譯更難。顯然，這看起來是一種合理的問問題的方法，其實并非如此。英漢翻譯和漢英翻譯，沒有哪一個更難和不難的問題，只是因人而異，視個人的水平和翻譯水平而定。那么，為什么大多數(shù)人會有一種明顯的“漢英翻譯比英漢翻譯更難”的感覺呢？有回答這個問題，我們有必要了解一下翻譯的過程。其實，無論是英漢翻譯，還是漢英翻譯，就翻譯的過程而言，只有兩個：一是對原文的理解，二是用譯文來表達。弄明白理解和表達這兩個過程，我們就可以清楚的看到，為什么大多數(shù)人會有一種“漢英翻譯更難”的論調了。

首先，有必要考查一下英漢翻譯的過程。如果做英漢翻譯的話，我們第一步需要理解英語，然后再把理解到的英語表達成為漢語就可以了。因為英語畢竟是我們的外語，所以大多數(shù)人認為，我們不懂英語是正常的。所以，無論英譯漢這個過程匯總，英語有多難或者有多簡單都沒有，我們可以查閱英語詞典得出比較正確的譯文。然后，換過來，漢譯英則不一樣了。那些認為漢譯英更難的人就認為，明明我們認識漢語，卻不能用地道的英語來翻譯，所以，漢譯英很難做。但是，如果我們這樣來想，在英譯漢的過程中，我們連第一步（理解英語）可能都無法完成；而漢譯英的話，好歹我們能完成翻譯的第一步（理解漢語原文）。沒有人能否認我們中國人，看不懂漢語吧？

既然如此，我們就能夠克服那種長期以后認為“漢英翻譯更難”的心理障礙了。那么如何比較有效的完成漢英翻譯呢？根據(jù)長期以來積累從事翻譯教學的，筆者認為可以從以下三個步驟來著手：

二、漢英翻譯三步之一：定主語 1． 翻譯的單位

在翻譯中，最小的翻譯單位是什么？是篇章嗎？是段落嗎？是句子嗎？是嗎？甚至是音節(jié)嗎？這是一個翻譯理論家長期以來爭論不休的一個話題。現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)翻譯家、翻譯理論家和翻譯實踐家都趨向于以篇章或者是整個問題為基本的翻譯單位。但是，對于初學翻譯的人來說，或者那些根本沒有掌握翻譯的人，要去應付一個翻譯考試的時候，筆者認為，句子可能是最好的翻譯單位。什么是句子？或者具體說來，在漢英翻譯中，要把漢語翻譯成英語，究竟什么是英語的句子？ 柯林斯詞典對英語句子的定義是這樣的：A sentence is a group of words which，when they are written down，begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop，question mark or exclamation mark.Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.具體說來，英語的句子可以這樣來定義：一個句子就是一組詞，在書面語中，每一個句子首詞的第一個字母大寫，句末用句號、問號或者感嘆號；大多數(shù)句子有主語和謂語。

根據(jù)英語句子的定義，我們可以清楚的知道，英語的句子中，大多數(shù)句子都有主語和謂語。那么漢英翻譯，只要我們能把漢語轉變成為準確通順的英語，就需要搭建英語的主語和謂語等句式結構。而英語本身語法非常嚴謹，邏輯非常嚴密的特點，所以，在漢英翻譯中，主語的確定和謂語的選擇就是成功構建英語句式結構的關鍵，也是保證英語譯文和漢語原文功能對等的關鍵。

2． 確定漢語原文的主語為英語譯文的主語

1)把漢語原文中的主語直接翻譯成英語充當譯文的主語，這是一種最簡單、最可靠的對應方法，也是我們做漢英翻譯“定主語”的時候首先應該考慮的方法。如：

例1． 當前，國際正著自冷戰(zhàn)結束以后最復雜、最深刻的變化。（中國社會科學院04年考博英語翻譯）

At present，the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.例2． 和平與發(fā)展仍然是擺在世界各國人民面前的兩大課題。（同上）

Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.以上兩個例子中，漢語句子的主語是名詞，由于名詞在英語句子中可以直接充當主語，所以在翻譯的時候可以直接對應下來，確定這個名詞為譯文的主語。

2)漢語和英語都有一個共同的特點，就是代詞可以充當主語，所以，我們當然還可以直接選用漢語原文中的代詞來充當英語譯文的主語。如：

例3． 我們正努力教育公民不要像西方國家那樣過度消費，比如使用過多的空調、私人汽車、以及隨意處理的產(chǎn)品。（中國社會科學院02年考博英語翻譯試題）

We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption，such as the excessive use of air conditioners，private cars and disposable products at will.例4． 如今我們有許多不同的選擇：除傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外，還有營養(yǎng)保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）、Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food，convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.3)在漢語中，除了上述名詞和代詞可以作主語之外，動詞也可以直接充當主語，英語的動詞原形則不能。可是，我們非常清楚的知道，英語中的動名詞或者動詞不定式形式則可以充當主語。所以，如果我們要確定漢語的動詞主語來充當英語譯文的主語時，必須要使用這個動詞的動名詞形式或者不定式形式。如：

例5． 幫助真正的窮人，要比僅僅縮小貧富差距更有價值。幫助下層社會的人重新回到社會主流中來，符合所有人的利益。（中國社會科學院03年考博英語翻譯試題）

Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.例6． 推進現(xiàn)代化建設、完成祖國統(tǒng)一、維護世界和平與促進共同發(fā)展，是中國人民在新世紀的三大歷史任務。

To continue to propel the modernization drive，to achieve reunification of the motherland，and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.3． 重新確定主語

由于漢語和英語兩種語言存在著較的的差異，有時候，確定漢語句子的主語為英語譯文句子主語的時候，常常會導致英語句子的邏輯比較混亂，而不能直接對應。所以，這時候，就有必要從原句中挑出其他詞來，充當英語譯文的主語。1）把漢語確定漢語原文的賓語為英語譯文的主語

賓語是動作所及的對象，常常是人或者物。在翻譯中，我們可以選擇漢語原文的賓語來充當英語譯文的主語。但是，在這種情況下，一般需要用英語的被動句式來翻譯。如： 例7． 偉大藝術的鑒賞和偉大的科學觀念的理解都需要智慧。

Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.（中國科學院02年3月考博英語翻譯試題）

說明：在這個例子中，我們可以看到，漢語的主語太長，如果直接用漢語原文的主語來充當英語譯文的主語，就顯得有點頭重腳輕。這個時候，我們就可以利用“英語句子多用被動句”的特點，確定漢語原文的賓語“智慧”來充當英語譯文的主語。例8． 為了保證國民經(jīng)濟持續(xù)、快速、健康地發(fā)展，我們必須加快國有企業(yè)的改革步伐。（中國社會科學院02年考博英語翻譯試題）

The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated(stepped up)to ensure sustained，rapid and sound development of the national economy. 說明：在這個例子中，漢語原文的主語應該是“我們”。但是，這個我們屬于泛指的，不專門針對某一個人或者某幾個人。當然，一方面，我們可以采用選取漢語原文的“我們”來充當英語譯文的主語，而把這個句子的譯文安排為“We must accelerate?”這樣一個結構。但是，直接選用漢語原文的賓語“國有企業(yè)的改革步伐”來充當英語譯文的主語，并且不提出這個泛指的主語“我們”，更適合英語的表達方式。

例9． 目前在中國正進行著一場意義深遠的社會和經(jīng)濟改革。（同上）

At present，a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in.說明：在這個例子中，漢語是一個無主句。顯然，一方面，我們可以確定漢語的賓語為英語的主語，使用英語的被動結構來翻譯，避免了需要去找一個動作發(fā)出者來充當主語的情況。

以上例子清楚的說明，選擇漢語原文的賓語充當譯文主語的情況下，通常是需要用英語的被動結構來翻譯的。但是，并不是說所有確定漢語原文賓語為譯文主語的情況都一定要用被動結構來翻譯。如：

例10． 中國的飲食方式正在發(fā)生許多變化。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）Many changes are taking place in China‘s diet style.說明：我們可以看到，上面這個例子中，漢語原文的主語是“中國的飲食方式”，謂語是“發(fā)生”，賓語是“許多變化”。當一旦確定了賓語“許多變化”為英語譯文主語的時候，這個英語譯文的邏輯結構就可以直接用主動結構：Many changes are taking place?。因為在英語中，“變化”與動詞“發(fā)生”的搭配是符合邏輯，而不能說“變化被發(fā)生”。

2）確定漢語原文主語中心詞的修飾語來充當英語譯文的主語

有時候，漢語主語中心詞的修飾語可能是整個句子的突出部分。在翻譯的時候，為了正確傳達原文中突出的，我們就可以把主語中心詞前面的修飾語確定為英語譯文的主語。如： 例11． 中國的飲食文化具有悠久的歷史。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）China has a long history in her diet culture.說明：在這個例子中，漢語的主語是“中國的飲食文化”，其主語中心詞是“文化”。如果確定“文化”為英語譯文的主語，則原來漢語句子只能生硬的轉化為“文化具有歷史”這樣的英語結構。所以我們可以把主語中心詞前面的修飾語“中國”確定為英語譯文的主語，這樣一來，整個句子的邏輯結構就非常清楚，突出了“中國在飲食文化方面具有悠久的歷史”這個。

例12． 他的身材魁梧，生一副大長方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色。（選自陳宏薇和李亞丹 新編漢英翻譯教程）

He was a giant of a man with a long square face，a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.說明：在這個例子中，從形式上看，漢語的主語中心詞是“身材”，單似乎隨后的三個部分的內容“生一副大長方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色”都是在說明“他”，而不是“他的身材”。因為我們不能說“他的身材生了一副大長方臉”，所以，我們就確定漢語原文主語中心詞的修飾語“他”來充當英語譯文的主語。

4．增加主語

漢語句法具有開放性和松散性，句子不一定要有主語，因而有許多無主句，如“出太陽了”，“昨晚放了一場電影”等；另外一些句子，在上下文意思清楚的情況下，主語往往承前省略，出現(xiàn)許多主語省略句。在將這些無主句和省略句譯為英語時，必須補出主語，以形成英語譯文中主謂齊備的格局。但是，補出什么作主語是一個十分復雜的問題。譯者必須透徹理解上下文，仔細斟酌原文的確切含義，反復推敲英語的表達方式，才能補出恰當?shù)闹髡Z，否則會歪曲原文的意思。增加主語的方法一般有以下幾種： 1）增加泛指的主語“we，you，one”等。

漢語句子在泛指的時候，顯然可以增加上英語表示泛指的主語。如：

例13． 充分發(fā)揮個體、私營等非公有制經(jīng)濟在促進經(jīng)濟增長、擴大和活躍市場等方面的重要作用。（上海理工大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）

We should take advantage of non public-owned economy，including individual，privately owned etc.，to fulfill it‘s significant effect on accelerating economic improvement，enlarging employment，and flourishing the market.例14． 然而，要想了解一個人的稟賦資質和實際如何，考試是考不出名堂來的。（中國人民大學02年考博英語翻譯試題）

But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift，intelligence or practical abilities of a person.

例15． 凡事應該適度，適度是最安全的。（天津大學01年考博英語翻譯試題）

One should be moderate in all things，and moderation is always the safest way.2)增加英語代詞it作主語

在英語中，代詞it作主語的情況非常多。因為這個代詞表示的意義非常豐富，它可以表示漢語中的氣候、天氣、時間等無主句，如“下雨了（It is raining），三點了（It’s 3 o’clock now）等，當然，它還可以充當強調句和形式主語句型的主語。如：

例16． 自從理查德尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌癥宣戰(zhàn)以來已經(jīng)有30年了。（武漢大學03年考博英語翻譯試題）

It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.說明：在這個例子中，漢語原文是一個明顯的表示時間的無主句。我們則可以增加英語的代詞it來充當英語譯文的主語。

例17． 大學的研究所才是初步研究學問的所在。（中國人民大學03年考博英語翻譯試題）It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level.說明：在這個例子中，漢語的原文主語是“的研究所”。但是如果我們確定“大學的研究所”作為英語譯文的主語，則沒有辦法很好的體現(xiàn)漢語原文的強調語氣“才是”。所以，我們就可以增加代詞it，用英語的強調句型來翻譯。

例18． 知道這個答案是有用的??如果你想到英語國家去念大學，或者你想找一份需要英語技能的的話，通過語言考試那就至關重要了。

It’s useful to know the answer? it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college or university in an English-speaking country，or if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.說明：在這個例子中，我們可以非常清楚的看到，漢語原文有非常顯著的用英語代詞it充當形式主語來翻譯的特征：那就是，如果漢語句型通常呈現(xiàn)出“?是很重要/有用/有意義的”等結構，或者是“據(jù)說（It is said?），有人認為（It is taken that?）”等結構。

3）增加there be?

顯然，如果漢語原文表達的是“有、存在、出現(xiàn)”等概念，我們則可以用英語的there be?句型來翻譯。如：

例19． 還將有一些生活極端貧困的人們，他們還需要政府的資助。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）

There will still be some people living in extreme poverty，who are still in need of the government‘s financial support.例20． 舉例來說，在早先的法國洞穴繪畫里，早于公元前10，000年的繪畫中沒有人與人打仗的畫面。（大學02年考博英語翻譯試題）

For example，among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10，000 B.C.，there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.從上述分析中我們可以知道，漢語的語言句法和邏輯結構比較松散，而英語則有非常清楚的語法結構和嚴謹?shù)倪壿嫿Y構。而英語句子基本上是圍繞主語來展開句型結構的，正因此，我們有必要在漢英翻譯中，確定英語的主語。只要確定了漢語原文中用什么來充當英語譯文的主語，我們就基本上能選擇出一個合適的謂語動詞來。可以這么說，英語的語法結構的表現(xiàn)在英語的謂語上，或者說表現(xiàn)在主語和謂語之間的相互制約。所以，謂語的選擇也是漢英翻譯中一個非常重要的問題。

例1． 當前，國際形勢正經(jīng)歷著自冷戰(zhàn)結束以后最復雜、最深刻的變化。（中國社會科學院04年考博英語翻譯試題）At present，the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.例2． 和平與發(fā)展仍然是擺在世界各國人民面前的兩大課題。（同上）Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the wo rld.以上兩個例子中，漢語句子的主語是名詞，由于名詞在英語句子中可以直接充當主語，所以在翻譯的時候可以直接對應下來，確定這個名詞為譯文的主語。

2)漢語和英語都有一個共同的特點，就是代詞可以充當主語，所以，我們當然還可以直接選用漢語原文中的代詞來充當英語譯文的主語。如：例3． 我們正努力教育公民不要像西方國家那樣過度消費，比如使用過多的空調、私人汽車、以及隨意處理的產(chǎn)品。（中國社會科學院02年考博英語翻譯試題）We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavio r of over-consumption，such as the excessive use of air conditioners，private cars and disposable products at will.例4． 如今我們有許多不同的選擇：除傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外，還有營養(yǎng)保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）、Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food，convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.3)在漢語中，除了上述名詞和代詞可以作主語之外，動詞也可以直接充當主語，英語的動詞原形則不能。可是，我們非常清楚的知道，英語中的動名詞或者動詞不定式形式則可以充當主語。所以，如果我們要確定漢語的動詞主語來充當英語譯文的主語時，必須要使用這個動詞的動名詞形式或者不定式形式。如：例5． 幫助真正的窮人，要比僅僅縮小貧富差距更有價值。幫助下層社會的人重新回到社會主流中來，符合所有人的利益。（中國社會科學院03年考博英語翻譯試題）Helping the truly poo r is much wo rthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.例6． 推進現(xiàn)代化建設、完成祖國統(tǒng)一、維護世界和平與促進共同發(fā)展，是中國人民在新世紀的三大歷史任務。To continue to propel the modernization drive，to achieve reunification of the motherland，and to safeguard wo rld peace and promote common development are the three histo rical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.3． 重新確定主語由于漢語和英語兩種語言存在著較的的差異，有時候，確定漢語句子的主語為英語譯文句子主語的時候，常常會導致英語句子的邏輯比較混亂，而不能直接對應。所以，這時候，就有必要從原句中挑出其他詞來，充當英語譯文的主語。1）把漢語確定漢語原文的賓語為英語譯文的主語賓語是動作所及的對象，常常是人或者物。在翻譯中，我們可以選擇漢語原文的賓語來充當英語譯文的主語。但是，在這種情況下，一般需要用英語的被動句式來翻譯。如：例7． 偉大藝術的美學鑒賞和偉大的科學觀念的理解都需要智慧。Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic wo rks and in understanding great scientific concepts.（中國科學院02年3月考博英語翻譯試題）說明：在這個例子中，我們可以看到，漢語的主語太長，如果直接用漢語原文的主語來充當英語譯文的主語，就顯得有點頭重腳輕。這個時候，我們就可以利用“英語句子多用被動句”的特點，確定漢語原文的賓語“智慧”來充當英語譯文的主語。

例8． 為了保證國民經(jīng)濟持續(xù)、快速、健康地發(fā)展，我們必須加快國有企業(yè)的改革步伐。（中國社會科學院02年考博英語翻譯試題）The speed of refo rm of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated(stepped up)to ensure sustained，rapid and sound development of the national economy.說明：在這個例子中，漢語原文的主語應該是“我們”。但是，這個我們屬于泛指的，不專門針對某一個人或者某幾個人。當然，一方面，我們可以采用選取漢語原文的“我們”來充當英語譯文的主語，而把這個句子的譯文安排為“We must accelerate?”這樣一個結構。但是，直接選用漢語原文的賓語“國有企業(yè)的改革步伐”來充當英語譯文的主語，并且不提出這個泛指的主語“我們”，更適合英語的表達方式。例9． 目前在中國正進行著一場意義深遠的社會和經(jīng)濟改革。（同上）At present，a sweeping and profound social and economic refo rm is being carried out in China.說明：在這個例子中，漢語是一個無主句。顯然，一方面，我們可以確定漢語的賓語為英語的主語，使用英語的被動結構來翻譯，避免了需要去找一個動作發(fā)出者來充當主語的情況。

以上例子清楚的說明，選擇漢語原文的賓語充當譯文主語的情況下，通常是需要用英語的被動結構來翻譯的。但是，并不是說所有確定漢語原文賓語為譯文主語的情況都一定要用被動結構來翻譯。如：例10． 中國的飲食方式正在發(fā)生許多變化。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）Many changes are taking place in China‘s diet style.說明：我們可以看到，上面這個例子中，漢語原文的主語是“中國的飲食方式”，謂語是“發(fā)生”，賓語是“許多變化”。當一旦確定了賓語“許多變化”為英語譯文主語的時候，這個英語譯文的邏輯結構就可以直接用主動結構：Many changes are taking place?。因為在英語中，“變化”與動詞“發(fā)生”的搭配是符合邏輯，而不能說“變化被發(fā)生”。

2）確定漢語原文主語中心詞的修飾語來充當英語譯文的主語有時候，漢語主語中心詞的修飾語可能是整個句子的突出部分。在翻譯的時候，為了正確傳達原文中突出的，我們就可以把主語中心詞前面的修飾語確定為英語譯文的主語。如：例11． 中國的飲食文化具有悠久的歷史。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）China has a long histo ry in her diet culture.說明：在這個例子中，漢語的主語是“中國的飲食文化”，其主語中心詞是“文化”。如果確定“文化”為英語譯文的主語，則原來漢語句子只能生硬的轉化為“文化具有歷史”這樣的英語結構。所以我們可以把主語中心詞前面的修飾語“中國”確定為英語譯文的主語，這樣一來，整個句子的邏輯結構就非常清楚，突出了“中國在飲食文化方面具有悠久的歷史”這個。例12． 他的身材魁梧，生一副大長方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色。（選自陳宏薇和李亞丹 新編漢英翻譯教程）He was a giant of a man with a long square face，a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of read sandalwood.說明：在這個例子中，從形式上看，漢語的主語中心詞是“身材”，單似乎隨后的三個部分的內容“生一副大長方臉，嘴巴闊大，肌膚呈著紫檀色”都是在說明“他”，而不是“他的身材”。因為我們不能說“他的身材生了一副大長方臉”，所以，我們就確定漢語原文主語中心詞的修飾語“他”來充當英語譯文的主語。

4．增加主語漢語句法具有開放性和松散性，句子不一定要有主語，因而有許多無主句，如“出太陽了”，“昨晚放了一場電影”等；另外一些句子，在上下文意思清楚的情況下，主語往往承前省略，出現(xiàn)許多主語省略句。在將這些無主句和省略句譯為英語時，必須補出主語，以形成英語譯文中主謂齊備的格局。但是，補出什么作主語是一個十分復雜的問題。譯者必須透徹理解上下文，仔細斟酌原文的確切含義，反復推敲英語的表達方式，才能補出恰當?shù)闹髡Z，否則會歪曲原文的意思。增加主語的方法一般有以下幾種：

1）增加泛指的主語“we，you，one”等。漢語句子在泛指的時候，顯然可以增加上英語表示泛指的主語。如：例13． 充分發(fā)揮個體、私營等非公有制經(jīng)濟在促進經(jīng)濟增長、擴大就業(yè)和活躍市場等方面的重要作用。（上海理工大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）We should take advantage of non public-owned economy，including individual，privately owned etc.，to fulfill it‘s significant effect on accelerating economic improvement，enlarging employment，and flourishing the market.例14． 然而，要想了解一個人的稟賦資質和實際能力如何，考試是考不出名堂來的。（中國人民大學02年考博英語翻譯試題）But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift，intelligence o r practical abilities of a person.例15． 凡事應該適度，適度是最安全的。（天津大學01年考博英語翻譯試題）One should be moderate in all things，and moderation is always the safest way.2)增加英語代詞it作主語在英語中，代詞it作主語的情況非常多。因為這個代詞表示的意義非常豐富，它可以表示漢語中的氣候、天氣、時間等無主句，如“下雨了（It is raining），三點了（It’s 3 o’clock now）等，當然，它還可以充當強調句和形式主語句型的主語。如：例16． 自從理查德8226;尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌癥宣戰(zhàn)以來已經(jīng)有30年了。（武漢大學03年考博英語翻譯試題）It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.說明：在這個例子中，漢語原文是一個明顯的表示時間的無主句。我們則可以增加英語的代詞it來充當英語譯文的主語。例17． 大學的研究所才是初步研究學問的所在。（中國人民大學03年考博英語翻譯試題）It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research wo rk at a basic level.說明：在這個例子中，漢語的原文主語是“大學的研究所”。但是如果我們確定“大學的研究所”作為英語譯文的主語，則沒有辦法很好的體現(xiàn)漢語原文的強調語氣“才是”。所以，我們就可以增加代詞it，用英語的強調句型來翻譯。例18． 知道這個答案是有用的??如果你想到英語國家去念大學，或者你想找一份需要英語技能的工作的話，通過語言考試那就至關重要了。It’s useful to know the answer? it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college o r university in an English-speaking country，o r if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.說明：在這個例子中，我們可以非常清楚的看到，漢語原文有非常顯著的用英語代詞it充當形式主語來翻譯的特征：那就是，如果漢語句型通常呈現(xiàn)出“?是很重要/有用/有意義的”等結構，或者是“據(jù)說（It is said?），有人認為（It is taken that?）”等結構。

3）增加there be?顯然，如果漢語原文表達的是“有、存在、出現(xiàn)”等概念，我們則可以用英語的there be?句型來翻譯。如：例19． 還將有一些生活極端貧困的人們，他們還需要政府的資助。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）There will still be some people living in extreme poverty，who are still in need of the government‘s financial suppo rt.例20． 舉例來說，在早先的法國洞穴繪畫里，早于公元前10，000年的繪畫中沒有人與人打仗的畫面。（復旦大學02年考博英語翻譯試題）Fo r example，among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10，000 B.C.，there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.從上述分析中我們可以知道，漢語的語言句法和邏輯結構比較松散，而英語則有非常清楚的語法結構和嚴謹?shù)倪壿嫿Y構。而英語句子基本上是圍繞主語來展開句型結構的，正因此，我們有必要在漢英翻譯中，確定英語的主語。只要確定了漢語原文中用什么來充當英語譯文的主語，我們就基本上能選擇出一個合適的謂語動詞來。可以這么說，英語的語法結構的表現(xiàn)在英語的謂語上，或者說表現(xiàn)在主語和謂語之間的相互制約。所以，謂語的選擇也是漢英翻譯中一個非常重要的問題。

三、漢英翻譯三步策略之二：找謂語

在漢語和英語兩種語言的對比中，有一個最顯著的特點：就是漢語中，幾乎所有詞類都可以充當謂語；而英語中則只有動詞才能充當謂語。一般來說，我們在漢英翻譯的過程中，隨著主語的確定，憑我們作為漢語母語的使用者，幾乎總能在漢語原文中，找出一個對應的謂語來。但是，和漢語原文主語對應的謂語，不一定能充當英語譯文的謂語。在弄明白怎么選擇漢語原文中的一個合適的謂語去充當譯文的謂語之前，我們有必要對漢語的謂語和英語的謂語做一個簡單的對比。如圖所示：

區(qū)別漢語的謂語英語的謂語1沒有人稱、時態(tài)、和數(shù)的變化有人稱、時態(tài)、和數(shù)的變化2常常是動詞作謂語只有動詞作謂語3名詞、數(shù)量詞、形容詞等可以作謂語無4少用被動句多用被動句5有“連動式”謂語無6有“兼語式”謂語無

正因為有以上區(qū)別，在我們做漢英翻譯的時候，就可以利用英漢語兩種語言的各自的特點，選擇合適的謂語來翻譯。所以，簡單歸納起來，謂語的選擇主要有以下幾種方式：

1．選擇謂語要注意時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化

由于英語的動詞具有人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化，而漢語沒有這樣的變化方式。所以，在翻譯中，一定要注意這種最基本語法一致原則。一般來說，要確定漢語原文的在譯文中的基本時態(tài)，應該沒有問題。因為畢竟?jié)h語是我們的母語，我們對漢語原文的理解水平應該是能把握好時態(tài)這個問題的。但是，一定要在英語譯文中注意不要犯“時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)”這個基本錯誤。如：

例1． 過去的五十年并不是發(fā)明創(chuàng)新的黃金時期。（同等學歷01年漢譯英試題）The past fifty years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations.說明：在這個例子中，原文雖然有明顯的時間詞提示我們，所選擇的謂語需要用過去時態(tài)，但是，大多數(shù)人忽略了謂語動詞需要用單數(shù)的問題，所以必須加以注意。

例2． 實行改革開放以來改變了過去封閉半封閉狀態(tài)，提高了我國經(jīng)濟水平。（中國社會科學院03年考博英語翻譯試題）

Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside，its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.說明：在這個例子中，有“以來”這個漢語詞提示我們，在譯文中要用跟過去相關的時態(tài)。同時漢語原文的謂語“改變了”和“提高了”中的“了”也給我們提示，譯文需要用完成時態(tài)。

2．常常選擇漢語原文的動詞謂語作英語譯文的謂語，但是選擇謂語需要注意“瞻前顧后” 由于漢語中的動詞也常常充當位于成分，既然英語中只有動詞才能作謂語，我們就可以選擇漢語原文的動詞謂語充當英語譯文的謂語。但是，一定要注意的是，由于漢語語言本身“意合”的特點，所以與漢語主語能夠順利搭配的謂語，在英語譯文中則不一定能在邏輯上搭配起來。那么，我們就需要選擇一個和確定好的主語能夠邏輯搭配的謂語，這就需要權衡，甚至是改變我們前面已經(jīng)確定的主語，重新確定一個和這個謂語動詞能邏輯搭配的主語，并且不改變漢語原文的意義，以利于我們得到一個“準確通順”的譯文。我把這種權衡并選擇一個合適的謂語的現(xiàn)象叫“瞻前”。同時，所選擇的謂語如果要帶賓語的話，一定要思考謂語動詞和下文的賓語在邏輯上能夠搭配，這也需要權衡，甚至改變我們已經(jīng)選擇好的謂語動詞。我們這種權衡并選擇一個合適的謂語的現(xiàn)象叫“顧后”。如：

例3． 中國加入世貿組織以后，外商參與中國投資活動的機會將越來越多，自身發(fā)展的空間也越來越大。（中國人民大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）

After China’s entry into WTO，more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and larger space for their own development.說明：在這個例子中，漢語原文的主語是“機會”以及“空間”，相應的謂語分別是“越來越多”（more and more）和“越來越大”（larger）。但是，考慮到英語譯文中，opportunity和more，以及space和larger不能構成一個合適的主謂關系，所以，我們需要重新選擇一個謂語。考慮到英語中more可以修飾opportunity，我們就可以確定more opportunities（越來越多的機會）充當主語，同時，按照英語譯文的搭配方式，給增加一個謂語動詞create。這樣，就可以把原文“外商參與中國投資活動的機會將越來越多”這層含義用“越來越多的機會將（被創(chuàng)造）出來給外商參與中國投資活動”這個邏輯順序來翻譯。同樣的方法，也可以解決“自身發(fā)展的空間也越來越大”這個句子。

例4． 迄今為止，教育工作還沒有找到比考試更有效、更可靠的方法。（中國人民大學02年考博英語翻譯試題）

So far，there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education.說明：在這個例子中，漢語原文的主語是“教育工作”，謂語是“沒有找到”，賓語中心詞是“方法”。但是如果我們翻譯為“Education hasn’t found the way?”的話，一方面英語譯文中的主謂邏輯搭配不是特別恰當，另一方面，我們也不好安排漢語原文中“比考試更有效、更可靠”這層意義。但是，考慮到漢語原文中出現(xiàn)了“沒有”這個詞，其實是典型的英語There be?句型的標志。所以，我們則需要改變所確定的主語和謂語，用英語There be?句型來翻譯就更適合英語的語言習慣了。

3．對漢語中名詞、數(shù)量詞、形容詞等可以作謂語的情況，一般可以用英語的“系表結構”來翻譯

漢語中，充當謂語的可以是名詞、數(shù)量詞和形容詞等，這個特點是英語不具有的。如“我人，你呢”中的，“北京人”就是漢語名詞作謂語；“他81了”中的數(shù)詞81就是謂語；“今天天氣熱，昨天涼快。”中的“熱”和“涼快”就是形容詞充當謂語。這種情況，其實我們可以從英語的角度來思考的話，英語的名詞、數(shù)量詞和形容詞不能充當謂語，但是可以充當表語，所以英語中的“系表結構”剛好可以解決這些問題。如： 例5． 投資規(guī)模偏大。（四川大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）The investment scale is too large.例6． 很多道路太窄。（天津大學02年考博英語翻譯試題）Many of the roads are too narrow.1． 如果漢語原文有明顯的被動意味，則應該選擇對應的謂語動詞，并且用英語的“被動結構”來翻譯

漢語中，很少使用“被”字句，通常由“受到、得到、加以、得以、為?所、由?來、是?的”等詞來表現(xiàn)被動意味，有時候甚至沒有明顯的標志詞。如果我們在漢英翻譯中，能夠讀出原文中的明顯的被動意味，當然需要選擇對應的謂語動詞來翻譯為英語的“被動句”。如： 例7．

此外，對于那些剛剛脫貧的人們，他們目前的生活狀況必須改善。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）

Furthermore，the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty.說明：這個例子中，漢語原文雖然沒有明顯的被動句的標志詞，但是，我們知道“生活狀況必須改善”這個主干結構中，邏輯上應該是“生活狀況必須被改善”。所以，我們需要選擇“改善”這個詞來翻譯為英語的被動結構。

例8． “學習”也許意味著對一系列細小而不相關的行為按新的順序重新排列。（湖北省03年考博英語試題聯(lián)合考試翻譯試題）

Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.例9． 美國的經(jīng)濟體制主要是圍繞著私人企業(yè)和以市場為導向而建立起來的。（四川大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）

The economic system of U.S.A.is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.例10． 他們的生產(chǎn)和生活狀況沒有從根本上被改變。（武漢大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）Their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally.例11． 各國的人權問題主要由各國政府和人民自己來解決，世界的人權問題要由世界各國政府和人民共同參與來解決。（中國社會科學院04年）

Each country‘s human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people，while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together.2． 對漢語的“連動式”特殊句型，可以選擇一個主要動詞作為英語譯文的動詞謂語，其他次要動詞用英語的“非謂語動詞”形式，介詞的形式，或者用“and”來連接幾個動詞 “連動式”是漢語語言的一種特殊句式，是指“謂語由兩個或者兩個以上的動詞構成，在動詞短語中沒有停頓，也沒有關聯(lián)詞語，兩個動詞短語共用一個主語”（劉月華等 《使用現(xiàn)代漢語語法》北京：商務印書館 P.701）。如，“我去問”。“他們結了帳搬走了”。而在英語中，眾所周知，英語的一個句子只有一個能充當謂語的動詞，絕對不可能兩個動詞連接在一起。這看起來似乎是給我們漢英翻譯增加了障礙。其實不然，因為英語中，動詞除了充當謂語以外，還有所謂的“非謂語動詞”形式。這就給我們解決翻譯漢語“連動式”這個特殊句型提供了一個突破口。

這樣看來，由于原文是漢語，我們作為中國人，在理解漢語的時候，幾個連續(xù)動作中，要找出一個主要動詞來并不困難。我們可以根據(jù)幾個動作發(fā)生的先后來選擇主要謂語動詞，也可以根據(jù)幾個動作之間的關系來選擇主要動詞。對于次要動詞，一般有以下幾種處理方式： 1）用分詞和不定式等非謂語動詞來翻譯次要動詞，如：

例12． 我們花很少的錢就能夠買到一份日報。（西南財經(jīng)大學04年考博英語翻譯試題）We spend very little money to buy a piece of daily.例13． 市政府于底啟動了一項“凈空”工程，關閉了大氣污染嚴重的企業(yè)。（首都經(jīng)貿大學06年考博英語翻譯試題）

The municipal government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year，closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.2）用英語的介詞短語可以表達漢語中的動詞概念，如： 例14． 我將乘飛機離開北京。I will leave Beijing by plane.3）用英語“and”連接詞來連接幾個動作

例15． 從社會總體、長遠的利益出發(fā)，政府可以運用稅收、轉移支付等方式適當調節(jié)收入分配差距，扶助弱勢群體，維護整個社會的和諧、穩(wěn)定。（財政部財政科研所05年，略有改動）

From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives，the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.說明：很顯然，在漢語原文中，有一系列的動詞。我們可以選擇“運用”作為主要動詞，突顯原文幾個動詞之間的時間先后順序，或者幾個動詞之間的目的關系。這樣以來，后面的“調節(jié)”和“扶助”就可以用動詞不定式來翻譯。同時，在“扶助”和“維護”兩個動詞間，當然可以用英語的“and”來連接。3． 對漢語中的“兼語式”特殊句型，可以選擇漢語原文中第一個動詞充當英語譯文的謂語動詞，漢語第一個動詞后面的結構則可以采用“賓語和賓語補足語”的形式來翻譯 “兼語式”也是漢語中的一種特殊句型，是指其“謂語是由一個動賓結構和一個主謂短語套在一起構成的，謂語中前一個動賓結構兼作后一個主謂結構的主語”（劉月華等 《使用現(xiàn)代漢語語法》北京：商務印書館 P.708）。如：“你請他來”這個句子中，主語是“你”，謂語中的第一個動詞“請”所帶的賓語是“他”；而“他”這個賓語又兼作后面動詞“來”的主語。這個結構看起來似乎和英語中的句型沒有太大關系，但是我們仔細研究就可以知道，漢語的“兼語式”幾乎都應該是的結構。而這個結構，剛好契合了英語的“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語”的結構。所以，我們“一般”可以把漢語的“兼語式”謂語翻譯為英語的““主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語”結構。如： 例16． 疼痛使他喊出了聲。The pain made him cry out.例17． 我等他來。

I am waiting for him to come.

第五篇：2014中科院地理所考博自然地理學

中科院地理所2014年考博專業(yè)課

自然地理學

一、簡答題（共3題，每個10分）

1、地球表面的形態(tài)特征

2、土壤對地理環(huán)境的作用

3、水量平衡

二、論述題（共3題，共70分）

1、中國氣候及其特征（20分）

2、中國植被分布特征（20分）

3、試述綜合自然區(qū)劃的主要內容（30分）