第一篇：英語六級翻譯必備知識語序

英語六級翻譯必備知識語序

1)定語位置的調整

漢語的定語，無論是單用還是幾個連用，通常都放在所修飾的名詞之前。而在英語里，單詞作定語時，一般放在所修飾的中心詞之前，詞組，短語和從句作定語時，則放在所修飾的名詞之后。漢語的定語譯成英語時，有的可能是單詞，有的可能是短語，有的可能是從句。對這些成分的安排，要依據英語的語言習慣來處理。反之亦然。

例1 實現我國社會主義現代化是一項我們必須努力完成的任務。

譯文: The socialist modernization of our country is a task that we must do our utmost to fulfill.漢語中作“現代化”定語的“社會主義”在英語中只需要一個單詞 socialist 就可以表明，按照英語的習慣，放在所修飾的中心modernization 之前。但是原文中“我國”翻成英語就不是簡簡單單的一個詞了，而是一個介詞短語of our country，置于中心詞“現代化”之后，成為后置定語。英譯時，“任務”的定語“努力完成的”是一個從句that we must do our utmost to fulfil，按照英語習慣，應放在所修飾的中心詞task之后。

例2 She was very happy to meet the artist who painted the picture.譯文: 她很高興能夠遇到那幅畫的藝術家。

全句的賓語是“藝術家”，英語里修飾the artist 的成分在the artist之后，這是英語表達習慣所規定的。但是轉換成漢語時，就必須把定語修飾成分提前到中心詞“藝術家”之前。

2)狀語位置的調整

漢語中狀語習慣于放在主語之后，謂語之前。但有時為了強調也可以放在主語之前。英語中狀語的位置要靈活得多。就單詞狀語而言，它可以位于句首，句中，句末。較長的狀語常被置于句首或句末，句中的情況極少。因此，在漢英，英漢互譯時，狀語位置的變換調整極為復雜。

例3 上星期五我們在那家新餐館盡情地吃了一頓。

譯文：We ate to our hearts content at the new restaurant last Friday.原文中，“上星期五”放在句首，并且在“那家新餐館”之前，而譯文中卻將時間狀語和地點狀語的位置顛倒了過來。這樣一來，既準確地表達了原文意思，又符合了英文語序習慣。所以我們可以得出結論：英語里如果句子既有地點狀語又有時間狀語，一般地點狀語在前，時間狀語在后。漢語里則往往把它們置于句首或謂語前，而且通常時間狀語在地點狀語之前。

第二篇：英語六級翻譯

2012年6月

《孫子兵法》（The Art of War）是中國古代最重要的一部軍事著作之一，是我國優秀傳統文化的重要組成部分。孫子（Sun Tzu），即該書的作者，在書中揭示的一系列具有普遍意義的軍事規律，不僅受到軍事家門的推崇，還在經濟領域、領導藝術、人生追求甚至家庭關系等諸多方面，具有廣泛的指導作用。《孫子兵法》中的許多名言警句（epigram），富有哲理，意義深遠，在國內外廣為流傳。如今，《孫子兵法》已被翻譯成多種語言，在世界軍事史上也具有重要的地位。

The Art of War is one of the most important ancient Chinese military literary works, and serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China.Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which are not only valued by militarists but also play an extensive guiding role in several fields such as economy, art of leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship.There are a lot of famous saying and epigrams in The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad.Nowadays The Art of War has been translated into many languages and it also plays an important role in the military history of the world.2012年12月

京劇

京劇（Peking Opera）已有200多年的歷史，是中國的國劇。與其他地方戲相比，京劇享有更高的榮譽，但其實京劇融合了多種地方戲的元素。京劇演員的臉譜（facial make-up）和戲服都很精美，相比之下舞臺布景則十分簡單。表演者主要應用四種技能：唱、念、做、打。京劇較擅長于表現歷史題材的政治、軍事斗爭，故事大多取自于歷史演義和小說話本（historic and fictional stories）。在古代，京劇大多是在戶外演出的，因此演員們形成了一種有穿透力的唱腔，以便每個人都能聽到。

Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years.Compared with other Chinese local operas,Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation;but actually it absorbed many elements of other local operas.The facial make-up and costumers of the performs are very delicate;by contrast, the backdrops are quiet plain.During performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: song, speech, dance, and combat.Peking Opera is better at performing political and military struggle with historic and the performed stories are mainly from historic and fictional stories.In ancient times, Peking Opera, was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone.2013年6月

中國衛生監督部門決定在未來三到五年之內建立一個全國性的網絡，用以監測空氣污染對人類健康的影響。這一目標于國家衛生和計劃生育委員會(National Health and Family Planning Commission)針對空氣污染的一份工作文件中披露，根據這份文件，該網絡將搜集不同地區空氣中的PM2.5數據和主要空氣污染物濃度變化的數據。這將為分析和評估空氣污染對健康的影響提供數據支持。這一文件提到，缺乏長期而系統的監測使國家無法揭示空氣污染和人類健康之間的聯系。

China’s health watchdog has decided to set up a national network to monitor the impact air pollution on human’s health within the coming three to five years.The goal was revealed in a work document on air pollution released by National Health and Family Planning Commission.According to the document, the network will gather data on PM2.5 in the air in different regions and the density changes of main air pollutants.That will provide data support for the analysis and evaluation of the impact of air pollution on health.The document noted that lack of long-term and systematic monitoring prevented the country from uncovering the link between air pollution and human’s health.2013年12月第一套

中國人自古以來就在中秋時節慶祝豐收。這與北美地區慶祝感恩節的習俗十分相似。過中秋節的習俗于唐代早期在中國各地開始流行。中秋節在農歷八月十五，是人門拜月的節日。這天夜晚皓月當空，人們合家團聚，共賞明月。2006年，中秋節貝類為中國文化遺產，2008年又被定位公共假日。月餅被視為中秋節不可或缺的美食。人們將月餅作為禮物饋贈親友或在家庭聚會上享用。傳統的月餅上帶有“壽（longevity）”、“福”或“和”等字樣。

Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated their harvest during mid-autumn, which is quite similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in North America.The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival started gaining its popularity in the early Tang Dynasty around China.The Mid-Autumn Festival ,celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a festival for Chinese people to worship the moon.During the night of the day when the bright moon is shining in the sky, there will be family reunions and family members will enjoy the bight moon together.In 2006, the Mid-Autumn Festival was listed as a Chinese cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was designated as a public holiday.The moon cake is seen as the indispensable fine food for the Mid-Autumn Festival.People send moon cakes as gifts to their relatives and friends or they eat moon cakes at family gatherings.Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters conveying such meanings as “longevity”, “blessing”or “harmony”.2013年12月第三套

聞名于世界的絲綢之路是一系列連接東西方的路線。絲綢之路延伸6000多公里，得名于中國古代的絲綢貿易。絲綢之路上的貿易在中國、南亞、歐洲和中東文明發展中發揮了重要的作用。正式通過絲綢之路，中國的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術這四大發明才被引介到世界各地。同樣，中國的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器(porcelain)也傳遍全球。物質文化的交流是雙向的，歐洲也通過絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國市場的需求。

The word-famous Silk Road refers to a series of routes that connect the East and the West.The Silk Road extends for over 6,000 kilometers and derived its name from ancient China’s silk trade.The trades that occurred on the Silk Road played an important role in the development process of the civilization of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It is by way of the Silk Road that China’s four great inventions, namely paper-making, powder, compass and printing technology, were introduced to all over the word.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread to the whole word.Material and cultural exchanges are two-ways, for Europe also satisfied the demands of Chinese market by exporting various commodities and plants to China through the Silk Road.2013年12月第二套

中國園林（the Chinese garden）是經過三千多年演變而成的獨具一格的園林景觀（landscape）。它既包括為皇室成員享樂而建造的大型花園，也包括學者、商人和卸任的政府官員為擺脫嘈雜的外部世界而建造的私家花園。這些花園構成了一種意在表達人與自然之間應有的和諧關系的微縮景觀。典型的中國園林四周有圍墻，園內有池塘、假山（rock-work）、樹木、花草以及各種各樣由蜿蜒的小路和走廊連接的建筑。漫步在花園中，人們可以看到一系列精心設計的景觀猶如山水畫卷（scroll）一般展現在面前。

The Chinese garden is a unique landscape in virtue of evolution of more than three thousand years.It includes not only the large gardens built by the royal family for enjoyment, but also the private ones built by scholars, businessmen and former government officials for getting rid of the hustle and bustle of the outside world.These gardens constitute a kind of miniaturized landscape which aims at displaying the due harmonious relationship between human and nature.Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls.In the gardens there are ponds, rock-works, trees, flowers and plants, and various architectures that are connected by winding paths or corridors.When rambling in the gardens, people can enjoy a series of elaborately designed landscapes which are presented in front of them like a landscape painting scroll.2014年6月

北京計劃未來三年投資7,600億元治理污染，從減少PM2.5排放入手。這一新公布的計劃旨在減少四種主要污染源，包括500多萬輛機動車的尾氣（exhaust）排放、周邊地區燃煤、來自北方的沙塵暴和本地的建筑灰塵。另有850億元用于新建或升級城市垃圾處理和污水（sewage）處理設施，加上300醫院投資未來三年的植樹造林（forestation）。

市政府還計劃建造一批水循環利用工廠，并制止違章建筑，以改善環境。另外，北京還將更嚴厲地處罰違反限排規定的行為。

Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in coming three years, starting from reducing the PM2.5 emissions.The newly released plan is aimed at reducing four major pollution sources, including the exhaust emissions from more than 5 million motor vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms from the North and the local construction dusts.Another 85 billion yuan will be used to build or upgrade the facilities for treatment of urban garbage and sewage and additional 30 billion yuan will be invested in forestation in the next three years.The municipal government also plans to set up a group of water recycling factories and curb peccancy buildings in order to improve the environment.In addition, Beijing will punish more severely the behaviors that violate the regulations of emission limitation.4

第三篇：英語六級翻譯

From Nov.3 to 12, Beijing will restrict the use of private vehicles based on even-and odd-numbered license plates, and 70 percent of cars belonging to local governments, public institutions, social groups and state-owned enterprises will not be allowed to be used during the period.11月3日至11月12日，北京市將按照機動車車牌單雙號對私家車實行限制措施，同時，政府機構、事業單位、社會組織以及國有企業70%的車輛都不允許在此期間上路行駛。

”拼車“ 用英語怎么說

Carpooling has become a popular choice for Beijing's white-collar workers as the limit on the number of cars on roads during the APEC meeting took effect on Monday.北京在APEC期間的車輛限行措施周一開始實施，拼車成為北京白領們的熱門選擇。”

取消死刑“和”刑法“用英語怎么說

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is considering reducing by nine the number of crimes subject to the death penalty through revising the Criminal Law.全國人大常委會擬通過《刑法》修正案減少九個適用死刑的罪名。”邪教“用英語怎么說

Liu Jinguo, vice-minister of public security, has been appointed deputy head of the 610 Office, the central government agency responsible for combating cults and handling cult-related issues.公安部副部長劉金國被任命為中央防范和處理邪教問題領導小組610辦副組長。

“出柜”用英語怎么說？

蘋果CEO提姆·庫克周四宣布出柜，并表示他在用自己小心守護的隱私換取民權進步的機會，他也由此成為出柜的美國公司首腦中最有影響力的一位

Apple Inc CEO Tim Cook on Thursday became the most prominent American corporate leader to come out as gay, saying he was trading his closely guarded privacy for the chance to help move civil rights forward.“低碳出行”英語怎么說？

Shanghai marked World Car-Free Day on September 22nd with a series of publicity campaigns to promote low-carbon transportation, but didn't prevent cars from entering certain downtown areas as it had in the past.It was the seventh year Shanghai participated in World Car-Free Day along with 150 other cities around the country.Officials used the theme “Greener Traffic, Cleaner Air” to encourage car owners to take public transportation more often and help ease road congestion and contribute to better air quality.9月22日是“世界無車日”，滬上并未像過去一樣在市區某些區域設置“車輛禁行區”，而是通過一系列豐富多彩的宣傳活動，倡導市民低碳出行。

這是上海第七年參與“世界無車日”的活動，一同參與的還有全國其他150個城市。此次活動的官方主題為“綠色交通?清新空氣”，旨在鼓勵有車一族多乘坐公共交通出行，從而緩解交通擁堵，提升空氣質量。

“廣場舞”用英語怎么說？

A recent survey found that Shanghai residents have more tolerance for public square dancing, or guangchangwu, which has become a national controversy in recent years.最近的一項調查發現，上海居民對廣場舞的容忍度有所提高。近年來廣場舞一直是飽受民眾爭議的一個話題。

“窮游”英語怎么說？

Traveling is a priority for many people during the National Day holiday, and college students are no exception.But with landmarks swamped with tourists, and transportation and accommodation costs even higher during Golden Week, how to travel on a budget is a tricky question.對于許多人而言，在過去的國慶假期里，旅行可是頭等大事。大學生們自然也不例外，但是，鑒于黃金周各大景點人山人海，交通、住宿費用水漲船高，如何“窮游”成為了一個棘手的問題。

”依法治國“英語怎么說？

中國共產黨第十八屆中央委員會第四次全體會議10月20日起至23日在北京召開，將首次以全會的形式專題研究部署全面推進依法治國。以往的四中全會多聚焦于黨風建設，本次會議以依法治國為主題，反映出中國改革已進入攻堅期，將通過完善法治實現改革目標。

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committeewill deliberate on a draft decision of the CPC Central Committee on “major issues concerning comprehensively advancing rule of law”.”封殺劣跡藝人“用英語怎么說？

Watchdog bans broadcasts of works by tainted stars 廣電總局下令封殺“劣跡藝人”

The country's top press and media watchdog has ordered TV stations and other outlets to stop broadcasting material featuring stars who use drugs or visit prostitutes.廣電總局日前下令，各大衛視和其他媒體機構停止播出“有吸毒、嫖娼等違法犯罪行為者”參與制作的節目。

全面禁煙（可能性大）China is mulling

a

ban

on

all

forms

of

tobacco advertising,sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products, according to adraft regulation on Monday.據周一發布的一份條例草案規定，中國擬全面禁止任何形式的煙草廣告、贊助活動以及煙草產品促銷。

此次公開征求意見的控煙條例明確，所有室內公共場所一律禁止吸煙（smokingis banned in all kinds of indoor public places）；體育、健身場館的室外觀眾座席、賽場區域（outdoor seating areas and venues of stadiums and fitness centers）、公共交通工具的室外等候區域（outdoor waiting areas of public transportation）等也全面禁止吸煙。

送審稿還規定，新聞出版廣電總局負責對電影、電視劇及其他節目中的吸煙鏡頭（smokingscenes in films and TV shows）進行監督管理，違者最高罰款3萬元。

這樣的禁煙令堪稱carpet（地毯式，全面）smoking ban。駕照自學自考

Under the reform, if someone wants toobtain a driver's license, they can learn the necessary skills on their own andregister online for an examination, said Huang Ming, vice-minister of publicsecurity.公安部副部長黃明表示，按照改革，人們可以自行學習駕車技能然后上網登記報考駕照。

此次reform on the issuing of driver's licenses（駕照改革）的目的是curb corruption in vehicle management departments（杜絕車管部門的腐敗）。改革有望實現眾人期盼已久的“駕照自學自考”。根據現行規定，想考取駕照的人必須上至少64小時的driving classes held by training schools（駕校課程），包括兩門driving theory（駕照理論）課和兩門driving practice（駕照實踐）課。駕校學費從5000元到1萬元不等，而且逐年上升。考生不能register for tests themselves（自行報考），而是由trainingagency registers on behalf of applicants（培訓機構代為報考）。

APEC的亞太一體化

“The development prospect of ourregion hinges on the decisions and actions we take today,” he said.“We are duty-bound to create and fulfill an Asia-Pacific dream for ourpeople.”習近平指出，亞太發展前景取決于今天的決斷和行動。我們有責任為本地區人民創造和實現亞太夢想。文中的Asia-Pacific dream就是指“亞太夢”。習近平指出，今天的亞太，在世界格局中的地位不斷上升。也面臨方方面面的挑戰。亞太的未來，正處在關鍵的路口。

習近平在演講中還指出，中國經濟呈現出“new normal”（新常態）。我們正在推行的comprehensivelydeepening reform（全面深化改革），既是liberate theproductive force（對社會生產力的解放），也是對unleash the vitality ofthe society（社會活力的解放），必將成為推動中國經濟社會發展的強大動力。

政府用房標準

The National Development and Reform Commission andMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development jointly released the 32-pageset of guidelines outlining the construction standards for Party and governmentbuildings and offices on Monday.國家發展改革委、住房建設部周一發布了長達32頁的黨政機關辦公用房建設標準。

“黨政機關辦公用房建設標準”即guidelines outlining the constructionstandards for Party and government buildings and offices，標準規定minister's office（部級正職的辦公室）不超過54平方米。外面不搞luxurious decorations（豪華裝修），不定位為landmarkbuilding（城市標志性建筑）。

自2012年12月4日中國中央政治局通過的eight-point code to cutbureaucracy and maintain close ties with the people（關于改進工作作風、密切聯系群眾的八項規定），就要求官員消除hedonism（享樂主義）。

藥價改革

Prices of more than 2,700 drugs willsoon be determined by the market, rather than the government, as China getsready to roll out its ambitious drug pricing reform plan, industry sources said on Thursday.據業界消息周四透露，中國已準備好施行大規模的藥價改革計劃，今后超過2700種藥品價格將由市場而不是政府來決定。“藥價改革”英文就是drugpricing reform，根據改革方案，國家擬取消藥品最高零售限價或出廠價格，從完善藥品采購機制、強化醫保控費作用、強化醫療行為監管、強化價格行為監管等四方面加強監管，發揮醫保支付基準價的引導作用，使藥品市場價格保持在合理的水平。

現階段government-priced drugs（由政府定價的藥品）占據了整個藥品市場的23%。從明年一月份開始，政府不再設定藥品的maximumretail price（最高零售限價）或factory price（出廠價）。

第四篇：英語六級翻譯

一隨著經濟的快速發展和國際地位的提升，中國逐漸成為各國留學生的熱門留學目的地。到2020年，中國將力○爭成為亞洲最大的留學目的國。除了漢語之外，中國藝術、飲食、民俗、中醫(Traditional Chinese Medicine)等頗具中國特色的專業也深受金發碧眼的洋學生們熱捧。同時，中國為進一歩擴大外國留學生規模，不斷增加政府獎學金的投入；另一方面，為吸引更多優秀的國際生源，各院校也增設了不少獎學金項目。參考翻譯: With the rapid economic development and thepromotion of international status, China hasgradually become a popular destination country foroverseas students.China strives to be the hottestdestination country for overseas study in Asia bythe year 2020.Besides the Chinese language, the overseas students with blond hair and blueeyes are also interested in the majors with Chinese characteristics like Chinese art, food,folklore, traditional Chinese medicine and so on.Meanwhile, to expand the scale of overseasstudents, Chinese government constantly invests more to offer scholarships on the otherhand, to attract more excellent overseas students, universities also add many scholarshipprograms.1.隨著經濟的快速發展和國際地位的提升:表達“隨著”的含義，可采用with加分詞短語的形式。

2.力爭成為亞洲最大的留學目的國:其中“力爭”可用striveto表達；“最大的”即 “最熱門的”，可譯為 hottest。3.金發碧眼的洋學生們:其中“金發碧眼”可譯為blond hairand blue eyes;“洋學生”可譯為overseas students,文中“外國留學生”、“國際生源”均可用該詞組表達。

4.擴大規模:可譯為expand the scale of或increase the number of。

5.不斷增加政府獎學金的投入:可譯為Chinese government invests more to offer scholarships。6.增設了不少獎學金項目:可譯為add many scholarship programs。

醫生該如何學習誠實對待他們的病人呢？進行更多關于如何與病人溝通其健康狀況的培訓是極其重要的——尤其是在告知（deliver）壞消息時。如果檢查結果對病人的健康沒有影響的話，醫生們可能不會把略有異常的實驗室檢查結果告訴給焦慮的病人。相反地，醫生也許會夸大（exaggerate）正常的結果，希望能刺激病人更好地照顧自己。而病人們也需要清楚并確定他們所期望的醫生的誠實度。畢竟，即便在醫生的辦公室里，交流也是雙向的。參考譯文：

How can doctors learn to be honest with their patients? More training about how to communicate with patients about their health is critical—especially when it comes to delivering bad news.Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.Conversely, they might exaggerate a normal result in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself.Patients also need to be clear and certain about how honest they want their doctors to be.Communication is a two-way street, after all, even in the doctor’s office.詞句點撥

1、極其重要的 critical

2、尤其是在告知（deliver）壞消息時 when it comes to delivering bad news.（注：注意come to的用法。come to sth.其中的一個意思就是“當達到某種狀況（尤指不好的狀況）時”。）

3、如果檢查結果對病人的健康沒有影響的話，醫生們可能不會把略有異常的實驗室檢查結果告訴給焦慮的病人。Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.（注：注意這句話的翻譯順序，及檢查結果重復出現時，翻譯時可譯為it。）

4、希望能刺激病人更好地照顧自己 in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself

5、清楚并確定 be clear and certain

6、雙向的 a two-way street

信用卡(credit card)是由銀行發行的卡，持卡人可以憑卡賒購(buy on credit)商品和服務。使用信用卡最大的好處就是能給持卡人帶來極大的方便。人們可以 使用信用卡賒購他們需要的東西，并在一段時期內付淸欠款,而不必隨身攜帶大量的現金。但如此的便利也帶來了一些問題，如惡意透支(malicious overdraft)。還會剌激使用者超前消費，容易產生月光族。在消費的時候，使用信用卡會促使消費者更加沖動地購物，甚至購買一些平時不怎么用的商品。參考譯文：

A credit card is a card issued by a bank,allowing its holder to buy goods and services on credit.The most obvious advantage of credit card is the huge convenience it brings to card holders.People can use the cards to buy what they want on credit and pay off the debt over a period of time instead of carrying a large sum of cash with them.But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft and overconsumption which will easily reduce the card users to“moonlight group”.When shopping,consumers with credit cards will buy goods more impetuously.They will even buy something that is not often used in daily life.詞句點撥

1.賒購商品和服務:賒購可用短語buy...on credit來表達。故此處可譯為buy goods and services on credit。2.最大的好處:“大的好處”即“明顯的好處”，故此處可譯為the most obvious advantage。其中obvious意為“顯著的”。3.但如此的便利也帶來了一些問題，如惡意透支…:可譯為But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft"其中，使用“such+n.+as...”這個結構可以達到清晰列舉事例的效果。例如，我們買了蘋果、香蕉、葡萄等水果，即We bought such fruits as apples,bananas,grapes,etc.4.惡意透支和超前消費:分別可譯為名詞短語malicious overdraft和over-consumption。

傳統的中國婚俗被視為中國傳統文化禮儀的基礎。通常，婚禮是隆重場合，有很多的禮節。婚禮有八大程序，包括求婚、生辰匹配、合婚（marriage divination),下聘禮（betrothal gifts presenting)、確定婚期、置辦嫁妝（dowry urging)、迎娶新娘、舉行正式的結婚儀式。在中國傳統的婚禮中，新娘由新郎牽著。她頭頂紅蓋頭，全程都垂在肩上。傳統的中國婚俗已經實行了幾千年。它們可能會因時間和地點而異，但在中國人的生活中一直占據著重要地位，對中國人的生活方式產生著深遠的影響。參考譯文：

Traditional Chinese wedding customs are considered as the foundation of rites in traditional Chinese culture.A wedding is usually a grand occasion with so many formalities.There are eight major procedures of a wedding,including proposal making,birthday matching,marriage divination,betrothal gifts presenting,wedding date fixing,dowry urging,welcoming the bride to the wedding and performing the formal wedding ceremony.During the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony,the bride is led by her groom.Her head is covered by a red veil which is Ming down to her shoulder during the whole period.Traditional Chinese wedding customs have been running for thousands of years.They may vary from place to place and from time to time,but they have been holding an important position in the life of Chinese people,having a far-reaching impact on Chinese people's lifestyle.詞句點撥

1.隆重場合:可譯為a grand occasion。grand意為“重大的，盛大的 2.求婚:可譯為名詞結構proposal making。3.生辰匹配:可譯為birthday matching。

4.合婚:八字合婚是中國民間的一種舊俗，即婚前男女雙方交換庚帖，以卜八字是否相配來確定婚姻是否幸福美滿。故此處譯為marriage divination,divination意為“預測，占卜”。

5.下聘禮:可譯為betrothal gifts presenting。betrothal是名詞，意為“訂婚”，betrothal gifts意為“聘禮”。6.置辦嫁妝:可譯為dowry urging。

7.紅蓋頭:可譯為red veil。veil意為“頭巾；面紗”。

8.因...而異:可譯為vary。vary是常見詞，常用詞組有vary from(與...不同),vary with(隨...而不同)，vary in(在...方面有差異)。

地球表面超過70%是水，水無疑是地球上最寶貴的自然資源。若非這些看似毫無價值的氫氧化合物(compound of oxygen and hydrogen)，地球上的生命將不復存在，因為萬物的生長繁榮都依存于此。盡管人類承認這個現實，但是我們對此漠視，依然在污染我們的江河湖海。久而久之，地球確實深受其害，生物正以驚人的速度死亡。除了無辜生命的死亡外，我們的飲用水和水上娛樂活動也收到了極大的影響。為了應對水污染，我們必須理解癥結所在，并參與解決。

請看下面的漢譯英段落翻譯：

【參考譯文】：

Comprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet.Without the seemingly invaluable compound of oxygen and hydrogen, life on Earth would be non-exist: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper.Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans.Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate.In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our abilities to use water for recreational purposes.In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.在當今社會，相差三歲，就會有“溝”，即所謂的:“三歲一代溝”。以前，在人們的思維里，代溝(generation gap)所表示的時間長度是10到20年。而到了21世紀，隨著全國各地的經濟發展，人們文化知識的增長，思想意識的提髙，每個人的個性化和自我意識逐漸增強，人與人之間的交流出現了障礙，人與人之間的想法、觀點出現了分歧，很難找到共鳴(resonance)。這種現象與經濟發達程度有關，經濟越發達的地方，代溝的時間差距越小。參考譯文：

In modern society,there will be a generation gap if the gap of ages reaches 3 years.This is the so-called“Each three-year age gap,one generation gap”.In the past,people thought that generation gap appeared when the age gap reached 10 to 20 years.But in the 21st century,with the national economic development,the growth of people's cultural knowledge and the improvement of their thought and consciousness,people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened.Communication barriers among people appear;ideas and viewpoints begin to differ from person to person,making it hard for one to find resonance with other people.This phenomenon is related to the level of economic development-the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be.詞句點撥

1.相差三歲，就會有“溝”:這里的“溝”指代溝。

2.三歲一代溝:可譯Each three-year age gap,one generation gap,意為“每差三歲，就有代溝”。英文譯成對仗的形式顯得較為工整。

3.思想意識的提高:可譯為the improvement of thoughts and consciousness。

4.每個人的個性化和自我意識逐漸增強:可譯為people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened。

5.很難找到共鳴:該句其實是“交流出現了障礙”、“想法、觀點出現了分歧”的結果，故譯為非謂語形式making it hard for one to find resonance with other people作結果狀語。6.經濟越發達的地方，代溝的時間差距越小:翻譯時可使the more…the more…句式，即the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be。

打車難已經成為大城市人們生活中較為普遍的問題。城市人口規模的擴大，人類社會活動的不斷多元(diversification)化都增加了對出租車的需求。隨著城市交通擁堵狀況不斷加劇，為避免堵車影響收人，上下班高峰時段很多司機不愿意跑擁堵路段和主城區，導致市民在一些交通樞紐、商業中心、醫院附近很難打到出租車。城市建設影響了出租車的使用效率。出租車行業不規范，拒載行為屢屢發生，這也是導致打車難的人為因素 參考譯文：

It has been a common problem in large city residents' life that it's hard to take a taxi.The increase of urban population and diversification of social activities make the demand for taxi rise.As the traffic jam becomes worse in cities，to guarantee personal income, many taxi drivers refuse to drive on busy roads and main urban areas, which makes it difficult for many citizens to take a taxi near some transportation junctions, commercial centers and hospitals.City construction affects the efficiency of taxi.Being not standard in the taxi industry and taxi drivers' often refusing to take passengers are the human factors that make it difficult to take a taxi.詞句點撥

1.打車難:可譯為it's hard to take a taxi,作為problem的同位語，意義表達清楚自然。

2.增加了對出租車的需求:可譯為make the demand for taxi rise。

3.為避免堵車影響收入:可靈活地譯為to guarantee personal income。采用逆向譯法，上下文反復出現“堵車”這個詞，所以可以省略。

4.出租車行業不規范，拒載行為屢屢發生:這里是說明原因，為了句式簡明，可以處理為動名詞和獨立主格的形式，直接充當句子主語。

5.人為因素:可譯為human factor。

聞名于世的絲綢之路是一系列連接東西方的路線。絲綢之路延伸6，000多公里，得名于古代中國的絲綢貿易。絲綢之路上的貿易在中國、南亞、歐洲和中東文明發展中發揮了重要作用。正是通過絲綢之路，中國的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術等四大發明才被引介到世界各地。同樣，中國的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器（porcelain）也傳遍全球。物質文化的交流是雙向的，歐洲也通過絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國市場的需求。

【翻譯】

The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.It extended more than 6,000 kilometers.The Silk Road was named after ancient China‘s silk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world.Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.中國將加速節能產業的發展，使其到2015年成為國民經濟的支柱產業。國務院(the State Council)曾在一份聲明中承諾要推進技術創新,擴大人們對節能產品的需求，推動壞保服務產業的發展。國務院表示,節能產業的產出價值到2015年將達到4.5萬億元,平均年增長15%。政府將起主導作用，并允許非國有資本投資節能項目。中國已承諾到2020年，將每單位GDP的碳排放量在2005年的基礎上減少40%—45%。【解析】

1.加速節能產業的發展:“節能產業”可譯為energy saving industry。2.國民經濟的支柱產業:可譯為a pillar of the national economy。

3.承諾要推進技術創新，擴大人們對節能產品的需求，推動環保服務產業的發展:此處“承諾”可譯為vow;“推進”可翻譯為spur;“妒大”可翻譯為 expand;“推動”可翻譯為boost。

【參考答案】

China will speed up development of the energy-saving industry and make it a pillar of the national economy by 2015.The State Council vowed in a statement to spur technological innovation，expand demand for energy-saving products and boost the environmental-protection service industry.According to the State Council, the value of the energy-saving industry’s output will reach 4.5 trillion yuan by 2015,with an average annual growth rate of 15 percent.The govemment will play a leading role and allow the non-state capital to invest in energy-saving projects.China has committed to reducing its carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 compared with the number in 2005.有些國家為了處理他們與中國的貿易，建立了專門的機構。CCBC是加中貿易理事會，該機構協助處理兩國間的貿易項目。另外一個有此功能的機構是英中貿易協會(the China-BritainBusiness Council)。該機構設立的目的是協助中英兩國間的貿易。同時，中國也幫助國內的年輕人在商業上搶占先機。中國青年創業國際計劃旨在幫助年輕人進行創業。另外，中國還發行了一些商業雜志，來幫助中國人跟進國際商業領域的新發展。

【解析】

1.專門的機構:可譯為special organization。

2.中國青年創業國際計劃旨在幫助年輕人進行創業:“中國青年創業國際計劃”是專有名詞，譯為Youth Business China;“創業”就是“開創一番事業”，因此可譯為start a business。

3.跟進國際商業領域的新發展:“跟進”可用keep track of表達，“國際商業領域”可翻譯為internationalcommercial areas。【參考答案】

Some countries have special organizations set up for dealing with their business with China.CCBC isthe Canada China Business Council which helps with the trade between the two countries.Anotherorganization of the same function is the China-Britain Business Council.This organization has beenestablished to facilitate the trade between the UK and China.At the same time, China serves for theyoung people to grab the favorable business opportunities.Youth Business China aims at helpingyoung people to start a business.China also publishes several business magazines to help theChinese people to keep track of the development in the international commercial areas.make a living 謀生

make it 成功

make the best / most of 充分利用 many a 許多

mark the papers 批改考卷

mayor / minor in

meet one's needs 滿足要求

might as well 不妨

mistake a for b 認錯

more or less 或多或少，有點

my treat 我請客

narrow escape 九死一生

necessary to /for 必要的 next door 隔壁的，在隔壁

next to 下一個，其次

no doubt 無疑地

no less than 不少于……;不亞于

no longer 不再

no more than 至多，同……一樣不

no more 不再

none other than 不是別的，正是

nothing but 只有，只不過

now and then 時而，偶爾

off and on 斷斷續續，間歇地 hand 一方面

on a large/small scale 大/小規模地 on account of 由于

on behalf of 代表

on board 在船(車/飛機)上

in turn 依次,輪流;轉而

in vain 徒勞,白費力

indifferent to無興趣,不關心

indignant with sb.憤慨

inferior to級別低于,不如

innocent of無...罪,無辜

instead of 代替,而不是

intent on專心于

invisible to不可見的 jealous of嫉妒

just now 眼下;剛才

keep one's eyes on關注

keep on愛好,很喜歡

keep track of 留心

kind of / sort of有點somewhat

lay off 下崗

off duty 下班

on(the)one

in touch 聯系,接觸

leave alone別說

let the cat out of the bag泄露秘密 liable for對...有責任 liable to易于

little by little 逐漸地

look for / hunt for 找工作 lost the point弄錯 lots of 許多 loyal to忠于

mad about/on狂熱迷戀 mad at/with sb.生氣,憤怒 mad with因...發狂

make(both)ends meet收支平衡

第五篇：重要翻譯語序問題

漢譯英時，對原文的句子成分和詞語的先后順序，必須按照 英語的語序習慣重新安排，而不可照搬。原文中的某一語序在譯 文中變換成另一種語序，這就叫做語序的變換。

漢語和英語的語序有時也有相同之處。遇到這種情況，翻譯 時可按原文語序排列句子成分，這里無需贅述。下面舉例說明語 序相異時如何進行語序變換的幾種情況。

一、定語位置的變換

在漢譯英時，定語位置的變換是一個相當復雜的問題。要不 要變換，如何變換，應根據英語的語序習慣來決定。現分以下四個部分來介紹：

(一〉漢語的定語，無論是單用或是幾個連用，通常都放在所修 飾的名詞前面。英語則不然，單詞作定語時，一般放在所修飾的 名詞之前，短語和從句做定語時則放在所修飾的名詞之后。漢語的定語譯成英語時，有的可能是單詞，有的可能是短語，有的可 能是從句。怎樣安排？前置還是后置？這就要依照英語的習慣來處理。

?英國是第一個承認人民中國的西方大國。

Britain was the first Western power to recognize People’s China.?農林牧副漁布局合理、全面發展、能夠滿足人民生活和 工業發展需要的發達的農業（葉劍英《慶祝中華人民共和 國成立三十周年大會上的講話》）a developed agricultural system with a rational distribution and all-round development of farming，forestry, animal husbandry, sideline occupations and fisheries meeting the needs of the people and of an expanding industry ?去年皖北小麥的平均產量超過了歷史上最高水平。

The average yield of wheat last year in northern Anhui topped the highest level in history.④門類齊全、結構合理、能夠滿足社會消費和整個國民經 濟發展需要的先進工業

an advanced industrial system which is complete in range and rational in structure and which meets the needs of consumers and the expansion of the whole economy 以上四例，都有兩個以上的定語，但譯文中都將由單詞構成 的定語放在所修飾的名詞之前，其余的不論是短語或是從句，均 放在名詞之后。

(二）漢譯英時，英語的單詞定語并不是無例外地全部放在所修 飾的名詞之前。在下面一些特殊情況下，單詞作定語可以甚至必須放在所修飾的名詞之后： 1.單詞定語所修飾的名詞是由some，any，every，no等構成的復合代詞時，定語可后置。例如: ?他想找一個可靠的人幫助工作。

He wanted to get someone reliable to help in the work.?今天報上有什么重要消息嗎？

Is there anything important in today’s paper? ?咱們到一個安靜的地方去。Let’s go somewhere quie ④醫生為救病人盡到了一切必要的努力

The doctor did everything necessary to save the patient.⑤這個句子沒有什么不對的地方。

There is nothing wrong with this sentence.⑥這是稀世珍品。

It is something rare in the world.2.通常作表語用的形容詞，用作定語時必須后置。例如，?他是當今最偉大的詩人。He is the greatest poet alive.?到場的來賓中有一些外國記者。

The guests present included a few foreign newsmen.?僅這個委員會就有三名女委員。

On this committee alone there are three wome 3.在某些固定詞組中，單個形容詞用作定語時，習慣上放在所修飾的詞后面。例如： ?軍事法庭 Court Martial ?(聯合國）秘書長 Secretary General(of the U.N.)?(世界衛生組織）總干事 Director-General(of the WHO)④當選（而尚未就職的）總統 The president elect ⑤ 本詞典正文 the Dictionary proper(proper可表示為“??的本身”，作后置定語，用于名詞后)4.某些以-ible或-able結尾的形容詞用作定語，與every，the only, 或形容詞最高級連用來修飾一個名詞時，也常放在所 修飾的名詞之后。例如： ?我們一定要用一切可能的辦法來幫助他們。

We must help them in every way possible,(or in every possible way)?這是這兒能找到的唯一參考書。

This is the only reference book available here.?工人們努力以盡可能快的速度提高產量。

The workers are working to increase production at the highest speed possible.④這是能想得出的最好解決辦法

This is the best solution imaginable.5.某些分詞用作定語時，也須后置。例如： ?他們收下了贈送的禮物，十分髙興。

They were very glad to have accepted the presents offered.? 那些唱歌的人大部分是婦女。

Most of the people singing were women.? 他要求有關人員都積極參加這項工作。

He urged those concerned to take an active part in the work.④ 想去的人請站起來好嗎? Will those wishing to go stand up? 6.某些表示位置、方向的副詞用作定語時，往往也放在所 修飾的名詞之后，例如：

①這兒的書很好看。The books here are very interesting.?那邊的那個工廠是我們學校辦的。The factory there is run by our school.?這是唯一的出路。This is the only way out.④他作了一次國外旅行，剛剛回來。

He has just returned from his trip abroad.(三）英語有時把一系列的單詞定語放在所修飾的名詞之前，但其順序與漢語不盡相同，往往需要作適當的調整。

在漢語中，幾 個定語連用時，習慣上是把最能表明事物本質的放在最前面，而 把表示規模大小、力量強弱的放在后面。

英語則往往與此相反，越是能表示事物基本性質的定語越要靠近它所修飾的名詞。再者，往往根據定語和它所修飾的名詞之間的關系來安排前后位置；定語和中心詞關系愈密切，位置愈接近。如果關系遠近難 分，則按詞的長短排列，短的在前，長的在后。

另外，在一連串 定語中，如有代詞，則總是放在最前面，而代詞中的all, both 又總是放在其它代詞之前。所以，漢譯英時，要按英語的習慣順序仔細斟酌排列。?社會主義的現代化強國

a modern powerful socialist country ?極其光榮偉大的事業

a great and most glorious cause ?強大的社會主義工業國

a powerful industrial socialist country ④國際經濟新秩序

a new international economic order ⑤馬克思主義認識論的不可動搖的基本原則

the unshakable, fundamental Marxist epistemological principle ⑥ 一位朝鮮的青年舞蹈家 a young Korean dancer ⑦幾千朵美麗的紅玫瑰

thousands of red beautiful roses ⑧ 一張木制小圓桌

a small round wooden table ⑨黨的堅強領導

the strong Party leadership ⑩一位美國現代優秀作家

an outstanding contemporary American writer(四）此外，同位語在翻譯中也可以當作一種定語來處理，同位 語的位置在漢英兩種語言中有同有異。英語中的同位語一般都跟在中心名詞之后。漢語則比較復雜，有的加在中心名詞之前，有的加在中心名詞之后。加在以代詞為中心詞后面的，譯成英語時一般都保持原結構、原語序。例如： 我們共產黨人 we Communists 他們全體 they all 我們熱烈歡迎你們，各條戰線上的先進工作者們，來 參加這次大會。

We warmly welcome you, advanced workers from various fronts, to the conference.而位于中心名詞之前的，譯成英語時，語序上大半都要發生 變化，即將同位語移在中心名詞之后。例如： ? 這是我們醫院的院長周先生。

This is Mr.Zhou, director of our hospital.? 陪同貴賓的有國務院副總理某某某??

The distinguished guests were accompanied by so-and-so, Vice-premier of the State Council.?老民兵趙大叔走進司令部說：“我有情況來報告。”

“I have something to report, ” said Uncle Zhao, an old militiaman, as he walked into the headquarters.二、狀語位置的變換

漢譯英時，狀語位置的變換極為復雜。因為漢英兩種語言的 狀語位置差別較大；而且漢英兩種語言中，狀語的位置都不那么固定，出于強調的程度、句子的平衡和上下文的關聯等方面的考 慮，狀語的位置會發生一些變化。因此，在翻譯時首先要熟悉漢 英兩種語言狀語位置的差異，然后按英語的習慣來調整安排。這 里僅就以下四個方面加以介紹。

(一）漢語里，狀語通常放在主語之后、謂語之前，但有時為了 強調可放在主語之前。英語的狀語位置則十分復雜，漢譯英時，譯文中的狀語須依照英語語法和慣用法來安排。例如： ?他整天都工作。He works all day long。

?過去我們五月份總是到海濱去休假。

We used to always go for a holiday to the seaside in May.We always used to go for a holiday to the seaside in May.?“你可不要信賴他們那號人。”“我從來不信賴他們，今后也決不會信賴他們 “Don’t trust people like them"，“I never have，and I never will.” ④他上班從來沒有遲到過。He was never late for work.⑤ 在張大嬸的細心照料下豬長得很快。

The pigs are growing fast under Aunt Zhang’s care.⑥他從口袋里取出一條紅領巾，給了他的小女兒。

He took out a red scarf from his pocket and gave it to his little daughter.⑦我是在哈爾濱工作時認識她的。

I made her acquaintance when I was working in Harbin.⑧他們因為下雨取消了那次郊游。

They cancelled the outing because of the rain.(二）漢語句子里如有一系列狀語.譯成英語時，它們的順序要 按照英語的排列習慣加以變動。

1.漢語句子中同時含有時間狀語和地點狀語時，時間狀語 一般放在地點狀語之前。英語與此相反，通常把時間狀語放在地 點狀語之后。例如： ①我們得早點到達那里。We have to be there early.?這部電影我是去年夏天在武漢看的。I saw the film in Wuhan last summer.?會議將于明天下午在教室舉行

The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow afternoon.2.除了地點狀語和時間狀語外，如果還有方式狀語，在漢語里的順序通常是：時間、地點、方式。而英語則一般是：方式、地點、時間。例如： ?她每天早晨在室外高聲朗讀。

She reads aloud in the open every morning, ?我們上星期在她家飽餐了一頓。

We ate to our hearts’ content at her home last Sunday.?王教授此刻正在實驗室和他的兩個新助手一道工作。

Professor Wang is working with his two new assistants in the laboratory at the moment.(三）漢譯英時，有時為了強調，把譯文中的狀語移至主語之 前，即放在句首。例如: ? 青年團在黨的領導下，積極參加各方面的革命工作，作出了很大成績 Under the Party’s leadership, the Youth League has been active in every field of revolutionary work and has a great deal to its credit.? 列寧在一九二O年在《共產主義運動中的“左派”幼稚病》一書中，描寫過俄國人尋找革命理論的經過。

In his book “Left-wing”Communism，an Infantile Disorder written in 1920, Lenin described the quest of the Russians for revolutionary theory.?延安和陜甘寧邊區，從一九三六年到一九四八年，曾經是中共中央的所在地，曾經是中國人民解放斗爭的總后方。

From 1936 to 1948 Yenan and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region were the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the general rear area of the Chinese People's struggle for liberation.三、其它句子成分和詞語位置的變換 漢譯英時，需要變換位置的決不限于定語和狀語，其它句子 成分和一些詞語的位置，也要按照譯文的習慣作適當的調整和變換

(一）一個句子中，有幾個并列的詞語時，其含義常有輕重、強 弱之分。漢語的位置排列，一般是把重的、強的詞語放在前面，把輕的弱的詞語放在后面。英語則恰巧相反，越是重的、強的，越要排在后面。翻譯時就得依照英語的排列法變換其位置。例如：

? 救死扶傷，實行革命的人道主義。

Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practise revolutionary humanitarianism.? 它有一部分領袖人物不屬于這個集團，而且被這個集團所打擊、排斥或輕視。Some Kuomintang leaders do not belong to this clique by which they are even slighted, pushed aside or attacked(四)在漢語里，一個句子如果有兩個狀語，通常連在一起放在句子之中。英語則不然，往往是把兩個狀語分別放在句首和句末，或分別放在句首和主語后，以免句子出現頭重腳輕的不平衡 現象。例如：

?我們黨在毛澤東同志領導下，經過長期革命實踐特別 是延安整風，在全黨確立了一條辯證唯物主義的思想路線。

Under the leadership of Comrade Mao Zedong, our Party laid down a dialectical materialist ideological line in the course of long revolutionary practice and particularly through the Yenan Rectification Movement.?中國人民正在中國共產黨的領導下,團結一致地進行 著偉大的社會主義建設。Led by the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese people，united as one, are engaged in the great task of building socialism.(二）英語表達比較注重邏輯關系。在漢譯英時，遇到原文中邏輯關系安排先后與英語習慣不同者，往往需要從所描述的事情 和行為發生的時間以及它們的因果關系來考慮，調整譯文中句子成分和某些詞語的次序。例如： ?手疾眼快

quick of eye and deft of hand 從邏輯上講，總是先看見后動手，故在譯文中倒換了次序。

?我們共產黨員應該經風雨，見世面;這個風雨，就是群眾斗爭的大風雨，這個世面就是群眾斗爭的大世面。(《毛澤東選集》三卷，887頁）

We Communists ought to face the world and brave the storm，the great world of masses struggle and the mighty storm of masses struggle.從邏輯上講，face the world 在前，brave the storm 在后。

(三）漢英兩種語言中，都有一些并列結構的詞語，已經形成各 自固定的語序，互不相同。在翻譯這些并列結構的詞語時，須遵 從英文的慣例，進行必要的調整，不可受原文的束縛。現舉例說 明如下：

1.漢語習慣說“鋼鐵”，而英語則常把iron放在前，把 steel放在后。例如： 鋼鐵工業 the iron and steel industry 2.漢語習慣說“敵我”，而英語卻常把ourselves放在前，把the enemy放在后。例如 敵我矛盾

contradictions between ourselves and the enemy 漢語習慣說“衣食”，但英語則常把food放在clothing 之前。例如： 衣食住行 food, clothing, shelter and transportation 漢語習慣說“南北”、“西南”、“東北”，而英語則說 north and south，south-west，north-east。

漢語習慣說“新老”，而英語卻常把old放在前，把new 放在后。例如：新老干部應彼此尊重。

Cadres, old and new, must respect each other。