第一篇：考博作文總結

考博作文模板總結：

第一段 As is vividly depicted in the picture,，which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on second thoughts.The most striking feature that impresses me deeply is that unbelievably, Recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon of 主題 which seems to be disastrous to individual survival and prosperity.(4)This phenomenon of 主題 should be condemned severely or made illegal.There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.中間段落從兩方面論證問題的危害，并舉例論證，預測危害的趨勢

To account for the above-mentioned phenomenon, several serious effects have been put forward.To begin with,主題 not only results does harm to our physical and mental health but also results in a frustrating and humiliating life.In addition, nothing is more harmful than主題 to contradict with a harmonious society.Last but not the least, no issue is as harmful as 主題 to increase family burdens, which is a threatening situation we are unwilling to see.No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below.According to a survey made by China Daily, 63.93% of young people who have ever experienced主題will live a dull life or even feel loss of hope about the future.If we cannot take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come out unexpectedly, we will see the gloomy future of something.最后一段要強調解決問題，談的兩點建議通常是提高人們的意識，加強執法

From what have been discussed above, it is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to prevent主題.(2)On the one hand, we should be sensible to strengthen the enforcement of the laws to protect something.(3)On the other hand, it is demanding for us to keep people aware of the importance of saving somebody out of the evil hands of destruction.(4)However, it is easier said than done.(5)Although the fight against it is long-standing and tremendous one,our efforts will eventually pay off.(6)Only when you attention to it can you see a colorful and harmonious future better sooner or later.積極有利型的文章 以團隊精神為例子

As is vividly depicted in the picture,(描述圖畫).The most striking feature is(圖畫重點信息).There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.As is symbolically revealed in the set of drawings, the fact that(重復上面的圖畫信息)profoundly indicates that team work is momentous(重要的)and fundamental to any one who undertakes great deeds.Undoubtedly, it is team work that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulty, that makes us still full of energy to face the coming challenges and competition and that offers us the foundation for the coming success.If we don not cooperate sincerely, we will live a dull and depressing life and feel frustrated and humiliated or feel loss of hope about the future.As far as I am concerned, there are several advantages that can be given as below.To begin with, nothing is more beneficial than team work to overcome our defects and improve our efficiency.Secondly, no issue is as good as team work to make our life more colorful and energetic.No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below.A person who is assigned various jobs along the production lines will make a mess just because no one can be proficient in all the things.Only by cooperating with other people can you put your capacities into full play and can you be the winner in the society.From what have been discussed above,it admits of no doubt that in doing things whether great or small there are more or less difficulties, it is much better for one to involve yourself into a team work.It is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to make your team work more efficient.On the one hand, we should be sensible to be receptive to other people’s opinions and benefits.On the other hand, it is demanding for us to be always helpful and honest to other people.However, it is easier said than done.Practice is the most important factor.Only when you pay attention to it can you make it better sooner or later.(1)不同觀點列舉型（選擇型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 觀點一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___觀點一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this

matter.Some people hold the idea that ___觀點二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的議論文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文題目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __題目議題_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___優點一______.And secondly ___優點二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __討論議題______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺點一______.In addition, ____缺點二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.（3）答題性議論文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文題目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途徑一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途徑二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文題目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.（4）諺語警句性議論文

It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___諺語_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____諺語的含義_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）圖表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the

table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文題目的議題_____ has been on rise/ decrease(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally

believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.（6）實用性寫作（申請信)

Your address Month, Date, year Receiver's address Dear...，I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in....And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising..../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed.On the one hand,....On the other hand,....I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview.I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.Best regards for your health and success.Sincerely yours，X X X

第二篇：考博英語作文總結

英語寫作絕招：各部分萬能套用公式

開頭萬能公式：

1． 開頭萬能公式一：名人名言

有人問了，“我沒有記住名言，怎么辦？尤其是英語名言？”，很好辦：編！

原理：我們看到的東西很多都是創造出來的，包括我們欣賞的文章也是，所以盡管編，但是一定要聽起來很有道理呦！而且沒準將來我們就是名人呢！對吧？ 經典句型：

A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（適用于已記住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（適用于自編名言）更多經典句型：

As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 2． 開頭萬能公式二：數字統計

原理：要想更有說服力，就應該用實際的數字來說明。原則上在議論文當中十不應該出現虛假數字的，可是在考試的時候哪管那三七二十一，但編無妨，只要我有東西寫就萬事大吉了。所以不妨試用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起來這個數字文鄒鄒的，其實都是編造出來的，下面隨便幾個題目我們都可以這樣編造： Honesty 根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，大學生向老師請假的理由當中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike 根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，85%的人在近距離旅行的時候首選的交通工具是自行車。Youth 根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，在某個大學，學生的課余時間的70%都是在休閑娛樂。Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work? 根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。更多句型：

A recent statistics shows that …

結尾萬能公式：

1． 結尾萬能公式一：如此結論 說完了，畢竟要歸納一番，相信各位都有這樣的經歷，領導長篇大論，到最后終于冒出個“總而言之”之類的話，我們馬上停止開小差，等待領導說結束語。也就是說，開頭很好，也必然要有一個精彩的結尾，讓讀者眼前一亮，這樣，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此為過渡短語）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果讀者很難“顯而見之”，但說無妨，就當讀者的眼光太淺罷了！更多過渡短語：

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that… 2． 結尾萬能公式二：如此建議

如果說“如此結論”是結尾最沒用的廢話，那么“如此建議”應該是最有價值的廢話了，因為這里雖然也是廢話，但是卻用了一個很經典的虛擬語氣的句型。拽！Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.這里的虛擬語氣用得很經典，因為考官本來經?？歼@個句型，而如果我們自己寫出來，你說考官會怎么想呢？ 更多句型：

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.寫作的“七項基本原則”：

一、長 短 句原則

工作還得一張一馳呢，老讓讀者讀長句，累死人！寫一個短小精辟的句子，相反，卻可以起到畫龍點睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題： As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可見，長短句結合，抑揚頓挫，豈不爽哉？牢記！

強烈建議：在文章第一段（開頭）用一長一短，且先長后短；在文章主體部分，要先用一個短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個要點的時候采用先短后長的句群形式，定會讓主體部分妙筆生輝！文章結尾一般用一長一短就可以了。

二、主 題 句原則

國有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否則會給人造成“群龍無首”之感！相信各位讀過一些破爛文學，故意把主體隱藏在文章之內，結果造成我們稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉勸各位一定要寫一個主題句，放在文章的開頭（保險型）或者結尾，讓讀者一目了然，必會平安無事！

特別提示：隱藏主體句可是要冒險的！

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully

prepared before the exam（主題句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一 二 三原則

領導講話總是第一部分、第一點、第二點、第三點、第二部分、第一點…

如此羅嗦?？僧吘惯€是條理清楚?？脊賯兛次恼乱脖厝灰ㄟ^這些關鍵性的“標簽”來判定你的文章是否結構清楚，條理自然。破解方法很簡單，只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個要點前就清楚了。

1）first, second, third, last（不推薦，原因：俗）

2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推薦，原因：俗）

3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推薦，原因：俗）4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推薦，原因：俗）

5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（強烈推薦）

6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（強烈推薦）

7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強烈推薦）8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（適用于兩點的情況）10）for one thing, for another thing（適用于兩點的情況）

建議：不僅僅在寫作中注意，平時說話的時候也應該條理清楚！

四、短語優先原則

寫作時，尤其是在考試時，如果使用短語，有兩個好處：其

一、用短語會使文章增加亮點，如果老師們看到你的文章太簡單，看不到一個自己不認識的短語，必然會看你低一等。相反，如果發現亮點—精彩的短語，那么你的文章定會得高分了。其

二、關鍵時刻思維短路，只有湊字數，怎么辦？用短語是一個辦法！比如： I cannot bear it.可以用短語表達：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短語表達：I am looking forward to it.這樣字數明顯增加，表達也更準確。

五、多實少虛原則 原因很簡單，寫文章還是應該寫一些實際的東西，不要空話連篇。這就要求一定要多用實詞，少用虛詞。我這里所說的虛詞就是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們說一個很好的時候，不應該之說nice這樣空洞的詞，應該使用一些諸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之類的形象詞。再比如：

走出房間，general的詞是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房間應該說：slip out of the room 小姐走出房間應該說：sail out of the room 小孩走出房間應該說：dance out of the room 老人走出房間應該說：stagger out of the room 所以多用實詞，少用虛詞，文章將會大放異彩！

六、多變句式原則 1）加法（串聯）

都希望寫下很長的句子，像個老外似的，可就是怕寫錯，怎么辦，最保險的寫長句的方法就是這些，可以在任何句子之間加and，但最好是前后的句子又先后關系或者并列關系。比如說： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我們可以用一個超級句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短語可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 2）轉折（拐彎抹角）

批評某人缺點的時候，我們總習慣先拐彎抹角說說他的優點，然后轉入正題，再說缺點，這種方式雖然陰險了點，可畢竟還比較容易讓人接受。所以呢，我們說話的時候，只要在要點之前先來點廢話，注意二者之間用個專這次就夠了。The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短語：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3）因果（so, so, so）

昨天在街上我看到了一個女孩，然后我主動搭訕，然后我們去咖啡廳，然后我們認識了，然后我們成為了朋友…可見，講故事的時候我們總要追求先后順序，先什么，后什么，所以然后這個詞就變得很常見了。其實這個詞表示的是先后或因果關系！The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短語：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that 4）失衡句（頭重腳輕，或者頭輕腳重）

有些人腦袋大，身體小，或者有些人腦袋小，身體大，雖然我們不希望長成這個樣子，可如果真的是這樣了，也就必然會吸引別人的注意力。文章中如果出現這樣的句子，就更會讓考官看到你的句子與眾不同。其實就是主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句的變形。舉例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同樣主語、賓語、表語可以改成如下的復雜成分： When to go, Why he goes away… 5）附加（多此一舉）

如果有了老婆，總會遇到這樣的情況，當你再講某個人的時候，她會插一句說，我昨天見過他；或者說，就是某某某，如果把老婆的話插入到我們的話里面，那就是定語從句和同位語從句或者是插入語。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其實很簡單，同位語--要解釋的東西刪除后不影響整個句子的構成；定語從句—借用之前的關鍵詞并且用其重新組成一個句子插入其中，但是whom or that 關鍵詞必須要緊跟在先行詞之前。6）排比（排山倒海句）

文學作品中最吸引人的地方莫過于此，如果非要讓你的文章更加精彩的話，那么我希望你引用一個個的排比句，一個個得對偶句，一個個的不定式，一個個地詞，一個個的短語，如此表達將會使文章有排山倒海之勢！

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（氣勢恢宏）

要想寫出如此氣勢恢宏的句子非用排比不可！

七、挑戰極限原則 既然十挑戰極限，必然是比較難的，但是并非不可攀！

原理：在學生的文章中，很少發現諸如獨立主格的句子，其實也很簡單，只要花上5分鐘的時間看看就可以領會，它就是分詞的一種特殊形式，分詞要求主語一致，而獨立主格則不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出這樣的句子，不得高分才怪！文章主體段落三大殺手锏：

一、舉實例

思維短路，舉實例！提出一個觀點，舉實例！提出一個方案，舉實例！而且者也是我們揭示一個觀點最好的方式，任何情況下，只要我們無法繼續文章，不管三七二十一，盡管舉例子！In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.更多句型：

To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example

二、做比較

方法：寫完一個要點，比較與之相似的；又寫完一個要點，再比較與之相反的；

世界上沒有同樣的指紋，沒有相同的樹葉，文章亦同，只有通過比較，你才會發現二者的相同點（through

comparison）和不同點（through contrast）。下面是一些短語： 相似的比較：

in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比較：

on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead，nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …

三、換言之

沒話說了，可以換一句話再說，讓你的文章在多一些字，或者文鄒鄒地說，是讓讀者更充分的理解你的觀點。

實際就是重復重復再重復！下面的句子實際上就三個字 I love you!I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我們舉過的例子： I cannot bear it.可以用短語表達：I cannot put up with it.因此可以這樣說：I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短語：

in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply

第三篇：考博作文句型(自己總結)

1）不同觀點列舉型（選擇型）

There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether __作文題目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person/people's attitude differ sharply on this issue.A majority of people/an overwhelming majority of people/ think that _ 觀點一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that/since we can’t ,we must ___觀點一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people argue that/Some people hold the idea that ___觀點二_______.In their point of view(from the viewpoint of), on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand(and what's more), ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點二______.Weighing the arguments of both sides I firmly support the view that __觀點一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的議論文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文題目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __題目議題_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___優點一______.And secondly ___優點二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __討論議題______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺點一______.In addition, ____缺點二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play(they are making all possible means to), and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.（3）答題性議論文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文題目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途徑一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途徑二_____.Above all/to sum up/in brief , to solve the problem of ___作文題目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.（4）諺語警句性議論文

It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___諺語_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____諺語的含義_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China(in this age of information and communication/ with the deepening and furthering of our/ with the awareness of), an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）圖表作文的框架

this is surely a wittily designed and concern arousing piece of drawing/As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文題目的議題_____ has been on rise/goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded/ more rationally and microscopically.（6）實用性寫作（申請信)

Your address

Month, Date, year

Receiver's address

Dear...，I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in....And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising..../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed.On the one hand,....On the other hand,....I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview.I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.Best regards for your health and success.Sincerely yours，X X X

表達顯著的副詞：

striking, dramatically, sharp,steep, remarkable, considerably, jump, soar,significantly, bound to die out

They claim that, they argue that, they hold the opinion that

首句的表達方式：

There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)No one can have failed to notice the fact that there has emerged a number of novel trends along with the development of the Internet, among which is the so-called online sharing culture, which refers to the practice of displaying one’s or others’ private information on the Internet.表達重要性：

It is really an important concern to every one of us has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study it is also of practical use to stick to the saying put a high premium on lay emphasis/blame on is a grave problem with which we are confronted 觀點列舉：

to start with/next/in addition/finally first and foremost/besides/last but not least 表達遞進：

On the other hand, further more, moreover

表達舉例：

The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.A case in point is 表達原因：

a number of factors can be accounting for the In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows

表達變化：

With the rapid development of science and technology in China in this age of information and communication with the deepening and furthering of our with the awareness of

表達轉折：

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __討論議題______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.funny as the picture is, it's intended meaning is profound and far reaching people's attitude differ sharply on this issue the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person Can’t but admit this is surely a wittily designed and concern arousing piece of drawing by contrast

為了什么：

For the good of both for the sake of

借助于： by virtue of via by the aids of by all means of from all appearance

大量：

A majority of

An overwhelming of An increasing number of a host of

中間總結：

So it goes without saying that Needless to say Since we can’t, we must Therefore, there is no doubt that

總結短語：

In their point of view from the viewpoint of in their views as far as I am concerned in my opinion weighing the arguments of both sides In sum To sum up For my part As a whole in view of the urgency of the problem

總結個人觀點：

…should be viewed as a two edged sword, which presents both trouble and convenience.But we should not give up eating for the fear of the chocking we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play(they are making all possible means to), and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem., has become so widespread that it has severely affected the safety of daily life and hindered the development of economy, direction of public opinion it is high time,urgent,essential it is indisputable that Can’t be overemphasized/keep in mind/ should never be unheared/ I hold the point of view that no way of/no possibility of Only with combined efforts

常用單詞：

Actually;currently;nowadays;severely;

常用詞組：

achieve equilibrium at disadvantage be drawn to be exposed to be subjected to followed by in a sense irrespective of stimulated by obtain foothold Ever since then, I have found smile often making the journey to work more of a nightmare than a dream outweigh appearances can be deceptive alert to such accident have scrambled for sales driven them to resort to all sorts of measures to pull ahead of their rivals supply outstrips demand part of the threat to the ecological balance of the planet wake-up call vivid image of the grim future blind consumption fines are to be imposed on those factories units that use water lavishly carry on intensive education direct...from exam-oriented to...all-round up and coming star many people seem to fail to take into account pay a heavy price live under the illusion produce far-reaching impact inevitable results it must be noted that eventually lead to disastrous impact on fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of lies invade autonomy gain ever increasing popularity exert every efforts to combating

表達方式： Among which which refers to 從句

They emphasize that today's society is not what it was

被動句

Reports are often heard upon

倒裝句

By revealing some dark sides of the society, online sharing can draw public attention to certain injustices and work as a supervisor over the authorities.so many heartbreaks are heard that we can't help asking

第四篇：考博英譯漢技巧總結

考博英譯漢技巧總結

1.英漢語言的異同

1.1.英語是形合：需要使用連詞或者關聯詞表示各部分的邏輯關系；漢語是意合：句與句之間的邏輯關系“隱含”于上下文之間。如果漢語使用形合句，則顯得語氣莊重、措辭嚴謹。

1.2.語序方面，主謂賓的位置比較相似。然而狀語、定語的位置有差異。狀語：英語可以放在主句前或后，漢語一般放在主句前。狀語順序方面，英語：方式狀語+地點狀語+時間狀語；漢語：時間狀語+地點狀語+方式狀語。定語：漢語大部分在修飾詞的前面，英語的狀語可以在修飾詞的前（形容詞）或者后（定語從句）。英語多長句、松散句（中心在句首），漢語多短句、圓周句（中心在句尾）。

1.3.英語中多使用名詞，漢語中多使用動詞。因此，英語中的名詞需要譯成動詞。

2.詞語翻譯的五大原則

2.1.轉換原則：將具有動詞意味的名（形、介、副）詞譯成動詞。

2.2.具體原則：把原文中抽象或者比較抽象的詞用較為具體的詞進行翻譯。2.3.加法原則：增補英語原句中省略的動詞或其他省略部分。

2.4.減法原則：英語中的部分不需要翻譯【冠詞；充當主語的人稱代詞、作賓語的代詞和物主代詞；連詞（并列連詞、復合句中的連詞）；介詞（表示時間地點的英語介詞在句首可省略，句尾不能省略）】。

2.5.重復原則：對上下文出現過的詞加以重復的譯法。漢語多重復，英語多變化。一是重復省略的名詞、動詞、代詞。二是重復賓語。為了明確，英語的一句話中兩個動詞共用一個賓語，賓語在第二個動詞之后出現一次。而漢語，這樣的賓語要在每個動詞后分別出現。三是重復名詞。兩個定語共同修飾一個名詞；被定語從句修飾的名詞。

3.名詞從句的翻譯技巧 3.1.主語從句。

主語從句如果以What, Whatever等代詞引導，翻譯時一般按照原文的順序進行翻譯。如果是以It引導的主語從句，翻譯時要把主句的謂語分譯成一個獨立句，然后再譯從句【謂語分譯法】。

It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧是大氣中最活潑的元素。3.2.賓語從句。

由that, what, how引導的賓語從句，漢譯時一般按照原文的語序進行翻譯。有時可以加“說”字，接著譯原文賓語從句的內容。He replied that he was sorry.他回答說，他感到抱歉。

由It作形式賓語的句子，漢譯時一般按照原文的順序譯，只是It不譯。I made it clear to them that they should have got these holes dug long ago.我和他們說清楚了，他們本來早該把坑挖好了。有時需將that引導的賓語從句提前。I owe it to you that I have got the post.我得到這個職位全靠你。3.3.表語從句：可按照原文順序進行翻譯。3.4.同位語從句。

同位語從句漢譯時可以按原文順序翻譯，也可以將同位語從句提前，這要視具體情況而定。有時還可以增加“即”、“這樣”或者破折號、冒號。

4.定語從句的翻譯技巧

英語中定語從句可分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句，絕大部分后置。漢語中所有定語均前置。漢語不用長定語。如果英語中的定語從句太長，不宜譯成漢語的定語。如果英語中的定語從句短，一般譯成漢語的定語。4.1.譯成定語。當英語定語從句比較短，譯成漢語也不冗長，該從句可以譯成漢語中的定語。即“??的”句式。4.2.重復先行詞譯出。如果英語的定語從句在意思上同先行詞的關系不太密切，而且整個從句用作補充或說明先行詞的附加語，或者定語從句套定語從句，可采用重復先行詞的譯法：按原次序譯出，用名詞或代詞（這、那、其）等代替先行詞。當從句中的which和as代表整個主句時，一般都譯成并列句，主語用代詞（這、那）等代替。

Mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy, which in turn can be changed into mechanical energy.機械能能轉化為電能，電能也可以轉化為機械能。（重復名詞）

Galileo was a famous Italian scientist by whom the Copernican theory was further proved correct.伽利略是著名的意大利科學家，他進一步證明了哥白尼的學說是正確的。（用代詞，漢語多主動）

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporating.液態水變成蒸汽，這就叫蒸發。（which 代整個句子，用代詞代替）

4.3.譯成狀語從句。英語的定語從句，如果在意思上具有主句動作發生的原因、結果、目的、讓步、條件等含義，可譯成漢語的狀語從句。同樣可以用名詞或代詞重復或代替先行詞譯出。

Einstein, who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921.由于愛因斯坦提出了著名的相對論，因此，他于1921年獲得了諾貝爾獎。

Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace human.雖然電子計算機有很多優點，但它不能進行創造性工作，也代替不了人。省譯關聯詞。英語的定語從句，如果在意義上作為先行詞的陳述部分用來進一步補充說明先行詞的具體內容，這時可采用省譯關聯詞的方法，按照原句次序譯出。There are a number of drugs that can cause physical and mental trouble.有許多麻醉品會對身心造成傷害。

5.狀語從句的翻譯技巧

英語中狀語從句包括表示時間、地點、條件、讓步、原因等各種從句。漢譯時要注意兩種語言使用狀語方面的共同性及其各自的特殊性。一般考慮將狀語從句或者狀語部分先譯，放在主句之前。5.1.時間狀語從句

譯成相應的時間狀語。譯成并列分句。

Mr.Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed.史密斯先生自己還不知道犯了什么罪，人家就把他逮捕了。英語中存在著內容和形式不相一致的情況。有些時間狀語從句有時候可以按其邏輯關系譯成表示原因、條件、讓步等的分句。

The defense lawyer decided to petition for a new trial when they found an important new witness.由于發現了一名新的重要證人，辯護律師決定申請重新開庭審訊。5.2.條件狀語從句

譯成表示“條件”或者“假設”的分句。譯成補充說明情況的分句。

按其邏輯關系轉譯為表示時間、讓步、結果、原因等從句。5.3.讓步狀語從句

譯成表示讓步的分句。

譯成表示“無條件”的條件分句。5.4.地點狀語從句

譯成相應的地點狀語。

按其邏輯關系，譯成表示“條件”的狀語。5.5.原因狀語從句

譯成表示“原因”的分句。譯成因果偏正復句中的主句。譯成因果關系內含的并列分句。

6.反譯法

漢語中表示否定意義的詞都含有明顯的標志詞：不、無、非、勿、未、否、別、沒有等。英語更加復雜。除了否定詞外，還有否定詞綴，如：dis-, il-, in-, non-, un-,-less等、形式肯定、意義否定的各類詞語，如：fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond.短語：instead of, in place of、結構 more...than...., other than......, rather than.....由于語言的差異，有時候英語用否定，漢語用肯定。反之亦然。Wet paint.油漆未干。

反義法：將原文的肯定形式譯為否定形式，或者相反。包括兩個方向的互相轉變。6.1.正話反說

Americans are far more race-conscious than class-conscious.美國人的階級意識遠不如種族意識那么強烈。6.2.反話正說

The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him amid his tribulation.在苦難中，重返故國的念頭始終在他心頭縈繞著。

第五篇：考博英語語法重點總結

考博輔導：考博英語語法重點總結（3）

過去分詞與形容詞的語義差：

1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things the destructive power of modern weapons Damaged: being in a bad state emotionally damaged children 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements

He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.Respectful: feeling or showing respect They listened in respectful silence.3.Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.4.Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.Lovable: a sweet lovable child Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.6.Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.虛擬語氣

非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現在分詞。為了區分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結構句型等角度來區分其用法和細微含義。1．不定式和動名詞作主語的區別

(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)

(2)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經驗。

不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(經驗)

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經驗)（3）不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區別

(1)不定式作表語

1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做。

What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。

2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結果）。

To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活。

3)如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。

The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．

(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。

Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務。

His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛好是集郵。

(注)動名詞作表語時與進行時態中的現在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結構迥異，進行時態說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質或情況。

People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．

(3)分詞作表語

分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區別是考試中經?？嫉降牡胤?。一般來說，表示心理狀態的動詞如excite，interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth.is interesting.這類詞常見的有：

interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的

delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的

disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的worrying令人擔心的--worried感到擔心的 Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學生學得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的論點很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。

3．不定式和動名詞作賓語的區別

英語中大多數動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：

(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語

1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語

attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視

afford負擔得起 demand要求 long渴望

arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算

begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏

appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設法

cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝

ask問 dread害怕 need需要

agree同意 desire愿望 love愛

swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供

beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃

bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿

care關心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準備

decide決定 learn學習regret抱歉，遺憾

choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明

claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾，允許

start開始 undertake承接 want想要

consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕

decide決定 learn學習vow起

contrive設法，圖謀 incline有…傾向 propose提議

seek找，尋覓 try試圖

2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式

ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使

allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿

announce宣布 force強迫 press迫使

bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求

assist協助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示

advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵 pray請求

authorize授權，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦

bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒

beg請求 induce引誘 report報告

compel強迫 invite吸引，邀請，summon傳喚

command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示

drive驅趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓練

cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve應受 leave使，讓 tell告訴

direct指導 like喜歡 tempt勸誘

entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡

enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵，力說

encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要

condemn指責，譴責 lead引起，使得 teach教

entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望

(2)有少數動詞只能用動名詞作賓語

acknowledge承認，自認 cease 停止 mention說到，講到

admit 承認 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭

advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕

appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受

avoid避免 contemplate細想 enjoy享有，喜愛

bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can’t help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避

can’t stand受不了 deny否認 excuse借口

consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛好

favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟

figure描繪，計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨

finish完成，結束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止

forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復

imagine設想 postpone延遲，延期 risk冒險

involve卷入，包含 practise 實行，實踐 suggest建議

hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄

keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持，忍受

loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想

例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。

(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別

1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）

forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發生）

2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事

stop doing 停止正在或經常做的事

3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）

remember doing記得做過某事(已做)

4)regret to do對要做的事遺憾

regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔

5）try to do努力、企圖做某事

try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法

6)mean to do打算，有意要…

mean doing意味著

7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）

go on doing 繼續（原先沒有做完的事情）

8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建議（做某事）

9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念

（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如：

I should like to see him tomorrow．

10)need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?

You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動身。

I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)

I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)

You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let’s try doing the work some other way．讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。

I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我沒想要傷害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進醫院。