第一篇：淺談專業(yè)翻譯該如何提高

淺談專業(yè)翻譯該如何提高

今天我與大家談?wù)剬I(yè)翻譯應(yīng)該如何提高自己的層次水平。首先，必定要樹立自信心。

你看到別人口語流利、譯稿速度快，但你沒有看到人家的努力和付出。“不積小流，無以成江海”，想要提高自己的翻譯能力，必須要注意積累。別人能做到的，我們一樣可以做到，還可以做的更優(yōu)秀。

其次，已經(jīng)掌握的專業(yè)知識要不斷復(fù)習(xí)。

大家都知道人的記憶力是有限的，今天熟悉的知識，過兩天就會有些生疏，可能時(shí)間一長就直接忘了。因此，對于我們已經(jīng)掌握的行業(yè)知識、術(shù)語等專業(yè)翻譯的知識，要有計(jì)劃的復(fù)習(xí)，定期寫一寫、讀一讀，加深印象。再次，注意加強(qiáng)執(zhí)行力。

制定了學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃但是不付諸于行動(dòng)，這樣是不行的。建議大家制定具體的提高計(jì)劃，比如每天學(xué)什么、每周練什么，并堅(jiān)持下去，把專業(yè)翻譯的提高計(jì)劃變成實(shí)際行動(dòng)。

最后，學(xué)會管理自我。

成功的人都十分善于管理自己。工作、生活、娛樂等方面，這是譯者需要處理好的，否則一定會與我們提高專業(yè)翻譯能力發(fā)生沖突，甚至徹底打亂我們的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃，約束自己是非常重要的。

第二篇：如何提高北京專業(yè)翻譯公司的服務(wù)質(zhì)量

如何提高北京專業(yè)翻譯公司的服務(wù)質(zhì)量北京專業(yè)翻譯公司雖然數(shù)量多、業(yè)務(wù)量大，但是公司素質(zhì)良莠不齊、翻譯質(zhì)量好壞不一。如何提高各公司的服務(wù)質(zhì)量，推動(dòng)北京的翻譯行業(yè)朝著健康、規(guī)范的方向發(fā)展，是我們面臨的一大難題。

面對這些問題，365翻譯認(rèn)為國家和翻譯協(xié)會應(yīng)該充分發(fā)揮領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用，做好下面幾點(diǎn)工作：

第一，了解北京翻譯產(chǎn)業(yè)的情況。

全面、細(xì)致的調(diào)查北京地區(qū)翻譯服務(wù)的總體情況，這是一切工作的基本前提，非常重要。

第二，倡導(dǎo)各北京專業(yè)翻譯公司規(guī)范經(jīng)營。

倡導(dǎo)各公司規(guī)范經(jīng)營，正當(dāng)競爭，這是整個(gè)翻譯行業(yè)的重要保障。同時(shí)，國家機(jī)關(guān)和翻譯協(xié)會應(yīng)該創(chuàng)立評估機(jī)制，實(shí)現(xiàn)各公司有法可依，有法必依。第三，繼續(xù)完善和發(fā)展行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

《翻譯服務(wù)規(guī)范 第1部分：筆譯》、《翻譯服務(wù)譯文質(zhì)量要求》、《翻譯服務(wù)規(guī)范 第2部分：口譯》，這三部翻譯服務(wù)國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為完善我國的翻譯服務(wù)發(fā)揮了積極的作用。相關(guān)部門應(yīng)該繼續(xù)促進(jìn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定和修改，并制定更加細(xì)化、更加符合社會要求的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

在政府機(jī)關(guān)發(fā)揮宏觀調(diào)控的同時(shí)，各個(gè)北京專業(yè)翻譯公司也應(yīng)主動(dòng)改善、主動(dòng)提高自己的服務(wù)質(zhì)量，從我做起，從今天做起。

第三篇：法律專業(yè)翻譯

10, to begin with,the legal system has structure.the structure of a legal system consists of this kind:the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.structure also means how the legislature is organized,what a president can(legally)do or not do,what procedures the police department follows,and so on.another aspect of the legal system is its substance.by this it meant the actual rules,norms,and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先，法律制度有結(jié)構(gòu)。一個(gè)法律制度的結(jié)構(gòu)由這類的數(shù)量和大小的法院；管轄；和訴求方式從一個(gè)法院another.structure也意味著如何立法組織，什么總統(tǒng)（法律）做或不做，什么程序，警察部門如下，等等。法律制度的另一個(gè)方面是它的實(shí)質(zhì)。這意味著系統(tǒng)中的人的實(shí)際規(guī)則、規(guī)范和行為模式。, the law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.contractuai liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact form the acts of the parties.in some circumstances,however,the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法與履行義務(wù)有關(guān)。contractuai責(zé)任通常是基于同意的情況下隨意的形式給出一個(gè)表示承諾或一個(gè)事實(shí)默示形式當(dāng)事人的行為。然而，在某些情況下，法院將意味著一個(gè)承諾（通常被稱為隱含在法律或準(zhǔn)合同），以避免不公正的豐富，盡管缺乏同意由黨誰被約束。12 , paragraph 1 of article 153 of the criminal law is amended as:"whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in article 151 ,article 152 and article 347 herein shall,depending on the severity of the circumstances,be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:

1、if he smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.2、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years,and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.3、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.刑法第153條1款修改為：走私本法第一百五十一條、第一百五十二條、第三百四十七條規(guī)定以外的貨物、物品的,根據(jù)情節(jié)輕重,分別依照下列規(guī)定處罰:

1、他走私貨物、物品逃避或回避應(yīng)繳稅額數(shù)額較大或構(gòu)成走私再次被給予行政處罰后一年內(nèi)兩次打擊走私，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金。

2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私貨物、物品巨大或者有其他嚴(yán)重情節(jié)的，,處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金;

3、如果應(yīng)付偷逃走私貨物、物品數(shù)額特別巨大或者有其他特別嚴(yán)重情節(jié)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑,并處偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金或者沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

13、one article is added after article 276 of the criminal law as article 267 : 文章276條后增加了一條，作為刑法第267條：

以轉(zhuǎn)移財(cái)產(chǎn)、逃匿等方法逃避支付勞動(dòng)者的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬或者有能力支付而不支付勞動(dòng)者的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬，數(shù)額較大，經(jīng)政府有關(guān)部門責(zé)令支付仍不支付的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處罰金；造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處罰金。

單位犯前款罪的，對單位判處罰金，并對其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

有前兩款行為，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果，在提起公訴前支付勞動(dòng)者的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬，并依法承擔(dān)相應(yīng)賠償責(zé)任的，可以減輕或者免除處罰。

14、私法 private law involves the various relationship that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.the area is concerned with rules and principes pertaining to private ownership

and

use

of

property,contracts

between individuals,family relationships,and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one personby another.historically, government involvement was usually minimal.private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law,such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.私法涉及到人與人之間的各種關(guān)系，以及確定自己的法律權(quán)利和義務(wù)的規(guī)則。該地區(qū)是有關(guān)規(guī)則和有關(guān)私有財(cái)產(chǎn)和使用原則，合同之間的個(gè)人，家庭，和補(bǔ)償?shù)难a(bǔ)償方式傷害造成一人以另一個(gè)。從歷史上看，政府的參與通常是微乎其微的。私人法律也為私人安排和相互作用提供了一般的指導(dǎo)和保障，這些方法與道德和習(xí)俗是相輔相成的，但在法庭上不一定能強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行，比如私人私人的合同承諾和協(xié)議。the relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.the private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups,associations,organizations,and special legal entities such as corporations.they compete with one another and with government for control of resources,wealth,power,and the communication of ideas and values.special fields of law,such as labor law,facilitate and control this competition.much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.the formerly purely private law of property and contracts,for example,is now overlaid with legislation,regulationg,and judicial dicisions reflecting the competition.the public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the u.s.thus,manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.the mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.純粹私法的相對意義在近代有所下降。公共法律在政府控制的社會中占主導(dǎo)地位；民主社會日益具有公共性和私法性的混合性。私人領(lǐng)域包括個(gè)人和一個(gè)龐大的群體，協(xié)會，組織和特殊的法律實(shí)體，如企業(yè)。它們相互競爭，與政府控制資源、財(cái)富、權(quán)力、思想和價(jià)值觀的交流。法的特殊領(lǐng)域，如勞動(dòng)法，促進(jìn)和控制這一競爭。這類法律中的大部分都是在商業(yè)和企業(yè)領(lǐng)域中的。以前純粹的私有財(cái)產(chǎn)法和契約，例如，現(xiàn)在用立法，規(guī)定，和司法決定反映了競爭。稅收的公法化對整個(gè)私人領(lǐng)域有著重要的影響。法院越來越多地將看似私人糾紛的解決視為應(yīng)對不斷變化的社會環(huán)境和價(jià)值觀的車輛，尤其是在美國，制造商們已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)擴(kuò)展的責(zé)任，在他們的產(chǎn)品缺陷造成的身體傷害。保險(xiǎn)機(jī)制使得生產(chǎn)商能夠在普通消費(fèi)大眾中傳播這種成本。

15、self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor's imminent use of unlawful force.such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant ang the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.自衛(wèi)權(quán)意味著一個(gè)人是有道理的武力侵略時(shí)使用，似乎她的程度和她有理由認(rèn)為，這種行為保護(hù)自己反對這樣的侵略即將使用非法暴力是必要的。這樣的理由要求對被告的一部分的信念，以及是否存在的事實(shí)，將說服一個(gè)合理的人，相信。

where self-defense is asserted,expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant's belie that she was in imminent danger.在自衛(wèi)是斷言，在受虐婦女綜合癥的專家證言可以提供證明被告的合理性，相信她在迫在眉睫的危險(xiǎn)。

the interests in human dignity and privacy which the fourth amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.in the absence of a clear indich.ation that in fact such evidence will be found,these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate searc 第四修正案保護(hù)的人的尊嚴(yán)和隱私的利益，不允許任何此類侵犯，只要有可能獲得的水果或犯罪證據(jù)的機(jī)會。在一個(gè)明確的indich.ation缺位，事實(shí)上這樣的證據(jù)會被發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些人的基本利益要求執(zhí)法人員遭受這樣的證據(jù)可能會消失，除非有一個(gè)即時(shí)搜索的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide,he must do everything in his power,consistent with his safety,to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.在一個(gè)人可以利用自己的抗辯，對殺人的指控，他必須盡一切力量，符合他的安全，以避免危險(xiǎn)，避免采取生活的必要性。

第四篇：大學(xué)生該如何提高法律意識

大學(xué)生該如何提高法律意識

摘要：當(dāng)代普遍大學(xué)生法制意識薄弱，提高大學(xué)生法制意識亟待解決。這需要學(xué)生、學(xué)校和社會共同努力。可從豐富學(xué)生法律意識、培養(yǎng)其法律興趣，營造校園氛圍，大學(xué)生勇敢與違法犯罪行為斗爭等方面來提高大學(xué)生法律意識。

關(guān)鍵詞：大學(xué)生法律意識薄弱提高斗爭法律意識是公民理解、尊重、執(zhí)行和維護(hù)社會主義法律規(guī)范的重要保證，公民的遵紀(jì)守法行為不會自然產(chǎn)生，而是在一定法制觀念，法律意識的指導(dǎo)下實(shí)現(xiàn)的，具備了社會主義法律意識，就會做到不僅不犯法，而且能積極維護(hù)法律的尊嚴(yán)

當(dāng)代大學(xué)生法律意識的現(xiàn)狀十分嚴(yán)峻。大學(xué)生的法律知識水平普遍不高。當(dāng)前我國大學(xué)生大都重視專業(yè)課,而對法律基礎(chǔ)課不予以重視。同時(shí)大學(xué)生法律觀點(diǎn)偏差,法制觀念淡薄。很多大學(xué)生在他們的權(quán)利受到侵害時(shí)會選擇沉默，而不是去爭取他們的利益。這就會使大學(xué)生的法律意識會越來越淡，導(dǎo)致高等院校呈現(xiàn)出逐年上升的違法犯罪現(xiàn)象。因此,加強(qiáng)大學(xué)生的法律素養(yǎng),提高大學(xué)生的法律意識,不僅是大學(xué)生自身成長的迫切需要,也是現(xiàn)代化法制減少的基本要求,它將關(guān)系著社會的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步.根據(jù)調(diào)查顯示,我校大學(xué)生法律觀念問題主要體現(xiàn)在兩方面,一方面,大學(xué)生的法律知識水平較低，法律知識薄弱,易產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤的觀點(diǎn)、淡薄的法制觀念,部分大學(xué)生對法律的公正持懷疑、不信任的態(tài)度.另一方面, 大學(xué)生缺乏權(quán)利觀念,當(dāng)自己的合法權(quán)益受到侵害時(shí),不能積極主動(dòng)地利用法律武器維護(hù)自己的正當(dāng)權(quán)益.要想解決這問題,我們必須提高大學(xué)生的法律意識,培養(yǎng)其維權(quán)觀念.第一：加強(qiáng)對大學(xué)生法律知識的豐富和法律興趣的培養(yǎng)。我們可以采取多種途徑和靈活多樣的方法來豐富學(xué)生法律意識。例如現(xiàn)今我校開設(shè)了法律課程，但由于是公共課，課時(shí)少，學(xué)生多不加以重視，許多學(xué)生只求在期考中成績合格。這將不利于學(xué)生增強(qiáng)學(xué)生法律意識。因此作為一名法學(xué)教師，在對學(xué)生進(jìn)行普法教育時(shí)，應(yīng)注意教學(xué)內(nèi)容的選擇，如前所述，法基課屬大學(xué)課程中的公共課，課時(shí)少因此在教學(xué)中，法學(xué)內(nèi)容的選擇尤為重要。應(yīng)充分考慮學(xué)生的特點(diǎn)與需要，有針對性地突出重點(diǎn)，在‘少而精”方面作文章，應(yīng)講授與學(xué)生有一定聯(lián)系的部門法，如民法、刑法、消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)法、勞動(dòng)法等，由干與學(xué)生密切相關(guān)，因此也容易提高學(xué)生興趣，增強(qiáng)普法效果，從而也使學(xué)生通過普法教育了解法律，值得運(yùn)用法律手段保護(hù)自己合法權(quán)益。另外也要對教學(xué)方法進(jìn)行改革。以往的普法教育，法學(xué)教師多采用講．授這一單一的教學(xué)方法，使學(xué)生上課提不起精神，更不用說去努力學(xué)習(xí)法，以法保護(hù)自己。因此，加強(qiáng)對教學(xué)方法的改進(jìn)也是真正提高普法效果的有效途徑之一。因此在教學(xué)中因采用多種方式方法，比如課堂討論，多進(jìn)行案例分析，結(jié)合錄像等多媒體教學(xué)，提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性，才能使普法達(dá)到我們所要達(dá)到的效果。

第二：營造有利于大學(xué)生培養(yǎng)法制觀念的校園氛圍，使學(xué)生們能夠感覺到處處有法，處處學(xué)法。校園可 以開展廣泛的法律活動(dòng)，比如將法學(xué)院的“模擬法庭”活動(dòng)在全校推廣，組織大學(xué)生前往法院旁聽案件的審判工作，開展一些有關(guān)法律知識的智力競賽，辯論等。此外，還可以邀請資深法律工作者，如律師，法律教授和法官、檢察官等為學(xué)生進(jìn)行法律知識的講座等等。學(xué)校可以組織開展心理健康教育，比如我校的心理咨詢室。通過加深同學(xué)們對心理衛(wèi)生知識、性知識、性道德等方面的正確認(rèn)識；建立健全校園心理咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)，從而來提高大學(xué)生的自身素質(zhì)，這對預(yù)防違法犯罪行為的發(fā)生起到很大的作用。

第三：大學(xué)生要敢于同違法犯罪行為做斗爭。法制建設(shè)最終還是要服務(wù)到社會實(shí)踐之中。根據(jù)調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)來看，大學(xué)生都或多或少地知道法律的基本常識，并不是完全的法盲，每個(gè)學(xué)子從小到大受傳統(tǒng)的倫理道德的教育，對法律基本知識早已耳濡目染。當(dāng)今大學(xué)生遇到侵犯個(gè)人權(quán)益時(shí)，大部分的學(xué)生會選擇回避，忍讓，認(rèn)為多一事不如少一事，雖然他們具備了一定的法律知識，但他們沒有真正的把法律知識內(nèi)化為法律意識，沒有真正的挖掘法的精神，法的價(jià)值，缺少公平，正義的理念，對法的信任程度低。

大學(xué)生正處于世界觀、人生觀、價(jià)值觀形成和發(fā)展的重要時(shí)期。這一時(shí)期，大學(xué)生亟需在學(xué)校的正確教育和引導(dǎo)下，不斷學(xué)習(xí)，努力提高和完善自己。所以，要提高大學(xué)生的法制意識，需要學(xué)生本人、學(xué)校以及全社會的共同努力。

第五篇：英語專業(yè)翻譯論文

On Training Methods of Short Term Memory in Consecutive Interpreting 交替?zhèn)髯g中短時(shí)記憶的訓(xùn)練方法

Name: Li, Lingling

Class: 2007English Education Class 2 January 4, 2010

目錄

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................3 1.Introduction..................................................................................................5 2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting.............................................................5 2.1 Background information......................................................................5 2.2 Interpreting...........................................................................................6 3.Memory System..........................................................................................8 3.1 Short term memory..............................................................................8 3.2 Short term and long term memory.......................................................9 3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile......................................................10 4.Characters of short term memory..............................................................12 4.1 Input of information...........................................................................12 4.2 Capacity.............................................................................................12 4.3 Modality.............................................................................................12 4.4 Information Loss................................................................................13 4.5 Retrieval.............................................................................................13 5.Memory Training.......................................................................................14 5.1 Visualizing materials:........................................................................15 5.2 Retelling in the Source Language......................................................15 5.3Mnemonic to Memory........................................................................16 5.4 Grouping information together..........................................................17 5.5 Association.........................................................................................17 6.Conclusion.................................................................................................18 Bibliography..................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書簽。

ABSTRACT Interpreting is important and popular nowadays owing to its communicative function in fields of politics, economy, culture, education and so on.However, it’s not easy to be a qualified interpreter because the training methods are not systematically completed.This thesis is mainly dealing with the methods of training short-term memory in consecutive interpreting(CI).According to Effort Model from Daniel Gile, the short term memory is an essential part in the process of interpreting.In order to be a qualified interpreter, student interpreters need large quantity of practice and skills.Considering of this, the author makes some research about the training of short term memory and hopes this training can help student interpreters improve short term memory.Key words: consecutive interpreting(CI);short term memory;Effort Model;training methods

口譯因其在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、教育等方面有著重要的交際功能，因此在當(dāng)今社會越來越顯示出其重要性并且逐漸受到人們的重視。然而，由于目前口譯訓(xùn)練方法仍然不夠系統(tǒng)和完整，因此想成為一名合格的口譯人員實(shí)屬不易。本論文主要介紹了交替?zhèn)髯g中短時(shí)記憶的訓(xùn)練方法。根據(jù)Daniel Gile 的精力分配模式，短時(shí)記憶在口譯過程中起到舉足輕重的地位。為了成為一名合格的譯員，訓(xùn)練者需要進(jìn)行大量的練習(xí)并且掌握口譯技巧。考慮到這個(gè)問題，筆者通過搜集整理和自己的親身經(jīng)歷總結(jié)了短時(shí)記憶 的訓(xùn)練方法，希望能夠幫助訓(xùn)練者提高短時(shí)記憶。

1.Introduction There are three kinds of memory system and short term memory is the essential part in interpreting, so in this paper the author mainly does research about the short term memory.Chapter 1 is an introduction about planning of this paper.In Chapter 2, it shows a general introduction about interpreting and its current situation in China.This helps us to get a more clear understanding about advantages and disadvantages of CI in order to find the weaknesses.According to the analysis in Chapter 2, the author believes that the memory training is a big obstacle encountered by the student interpreters.Considering of this, the author decides to start with the memory system, so in Chapter 3, it mainly shows three types of memory systems as well as how they work and what functions they have and the illustration is focused on the concrete connections between the short term memory and CI.In Chapter 4, the author shows the characters of short term memory and the problems interpreters meet due to the characters.In Chapter 5, according to all above and research, the author finds some methods dealing with the problems.Finally is the conclusion and some suggestions in future research.2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting 2.1 Background information Interpreting becomes a very popular job nowadays due to the world globalization in fields of economy, politics, culture and s on.With the rising position of China, especially hosting of 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo as well as entering WTO, China plays more and more important role in the world, so international communication become more frequently.This brings large requirement of interpreting which is considered responsive and practical, both quality and quantity.However, interpreting industry is facing serious situation: lacking of systematical training methods and high quantity of teachers.2.2 Definition of Interpreting Interpreting is the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between users of different languages.The process is described by both the words interpreting and interpretation.Professional Interpreting can be mainly classified into simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting in terms of the way of interpreting.In consecutive interpreting(CI), the interpreter speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking.The speech is divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the source-language speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message.When the speaker pauses or finishes speaking, the interpreter then renders a portion of the message or the entire message in the target language.A qualified interpreter is required to cover various fields of knowledge and possesses good psychological quality as well as a strong memory.Due to this requirement, interpreting is a challengeable work.2.3 Quality of a good interpreter 2.3.1 Profound knowledge As a good interpreter, the basic quality is to master the source language and target language.Moreover, an interpreter should have a good knowledge of the culture of both countries, such as the customs, the history, the humorous expressions as well as the current event and popular tendency.For example, when interpreter heard “Baudelaire’s translation of Poe may be “better” poems than those Poe wrote;but those who read them have read Baudelaire's version of Poe;not Poe.” In this sentence, there are two names Baudelaire and Poe.Baudelaire is a French writer, who is famous for translating the works by American writer Edgar Allan Poe and is acknowledged better than the original works.If the interpreter knows this, it is not difficult to translate it as波德來爾所譯的愛倫坡的詩，也許比愛倫坡自己所寫的更好；但讀那些詩的人只是讀了波德來爾所譯的愛倫坡；而不是真正的愛倫坡.Therefore, a good interpreter should self enriching greatly and improving continuously.2.3.1 Strong memory Owing to the special characteristics of interpreting, interpreter should have a strong memory.On the one hand, interpreter has to master a large amount of vocabulary and idioms, such as畫蛇添足 to paint the lily；用小蝦釣大魚 to throw a sprat to catch a whale.Besides, for some Chinese idioms, interpreters should remember the original story, such as東施效顰Tung Shih imitates Hsi Shih.Hsi Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kindgdom of Yueh.Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her ways.The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a distorted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes even worse.On the other hand, interpreters should have a good memory to express the meaning speakers said.Owing to the limited time, note-taking can only write down the main point and the whole meaning can only be expressed though the strong memory.3.Memory System 3.1 Short term memory Short-term memory(or “primary” or “active memory”)is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.The duration of short-term memory(when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented)is believed to be in the order of seconds.In an early and highly influential article, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, the psychologist George Miller suggested that human short-term memory has a forward memory span of approximately seven items plus or minus two and that was well known at the time.David A.Sousa, in his book ,how the brain works refers to the term short term memory as all of the early steps of temporary memory leads to long term memory.According to his idea, short term memory can be divided into sensory memory and working memory.Sensory memory is the very first step for the source information coming into one’s brain with the shortest duration and can hold a certain amount of information, but these information can only lasts 0.25-2 seconds and disappears rapidly.Working memory refers to information stored for further processing.Working memory boasts both storage and processing functions.The two functions are interrelated with each other.When encountered with new or difficult tasks, then more processing capacity is required, thus leaving less capacity for storage function(David W.Carroll, 2000.49).During the researching, the authors doubts that decay causes forgetting from short-term memory often offer as an alternative some form of interference: When several elements(such as digits, words, or pictures)are held in short term memory simultaneously, their representations compete with each other for recall, or degrade each other.Thereby, new content gradually pushes out older content, unless the older content is actively protected against interference by rehearsal or by directing attention to it.3.2 Short term and long term memory Psychological studies of human memory make a distinction between short term memory and long term memory.The idea of short term memory simply means that you are retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall.Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later.To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later.Long-term memory is a learning process.And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in long term memory may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.The duration of short term memory is very short.It is up to 30 seconds.Peterson(1959)found it to be 6-12 seconds, while Atkinson and Schifrin(1968)and Herb(1949)state it is 30 seconds.Memory in CI only lasts for a short time.Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.Therefore, the memory skills which need to be imparted to trainee interpreters are short term memory skills.Another difference is that short term memory is processed largely in terms of speech sounds, while long term memory depends mostly on meaning.In the early 1960s, Conrad, in connection with work for the British Post Office, conducted experiments on memory for letter codes.Conrad’s subjects were presented visually with sequences of unrelated consonants and were required to write them down immediately afterwards.He noticed that the short term memory errors made were not random, but similar in the sound to the correct item.Subjects mistakenly remember the words as words with similar pronunciation more than similar spelling.This indicates that the material is more easily remembered in terms of their sound rather than their visual appearance.Since the interpreters deal with the vocal materials, short term memory can do well to training.3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile(1)C = KL + ELK + A Comprehension =Knowledge for language+ Extra-linguistic Language + Analysis(2)CI =L + N + M + C Consecutive Interpreting =Listening Analysis+ Note-taking+ Short-term Memory+ Coordination In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter takes notes while the speaker speaks, then delivers speech to the listener in the target language according to his or her memory and notes.Consecutive interpretation is performed in two phases, the listening and note-taking phase, and the speech production phase.(3)CI = Rem + Read + P Consecutive Interpreting=Remembering+ Note-reading+ Speech Production

In phase two, high capacity in taking notes is beneficial to the Rem component, since good note-taking reduces the capacity requirements for Rem.Besides, mastering a certain amount of linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge will lead to successful transferring form source language to target language.Since short term memory plays an important role in CI, the author decides to take a further step on short term memory.4.Characters of short term memory 4.1 Input of information It is generally held that information enters the short term memory as a result of applying attention to the stimulus, which is about a quarter of a second according to the findings of both Sperling(1960)and Crowden(1982).However, McKay's(1973, in Radford and Govier, 1991: 382)findings do not fully support this, asserting that unattended information may enter the short term memory.4.2 Capacity As mentioned in the previous section, the capacity of short term memory is limited and small.Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968)propose that it is seven items of information(give or take two).Miller(1956)says it is seven “chunks.” Another possibility may be that the limiting factor is not the short term memory's storage capacity, but its processing capacity(Gross: 1990:55).4.3 Modality To store information in short term memory, it must be encoded, and there is a variety of possibilities as to how this operates.There are three main possibilities in short term memory:(1)Acoustic(Phonemic)coding is rehearsing through sub-vocal sounds(Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley: 1966).(2)Visual coding is, as implied, storing information as pictures rather than sounds.This applies especially to nonverbal items, particularly if they are difficult to describe using words.In very rare cases some people may have a “photographic memory,” but for the vast majority, the visual code is much less effective than this(Posner and Keele: 1967).(3)Semantic coding is applying meaning to information, relating it to something abstract(Baddeley: 1990, Goodhead: 1999)4.4 Information Loss There are three main theories as to why we forget from our short term memory:(1)Displacement—existing information is replaced by newly received information when the storage capacity is full(Waugh and Norman: 1965)(2)Decay—information decays over time(Baddeley, Thompson and Buchanan, 1975).(3)Interference—other information present in the storage at the same time distorts the original information(Keppel and Underwood: 1962).4.5 Retrieval There are modes of retrieval of information from short term memory:(1)Serial search—items in short term memory are examined one at a time until the desired information is retrieved(Sternberg: 1966).(2)Activation—dependence on activation of the particular item reaching a critical point 5.Memory Training The purpose of short term memory training in CI is to achieve a better understanding of the source language, which will lead to adequate interpreting.As Lin Yuru et al.put it, “Memory in consecutive interpreting consists of nothing more than understanding the meaning, which is conveyed by the words”(Lin et al., 1999:9).Understanding is the first step in successful interpreting;therefore, memory training is to be provided in the early stage of interpreter training.Memory functions differently in consecutive and simultaneous interpreting because the duration of memory is longer in CI than in SI.There are different methods of training short term memory for CI and SI respectively.Interpreting starts with the encoding of the information from the original speaker.According to Gile's Effort Model, interpreting is short term memory-centered activity;the process of interpreting could be re-postulated into: Encoding of information from the Source Language + Storing Information + Retrieval of Information + Decoding Information into the Target language In Consecutive Interpreting, there is probably up to 15 minutes(depending on the speaker's segments)for the interpreter to encode and then store the information.This is the first phase of Gile's Effort Model for CI.In the second phase of Gile's Model, the interpreter starts to retrieve information and decode it into the target language.According to the previous description, there are three main possibilities of storing information in short term memory:(1)Acoustic Coding;(2)Visual Coding and(3)Semantic Coding.Visual coding may be used by interpreters in conference situations with multimedia.Notes in interpreting are to assist in such visual coding of information.But in most interpreting contexts, interpreters will depend on acoustic and semantic coding.Therefore, exercises should be designed for this purpose.The following methods are recommended: 5.1 Visualizing materials: Visualizing means that to visualize what the speaker is speaking, for instance, to form a scene to strengthen the short term memory of the interpreter.A British psychologist named Frederic C.Bartlett(1998:279)regarded memory as the reconstruction of an image.The conclusion of the study showed that the capacity of memory of pictures viewed and images is easier to remember than vocabulary and expressions This kind of exercise aims to promote the ability of an interpreter to actualize and visualize the information he listened, which is designed to sensibility of human’s brain to image of language resources.5.2 Retelling in the Source Language The instructor either reads or plays a recording of a text of about 200 words for the trainees to retell in the same language.The trainees should not be allowed to take any notes.In the first instance, trainees should be encouraged to retell the text in the same words of the original to the largest possible extent.The following tactics should be used by the trainees after a certain time of training on retelling: Categorization: Grouping items of the same properties;Generalization: Drawing general conclusions from particular examples or message from the provided text;Comparison: Noticing the differences and similarities between different things, facts and events;Description: Describing a scene, a shape, or size of an object, etc.Trainees are encouraged to describe, summarize, and abstract the original to a large extent in their own words in exercises.5.3 Mnemonic to Memory Mnemonic is a device, such as a formula or rhyme, used as an aid in remembering.Mnemonics are methods for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to recall.A very simple example of a mnemonic is the '30 days hath September' rhyme.The basic principle of Mnemonics is to use as many of the best functions of the human brain as possible to encode information.The human brain has evolved to encode and interpret complex stimuli—images, color, structure, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, spatial awareness, emotion, and language—using them to make sophisticated interpretations of the environment.Human memory is made up of all these features.Typically, however, information presented to be remembered is from one source—normally words on a page.While reading words on a page reflects one of the most important aspects of human evolution, it is only one of the many skills and resources available to the human mind.Mnemonics seek to use all of these resources.By encoding language and numbers in sophisticated, striking images which flow into other strong images, we can accurately and reliably encode both information and the structure of information to be easily recalled later(Manktelow:2003).5.4 Grouping information together Random lists of things(a shopping list, for example)can be especially difficult to remember.To make it easier, try categorizing the individual things from the list.If a person can remember that, among other things, he wanted to buy four different kinds of vegetables, he’ll find it easier to remember all four.Another example: probably ***818651898 won't be easily remembered, but try putting a space after every fourth number.Now those numbers are years, and they can be easily remembered by picking key events from each year(e.g., Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, and Spanish-American War).5.5 Association

The reason that most of people can't remember their friend's phone number is because 535-3473 just a string of numbers that have no obvious connection to their friend.In order to use one’s memory efficiently, the best way is to actively create an association for things one is trying to remember.For example, write out a phone number: five three five three four seven three.Now try to create a clever phrase that starts with the first letter of those words: fairy tales feel true for some time.Now that phone number can be much more easily remembered.Alternatively, one could create a story that involves 5 characters buying 3 things and doing 5 more things with them by using imagination.The point is that one wants to connect the phone number to something else.6.Conclusion Keeping a good short term memory in consecutive interpreting is a significant aspect, which the train interpreters need to grasp.From the above analysis, we can conclude that short term memory skills in consecutive interpreting could be acquired by effectively designed training methods.With a well-'trained' short-term memory, interpreters are actually equipped with an effective tool for the encoding and decoding information.Even though the author has found and summarized some training methods, these methods are not suitable for every trainee.In the future research, the author believes that every student interpreter needs to explore practical training methods for themselves, which can lead a better result for their future career and be transformed into theories.