第一篇：專業(yè)翻譯的優(yōu)勢和注意事項

專業(yè)翻譯的優(yōu)勢和注意事項

隨著中國國際化水平的不斷提高，很多超市都在食品后加上了英文標注，而有些翻譯經(jīng)常會讓人啼笑皆非。比如“肉松”，被翻譯成“肉做的松樹”;“童子雞”被翻譯成“沒有性生活的雞”。這里涉及到一個英文標牌專業(yè)翻譯的問題，顯然以上例子的翻譯都不夠?qū)I(yè)，那么相比之下，專業(yè)翻譯有哪些優(yōu)勢呢?接下來以365翻譯為例。

第一，用詞地道、專業(yè)、精確

365專業(yè)翻譯涉及領域廣闊，在新聞文化、金融法律、汽車機械、建筑工程、信息技術等領域都配置了專職的相關專業(yè)翻譯人員。在專業(yè)術語的運用掌握上可以保證專業(yè)翻譯的地道、專業(yè)、精確。

第二，忠實于原文

在做專業(yè)翻譯時，不同于一般公司采用的機器翻譯，本公司采用純?nèi)斯しg，初譯完全由資深的翻譯專家完成，對于專業(yè)翻譯我們堅持忠實于作者的原意，在原著的基礎上保證譯文忠實準確地傳達作者思想。

第三，翻譯流程嚴格監(jiān)控，三級審核，雙重校對

本公司采用新一代來自硅谷的專業(yè)語言技術，為您實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡六十秒的快速下單和無間斷作業(yè)，步驟如下：確認訂單→付款成功→分配項目給項目經(jīng)理→開始預處理→開始翻譯。翻譯時會經(jīng)過翻譯、審稿、校對三級，審校完成后，開始排版，最后將電子版發(fā)至您的郵箱，紙質(zhì)版以最快速度快遞給您。

第二篇：專業(yè)翻譯公司具有哪些優(yōu)勢

專業(yè)翻譯公司具有哪些優(yōu)勢

我國專業(yè)翻譯公司的現(xiàn)狀可以用“喜憂參半”來形容，有可喜的一面，也有讓人憂心忡忡的一面。今天365翻譯與大家聊聊專業(yè)翻譯服務公司的優(yōu)勢是什么。

第一，便捷的服務。

絕大多數(shù)的公司服務都比較便捷，交稿和收稿的方式非常靈活。由于專業(yè)翻譯公司的數(shù)量多，客戶在選擇時也可以慢慢挑選，多家比較，找到最適合自己需求的一家。

第二，漸成規(guī)?；?/p>

有的公司旗下還有很多分公司，有些公司還組成了業(yè)內(nèi)聯(lián)盟。當稿件超出公司譯員處理范圍或處理量時，可以橫向聯(lián)合，為客戶提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的翻譯服務。第三，多語種翻譯。

幾乎涵蓋了各個國家、各個地區(qū)的語言，無論是常用的英語、日語、俄語、法語，還是不太常見的拉脫維亞語、立陶宛語、冰島語，專業(yè)翻譯公司都可以輕松解決。

第四，專業(yè)優(yōu)勢。

用“八仙過海，各顯神通”這句諺語來形容專業(yè)翻譯公司的譯員，一點也不為過。譯員的專業(yè)知識、工作經(jīng)驗、文化背景都不盡相同，總體呈現(xiàn)出“多元化”和“豐富化”的特點，這也是專業(yè)翻譯機構(gòu)可以完全勝任專業(yè)稿件翻譯的原因。專業(yè)翻譯公司的優(yōu)勢雖然遠不止上面四點，但是365翻譯想提醒各位消費者在選擇時一定要仔細選擇，貨比三家。

第三篇：法律專業(yè)翻譯

10, to begin with,the legal system has structure.the structure of a legal system consists of this kind:the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.structure also means how the legislature is organized,what a president can(legally)do or not do,what procedures the police department follows,and so on.another aspect of the legal system is its substance.by this it meant the actual rules,norms,and behavior patterns of people inside the system.首先，法律制度有結(jié)構(gòu)。一個法律制度的結(jié)構(gòu)由這類的數(shù)量和大小的法院；管轄；和訴求方式從一個法院another.structure也意味著如何立法組織，什么總統(tǒng)（法律）做或不做，什么程序，警察部門如下，等等。法律制度的另一個方面是它的實質(zhì)。這意味著系統(tǒng)中的人的實際規(guī)則、規(guī)范和行為模式。, the law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations.contractuai liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact form the acts of the parties.in some circumstances,however,the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.合同法與履行義務有關。contractuai責任通常是基于同意的情況下隨意的形式給出一個表示承諾或一個事實默示形式當事人的行為。然而，在某些情況下，法院將意味著一個承諾（通常被稱為隱含在法律或準合同），以避免不公正的豐富，盡管缺乏同意由黨誰被約束。12 , paragraph 1 of article 153 of the criminal law is amended as:"whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in article 151 ,article 152 and article 347 herein shall,depending on the severity of the circumstances,be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:

1、if he smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.2、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years,and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.3、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property.刑法第153條1款修改為：走私本法第一百五十一條、第一百五十二條、第三百四十七條規(guī)定以外的貨物、物品的,根據(jù)情節(jié)輕重,分別依照下列規(guī)定處罰:

1、他走私貨物、物品逃避或回避應繳稅額數(shù)額較大或構(gòu)成走私再次被給予行政處罰后一年內(nèi)兩次打擊走私，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處偷逃應繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金。

2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私貨物、物品巨大或者有其他嚴重情節(jié)的，,處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并處偷逃應繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金;

3、如果應付偷逃走私貨物、物品數(shù)額特別巨大或者有其他特別嚴重情節(jié)的，應當處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑,并處偷逃應繳稅額一倍以上五倍以下罰金或者沒收財產(chǎn)。

13、one article is added after article 276 of the criminal law as article 267 : 文章276條后增加了一條，作為刑法第267條：

以轉(zhuǎn)移財產(chǎn)、逃匿等方法逃避支付勞動者的勞動報酬或者有能力支付而不支付勞動者的勞動報酬，數(shù)額較大，經(jīng)政府有關部門責令支付仍不支付的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處罰金；造成嚴重后果的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處罰金。

單位犯前款罪的，對單位判處罰金，并對其直接負責的主管人員和其他直接責任人員，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

有前兩款行為，尚未造成嚴重后果，在提起公訴前支付勞動者的勞動報酬，并依法承擔相應賠償責任的，可以減輕或者免除處罰。

14、私法 private law involves the various relationship that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves.the area is concerned with rules and principes pertaining to private ownership

and

use

of

property,contracts

between individuals,family relationships,and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one personby another.historically, government involvement was usually minimal.private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law,such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.私法涉及到人與人之間的各種關系，以及確定自己的法律權利和義務的規(guī)則。該地區(qū)是有關規(guī)則和有關私有財產(chǎn)和使用原則，合同之間的個人，家庭，和補償?shù)难a償方式傷害造成一人以另一個。從歷史上看，政府的參與通常是微乎其微的。私人法律也為私人安排和相互作用提供了一般的指導和保障，這些方法與道德和習俗是相輔相成的，但在法庭上不一定能強制執(zhí)行，比如私人私人的合同承諾和協(xié)議。the relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times.public law dominates in government-controlled societies;democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law.the private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of groups,associations,organizations,and special legal entities such as corporations.they compete with one another and with government for control of resources,wealth,power,and the communication of ideas and values.special fields of law,such as labor law,facilitate and control this competition.much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas.the formerly purely private law of property and contracts,for example,is now overlaid with legislation,regulationg,and judicial dicisions reflecting the competition.the public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere.courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the u.s.thus,manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products.the mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public.純粹私法的相對意義在近代有所下降。公共法律在政府控制的社會中占主導地位；民主社會日益具有公共性和私法性的混合性。私人領域包括個人和一個龐大的群體，協(xié)會，組織和特殊的法律實體，如企業(yè)。它們相互競爭，與政府控制資源、財富、權力、思想和價值觀的交流。法的特殊領域，如勞動法，促進和控制這一競爭。這類法律中的大部分都是在商業(yè)和企業(yè)領域中的。以前純粹的私有財產(chǎn)法和契約，例如，現(xiàn)在用立法，規(guī)定，和司法決定反映了競爭。稅收的公法化對整個私人領域有著重要的影響。法院越來越多地將看似私人糾紛的解決視為應對不斷變化的社會環(huán)境和價值觀的車輛，尤其是在美國，制造商們已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一個擴展的責任，在他們的產(chǎn)品缺陷造成的身體傷害。保險機制使得生產(chǎn)商能夠在普通消費大眾中傳播這種成本。

15、self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor's imminent use of unlawful force.such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant ang the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.自衛(wèi)權意味著一個人是有道理的武力侵略時使用，似乎她的程度和她有理由認為，這種行為保護自己反對這樣的侵略即將使用非法暴力是必要的。這樣的理由要求對被告的一部分的信念，以及是否存在的事實，將說服一個合理的人，相信。

where self-defense is asserted,expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant's belie that she was in imminent danger.在自衛(wèi)是斷言，在受虐婦女綜合癥的專家證言可以提供證明被告的合理性，相信她在迫在眉睫的危險。

the interests in human dignity and privacy which the fourth amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained.in the absence of a clear indich.ation that in fact such evidence will be found,these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate searc 第四修正案保護的人的尊嚴和隱私的利益，不允許任何此類侵犯，只要有可能獲得的水果或犯罪證據(jù)的機會。在一個明確的indich.ation缺位，事實上這樣的證據(jù)會被發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些人的基本利益要求執(zhí)法人員遭受這樣的證據(jù)可能會消失，除非有一個即時搜索的風險

before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide,he must do everything in his power,consistent with his safety,to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.在一個人可以利用自己的抗辯，對殺人的指控，他必須盡一切力量，符合他的安全，以避免危險，避免采取生活的必要性。

第四篇：企業(yè)IT外包優(yōu)勢及注意事項

企業(yè)IT外包優(yōu)勢及注意事項 鄭州IT外包網(wǎng)歡迎你

(2010-05-25 14:05:24)

轉(zhuǎn)載

企業(yè)IT資源外包優(yōu)勢

從管理角度分析，信息技術資源外包是一種戰(zhàn)略性的商業(yè)創(chuàng)新方案。對許多企業(yè)來講，技術復雜性的增加、對高可用性系統(tǒng)及分布式系統(tǒng)支持的需求，使得企業(yè)越來越難以實現(xiàn)既滿足商業(yè)目標，又控制信息技術費用的愿望。在這種情況下，資源外包開始發(fā)揮其固有的優(yōu)勢?？v觀企業(yè)選擇外包策略的內(nèi)外部推動因素，主要包括以下幾方面：

1．業(yè)務方面

外包推動企業(yè)注重核心業(yè)務，專注于自己的核心競爭力，這是信息技術資源外包的最根本原因。從理論上講，任何企業(yè)中僅做后臺支持而不創(chuàng)造營業(yè)額的工作都應外包。有一個很典型的例子可以說明這個問題。據(jù)調(diào)查，美國有68％的信用卡業(yè)務都是通過非商業(yè)銀行機構(gòu)來實現(xiàn)的，銀行的核心競爭力是金融，沒有必要雇用大批的網(wǎng)絡高手來維護自己的網(wǎng)絡，交給網(wǎng)絡公司去做會更有利。

2．財務方面

財務方面的考慮是選擇外包的另一個主要原因，外包可以削減開支，控制成本，重構(gòu)信息系統(tǒng)預算，從而解放一部分資源用于其他目的，避免“IT黑洞”的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。另外，對于那些沒有能力投入大量資金、人力從硬件基礎開始構(gòu)建企業(yè)信息框架的企業(yè)而言，外包正可以彌補企業(yè)自身的欠缺。根據(jù)美國Forrest調(diào)查公司估計，美國企業(yè)依靠自身力量建立并維護一個Web網(wǎng)站，第一年的費用將是22萬美元，而將此工作外包給專門的公司，開銷僅為4．2萬美元。

3．技術方面

能獲得高水平的信息技術工作者的技能，改善技術服務，提供接觸新技術的機會，使內(nèi)部信息技術人員能夠注重核心技術活動。通過外包，企業(yè)可以將價值鏈中的每個環(huán)節(jié)都由最適合企業(yè)情況的專業(yè)公司完成。例如，澳洲的Trust銀行在1997年與HP簽訂了一份期限為5年、金額1600萬美元的外包合同，由HP負責管理維護Trust銀行的IT系統(tǒng)，并幫助銀行開拓新型業(yè)務--網(wǎng)絡銀行業(yè)務、電子銀行業(yè)務、個人銀行業(yè)務和商務銀行業(yè)務等。可以想象，如果沒有HP這樣的公司介入，單憑銀行內(nèi)部信息部門的力量是很難達到這一目的的。

4．企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略

方面外包可以提高服務響應速度與效率，來自外包商的專業(yè)技術人員可以將企業(yè)信息技術部門從日常維護管理這樣的負擔性職能中解放出來，減少系統(tǒng)維護和管理的風險，同時也增強了該部門的信譽。另外，對于一項新技術的出現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)企業(yè)由于費用和學習曲線的緣故，很難立即將新技術納入實際應用。因此，信息技術資源外包的戰(zhàn)略性考慮因素之一便是：借助外包商與現(xiàn)有的、未來的技術保持同步的優(yōu)勢，改善技術服務，提供接觸新技術的機會，來實現(xiàn)企業(yè)以花費更少、歷時更短、風險更小的方式推動信息技術在企業(yè)發(fā)展中的功能。

5．人力資源方面

通過外包，企業(yè)無需擴大自身人力規(guī)模，減少了因人才聘用或流失而花費的精力、成本以及面臨的壓力，節(jié)省了培訓方面的開支，并增加了人力資源配置的靈活性。企業(yè)實施信．息技術資源外包有多方面意義，包括：追求核心競爭優(yōu)勢、保持企業(yè)組織彈性、促進市場競爭力、降低風險、改善技術服務、增強成本控制、促進信息技術在企業(yè)中的運用及發(fā)展等。然而，實施外包并不輕松。如果盲目追隨潮流，忽視其間的風險分析及防范，則不僅無法給企業(yè)帶來預期的優(yōu)勢和效益，反而會讓企業(yè)蒙受損失。強調(diào)針對信息技術資源外包的風險進行研究，是因為它對外包市場的促進及供求雙方都具有特別意義。表現(xiàn)在：一方面，需求方可以借助風險分析，強化管理層的風險意識，正確指導企業(yè)信息技術資源外包戰(zhàn)略的制定、實施、控制及管理，從而將該戰(zhàn)略的積極作用發(fā)揮到極致。從大的方面看，還可以通過外包，盡快縮小與國際先進企業(yè)在信息技術應用及管理方面的差距，推動信息技術在企業(yè)中的發(fā)展，加快企業(yè)信息化建設的步伐。另一方面，外包服務商可以站在需求方的角度，重視風險分析與控制，從而規(guī)范自身的服務，配合服務購買方的需求，雙方共同建立起雙贏(Win-Win)的合作關系。再者，需要指出的是，在國內(nèi)能夠提供外包服務的企業(yè)還有很多，不單單是專業(yè)性的服務商、系統(tǒng)集成商，還可以是大企業(yè)、大部委閑置的信息技術力量。通過承攬外包可以使企業(yè)資源得到充分利用。其間，風險分析對于指導他們的行為也有著不可忽視的作用

IT外包成功合作法則

為了確保戰(zhàn)略IT外包合作成功，客戶需要切記兩個要素：做出規(guī)劃以與服務提供商協(xié)作，而非對其進行控制；基于持久、獨具特色的因素而非表面因素來確定合作伙伴選擇標準。

傳統(tǒng)上，人們普遍認為IT外包良好的實踐方法就是提出一項跨越多年的計劃，其中只需要簡單地說明外包雙方一致贊成的可交付成果和指標就行了。如果服務提供商達到或超過規(guī)定的指標，那么就認為該服務提供商的服務優(yōu)異。然而現(xiàn)在，這種方法不再能滿足要求。因為

靜態(tài)的條款和條件已經(jīng)無法支持動態(tài)的市場和不斷變化的各種需求，這也是客戶幾乎無法獲得其外包協(xié)議所注明的業(yè)務價值或競爭優(yōu)勢的原因。另一方面，外包服務提供商也不得不在設法保證利潤的同時，還要盡力滿足不斷變化的業(yè)務和績效目標的需要。

許多外包關系的破裂可歸于三種原因：第一，最初的外包方法處于戰(zhàn)術而非戰(zhàn)略層面；第二，工作范圍沒有明確定義或定義得很糟糕；第三，合同管理是按照互不信任而非合作方式開展。

盡管客戶的最初目標在本質(zhì)上具有戰(zhàn)略意義，如希望通過外包降低風險或獲取增值功能，但是所有外包協(xié)議談判都存在的問題之一是成本主導了整個談判過程；另一個相關的問題是客戶往往把兩個自相矛盾的目標強加給服務提供商。例如，客戶可能既希望降低IT運營成本又希望使用最新技術，而如果外包合同期限太短，那么這兩種目標就互相排斥，因為無法避免的是，為了應對隨后遇到的困難而采取的日常緊急措施的優(yōu)先級將超越最初提高IT價值的目標。

對于尋求增值戰(zhàn)略伙伴關系的企業(yè)來說，定義業(yè)務“價值”的具體標準也非常困難。如果客戶只是認為某家外包服務提供商在理解和提供IT價值方面處于領先地位，就與其簽訂一份協(xié)議是非常錯誤的。另外，某些客戶善于根據(jù)共同的意圖聲明簽訂合同來抓住提高IT價值的機會，卻不善于說明具體的工作需求。

除此以外，有些客戶往往放棄自己的職責，讓服務提供商完全承擔所有負擔。最好的情況下也就是分配不適當?shù)膬?nèi)部資源來進行項目控制和廠商管理；而在極端的情況下，客戶甚至認為外包的IT職能已經(jīng)不再是自己需要關心的問題了。這樣，客戶和外包公司之間的關系可能很快退化成一種敵對關系，這種關系使客戶以損失服務提供商的利益為代價來追求自身利益，從而導致一種無法調(diào)和的“得失”關系。

合作機制的關鍵：適應變化

外包合作關系新合作模式的重點是看重IT創(chuàng)造新機會和提高競爭優(yōu)勢的作用，而不僅僅是一種降低成本的方法。成功外包關系的最終實現(xiàn)要依靠服務商不斷創(chuàng)新來幫助客戶達到其目標的能力。

客戶和外包公司合作的第一守則是：不惜任何代價避免靜態(tài)關系。如果戰(zhàn)略目標因為業(yè)務或環(huán)境因素改變后，這時因為沒有達到協(xié)議指標而去懲罰外包供應商就變得毫無意義。按照當今業(yè)務和技術的發(fā)展速度，現(xiàn)在的基本需求在6個月后可能就變得無關緊要。因此，外包的關鍵是創(chuàng)建適應變化的合作關系機制。

客戶需要從一開始就建立業(yè)務價值的共同基調(diào)，其過程通常涉及定義、確認和創(chuàng)建服務提供商應該滿足的具體指標。這不是隨便的練習，而是需要花費大量的時間并得到富有多種學科知識和經(jīng)驗的專業(yè)人員的過硬幫助。如果內(nèi)部沒有富有經(jīng)驗的人員，那么外部咨詢顧問就成為一種非常有價值的投資。

在建立優(yōu)先等級時，切記兩個主要的目標：競爭優(yōu)勢（既有正面的又有負面的）和成本節(jié)省。指導委員會可以由客戶自己的金融、市場營銷和IT人員以及負責測試結(jié)果和流程的外包合作伙伴的代表組成。理想的情況是每隔6個月重復一次這樣的流程。通過定期重新評估IT業(yè)務驅(qū)動因素和權衡優(yōu)先級、效益和成本，客戶和客戶的外包合作伙伴將能夠共同把IT映射到不斷發(fā)展的業(yè)務需求上。這種觀點并非是突然對優(yōu)先級或方向進行大規(guī)模的變化，而是為適應變化的需要提供高效、互惠的框架。

協(xié)作的合作伙伴有可能不簽署提供外包服務的合同，但是他們?nèi)匀粫鶕?jù)影響客戶IT業(yè)務價值的能力來承擔風險和獲取回報?？蛻魬撓Ｍ陨砼c外包服務提供商共同實現(xiàn)最終目標，而不是僅僅把工作重點放在狹隘的技術問題上。這將使外包服務提供商能夠充分利用其經(jīng)驗和知識來滿足客戶的業(yè)務需求。

選擇正確的業(yè)務合作伙伴

許多關于如何選擇合作伙伴的文獻都闡述了一些如技術技能、廠商經(jīng)驗、服務特性、交付及時性、聲譽和價位等這樣的選擇準則。雖然這些基本因素都非常重要，是選擇和確定外包關系時所必需重視的先決條件，但卻無法短時間內(nèi)顯著增加成功的機會。

為了擺脫這些表面因素，必須建立某一級別的信任關系。通常，很多客戶股東要參與每項外包決策。而缺乏任何一名股東的支持都會潛在地削弱外包關系，所以還需要做大量的事情來

防止此類事情的發(fā)生。例如，迫切需要與所有的客戶股東和外包工作小組建立固定、一致的交流渠道，所有參與各方都應參與交流流程，同時，信息要在各相關經(jīng)理之間共享。

所有外包關系都面臨的一個挑戰(zhàn)是應對客戶的后見之明和業(yè)務變化。在這兩種情況下，客戶都希望和應該得到外包服務公司的響應。因此，能夠響應甚至預測可能的變化或其他情況，并在事件早期就予以解決的服務提供商將能夠為外包關系增加價值。

不過，即使在最好的外包關系下，還會出現(xiàn)意想不到的變化或偶然事件。當這些問題成為矛盾的焦點時，各方的自然反應是從自己的角度出發(fā)——服務提供商考慮工作范圍，而客戶會考慮服務水平協(xié)議。但是，這兩種自然反應都無法卓有成效地解決面臨的問題，那么需要服務提供商提供響應能力和更高效的方法來幫助客戶及時認識到需求可能發(fā)生的變化。

最后，盡管許多服務提供商聲稱它們是技術的創(chuàng)新者，但事實是他們通常使用相當有限的工具集來解決問題。對服務提供商來說，在其流程和程序中證明自己創(chuàng)新水平的能力是比較重要的，因為外包通常意味著為非常具體的問題提供高度定制的解決方案。因此，能力存在于與解決方案相關的流程和程序中，其中有創(chuàng)造性的思維能夠提供最高的價值。不要忽視創(chuàng)新思維的價值，它是客戶選擇和評估服務提供商的主要鑒別指標。

總之，所有外包關系可能面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)是客戶業(yè)務和技術環(huán)境變化的速度，即快速（或緩慢）拋棄陳舊方法或過時流程的速度。保持跟蹤變化的最好方式是與所有股東保持正常交流并基于當前數(shù)據(jù)和以往經(jīng)驗做出快速響應，它們的作用可能比想象的更為重要

第五篇：英語專業(yè)翻譯論文

On Training Methods of Short Term Memory in Consecutive Interpreting 交替?zhèn)髯g中短時記憶的訓練方法

Name: Li, Lingling

Class: 2007English Education Class 2 January 4, 2010

目錄

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................3 1.Introduction..................................................................................................5 2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting.............................................................5 2.1 Background information......................................................................5 2.2 Interpreting...........................................................................................6 3.Memory System..........................................................................................8 3.1 Short term memory..............................................................................8 3.2 Short term and long term memory.......................................................9 3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile......................................................10 4.Characters of short term memory..............................................................12 4.1 Input of information...........................................................................12 4.2 Capacity.............................................................................................12 4.3 Modality.............................................................................................12 4.4 Information Loss................................................................................13 4.5 Retrieval.............................................................................................13 5.Memory Training.......................................................................................14 5.1 Visualizing materials:........................................................................15 5.2 Retelling in the Source Language......................................................15 5.3Mnemonic to Memory........................................................................16 5.4 Grouping information together..........................................................17 5.5 Association.........................................................................................17 6.Conclusion.................................................................................................18 Bibliography..................................................................錯誤！未定義書簽。

ABSTRACT Interpreting is important and popular nowadays owing to its communicative function in fields of politics, economy, culture, education and so on.However, it’s not easy to be a qualified interpreter because the training methods are not systematically completed.This thesis is mainly dealing with the methods of training short-term memory in consecutive interpreting(CI).According to Effort Model from Daniel Gile, the short term memory is an essential part in the process of interpreting.In order to be a qualified interpreter, student interpreters need large quantity of practice and skills.Considering of this, the author makes some research about the training of short term memory and hopes this training can help student interpreters improve short term memory.Key words: consecutive interpreting(CI);short term memory;Effort Model;training methods

口譯因其在政治、經(jīng)濟、文化、教育等方面有著重要的交際功能，因此在當今社會越來越顯示出其重要性并且逐漸受到人們的重視。然而，由于目前口譯訓練方法仍然不夠系統(tǒng)和完整，因此想成為一名合格的口譯人員實屬不易。本論文主要介紹了交替?zhèn)髯g中短時記憶的訓練方法。根據(jù)Daniel Gile 的精力分配模式，短時記憶在口譯過程中起到舉足輕重的地位。為了成為一名合格的譯員，訓練者需要進行大量的練習并且掌握口譯技巧?？紤]到這個問題，筆者通過搜集整理和自己的親身經(jīng)歷總結(jié)了短時記憶 的訓練方法，希望能夠幫助訓練者提高短時記憶。

1.Introduction There are three kinds of memory system and short term memory is the essential part in interpreting, so in this paper the author mainly does research about the short term memory.Chapter 1 is an introduction about planning of this paper.In Chapter 2, it shows a general introduction about interpreting and its current situation in China.This helps us to get a more clear understanding about advantages and disadvantages of CI in order to find the weaknesses.According to the analysis in Chapter 2, the author believes that the memory training is a big obstacle encountered by the student interpreters.Considering of this, the author decides to start with the memory system, so in Chapter 3, it mainly shows three types of memory systems as well as how they work and what functions they have and the illustration is focused on the concrete connections between the short term memory and CI.In Chapter 4, the author shows the characters of short term memory and the problems interpreters meet due to the characters.In Chapter 5, according to all above and research, the author finds some methods dealing with the problems.Finally is the conclusion and some suggestions in future research.2.Brief Introduction of Interpreting 2.1 Background information Interpreting becomes a very popular job nowadays due to the world globalization in fields of economy, politics, culture and s on.With the rising position of China, especially hosting of 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo as well as entering WTO, China plays more and more important role in the world, so international communication become more frequently.This brings large requirement of interpreting which is considered responsive and practical, both quality and quantity.However, interpreting industry is facing serious situation: lacking of systematical training methods and high quantity of teachers.2.2 Definition of Interpreting Interpreting is the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between users of different languages.The process is described by both the words interpreting and interpretation.Professional Interpreting can be mainly classified into simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting in terms of the way of interpreting.In consecutive interpreting(CI), the interpreter speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking.The speech is divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the source-language speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message.When the speaker pauses or finishes speaking, the interpreter then renders a portion of the message or the entire message in the target language.A qualified interpreter is required to cover various fields of knowledge and possesses good psychological quality as well as a strong memory.Due to this requirement, interpreting is a challengeable work.2.3 Quality of a good interpreter 2.3.1 Profound knowledge As a good interpreter, the basic quality is to master the source language and target language.Moreover, an interpreter should have a good knowledge of the culture of both countries, such as the customs, the history, the humorous expressions as well as the current event and popular tendency.For example, when interpreter heard “Baudelaire’s translation of Poe may be “better” poems than those Poe wrote;but those who read them have read Baudelaire's version of Poe;not Poe.” In this sentence, there are two names Baudelaire and Poe.Baudelaire is a French writer, who is famous for translating the works by American writer Edgar Allan Poe and is acknowledged better than the original works.If the interpreter knows this, it is not difficult to translate it as波德來爾所譯的愛倫坡的詩，也許比愛倫坡自己所寫的更好；但讀那些詩的人只是讀了波德來爾所譯的愛倫坡；而不是真正的愛倫坡.Therefore, a good interpreter should self enriching greatly and improving continuously.2.3.1 Strong memory Owing to the special characteristics of interpreting, interpreter should have a strong memory.On the one hand, interpreter has to master a large amount of vocabulary and idioms, such as畫蛇添足 to paint the lily；用小蝦釣大魚 to throw a sprat to catch a whale.Besides, for some Chinese idioms, interpreters should remember the original story, such as東施效顰Tung Shih imitates Hsi Shih.Hsi Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kindgdom of Yueh.Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her ways.The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a distorted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes even worse.On the other hand, interpreters should have a good memory to express the meaning speakers said.Owing to the limited time, note-taking can only write down the main point and the whole meaning can only be expressed though the strong memory.3.Memory System 3.1 Short term memory Short-term memory(or “primary” or “active memory”)is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.The duration of short-term memory(when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented)is believed to be in the order of seconds.In an early and highly influential article, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, the psychologist George Miller suggested that human short-term memory has a forward memory span of approximately seven items plus or minus two and that was well known at the time.David A.Sousa, in his book ,how the brain works refers to the term short term memory as all of the early steps of temporary memory leads to long term memory.According to his idea, short term memory can be divided into sensory memory and working memory.Sensory memory is the very first step for the source information coming into one’s brain with the shortest duration and can hold a certain amount of information, but these information can only lasts 0.25-2 seconds and disappears rapidly.Working memory refers to information stored for further processing.Working memory boasts both storage and processing functions.The two functions are interrelated with each other.When encountered with new or difficult tasks, then more processing capacity is required, thus leaving less capacity for storage function(David W.Carroll, 2000.49).During the researching, the authors doubts that decay causes forgetting from short-term memory often offer as an alternative some form of interference: When several elements(such as digits, words, or pictures)are held in short term memory simultaneously, their representations compete with each other for recall, or degrade each other.Thereby, new content gradually pushes out older content, unless the older content is actively protected against interference by rehearsal or by directing attention to it.3.2 Short term and long term memory Psychological studies of human memory make a distinction between short term memory and long term memory.The idea of short term memory simply means that you are retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall.Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later.To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later.Long-term memory is a learning process.And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in long term memory may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.The duration of short term memory is very short.It is up to 30 seconds.Peterson(1959)found it to be 6-12 seconds, while Atkinson and Schifrin(1968)and Herb(1949)state it is 30 seconds.Memory in CI only lasts for a short time.Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.Therefore, the memory skills which need to be imparted to trainee interpreters are short term memory skills.Another difference is that short term memory is processed largely in terms of speech sounds, while long term memory depends mostly on meaning.In the early 1960s, Conrad, in connection with work for the British Post Office, conducted experiments on memory for letter codes.Conrad’s subjects were presented visually with sequences of unrelated consonants and were required to write them down immediately afterwards.He noticed that the short term memory errors made were not random, but similar in the sound to the correct item.Subjects mistakenly remember the words as words with similar pronunciation more than similar spelling.This indicates that the material is more easily remembered in terms of their sound rather than their visual appearance.Since the interpreters deal with the vocal materials, short term memory can do well to training.3.3 The Effort Eodels by Daniel Gile(1)C = KL + ELK + A Comprehension =Knowledge for language+ Extra-linguistic Language + Analysis(2)CI =L + N + M + C Consecutive Interpreting =Listening Analysis+ Note-taking+ Short-term Memory+ Coordination In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter takes notes while the speaker speaks, then delivers speech to the listener in the target language according to his or her memory and notes.Consecutive interpretation is performed in two phases, the listening and note-taking phase, and the speech production phase.(3)CI = Rem + Read + P Consecutive Interpreting=Remembering+ Note-reading+ Speech Production

In phase two, high capacity in taking notes is beneficial to the Rem component, since good note-taking reduces the capacity requirements for Rem.Besides, mastering a certain amount of linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge will lead to successful transferring form source language to target language.Since short term memory plays an important role in CI, the author decides to take a further step on short term memory.4.Characters of short term memory 4.1 Input of information It is generally held that information enters the short term memory as a result of applying attention to the stimulus, which is about a quarter of a second according to the findings of both Sperling(1960)and Crowden(1982).However, McKay's(1973, in Radford and Govier, 1991: 382)findings do not fully support this, asserting that unattended information may enter the short term memory.4.2 Capacity As mentioned in the previous section, the capacity of short term memory is limited and small.Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968)propose that it is seven items of information(give or take two).Miller(1956)says it is seven “chunks.” Another possibility may be that the limiting factor is not the short term memory's storage capacity, but its processing capacity(Gross: 1990:55).4.3 Modality To store information in short term memory, it must be encoded, and there is a variety of possibilities as to how this operates.There are three main possibilities in short term memory:(1)Acoustic(Phonemic)coding is rehearsing through sub-vocal sounds(Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley: 1966).(2)Visual coding is, as implied, storing information as pictures rather than sounds.This applies especially to nonverbal items, particularly if they are difficult to describe using words.In very rare cases some people may have a “photographic memory,” but for the vast majority, the visual code is much less effective than this(Posner and Keele: 1967).(3)Semantic coding is applying meaning to information, relating it to something abstract(Baddeley: 1990, Goodhead: 1999)4.4 Information Loss There are three main theories as to why we forget from our short term memory:(1)Displacement—existing information is replaced by newly received information when the storage capacity is full(Waugh and Norman: 1965)(2)Decay—information decays over time(Baddeley, Thompson and Buchanan, 1975).(3)Interference—other information present in the storage at the same time distorts the original information(Keppel and Underwood: 1962).4.5 Retrieval There are modes of retrieval of information from short term memory:(1)Serial search—items in short term memory are examined one at a time until the desired information is retrieved(Sternberg: 1966).(2)Activation—dependence on activation of the particular item reaching a critical point 5.Memory Training The purpose of short term memory training in CI is to achieve a better understanding of the source language, which will lead to adequate interpreting.As Lin Yuru et al.put it, “Memory in consecutive interpreting consists of nothing more than understanding the meaning, which is conveyed by the words”(Lin et al., 1999:9).Understanding is the first step in successful interpreting;therefore, memory training is to be provided in the early stage of interpreter training.Memory functions differently in consecutive and simultaneous interpreting because the duration of memory is longer in CI than in SI.There are different methods of training short term memory for CI and SI respectively.Interpreting starts with the encoding of the information from the original speaker.According to Gile's Effort Model, interpreting is short term memory-centered activity;the process of interpreting could be re-postulated into: Encoding of information from the Source Language + Storing Information + Retrieval of Information + Decoding Information into the Target language In Consecutive Interpreting, there is probably up to 15 minutes(depending on the speaker's segments)for the interpreter to encode and then store the information.This is the first phase of Gile's Effort Model for CI.In the second phase of Gile's Model, the interpreter starts to retrieve information and decode it into the target language.According to the previous description, there are three main possibilities of storing information in short term memory:(1)Acoustic Coding;(2)Visual Coding and(3)Semantic Coding.Visual coding may be used by interpreters in conference situations with multimedia.Notes in interpreting are to assist in such visual coding of information.But in most interpreting contexts, interpreters will depend on acoustic and semantic coding.Therefore, exercises should be designed for this purpose.The following methods are recommended: 5.1 Visualizing materials: Visualizing means that to visualize what the speaker is speaking, for instance, to form a scene to strengthen the short term memory of the interpreter.A British psychologist named Frederic C.Bartlett(1998:279)regarded memory as the reconstruction of an image.The conclusion of the study showed that the capacity of memory of pictures viewed and images is easier to remember than vocabulary and expressions This kind of exercise aims to promote the ability of an interpreter to actualize and visualize the information he listened, which is designed to sensibility of human’s brain to image of language resources.5.2 Retelling in the Source Language The instructor either reads or plays a recording of a text of about 200 words for the trainees to retell in the same language.The trainees should not be allowed to take any notes.In the first instance, trainees should be encouraged to retell the text in the same words of the original to the largest possible extent.The following tactics should be used by the trainees after a certain time of training on retelling: Categorization: Grouping items of the same properties;Generalization: Drawing general conclusions from particular examples or message from the provided text;Comparison: Noticing the differences and similarities between different things, facts and events;Description: Describing a scene, a shape, or size of an object, etc.Trainees are encouraged to describe, summarize, and abstract the original to a large extent in their own words in exercises.5.3 Mnemonic to Memory Mnemonic is a device, such as a formula or rhyme, used as an aid in remembering.Mnemonics are methods for remembering information that is otherwise quite difficult to recall.A very simple example of a mnemonic is the '30 days hath September' rhyme.The basic principle of Mnemonics is to use as many of the best functions of the human brain as possible to encode information.The human brain has evolved to encode and interpret complex stimuli—images, color, structure, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, spatial awareness, emotion, and language—using them to make sophisticated interpretations of the environment.Human memory is made up of all these features.Typically, however, information presented to be remembered is from one source—normally words on a page.While reading words on a page reflects one of the most important aspects of human evolution, it is only one of the many skills and resources available to the human mind.Mnemonics seek to use all of these resources.By encoding language and numbers in sophisticated, striking images which flow into other strong images, we can accurately and reliably encode both information and the structure of information to be easily recalled later(Manktelow:2003).5.4 Grouping information together Random lists of things(a shopping list, for example)can be especially difficult to remember.To make it easier, try categorizing the individual things from the list.If a person can remember that, among other things, he wanted to buy four different kinds of vegetables, he’ll find it easier to remember all four.Another example: probably ***818651898 won't be easily remembered, but try putting a space after every fourth number.Now those numbers are years, and they can be easily remembered by picking key events from each year(e.g., Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Civil War, and Spanish-American War).5.5 Association

The reason that most of people can't remember their friend's phone number is because 535-3473 just a string of numbers that have no obvious connection to their friend.In order to use one’s memory efficiently, the best way is to actively create an association for things one is trying to remember.For example, write out a phone number: five three five three four seven three.Now try to create a clever phrase that starts with the first letter of those words: fairy tales feel true for some time.Now that phone number can be much more easily remembered.Alternatively, one could create a story that involves 5 characters buying 3 things and doing 5 more things with them by using imagination.The point is that one wants to connect the phone number to something else.6.Conclusion Keeping a good short term memory in consecutive interpreting is a significant aspect, which the train interpreters need to grasp.From the above analysis, we can conclude that short term memory skills in consecutive interpreting could be acquired by effectively designed training methods.With a well-'trained' short-term memory, interpreters are actually equipped with an effective tool for the encoding and decoding information.Even though the author has found and summarized some training methods, these methods are not suitable for every trainee.In the future research, the author believes that every student interpreter needs to explore practical training methods for themselves, which can lead a better result for their future career and be transformed into theories.