第一篇：大學英語筆記總結

金融103 第三組

1、一系列 a range of

a host of

a portfolio of

a array of2、少數名族ethnic minorities3、臺灣問題Taiwan question4、制定并實施一項政策Develop and deliver on an policy

Develop and implement an policy5、赤貧abject poverty6、窮人the poor7、貧窮地區 poverty-stricken areas/communities8、重債國Debt-ridden country

Heavy-debt country9、最貧困地區LDC=least developed country10、中國擁有…china is home to。。

China boasts。。

11、撥款allocate/channel/divert/earmark12、助學金state grants13、獎學金scholarship14、補貼subsidy15、國家助學貸款state student loan16、生活補貼living allowance/subsistence allowance17、低保者subsistenceallowancerecipient19、發展經濟boost/expand/prosper/grow/grow economy20、A比B的狀況好A has a better picture/landscape than B21、發展的結果惠及全民ensure results/fruits of development reach the peopleAll the people are included in the results of developmentAll the people are covered by the results of development22、由貧困引起的一系列問題problems arising from poverty

Problems emerging from poverty23、財富差距wealth divide24、貧富差距gap between the rich and the poor25、貧富差距加大gap between the rich and the poor is yawning/widening26、縮小差距narrow the gap27、以科學的方式in a scientific manner/fashion/way28、收入很好的工作 well-paid job29、有很多理由……there are many reasons behind……

30、……的原因therationalebehind……

31、引起全世界的注意arouse/draw/attractworldwide attention32、關系到bear on/be related to33、有途徑進入have access to34、教育難have no access to education35、就業難have no access to employment

Eg：Government should provide access to education for people.36、劫車carjacking37、內陸地區 hinterland38、城市人均可支配收入per capita disposable income of urban residents農村人均可支配收入per capita net income of rural residents39、hinder 阻礙，妨礙

40、vulnerable 有弱點的，脆弱的41、.廣泛討論 something has been much in the talk…

金融103 第三組

謝優男唐希光

王揚張翠鋒楊程旖旎

第二篇：大學英語教程(上冊)_筆記(全)

本課程的名稱為“大學英語自學教程（上冊）”，它是高等教育自學考試各專業（英語專業除外）?？齐A段的公共實踐課，檢測好壞的標準是會不會靈活運用這門語言?？荚嚧缶V規定，大學英語的教學目標是“使學習者能比較熟練地掌握英語基礎知識和語言技能，做到具有較好的閱讀能力、一定的英譯漢能力和初步的聽、說、讀、寫及漢譯英能力，為獲得專業所需要的信息及進一步提高英語水平打下較扎實的基礎”。

本課程包括較系統的英語語法知識、英語單詞約3000個和詞組約500個，閱讀量為30000余詞。本課程的重點是英語的基本詞匯和語法，課程的主要目的是培養閱讀能力。

本課程的主要考試內容是從詞匯、語法、閱讀和翻譯著手的。從2000年開始考試題型已改為如下七種：A.客觀題部分：1.單項選擇10%；2.完型填空10%；3.閱讀理解30%；B.主觀題部分：4.單詞拼寫10%；5.詞形轉換10%；6.漢譯英15%；7.英譯漢15% 為了幫助大家在英語學習、考試方面能達到事半功倍的效果，以及從我這幾年教受英語課程的經驗來看，想給大家提幾點建議，：

第一，要勤讀、多讀。我們這里所說的“讀”包括朗讀和閱讀，正確的發音，流利的朗讀，對于熟練掌握單詞、句子和課文，提高閱讀速度都有根本意義；

第二，記牢單詞。我知道這歷來是考生們最頭疼的事情，但是我認為只要大家有好的適合自己的方法，那么對于大綱要求的這3000詞匯來說應該只是a piece of cake(小事一莊)。發音要正確，背單詞要有計劃，讀寫結合，注意常用詞的詞類和變化規則，記單詞要和學習課文結合起來，不能死記硬背，最后一環是和遺忘作斗爭的最有效手段---復習。英語中有一句諺語：Rome wasn’t built in one day!譯成中文是：冰凍三尺非一日之寒。記憶單詞尤應記住它；

第三點，學好語法。學語法的主要目的是為了用。對于英語教學我最擅長的就是講解語法，一般我會將語法現象融入所學課文中，讓大家感覺不是那么晦澀難懂。只有在錯綜復雜的語言現象中學和用，才能真正掌握語法。

guaranteed for one year.英語學習不是一句兩句(v 保修)就說的完的，今后我會在教學4.intelligent:a 聰明中逐步讓大家感受到學英語的的、明智的，n intelligence 樂趣，它不僅僅是我們通向事聰明、智慧

業成功的一座橋梁，也將豐富5.conversely: ad 相反大家的日常生活。但學習畢竟地，converse a 相反的

是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我6.similar:a 相似的、類將四個英文字母以及一句諺語似的，短語be similar to 送給我們每一位自學者：sth / sb in sth(*)IIpp----Interest，e.g.She is similar in Intention, patience and temper(性情、脾氣)to her persistence.Where there mother.is a will, there is a 7.independent:a 獨立way!(有志者事竟成！)Good 的、自主的，independence n luck!

獨立、自主、自立，（*）

下面我們開始上課。我想字根：depend(v):依靠、在第一課開始之前對大家提幾依賴，depend on / upon 點要求：1.每人都必須有課dependence: n 信賴、信本，即高遠主編的《大學英語任、依靠 ；dependent: a 依自學教程》（上）；2.每講后靠的、需要支持的

必須要復習、做作業；3.最好a.When you begin to 能提前看看下講的課文；4.make money you can live a 每5個單元有測驗，請大家務life of independence.必認真完成;5有問題隨時b.Children depend on 問，學習上不要害羞。

their parents for food.本教程共計25個單元。c.I don’t want to be 每單元分A，B兩篇文章，一dependent on my parents, 般A 位重點文章，精講；B為because I am an adult.培養閱讀能力的文章，略講。

8.clue:n 線索、提示，常用短語：clue to Unit one:

something Text A: How to Be a 9.adult: n 成年人；a Successful Language 成年的、成熟的

Learner?

a.She can do it

herself, for she is an Ⅰ.New Words:

adult now.1.successful: a 成功b.His behavior isn’t 的；

adult.succeed v : succeed 10.conclusion: n 結in doing something做某事論、推論；v conclude.成功;

decide v 決定，decision n success n;決定、決心

successfully ad(*)

11.communicate: v 交a.She wished him 流、通訊、傳播，習語：

success_ in his new job.①communicate sth to b.Were you successful sb: 傳播某事給某人；

in finding a new house?

②communicate with sb: c.I finished my 同某人交流

training successfully.名詞：communication: a d.He succeeds in communication satellite 通finding a good job.訊衛星；

2.disagree: v disagree a communication with somebody(與某人有分network 通訊網，歧，意見不一致)，telecommunication:電訊、電n disagreement, a 信，disagreeable;反義詞：agree, China agreement, agreeable

telecommunication中國電信

e.g.I always disagree 12.inexact: a 不正確with him.的，反義詞：exact 3.guarantee:n / v 保 incomplete: a 不完證、擔保、保修

整的，反義詞：complete e.g.1>.The watch has a 13.purpose: n 目的、意two-year guarantee.(n保圖，purposeful: a 有目的修)的，蓄意的，2>.The TV set is purposefully: ad 有

目的地、蓄意地(*)

a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.b.We should use the language purposefully.c.She did it on purpose.14.regularly: ad 經常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的 15.technique: n 技術、技巧，16.outline: v 概括；n 輪廓、大綱

a.You should outline the story before you write it.b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.大多數學習第二語言的成年人會不同意這種說法的。

①本句主語為：Most adults who are learning a second language;謂語為：would disagree with；賓語為：this statement

②主語中包含有一個語法點，定語從句。這是英語中一個非常重要的語法點.顧名思義，定語從句應該在整個句中做定語，請對比如下兩句: He bought an interesting book.(定語)/ He bought a book which is interesting.（定語從句）。具體介紹該語法點：

修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞后面，它需由關系代詞或關系副詞引導。

通常引導定語從句的關系代詞有：who, whom,(一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).關系副詞有：when(時間), where(地點), why(原因)。不管是關系代詞還是副詞引導定語從句時，要在定語從句中充當句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修飾先行詞most adults, who 是關系代詞，在從句中作主語。下面我們一起來看另幾個例句：仔細聽我的分析！

a.The man who/that will give us a talk has

come.b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.d.I live in the room whose window faces south.e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地?)這句話意思和結構與上句相似，口頭分析。

6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in 譯：他們不害怕重復他們聽到的或說一些奇怪的東西。

①what they hear是repeat的賓語從句

②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth;be afraid to do sth;be afraid that 從句

a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.b.I am afraid of snake.譯：對他們來說，學會這種語言以便同這些人交流并向他們學習是非常必要的

①這句話較復雜，it作形式主語，動詞不定式是真正的主語，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我們稱作目的狀語

②短語：in order to do sth;communicate with sb;③would此時為助動詞，表示“可能，將會”。

④需掌握的短語：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g.He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice?

hundreds of:幾百，當hundred, thousand, million用作不確定數目時，需用復數形式，并加介詞of;當它們用作確定的數目時，不用復數形式。

e.g.five hundred people;hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.譯：語言學習不同于其他種類的學習。短語：be different from:與?不同

4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.(*)譯：有些人很聰明，在他們自己的專業領域很有成就，但發現很難成功地學習語言。

①本句主語Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，謂語find，賓語difficult to succeed in language learning，it語法上稱作形式賓語:當賓語較長時，常將它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。

②包含定語從句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修飾先行詞some people, who在定語從句中作主語。

③需掌握的習語：be intelligent and successful in one’s field;succeed in sth / doing sth 5.Conversely, some many ways.(*)

c.He’s afraid that 譯：語言學習研究顯示成he’ll be late for class.功的語言學習者在許多方面都10.When communication 是相似的。

is difficult, they can ①本句主語Language accept information that is learning research；謂語：inexact or incomplete.shows；賓語：that引導一個譯：當交流困難時，他們賓語從句。在賓語從句中會接受不準確或不完整的信successful language 息。

learners是主語；are是系動本句中包含一個時間狀語詞；similar in many ways從句When communication is 是表語

difficult，一個定語從句②重要短語be similar that is inexact or(to sb/sth)in sth在?方incomplete，修飾先行詞面與某人/某事相似

information，在從句中that7.Instead of waiting 作主語。

for the teachers to 11.It’s more explain, they try to find important for them to the patterns and the rules learn to think in the for themselves.(*)

language than to know the 譯：不是等這老師解釋，meaning of every word.(*)而是自己努力去發現各種句型譯：對他們來說，學會用和規則。

所學的語言來思考比學會每個①Instead of waiting 單詞的意思更重要。

for the teachers to ①it作形式主語，真正explain,介詞短語作狀語，主主語是動詞不定式to learn 語：they；謂語：try to to think in the language.find；賓語：the patterns 原句語序應是：For them to and the rules for learn to think in the themselves

language is more important ②介詞of后的動詞要用than to know the meaning 動名詞waiting

of every word.③短語：instead of sth;用形式主語的目的是因為wait for sb to do sth;try 不定式作主語太長，為避免句to do sth;

子頭重腳輕，用it代替真正8.They find people who 的主語。

speak the language and e.g.For many people they ask these people to to learn English well is correct them when they very difficult.make a mistake.(*)

=It’s very 譯：他們尋找說這種語言difficult for many people 的人，當他們說錯時就請這些to learn English well 人幫助指正。

②短語：learn to do ①這是一個由and連接的sth學會做?;more 并列句，其中有一個定語從句important than ?更重要

who speak the language，修12.It’s necessary for 飾先行詞people;有一個時間them to learn the language 狀語從句when they make a in order to communicate mistake

with these people and to ②correct: v 指正、糾learn from them.正，短語：make a mistake = For them to learn 犯錯誤

the language in order to 9.They are not afraid communicate with these to repeat what they hear people and to learn from or to say strange things.them are necessary

learn from sb:向?學習

13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.譯：因為他們想學會這種語言，所以他們發現不斷地練習實際應用這種語言是容易的。

①it作形式賓語，真正的賓語to practice using the language regularly，原因狀語從句because they want to learn with it.②practice是動詞,英式英語拼寫形式是practise,美式英語動詞和名詞拼寫都是practice.作動詞時，后面只能用動名詞，如：practice speaking the language every day.(4段2行)

14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.(*)

譯：如果你是一名成功的語言學習者，你大概一直在獨立地、主動地、目的明確地學習。

①if引導條件狀語從句，主句中的have been learning是動詞的現在完成進行時，表示動作從以前開始一直不間斷地進行到現在。

②三個副詞：independently, actively, and purposefully 要會拼寫。

15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.譯：另一方面來說，如果你的語言學習一直不太成功，你不妨試試上面提到的一些學習技巧。

①If your language learning has been less than successful是條件狀語從句。

②短語：on the other

hand: 另一方面來說;less than successful: 不太成功;might do well to do sth:表示一種委婉語氣，不妨?，最好?.e.g.You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.That’s all for this lecture, and let’s continue to learn this unit next time.Don’t forget to review what we have learnt.ok, see you then!

The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone!Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one.Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A.Useful phrases: 1.disagree with ?(2段1行);2.hundreds of(2段3行);3.be different from?(3段1行);4.succeed in sth?(3段3行);5.as much as you can(4段2行);6.practice doing sth(4段2行);7.try to do?(4段4行);

8.similar in sth?(5段2行);9.first of all(6段1行);10.depend on(6段2行);11.instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行);12.wait sb to do?(6段3行);13.learn from sth/sb(6段7行);

14.make a mistake(7段4行);15.be afraid to do(7段5行);16.be willing to do?(7段6行);

17.be interested in sth(8段2行);18.in order to(8段4行);19.communicate with sb(8段4行);20.on the other hand(9段3行);21.might do well to do sth(9段4行)B.Some important words: 1.successful;2.disagree;3.statement;4.guarantee;5.intelligent;6.conversely;7.similar;8.independent;9.conclusion;10.communicate;communication;11.purpose, A.Some new words: purposefully;1.instance: a single 12.regularly;

13.fact, event, example.例technique;14.outline.子、實例，常用短語for C.Key to part instance，例如。

exercises:(from page 8 to 2.waiter: a person 12)

who serves food at the

一、課文練習： tables in a restaurant(男Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;性)，Ⅱ.1.task;waitress女服務員、2.intelligent;3.tudy;女招待

4.clue;5.conclusion;3.traveler: a person 6.repeat;7.communication;who goes from place to 8.purpose;9.probably;

place, esp.to a far away 10.outline place Ⅲ.1.Instead of;travel: v 旅游

2.therefore;3.more?than;

4.primitive: adj 原4.even;5.first of all;始的：of the earliest 6.because;7.on the other times of life or of man hand;8.finally;9.looking 5.exact 反義詞for;10.conversely inexact Ⅳ.1.見課文；

6.consist;v 短語： 2.Language consist of 組成

learning is active e.g.My class learning.Learners should

consists of 20 students.take advantage of every 7.simply: adv, chance to use the language.simple adj 簡單的

3.Language learning should be active，independent and purposeful.B.Some language 4.見一講作業。points: 5.The teachers 1.not only?but often pass on their also?不但?而且，并列連successful experience in 詞。(連接兩個并列成分)language learning to us.e.g.? I hope to be

二、詞匯練習： not only your teacher, but Ⅰ.1.2.4.見一講詞匯講also your good friend.解部分； 3.cover: v 覆 ? ?, we can 蓋； uncover: v 揭開，為do it not only with the cover的反義詞；discover: help of words, but also in v 發現，同義詞：find,習題many other ways.答案為：covered;uncover;2.neither?nor:既discovered 不?也不，并列連詞，連接兩Ⅱ.1.inexact;個并列成分。

2.technique;3.outlined;e.g.? Autumn is a 4.communicate;5.regularly;good season.It’s neither 6.clue;7.intelligent;hot nor cold.8.incomplter;9.similar;? people who 10.statement can neither hear nor speak Ⅲ.1.disagree;talk to each other with 2.independent;the help of their fingers.3.incomplete;4.inexact;3.He entered a 5.uncover/discover restaurant and sat at a Ⅳ.1,3,4,見一講作業table.(坐在桌旁)3,4,5題。2見課文 5.We

4.in this way:介詞短should learn something new 語，用這種方法

independently, actively e.g.I learn English and purposefully.by myself.In this way, I have finally got the Ⅱ.Text B:要求作一般diploma of English major.了解，屬閱讀理解課文，對于 5.The Englishman text B的文章來說，雖然較Awho was very hungry by 篇稍長，但難度稍低，檢測閱this time and not at all 讀結果的標準是能夠獨立地完thirsty looked very sad.成課后的習題。a.本句包含有一個定語

從句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修飾先行詞The Englishman。

b.短語：by this time到此時為止； not at all根本不?

6.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.譯：語言是由聲音組成的，但具有一定意義的聲音并不都是話語。

短語：consist of, 句子結構中包含有一個定語從句。

Key to the part exercises:

page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.Unit 2

Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world.Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things.There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes;they are for the federal government, state government, and city government.Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.A.New words:

1.tax: n 稅；vt 對?征稅

a.Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.b.My income is taxed at source.(我的收入已扣除了所得稅。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同義詞：usually, 常用語：generally speaking，general adj

3.type: n 類型、種類；v 打字

a.What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.b.She typed the letter quickly and well.4.salary: n 工資，salaried: adj 拿工資的

5.earn: v 掙錢、賺錢，earnings n 賺得的錢

6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用數詞(*)a.More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.b.A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.c.I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.7.vary: v 變化、改變； varied adj 有變化的、多樣的(*)a.Holiday jobs are many and varied.b.people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介詞in的用法)c.prices of fruit vary from season to season.8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售

9.charge: v 收費、控告

a.How much do you charge for repairing my shoes? b.He was charged with the guilty of murder.10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 額外的、增加的(*)a.She always adds sugar to her tea.b.He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.c.We will need additional help to do the work.11.confuse: v 使混亂、混淆；confused, confusing adj;confusion n(*)a.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.b.This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.c.Do you think this will cause much confusion?

來了。

d.They confused me 2昨天我媽給我的錢已by asking so many 經被偷走了。

questions.Answer:

1.The man 11.complain: v 抱who/whom/that/省略

you 怨，常跟介詞of, about.have been looking for has complaint: n 抱怨、投訴come.（*）

2.The money a.Students always that/which/省略 my mother complain about too much gave me yesterday was homework.stolen.b.She complained 短語；be sure of:that the exam was too hard.對?確信、確定

c.He used to e.g.We can be sure complain bitterly of his of his honesty.bad memory.(訴說有病)

d.There is no 2.Americans don’t reason for complaint.have a corner on the death

market, but many people 12.useless: adj 無用feel that the United 的，反義詞 useful;carefulStates leads the world →careless;helpful→with the worst taxes.(*)helpless;hopeful→ 譯：美國人并不壟斷hopeless etc.“死亡”市場，但很多人感到 13.impractical: adj 美國卻以最重的賦稅在世界上不切實際的，反義詞 名列前茅。

practical;practice v 實 短語：have a corner 踐、實際

on something:壟斷?;lead 14.program: n 計劃、with因?領先

節目、程序；v 編程序

e.g.China leads the 15.tend: v 易于、傾world with her silk 向于，tendency n 趨勢、傾products.向

a.people tend to 3.With the high cost get fat as they grow older.of taxes, people are not b.prices continue very happy on April 15, to show an upward tendency.when the federal taxes are(物價呈持續上升趨勢。)

due.譯：由于高額的稅款，B.Intensive reading: 每年4月15日人們很不開 1.Americans often 心，因為這一天是上繳聯邦稅say that there are only 款的日子。

two things a person can be 分析：With the high sure of in life: death and cost of taxes,介詞短語作原taxes.(*)

因狀語，with = because of, 譯：美國人常說，一個由于?, 人一生中只有兩件事可以肯定 when the federal 會發生：死亡和納稅。

taxes are due是非限定性定 分析：主語：語從句，修飾on April 15。Americans；謂語：say；thatWhen 叫關系副詞。

引導一個賓語從句，還包含有 Where, when, why是一個省略了關聯代詞的定語從定語從句中的三個關系副詞，句，a person can be sure 分別在定語從句中作地點狀in life修飾two things.語、時間狀語、原因狀語。

當先行詞在定語從句中 a.This is the house 作賓語時，?？墒÷浴?/p>

where I was born.(where = e.g.1>.The watch in which)that/which/省略 I found in b.I’ll never the library is his.forget the day when I（why?）

entered the college.(when 2>.The girl = on which)who/whom/that/省略 you met c.please tell me at the party is my sister.the reason why you are 請試著翻譯句子： always late for my 1你一直在找的那個人class.(why = for which)

另外，若定語從句和先行詞之間用逗號分開稱為非限定性定語從句。它對先行詞只是進一步補充說明，刪除后不會影響整個句子的基本語意，譯成漢語時一般單獨翻譯。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)

譯：有些洲有與聯邦政府類似的個人所得稅。

分析：代詞that指an income tax, 英文中兩個進行比較的事物必須是平等的，如在口語中我們可說“北京的天氣比廣州干燥”，但譯為英語不能寫成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天氣進行比較，要改為：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)

譯：其他洲征收銷售稅，對你在該洲所買的任何商品征收一定比例的稅。

分析：包含有兩個定語從句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定語從句，修飾a sales tax。其中還含有另一個限定定語從句which you buy in that state修飾先行詞any item.charged to表示“向?征收”charged 過去分詞作定語修飾a percentage.6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)

譯：有些洲除了征收銷售稅，還征收個人所得稅來增加稅收。

短語：in addition to 除?還有?(+)

e.g.We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.raise their revenue:增加稅收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.They say that

it spends too much on of;5.similar;6.tends to;（修訂版）；edit: v;useless and impractical 7.complaining about;8.i editor: n 3.Television ads are programs.addition to;9.issue;8.entertainment: n short, but they are 譯：他們經常抗議政府 10.agree on 娛樂、款待 repeated over and over 對他們交納的稅金使用不當。Ⅳ.1.How much do 9.audience: n 觀again so that the audience 他們認為政府在一些沒用或不you charge for a haircut? 眾、聽眾。sees and hears them many 切實際的項目上花錢太多。2.We are trying to 10.characteristic: times.(*)短語：use sth in the raise funds for the Red a 典型的； n 特性、特征

譯：電視廣告時間很wrong way,錯誤地使用?, Cross.11.commercial: adj 短，但它們被反復播放，可以 spend sth on sth 3.He earned a good 商業的； n 商業廣告； 使觀眾看聽許多遍。在?花費，或spend sth in reputation for honesty.commerce n 商業。

短語：over and over doing sth.4.We pay taxes in 12.responsible: a again一遍又一遍； so that e.g.Mother says he exchange for government 有責任的； responsibility = in order that表目的； spends too much time in services.n 責任 audience:稱作集體名watching TV every day.5.An open letter 13.particular: a 特詞，當單形集體名詞被看作一 8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)譯：盡管美國人在許多問題上有不同的觀點，但他們往往在這一點上達成共識：稅收太高。

短語：have different views on sth對?有不同觀點，tend to 通常，agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb;同意做某事：agree to do sth.Ⅲ.Summary about the important phrases: 1.be sure of(1段2行);2.have a corner on sth(1段2行);3.lead with(1段4行);4.consist of(2段1行);5.depend on(3段3行);6.that is(3段4行);7.be similar to(4段3行);8.in addition to(4段10行);9.public works(5段4行);10.municipal buildings(5段5行);11.complain about(6段3行);12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行);13.spend?on(6段4-5行);14.tend on(6段6行);15.agree on(6段6行)

The 3rd lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Key to part exercises from page 39 to 43:

一、課文練習：

Ⅰ.a, c, a, a, c Ⅲ.1.due;2.depends on;3.diverse;4.consisted protested government’s 定的 foreign policy.14.estimate: n / v

二、詞匯練習： 估計、評價

Ⅰ見2講講課內容。15.management: n 管 Ⅱ.1.charge;理、經營； manage: v 管2.department;3.due;理； manager: n 經理 4.diverse;5.earns;6.vary;16.approve: v 贊7.property;8.leading;成、同意、批準； approval: 9.fund;10.tends n 17.involve: v 牽 Ⅱ.Text B: 涉、卷入，be involved in It’s about sth;involvement: n advertisement.In such a society, we can see advertisement every day.B.Some difficult Some are from TV, some are sentences: from radio, some are from 1.Advertising is newspaper, and others are only part of the total from magazines and even sales effort, but it’s Internet.When you find so the part that attracts the many ads have penetrated most attention.into all the corners of 譯：廣告僅僅是整個銷our life, then do you 售活動的一部分，但就是這部think it’s good or bad? 分最能吸引人們的注意力。Now let’s find something 注意本句的主語from our text.advertising是動名詞作主 語，表示登廣告。再如： A.New words: playing football is 1.advertise: v 做廣my favorite sport.告、登廣告；advertisement: 短語：attract one’s n 縮寫ad;advertising attention吸引某人的注意company廣告公司；力。advertiser: n 登廣告的人

2.attract: v 吸引； 2.Voices and music attraction: n 吸引力；have been added to color attractive: adj 吸引人的 and pictures to catch the 3.design: v 設計； ear as well as the eye.designer 設計師（*）4.persuade: v 勸說，譯：色彩和畫面配上聲常用習語：persuade sb to 音和音樂，既好看又好聽。do sth 重點掌握短語：1>.add 5.leisure: n 空暇、sth to sth加?到?, 悠閑，at leisure有空，清 e.g.I don’t like 閑。add milk to/into my coffee.6.classified: a 分 2>.catch the ear, 類的；classify v 分類 catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，7.edition: n 版本，吸引眼睛 a paperback edition（平裝 3>.as well as:版）, a rare edition（珍藏也 ,除了?還有?(+)版）, a deluxe edition（精 e.g.I like Chinese 裝版）, a revised editionas well as English.個整體時，具有單數概念；被看作若干個個體時，具有復數概念。像這樣的名詞有：family, government, class, staff etc.a.His family is a

big one in our city.b.His family are very friendly to us.c.The audience is

quiet when the concert is on.d.The audience like Harry portter very much.C.Useful phrases:

1.attract one’s attention(1段2行);2.natural enough(1段2行);

3.for the most part(1段6行);4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行);5.a large amount of sth(3段1行);6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行);7.catch the eye(3段8行);8.no more than(3段9行);9.idebtity with sth(3段10行);10.add to(4段2行);11.catch the ear(4段3行);12.over and over again(4段4行);13.so that(4段5行);14.put up with(4段7行);15.millions of(4段8行);16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide

on sth(5段2行);18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行);19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行);21.carry over(4段1行)

D.Key to some exercises: Ⅰ.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F.詞匯練習：page 50-52 Ⅰ.e, b, c, d, a Ⅱ.1.attracts;2.leisure;3.available;

4.limited;5.estimate Ⅲ.1.decided on;2.approved;3.estimate;4.carried over;5.put up with;6.characteristic of Ⅳ.B, C, B, A, C, D.Unit 3

Text A: The Atlantic ocean In the earth, there are four oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean.The Atlantic ocean isn’t the biggest in area, but there are other two things that make it very unusual.Do you want to know what they are, and then please read the text very carefully? And from the past exams the text is very important.A.New words: 1.sailor: n 水手、海員； sail: v 航海，n航海、帆（*）

a.He has sailed for New York.b.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea.c.How many days’ sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian?

2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反義詞willing：愿意的，常用短語：be willing to do?, be unwilling to do?;副詞：unwillingly, willingly;名詞：will意愿、意志。（*）

a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay.b.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasn’t made much progress.c.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us.3.unusual: a不尋常的、與眾不同的，反義詞：usual, 副詞：usually(*)a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes.b.He went to town as usual with his father.c.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long.please look at the 4.salty: a 咸的，salt: following sentences from n 鹽；salted用鹽腌的

the text: a.The sea water is a.The Atlantic ocean salty.is one of the oceans b.The salted beef is that ?.delicious.b.The narrowest place

is between the bulge of ?.5.average: n/a/v平均c.The Azores are the 數、平均的、平均常用短語：tops of the peak ?.on the average(*)

a.The average of 2,3 1.冠詞（articles）:是and 4 is 3.一種虛詞，放在一個名詞前，b.The average age of 幫助說明該名詞的含義。它分the students in this class 為定冠詞和不定冠詞兩種。

is eighteen.2.定冠詞the的用法如c.They averaged 20 下：

miles a day during their ①重復上文提到過的人或last journey.物：

e.g.There is a 6.range: n 山脈、范refrigerator in the 圍；v 變化，排列成行

kitchen.The refrigerator a.She has a wide range is white.of interests.(第一次提到用不定冠b.He ranged the books 詞，第二次用定冠詞，表特by size.指。)

②特指談話雙方都知道的7.peak: n 高峰，adj 人或物。

高峰的，反義詞：off-peak

e.g.How do you like peak hour = rush the film? hour

③指世界上獨一無二的事8.eastward, westward, 物。

northward, southward: adj e.g.The earth is adv

bigger than the moon, but 9.crew:集體名詞

smaller than the sun.10.becalm: v become ④常用在樂器前：

calm;calm: a平靜的、安靜e.g.I want to play 的, please keep calm.the piano/ the violin.⑤用在一些公用事業名稱11.current: n 水流、電前, 流；adj 流行的

e.g.I will go to the a.The current is the post office/ the museum/ strongest in the middle of the cinema.the river.⑥用在序數詞和形容詞最b.Turn off the current 高級之前，while making repairs.e.g.the first time, c.of all her dresses, the biggest.only one is still current.⑦用在某些專有名詞前，e.g.the people’s 12.affect: v 影響、打Republic of China, the 動；effect n 影響，have an great wall, the white effect on sth;affecting house adj 動人的；effective adj ⑧特指某些江河、山脈、有影響的、有效的。（*）

海洋、湖泊，a.Violent TV programs e.g.the Changjiang have a bad effect on the River, the pacific ocean, children.the Himalayas, the Salt b.Music can affect Lake some people very strongly.⑨和某些形容詞連用，表c.The law is no longer 示某一類人, effective.e.g.the rich, the 13.furnish: v 用家具poor, the dead, the young 布置，家具：furniture.⑩用在姓氏的復數形式

前，表一家人, B.Grammar knowledge: e.g.The Greens are 定冠詞的用法 watching TV.另外，還用在許多習慣用語中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left.Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.The 4th lecture of College English one:

Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A:

1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new.譯：大西洋是隔斷新世界和舊世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一個that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞oceans,注意此時只能用that,不能用which.如下的情況屬只能用that的情況：

1>.當先行詞是最高級形容詞或它的前面有最高級形容詞時。

He is the best person that always helps others

2>.當先行詞是序數詞，或前面有一個序數詞時。

He is the last person that I want to see.3>.當主語已有疑問詞who或which時。

Which is the bike that you lost?

4>.當先行詞是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等詞時。

We should hand in all that you have found.5>.當先行詞前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等詞時。

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class.短語：separate sth from sth把?與?分開

England is separated from France by the English channel.另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa;the New World: the Americas.2.For centuries it

kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）

譯：好幾個世紀以來，它使美洲一直未被歐洲人發現

短語：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做謀事

The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being動名詞，discovered過去分詞

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)譯：許多關于大西洋的錯誤觀點使得早期的水手不愿遠航駛入大西洋。

分析： 主語：many wrong ideas；謂語：made； 賓語：the early sailors； 賓補：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短語：be unwilling to do sth;sail far out into it: 遠航駛入；make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.”

譯：一種觀點是大西洋遠達世界的邊緣。

分析：that引導的是表語從句。它是名詞從句的一種。主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句屬于名詞從句。在四種從句中只有賓語從句能省略that這個關系連詞，在其它從句中不作任何成分，只起連接作用，但絕對不能省略。

a.That the earth is round is true.(主語從句)b.All of us know that we must study hard.（賓語從句）

c.The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位語從句）

d.Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表語從句）

4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)譯：雖然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍數的比較：倍數 + as + adj/adv + as

that this big ocean seems a.My hair is twice to have grown smaller.as long as yours.譯：我們現在有如此多 b.My classroom is 的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似only one third as big as 乎變小了。

theirs.短語：such + n +

that 引導結果狀語從句，注 5.It’s more than 意和so?that?比較。

4000 miles wide where a.She’s such a Columbus crossed it.lovely girl that everyone 譯：哥倫布穿越大西洋likes her very much.的航線有4000多英里寬。

b.She’s so lovely a 基數詞 + 形容詞→作girl that everyone likes 度量狀語。

her very much.a.He is only five seem to 仿佛、好像 years old.b.The river is three Ⅱ.Brief summary meters deep.about the useful phrases: c.The classroom is 1.separate?from?(1five meters long.段1行);2.keep sb from

doing sth(1段2行);6.For so large an 3.make sb do sth(2段1行);ocean, it has very few 4.boiling hot(2段5行);islands.Also, it is the 5.so?that?(5段1行);world’s saltiest ocean.6.no more(5段2行);7.on 譯：這么大的一個海洋the average(5段4行);卻只有少數幾個島嶼，并且它8.pile up(10段2行);是世界上鹽分含量最高的海9.such?that?(11段1行);洋。（這是大西洋最大的兩大10.seem to(11段2行);特點。）

11.be unwilling to do?(2

段1行)7.There is so much

water in the Atlantic Text B:做一般了解。ocean that it is hard to A.New words: imagine how much there is.1.observation: n 觀 譯：大西洋中有多得令察，observe: v 觀察；人難以想象的海水。

observer: n 觀察者

So?that引導結果狀 2.continually: adv 語從句。(so + adj / adv)

不停地，continue v 繼續, It’s so hot these continual adj 不停的

days that we can’t go out.3.merely: adv 同義

詞only 8.But suppose no 4.absolutely: adv more rain fell into it and 完全地、絕對地，同義詞：no more water was brought completely, entirely, to it by rivers.thoroughly.譯：假設不再有雨水降 5.uncomfortably: 入大西洋，也沒有河水匯入。adv 不舒適地，反義詞：本句存在一個重要的語法現comfortably;uncomfortable, 象：虛擬語氣，即表示非真實comfortable 的假設。該語法放到text B 6.inhabitant: n 居中進行詳講。

民（不是永久的），永久的

resident, inhabit;v 居住

9.It would take the 7.occasionally: adv ocean about 4000years to 偶爾地； occasional: adj, dry up.occasion: n 場合、機會

譯：它大約需要4000

年的時間才干涸。

B.Grammar knowledge: 重要句型：it takes / Subjunctive Mood 虛擬語氣

took sb some time to do 它是謂語動詞的一種形sth花某人多少時間作某事

式，表示非真實的假設、或表 Every day it takes 示命令、建議或說話人的主觀me an hour to go to work.愿望。

a.But suppose no 10.We now have such more rain fell into it and fast ways of traveling no more water was brought

to it by rivers.b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind?

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun?

虛擬語氣的主要用法：（1）

1.用于非真實條件句中：條件句分為真實和非真實兩種。非真實條件句包括違背現在事實的假設、過去事實的假設、以及不希望將來某種愿望實現的假設。

a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice.b.If I hadn’t been so easy, I would have come early.c.If I should fail, I would try again.為了便于大家學習，在初學階段可先記住如下表格：

條件從句

結果主句

對現在事實的違背

過去式

should + 動詞原形

would + 動詞原形

對過去事實的違背 had + 動詞過去分詞 should + have + 動詞原形

would + have + 動詞原形

對將來事實的違背 Should + 動詞原形 should + 動詞原形

Were + 動詞不定式 would + 動詞原形

C.Further notes on some sentences:

1.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.譯：除了太陽，月球是天空中看起來最大的物體。

except for:除了?,c.f：except, except that.a.all the articles are good except yours.b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.總結：從整體中去除與主語是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物與主語不是同類項用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引導從句。

2.We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*)譯：我們總是發現面對著太陽的那一面是亮的，而背離太陽的那部分則是黑的。

這是一個難句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的賓語從句，其中包含有一個定語從句which faces towards the sun修飾the part，一個時間狀語從句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，還有一個現在分詞做定語facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun?

3.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.譯：只有被太陽照射到的那些部分才是明亮的—如果美術家牢記這一點，也許能使他們的畫畫得更好。

本句是對現在某種情況的假設，因此用了虛擬語氣。

短語：keep sth in mind牢記謀事；light up:點亮、照亮

4.In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.譯：同樣整個地球表面將充足的陽光反射到月球表面，使我們能夠看到原本會是黑暗的那部分月球表面。這是一個難句，隱含有5.unusual;6.highway;一個虛擬語氣句：which 7.narrow;8.salty;9.spot;would otherwise be dark.10.affected That is: If the 漢譯英：

surface of the whole earth

1、這座山有泰山的一didn’t reflect enough of 半高。

the sun’s light on to the

2、這所學校平均每個face of the moon, the 班有45人。

parts of it would be dark.3、昨晚他過了好一會 短語：in the same 兒才入睡。

way用同樣的方式； reflect

4、電視里的廣告太sth on to/onto sth 反射多，無法記住到底有多少。

到?;be able to do 能做?

5、許多錯誤的想法導

致哥倫布時代的人不愿西行。

D.useful phrases: Key: 1.except for(2段1 1.The mountain is 行);2.face towards sth(3half as high as Mount Tai.段4行);3.face away from 2.on the average, sth(3段4行);4.keep sth there are 45 students in in mind(3段6行);5.light each class in this school.up(3段6行);6.sth is 3.Last night it enough for sb to do(4段2took him quite a long time 行);7.speak of(4段3行);to fall asleep.8.know sth well(4段5行);4.There are so many 9.reflect sth onto sth(4ads on TV that it’s 段6-7行);10.in the same impossible to remember the way(4段7行);exact number.5.Many wrong ideas

made people in the days of homework:

Columbus unwilling to sail 從所給詞中選擇恰當的westward.填入空格內；

Homework for 2nd boil narrow lecture: unusual salty average 1.He is not spot peak crew affect only a teacher, _____ also highway

a friend.1.The ___ hours of however but as traffic means the times and when the traffic is 2.Deaf and dumb highest.people “talk” to each 2.All the ____ other with the help of members on the ship are their ____ ready for sail.fingers eyes 3.Jack’s work at faces mouths school is well above the 3.Music is ____, but he is still not different from languages.happy with himself.It can be ____ by people 4.When water ___, from different countries.it changes into steam.spoke understood 5.His ____ ideas known taken surprised everyone.4.An Italian 6.The information entered a restaurant and super ____ makes the world sat down ____ a table.smaller and smaller.on in to at 7.He road was too 5.Moving one’s ___ for trucks to pass.head up and down generally 8.He wants to know _____ “yes”.why sea water is _____.means says brings 9.He showed the makes police the very ____ where 6.He was just going he was beaten.to give up _____ another 10.He said that the chance came.climate ____ his health.when while Key: although however 1.peak;2.crew;7.We have ____ 3.average;4.boils;people to finish the job

today.seldom little enough much

8.His words are very clear and _____ so that everybody knows what to do next.exciting inexact exact exactly

9.Language consists ____ words which we put together into sentences.in for of on 10.A well-trained parrot can talk ____ a man.as like with into

漢譯英：

1某些洲除了征收銷售稅還征收收入所得稅。

2中國以其絲綢產品領先于世界。

3銷售稅隨你所購物品的價格而變。

4人們總是在抱怨著不斷上漲的物價。

5納稅是每個公民應盡的義務。

Key:

1.Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax.2.China leads the world with her silk products.3.Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought.4.people are always complaining about the rising prices.5.paying taxes is the duty of every citizen.The 5th lecture of College English one

Hi, everyone!Today we’ll learn Unit 4.It is about memory.We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory.Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all.So many times I am asked how to memorize those words.Then I think after we learn

this text, you will get 把?同?聯系起來；n 同伙；something useful to help adj 副的 you improve your memory.a.NBA means National please listen carefully Basketball Association.and intensively.b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.Unit 4

Text A: c.John and paul are Improving Your Memory associates.Ⅰ.New words: d.Mr.Liu is an 1.psychological: adj associate manager in this 心理學的;psychology: n 心company.理學;psychologist: n 心理 學家;7.visualize: v 想象、repeated: adj

a.He made repeated efforts to solve the problem.b.pronouns are used to save the repetition of nouns.c.Does history repeat itself?

20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 體力的

21.preserve: v 保護、是很難記住的。

that does not make any sense to you是定語從句，修飾information.這句話還可改為：

It’s difficult to remember information that does not make any sense to you.短語：make some/no sense:有/沒有一定意義

a.What you said makes no sense.psychologically: adv 心理上地（*）a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.b.psychology is a study of mind.c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短語：focus on sth ；n 焦點 a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.b.Focus your attention on your work.3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基礎;basically: adv 基本上、根本上 4.meaningfulness: n 富有意義； mean: v 意思是； meaningful: adj 富有意義的； meaningless:adj 無意義的;meaning: n 含義(*)a.What does this sentence mean? b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.c.Do you know the meaning of this word? d.She always tells us meaningful stories.We learn a lot from her.5.organization: n 組織、團體；organize: v 組織 WTo=World Trade organization ； organizer: n 組織者(*)a.They organized a trip to the South last month.b.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy.c.The United Nations is a world organization.6.association: n 聯合、協會； associate: v 設想；visualization: n想維持；preservation: n保象、設想

護、維持;preservative: 8.rhyme:字母h不發音。adj 保護性的，保存的

9.ability: n 能力，短Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 語：to the best of one’s

1.physical research ability,盡力而為。同義詞has focused on a number of capacity;able: adj有能力

basic principles that help 的，短語：be able to do memory.sth, 反義詞：unable.譯：心理學研究集中在一 些有利于記憶的基本原則上。

10.random: adj/n 胡亂本句包含有一個that引的、隨便，常用短語：at

導的定語從句，修飾basic random,隨便地。principles.He took a book at 短語：focus on sth;a random.number of = many 許多； basic principles: 基本原則

11.categorize: v 分

a.please focus your 類；category: n 種類 attention on your work.12.needless 不需要的,b.A number of students 不必要的；needful 需要的，are studying English.必要的

c.The number of 13.refer: v 涉及、參students studying English 與；reference: n reference is increasing.book

please refer to the 2.It’s useful to dictionary if you come

know how these principles.across a new word.本句的主語為：to know

how these principles；it14.relate: v 有關聯，為形式主語。通常由于動詞不敘述，講述；related: adj 定式作主語、主語從句作主有關聯的；relation: n 關

語、動名詞作主語太長，使句系、關聯 子顯得頭重腳輕，因而借助于a.I can’t relate what

形式主語。

he said with what he did.a.To have a good sleep（我不能將他所說與所做聯系before the exam is very 起來。）

necessary.b.This part relates to It’s necessary to the current situation.(這have a good sleep before 部分指的是目前的形式。)the exam.b.playing with fire is 15.accurately: adv 準dangerous.確地，同義詞：exactly；

It’s dangerous accurate: adj;accuracy: n playing with fire.16.memorize: v 記??；c.That the earth is memory: n 記憶力；

round is true.memorandum(memo)備忘錄 It’s true that the 17.improvement: n 改earth is round.進、增進；improve: v

18.image: n 形象、印3.Information that 象；imagery: n 肖像的總

does not make any sense to 稱，意象;imagine: v 想象 you is difficult to 19.repetition: n 重remember.復、反復；repeat: v;譯：對你毫無意義的信息

b.Does this paragraph of your composition make any sense?

4.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.（*）

譯：不用說，第二種詞表要比第一種詞表更容易記憶。

短語：needless to say不用說

5.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.譯：聯想意思是把我們要記住的材料與我們已經準確記住的東西聯系起來。

分析：主語Association;謂語：refers to；賓語：taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately，動名詞作賓語。包含定語從句：we want to remember，修飾the material； we remember accurately修飾something.短語：refer to sth指?;relate sth to / with sth把?同?聯系起來。

6.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.譯：與通過反復法記憶生詞的人只記住了30%到40%的相比，用想象法的人記住了80%到90%。

分析：using imagery現在分詞作定語。

短語：compare with拿?與?對比

a.Compare your translation with the example on the blackboard.b.Compared with her house, mine is smaller.7.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?(3段2行)譯：如果一個圖書館的圖書陳列得雜亂無章，那么這個圖書館會有什么用呢？

這句話需注意：虛擬語氣.in?order以?順序。

Ⅲ.Something about Word Formation: 部分構詞法：

在英語中，詞的構成法有四種：派生法、合成法、轉化法、縮略法。

1．合成法：由兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞。如：black + board = blackboard 2．轉化法：由一種詞類轉化為另一種或其他詞類。

如：average: n/ adj/ v, random: n / adj etc.3．縮略法：將原詞縮略，在讀音和寫法上成為新的形式。

如：bicycle縮為bike;examination縮為exam;the United Nation縮為UN etc.4．派生法：在詞根上加上前綴或后綴構成新詞，這是四種方法中最為常見、較難掌握的一種。我將分幾講用表格的形式介紹給大家，請注意平常學習時的總結、記憶！

主要的名詞后綴： 后 綴 例 詞

-er/or/ar buy→buyer;teach→teacher;visit→visitor;act→actor;beg→beggar etc.-ese China→Chinese;Japan→Japanese

-ian Asia→Asian;music→musician etc

-ism Marx→Marxism;social→socialism etc

-ist art→artist;piano→pianist;communism→communist etc.-ment achieve→achievement;agree→agreement;govern→government etc

A.New words:-ness

1.short-term, long-busy→business;illterm: 是合成形容詞。

→illness;kind→kindness 2.contrast: n/v,兩個etc.詞性發音不同。短語：in

contrast with;-ship

contrast with sth;friend→friendship;3.release: n/v 釋citizen→citizenship etc

放、解放，release sth from

sth;-th

4.reward: n/v 獎賞、deep→depth;true→報答

truth;long→length etc.5.proficiency: n

proficiency at/in sth;-tion,-sion

proficient: adj熟練的

decide→decision;

invent→invention;B.Grammar point: organize→organization etc.passive Voice(被動語態)

please look at the-ty following sentences from safe→safety;text B: difficult→difficulty;1.Information in active→activity etc.long-term memory can be

recalled at a later time-sure,-ture

when it is needed.create→creature;2.The information please→pleasure, mix→may be kept for days or mixture etc

weeks.3.The two

experiences here show how Ⅳ.Brief summary short-term memory has been about the phrases:

studied.1.focus on(1段1行)； 以上每句話中都含有被2.a number of(1段1行);動語態。接近于中文中的3.basic principle(1段1“被”字句。

行);4.make sense(2段2 1．語態是表示主語和行);5.for instance(2段4謂語的關系的。若主語是動作行);6.make a difference 的執行者，動詞要用主動語in sth(3段1行);7.be 態；反之若主語是動作的承受kept in random order(3段2者，則要用被動語態。

行);8.for example(3段5 2．英語中共有16中時行);9.as follows(3段10態，其中常用的10中存有被行);10.needless to say(3動語態。為了便于大家學習，段11行);11.refer to(4段我將被動語態列為6個公式，1行);12.relate sth to 請大家套用。

sth(4段2行);13.1>.s + be + p.p(動詞associate sth with sth(4的過去分詞)（一般現在時、段3行);14.compared 一般過去時）

with(5段6行);

a.Her room isn’t

cleaned today.Text B:

b.Her room was There are two kinds cleaned yesterday.of memory: long-term

memory and short-term 2>.s + be + being + memory.And information in p.p（現在進行時、過去進行short-term memory is kept 時）

for only a few seconds, a.White Snow is usually by repeating it being told by the teacher.over and over again while b.White Snow was information in long-term being told by the teacher memory may be kept for yesterday afternoon.days or weeks.So I think

when you learn English, 3>.s + has/have/had the long-term memory is + been + p.p(現在完成時、welcomed by everyone.過去完成時)

a.More than 20 people have been saved from the ship.b.Ten bridges had been built by the workers by 1990.4>.s + will/would + be + p.p(一般將來時、過去將來時)

a.She will be sent to Harvard.b.My teacher said she would be sent to Harvard.5>.s + will/would + have been + p.p(現在將來完成時、過去將來完成時)

a.Thirty-seven

stadiums for olympic games will have been built by 2008.b.He said thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games would have been built by 2008

6>.s + 情態動詞 + be + p.p(情態動詞的被動語態)

a.Her bedroom should be cleaned at once.b.The window can’t be opened now.C.Important phrases in the text:

1.in contrast(1段5行);2.over and over（1段7行）;3.look up(1段7行);4.be unable to do(1段10行);5.turn on/off(3段4行);6.be released from sth(3段6行);7.be rewarded with sth(3段7行);8.to begin(5段1行);

key to part exercises:(page 68 to 72)

課文練習：

Ⅰ.d, d, c, b, d.Ⅱ.1.long, wide;2.deep;3.across;4.around;5.high

Ⅲ.見上講作業。

Ⅳ.1.unwilling;2.average;3.take;4.runs;5.suppose

詞匯練習：

Ⅲ.1.The sailors were afraid that they might meet bad weather.4.Climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work is piling

up.Exercise from page 76 to 79: p76: Ⅰ.F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, F, T.p78: Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e;Ⅱ.C, C, B, A, D, C, B, B, B, D.The 6th lecture of College English one Key to part exercises: from p94 to p98, p103 to p106 p94:Ⅰ.c, b, b, d, c.p95:Ⅱ.1.smooth;2.similar;3.mental;4.municipal;5.meaningful;6.useful;7.familiar;8.single;9.striking;10.difficult.p97:Ⅱ.1.ability;2.accurately;3.focus;4.needless;5.meaningful;6.random;7.repetition;8.preserve;9.improvement;10.image;11.associated with;12.relate to p98:Ⅳ.2.It’s meaningful to know hoe to use these phrases.5.memory refers to ability to remember the past events and experiences.p103:Ⅰ.T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, F, T.p105:Ⅰ.e, b, a, c, d Ⅱ.1.kept;2.contrast;3.human;4.released;5.intermediate.Ⅲ.C, D, A, D, B.Unit 5

Text A: Fallacies about Food We can’t live without food, so in order to live we must eat much food every day.people usually so-and-so food is good for our health, so-and-so food isn’t good.Then we’ll have some ideas about the food, wrong or right.Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.A.New words: 1.fallacy: n 謬論、謬誤

2.quality: n 質量、素質；quantity;n 數量

3.deer: n 單復數同形。fish, sheep et.4.savage: a 野蠻的；n 13.foundation: n 根野人； v 殘害

據、基礎；found: v 奠定基5.bravery: n 英勇、勇礎

敢； brave: adj 勇敢的

14.mixture: n 混合物；6.eager: adj 渴望的，mix: v 混合

常用短語：be eager to do 15.belief: n 信念、信sth, be eager for sth.仰；believe: v 相信

eagerly:adv(*)

16.combination: n 結aShe is eager for 合、聯合；combine: v knowledge.combine sth with sth b.He is eager to know 17.protein,carbohydratif he has passed the exam.e, fat, vitamin:食物的主要

養分。

7.civilized: adj 文明 的，反義詞savage;18.contain: v 包含、包civilize: v 使?文明；括

civilization: n 文明（*）

A kilometer contains a.Education can help one thousand meters.people civilize themselves.b.We are living in a 19.sustitute: n 替代highly civilized society.品，v 代替

c.In China, Marco polo a.Vegetable oil is a found a civilization far good substitute for animal ahead of that in Europe.oil.b.She substituted for 8.magical: adj 魔術the professor who was ill.的、不可思議的；magic: n

魔術； magician: n 魔術師

B.Intensive reading: 9.poisonous: adj 有毒1.Many primitive 的；poison: n/v 下毒、毒藥

peoples believed that by our children are eating an animal they poisoned by violent TV could get some of the good program.qualities of that animal

for themselves.10.overseas: adj/adv譯：許多原始人相信通過海外的、在海外

吃某種動物，他們就能獲得它a.There are many 的某些長處。

overseas students in 分析：主語Many Britain.primitive peoples；謂語b.We are used to believed；that by eating living overseas.an animal they could get

some of the good qualities 11.widespread: 合成形of that animal for 容詞

themselves是賓語從句，其12.digest: v 消化，n 中by eating an animal是方文摘；digestion: n 消化；式狀語；peoples:指不同的種digestive: adj 消化族。的;digestible: adj 易消化 的；indigestible: adj 不易2.They thought, for 消化的（*）

example, that eating deer a.Some foods digest would make them run as more easily than others.fast as deer.b.The meat should have 譯：例如，他們認為吃鹿been cooked a little 肉能使他們跑得跟鹿一樣快。

longer.It was not very Eating deer是動名詞作digestible.賓語從句得主語。

c.She suffers from 短語：make sb do sth;stomach trouble and has a as + adj/adv + as very poor digestion.d.Water makes the 3.They were called digestive juices flow more love apples and were freely and makes the food supposed to make people more digestible.who ate them fall in e.We often read love.(*)譯：西紅柿被稱作Reader’s Digest.愛之果，誰吃了它，誰就會墜 入愛河。

注意被動語態的用法：were called被稱作?，were supposed to被認為?.;fall in love 短語.4.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up – the idea that they were poisonous.本句包含有一個同位語從句the idea that they were poisonous,它屬名詞從句的一種.它所表達的意思就是與之同位的名詞所表達的意思.通常同位語從句前的名詞必須是表事實的抽象名詞: fact, news, information, order, belief, rumor, answer etc.The rumor that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread.(= The rumor is that there’ll be an earthquake.)that在該從句中雖不作任何成分,但一定不能省略.同位語從句和定語從句經常是貌似,請加以區分.a.The news that the leader will come here is not true.b.The news that you told me yesterday is not true.分析:第一句是同位語從句,第二句是定語從句.根據that在從句中是否擔任成分來判斷,若that在從句中不擔任任何成分,則是同位語從句,反之為定語從句.5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.(*)難句！!

譯:如果那些認為西紅柿有毒的人們知道在二戰期間有成百萬磅的西紅柿供應給在海外作戰的士兵,他們將會多么吃驚!

分析:這是由how surprised引導的感嘆句.整句的主語是the people;謂語would be;who thought tomatoes poisonous是定語從句修飾the people;if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.是條件狀語從句.本句還含有一個語法點:虛

擬語氣,對現在假設的虛擬.短語:be supplied to/for sb?供應給?;supply sb with sth供應?

a.They supplied the poor with food and clothes.c.They supplied food and clothes to/for the poor.6.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.譯:喝水將食物沖下而代替咀嚼不是一個好辦法,但人們發現吃飯時喝些水是有益的.動名詞Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing作主語.as a substitute for chewing介詞短語,作為?的替代品.短語:substitute for sth

7.A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal.(*)譯:幾年前,橘汁和牛奶在同一餐中不能飲用的這種看法變得十分普遍.that引導同位語從句,修飾belief.should never be drunk是情態動詞得被動語態.8.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.譯:不要同時吃肉和土豆,這種看法是愚蠢的,就像說不能吃面包或不要喝牛奶一樣.正常語序是: To say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together is just as foolish as to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.主語太長用形式主語it.還要注意英文中講究balance the sentence.即,主語是不定式,表語也要是不定式.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.make sb do sth(1段3行);2.be eager to do sth(1段6行);3.be supposed to do sth(2段43.Nor is this all.行);4.fall in love(2段5我們知道,通常主語應該行);5.be supplied to sb(3在謂語之前,這是自然語序,但段4行);6.a great many(4有時出于某種需要,會對主謂段1行);7.substitute for 的有特殊的要求,出現部分謂sth(6段2行);8.have sth 語或全部謂語置于主語之前,to do with(7段2行);這樣的語序稱作倒裝.今天介9.have no foundation(7段1紹幾種常見的倒裝的情況.行);10.as a matter of 1.當表示否定意義的詞放fact(7段5行);11.in the 在句首時,句子需部分倒裝,即same way(8段4行);將助動詞,情態動詞或be提至12.think of sth as sth(8主語之前.常見的這樣的詞段3行)

有:never, hardly, little，not only, rarely, scarcely Text B: Do Animals etc.Think?

e.g.Hardly had he A.New words:

said anything before he 1.engage: v 從事, left.engage in sth，2.only引出的狀語放在His father engages in 句首時.politics.a.only after class did 2.arrange: v 安排,籌劃;he go home.arrangement: n, arrange sb b.only when you finish to do sth.your homework can you 3.creature: n 生物;watch TV.create: v 產生

3.句首為so, nor, 4.imitate: v 模仿;neither等副詞,表明前句說imitation : n

明的情況也適用于本句.5.instinct: n 本能,直a.He can speak fluent 覺, by instinct

English.So can I.The birds can fly by b.I can’t play instinct.computer games.Nor can he.6.variety: n 變化;4.在as引導的讓步狀語vary: v 變化

從句中.7.unlike: prep 不像;1>.adj + as + 主語 + dislike: v 不喜歡

be:

Young as he is, he B.Important phrases: knows a lot.1.a great deal(1段22>.n(不帶冠詞)+ as +行);2.be true with/of(1主語 + be: 段3行)(3段4行);3.as King as he is, he is well(1段4行);4.engage unhappy.in(2段5行);5.search for 3>.adv + as + 主語 + sth(4段2行);6.in some 動詞: respects(5段2行);7.a Fast as you run, you great many(5段3行);can’t catch up with her.8.connect with(5段4行);4>.動詞 + as + 主語 + 9.take care of(5段7行);助動詞: 10.make improvement in Try as she does, she sth(6段1行);11.by will never pass it.instinct(7段3行);5.當句子主語過長或需要12.speak of(8段1行);強調某些詞時.13.a great variety of More important is the sth(8段3行);14.no use question of how to face doing sth(8段8行);the possibilities of 15.have no knowledge of illness, injury, and even sth(9段7行)

death.6.在非真實條件句中,若C.Grammar point: 倒裝從句有had, should, were時句

將它們倒裝到主語之前.1.The ants, a.If I had left hardworking as they are, earlier, I would have have their times for play.caught the train.2.Very busy must be = Had I left earlier, their thoughts while I would have caught the engaged in these sports.train.b.If it should drain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.= Should it rain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.7.當here, there, then, thus等副詞放在句首,并且謂語動詞為come, go, be等不及物動詞時.a.Here is a book for you.b.There goes the bell.c.Here comes the bus!8.用在may + 主語 + 動詞原形?句式中,表示祝愿,希望.a.May you succeed!b.May you be happy!該語法可參閱課本p569.The 7th lecture of College English one

Key to exercises:

p120:Ⅰ.b, d, d, c, c;p122:Ⅱ.1.bravery;2.eager;3.civilized;4.overseas;5.substitute;6.foundation;7.combination;8.belief;9.protein;10.contain

p122.Ⅲ.1.pianos, violins;2.firemen;3.data;4.deer;5.potatoes, tomatoes

Ⅳ.1.During the Second World War, soldiers ate a number of potatoes.3.It remains unproved that fish is the best brain food.4.Milk contains rich proteins and many people have it for breakfast.p123.Ⅰ.2.a.free;b.freedom;c.freely;4.a.scientists;b.scientific;c.science.p124.Ⅱ.1.mixture;2.poisonous;3.suppose;4.digest;5.widespread;6.overseas;7.similar;8.foundation;9.eager;10.substitute

p124.Ⅲ.1.digestion;2.mixture;3.belief;4.civilization;5.combination

Ⅳ.4.Some stories are very widespread, while others are not.6.people often think of a school as a small society.p131:Ⅰ.T, T, T, F, T, T， T, T, F, T

Unit 6

Text A: Diamonds A.New words: 1.rare: adj 稀有的、難得的（不是數量少，而是物種稀有，區別于scarce）,rarely: adv 同義詞：unusual

2.sustance: n material 物質

3.slight: small adj 輕微的

4.extreme: a 極端的；n 極端；adv extremely 5.pressure: n 壓力；press v 壓住

6.popular: adj 流行的、受歡迎的 be popular with/among;popularity: n;popularize: v 使?流行、普及（*）

a.our products have enjoyed general popularity.b.They are trying to popularize their new methods of farming.c.Madonna’s songs are extremely popular with young people.7.handful: n 一把；hand: n 手；v 遞給（*）

a.please put your hand up if you can answer the question.b.please hand me that model plane.c.only a handful of people came into the meeting.8.formation: n 形成、構成；form: n 表格；v 形成（*）

a.They formed a friendship when they were in the army.b.parents play an important role in the formation of their children’s habits.c.Football and tennis are different forms of sports.9.volcano: n 火山；volcanoes 10.somewhat: adv 有點 I’m somewhat surprised about his behavior.11.elevator: n 同義詞：lift

12.impressive: adj 印象深刻的；impress: v 留下India by great sheets of 深刻印象；impression: n 印moving ice that covered 象（*）

parts of the earth 20000 a.What was your first years ago.impression of Beijing?

譯：這些金剛石可能是在b.We listened to a 兩萬年前，隨著覆蓋于地球表very impressive speech 面的冰川，從它們的形成漂移yesterday.至印度的。

c.I was deeply 這句話注意它的從句：impressed by his noble where they were formed作deeds.介詞from的賓語從句，詞性

相當于后面的India，不是定13.experienced: adj 有語也不是狀語；that covered 經驗的；inexperienced 無經parts of the earth 20000 驗的；experience: n 經驗、years ago是定語從句修飾經歷;v 經歷(*)

great sheets of moving a.She has much ice。

experience in teaching, so

she’s an experienced 6.Diamonds, as they teacher.are found, don’t look b.I had a funny very impressive.experience in Africa last 譯：金剛石剛采出時，并year.不十分吸引人。

14.miner: n 礦工；mine: 7.But some people have n 礦，gold mine

carried around an unusual 15.immediately: adv 立pebble for weeks before 刻，at once

finding out that they had

got a diamond.B.Intensive reading: 譯：而有的人數周后才發1.They are the hardest 現帶在身邊的不尋常的鵝卵石substance found in nature.原來是一顆金剛石。

譯:它是被發現的自然界finding out that they 中最堅硬的物質。

had got a diamond作介詞 found作定語，短語：before的介賓。

in nature

find out與find不同，find out強調通過努力之后2.There are only four 的發現，而find含有偶然areas where very many 性。

diamonds have been found.a.I found my lost pen（*）

on the floor.譯：人們發現的金剛石主b.I found out that he 要產區只有四個。

is a cheat.where引導一個定語從

句。

C.Summary about the

phrases: 3.Diamonds became very 1.in nature(1段2行);popular with the kings and 2.be made from/of(2段1queens of Europe.行);3.chang sth into became popular with sb:sth(3段2行);4.be 在?受歡迎，流行。

popular with(5段4行);

5.run out(6段3行);4.India’s supply of 6.pick up(8段2行);diamonds was finally 7.sort out(8段3行);8.so running out after that(9段8行);9.stick 2500years of mining the to(9段10行);10.find stones.out(10段4行)譯：2500年的開采終于 使印度的金剛石資源枯竭。

Text B: run out 用盡、枯竭； We all know that We are running out of our plants are different form fresh water.animals.What’s their

difference? Most of us 5.These diamonds were will say that plants have probably carried from leaves and roots and where they were formed to flowers, but animals

haven’t them.But have

you ever found it’s true or not? The answer is in the text.A.New words:

1.beneath: prep 和某物接觸并在下面，反義詞是on;under:強調垂直在下，反義詞over.2.aside: adv 在旁邊，短語：put sth aside

3.magnify: v 放大、擴大；magnifying glass:放大鏡

4.puzzle: v 迷惑；n 智力測驗 jigsaw puzzle智力拼圖；puzzled, puzzling: adjl;puzzlement: n

a.I’m puzzled by his puzzling answer.b.He stared at those sentences in complete puzzlement.5.former, latter: Xiao Li is talking with Xiao Zhao.The former is a doctor, and the latter is an engineer.6.inorganic: adj無機的，organic:有機的

7.dissolve: v 溶解、融化

B.Several important sentences:

1.You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.譯：你可能會看著樹下的一群奶牛，或者當你捕捉牽?；ɡ镆恢徽缙鸩擅鄣拿鄯鋾r，若有人問你能否區分哪是動物，哪是植物，你會覺得好笑。

分析：standing under the trees作a group of cows的賓補，類似句型：see sb do/doing sth, hear sb do/doing sth, etc;you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant是虛擬語氣，對將來某種情況的假設。其中tell sth from sth:區分某事物。I can’t tell her from her

twin sister.2.Students of nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object;and they see many things which most people would fail to see.譯：大自然的研究者不滿意于猜測，而是日復一日地觀察物體所發生的變化；他們看到了大多數人沒能看到的東西。

分析：這是一個并列句，用；隔開。有很多短語需掌握：

①be satisfied with sth:對?滿意； ②day after day: 日復一日地；

③take place: 發生（偶然）； ④fail to do sth:沒有作成?

3.It was long supposed that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.譯：很長一段時間，人們認為動植物的主要差別是前者能移動而后者不能。

分析：it是形式主語；真正的主語是that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t。其中又包含有一個表語從句：that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.這兩句話的連詞that均不能省略。

短語：the difference between sth and sth;move about/around.4.No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth, if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings.譯：如果不是先出現植物把地球變為適應更高一級生物生存的地方，就沒有鳥，沒有魚，也沒有其他動物。

分析：本句含有兩個語法點：No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth否定詞在句首需倒裝；虛擬語氣，對過去某種情況的假設，條件從句if the plants 句只是整個句子的一部分，不hadn’t come first and 能單獨作句子。如：我們經常fitted it for the dwelling 見到的主語從句、賓語從句、place of a higher order of 表語從句、定語從句、狀語從beings，結果主句No bird 句等。

nor fish nor other animal a.We should never could ever have lived on pretend to know what we this earth。

don’t know.b.The boy whose father D.Summary about the is a pilot has come.phrases:

c.What I want to say 1.neither?nor（1段5is that you shouldn’t 行）;2.seem to（1段6give up, even if you have 行）;3.look up/down（2段failed again.1行）;4.a matter of some

difficulty（2段5行）;4.并列復合句：在一個并5.tell sth from sth（3段4列句中的一個或更多的分句行）;6.turn aside from（4中，包含有一個或更多的從句段1行）;7.be satisfied 稱為并列復合句。

with sth（5段1行）;a.Last year I met a 8.not?but（5段1行）;boy who is an orphan, and 9.day after day（5段2now we have become good 行）;10.take place（5段2friends.行）;11.fail to do sth（5b.They always help 段3行）;12.lie in（5段5those who are in trouble 行）;13.hold good（6段5and they are respected by 行）;14.whether?or（7段them.1行）;15.live on（7段2 詳情見p135 行）;16.fit for（8段4 行）;17.take in（9段3 行）;18.suck up（10段3 行）;19.take up（10段4 行）;20.dissolved in sth

（10段4行）;21.be different from（11段1

行）

The 8th lecture of

College English one Grammar knowledge:句子 的分類

Unit 7 Text A: 英語中的句子按其結構可Families 分為四種：簡單句、并列句、We know that family is 復合句、并列復合句。

the basic unit of a 1.簡單句：只有一個主語society.There are many（或多個并列主語）和一個謂kinds of families nowadays: 語（或多個并列謂語）的句子nuclear families, extended 稱為簡單句。

families, DINK families, a.We learn English.the single parent families, b.My father and mother remarried families etc.so go to work at 8a.m.and let’s study families from come home at 6p.m.our text.A:New words: 2.并列句：由兩個或兩個1.definition: n 定義；以上并列而又相互獨立的簡單動詞，下定義：define 句構成。它們中間常用等立連2.marriage: n 婚姻，詞，或用分號、冒號、逗號等marriage certificate, 連接。

marry: v;反義詞：divorce a.I help him and he 3.descend: v 遺傳、下helps me.來；后裔：descendant,反義b.I’ve just got a 詞：ancestor 祖先

piece of good news: I was 4.household: n 家庭 accepted by Xi’an Foreign adj家庭的 a household Language University.name；householder: n 家

長、戶主；

3.復合句：由一個主句和

一個或一個以上的從句構成的5.relative: n 親戚，句子。主句是句子的主體，從adj 相對的；relate: v

relate to;relation: n 關系(*)

a.My uncle is one of my nearest relatives.b.There is no relation between those two events.c.Does what you say relate to what you have done?

6.traditional: adj 傳統的；tradition: n;traditionally: adv(*)

a.Drinking tea is a Chinese tradition.b.Traditionally, women stayed at home taking care of the children.c.He believes in traditional Chinese medicine.7.security: n 安全 the Security Council安理會，security guard保安

8.basically: adv, basic: adj;base

9.nuclear: adj 核心的，nucleus: n 核心；nuclear energy核能；nuclear war,nuclear weapon, nuclear-free area無核區

10.extended: adj 延伸的，extended family;extend: v 延伸；extension: n;extensive: adj 廣泛的、廣闊的（*）

a.The extension of the house became a kitchen.b.The professor has an extensive knowledge of Chinese history.c.They have extended the road from ten miles to sixty miles.11.agicultural: adj 農業的；agriculture: n 農業

12.industrial: adj 工業的；industry: n 工業、行業；industrialize: v 工業化；industrialization: n(*)

a.These cities are highly industrialized.b.England became the center of the Industrial Revolution.c.The air transport industry is developing very rapidly.13.earner: n 賺錢者；earn;v 賺錢； earnings: n 賺得的錢

14.split: n/v 撕裂、裂口

a.He split the wood with an ax.b.There is a split in the blackboard.is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing.（*）

譯：由于父母都愿意要更備、準備；prepare: v 準備

7.primary: adj初級的，primary school.primary colors

8.preschool: adj學齡

前的，pre前綴，反義詞post, 2>.一般過去時的3種常見用法：過去某一段時間發生的動作或存在的狀態；過去接連發生的一系列動作；用于某些從句中。并且常和時間狀語連用。

15.social: adj 交際的、社會的；society: n 社會；socialize: v 交往、交際；socialism社會主義

16.remarry: marry again;

B.Intensive reading: 1.?, having a family simply means having children.（*）

譯：有家意味著有孩子。主語是動名詞，為了平衡整個句子賓語也是動名詞。

2.No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is.譯：無論年輕還是古老，大還是小，傳統還是現代，每個家庭都有自己對其理解和感受。No matter?引導讓步狀語從句。

3.It’s that feeling of belongings, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing.譯：那是共同居住、彼此幫助、互相分享而產生的歸屬感，互愛感和安全感。

4.There are basically two kinds types of families: nuclear families and extended families.(*)譯：家庭大致有兩種類型：核心家庭和大家庭。

5.The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.(*)譯：孩子們在核心家庭中生活一直到長大結婚。

6.With the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many families moved away from the family home in order to find work.（*）

譯：隨著農業社會向工業社會的轉變，許多核心家庭為了尋找工作而從家中搬出去。

7.The nuclear family 少的孩子，核心家庭日趨縮prewar, postwar.小，而無子女家庭日益增多。

9.baby-sitter: n 臨時注意：the number of 看小孩的人；baby-sit: v 幫sth后用單數謂語動詞。

人照看小孩

8.Traditionally, the B.Important phrases father of a nuclear family in text: earned money for the 1.be important to sb(1family while the mother 段1行);2.all over the cared for the house and world(1段1行);3.provide the children.（*）

for(2段4行);4.be 譯：傳統上，核心家庭由expected to do(2段5行);父親掙錢養家，而母親照看家5.on the other hand(3段1庭和孩子。

行);6.in addition(3段8短語：care for = take 行);7.share sth with sb(3care of

段10);8.in contrast(3段

12行);9.give up(4段4行);9.Most single parents 10.instead of(4段7行);find it very difficult to 11.be busy doing sth(5段9take care of a family 行);12.in conclusion(6段alone, so they soon marry 1行);13.help sb with again?(*)

sth(3段11行)譯：大多數單親父母發現 獨自一人照料一個家庭很難，Grammar knowledge: 于是很快他們再婚。。

Tenses時態

分析：it是形式賓語，這是英語

（一）考試的短語take care of sth照重點，無論選擇、完形填空、料、照看。

詞類轉換、翻譯都會出有關時

態的題目。因此這部分語法很C.Brief summary about 重要。請大家一定要100%掌phrases:

握。見課本p159 1.and so on(1段5行);1.時態實際是指：時間2.think of sth as sth(1段和體。英語中共有16種時5行);3.far away from(1段態，我們著重講考試的6種。

8行);4.in order to(4段4 2．它們分別是：一般行);5.care for(5段5行);現在時，一般過去時，現在完6.take care of(5段9行);成時，過去完成時，將來完成7.split up(5段10行);時，現在完成進行時。其余的8.talk of(6段2行)

書上寫得很詳細，大家自己

看。

Text B: The Changing 1>.一般現在時的用法有American Family

6點：經?；虬l生的動作行

為；主語的特征、性格、能A.New words: 力；客觀事實或永久不變的真1.generation: n 理；計劃或安排好的事情；用generation gap代溝

在某些從句中；用于某些慣用2.customary: adj習慣表達語中；

上的；custom: n習慣、習a.He often goes home 俗；customer: n 顧客； at four o’clock every customs: n 海關

afternoon.3.similarity: n 相似、b.Light travels in 類似；similar: adj 相似straight lines.的；similarly: adv

c.I like any kind of 4.emotional: adj 感情fruit.的；emotion: n 感情

d.The train leaves at 5.provider: n 供應者；6a.m.and arrives at 10p.m.provide: v 供應，provide e.I’ll thank you if sb with sth;provide for you give me a lift.sb.f.There goes the bell.6.preparation: n 預

a.I was born in 1971.b.They got married last year.c.This morning they got up at seven o’clock, and then went out to work.d.She told me that she would come back in 2 hours.3>.現在完成時有“已完成”和“未完成”兩種用法。該時態指動作開始在過去，但對現在留下某種結果和影響。這是它區別于一般過去時的主要特點。

a.He has turned off the light.b.I have taught English for 6 years.4>.過去完成時表示在過去某個時間或動作之前就已經完成的動作。即我們常說的“過去的過去”。它也同樣分為“已完成”和“未完成”兩種用法。

a.I had hardly got home when the telephone rang.b.She said she had worked in that factory since 1990.5>.將來完成時:表示在將來某一時間以前已經完成的動作。請注意該時態的時間狀語。

a.By the time you come back, I’ll have prepared supper.b.By 2008, Beijing will have built 37 stadiums.6>.現在完成進行時可以表示一個動作開始于過去某個時間，一直延續到說話時刻未結束，還可能繼續進行；也可表示到說話時刻為止該動作已結束。

a.It has been raining for three hours.b.I have been waiting for you for five hours.另外，還有一個考點就是“時態呼應”，即，當主句有過去時出現的時候，從句必須要用過去的某種時態進行時態呼應。但有幾點除外；

1.所說的是真理或客觀事

實。

The teacher told us that the earth is round.2.說話者強調動作正在進行或將發生。

He told me the train leaves at three.作練習p169.The 9th lecture of College English one: Key to some exercises: p138.Ⅱ.1.B;2.D;3.D;4.C;5.B;6.A;7.C;8.C;9.D;10.A(講解)p146.Ⅰ.b, a, b, c, c.Ⅱ.1.rare;2.substance;3.slight;4.pressure;5.crystal;6.crack;7.gem;8.elevator;9.crush;10.pebbles Ⅲ.1.stick to;2.change?into;3.stick to;4.running out;5.pick up;6.changed into;7.ran out;8.picked up;9.sorting out;10.sort out p149.Ⅱ.1.experienced;2.extreme;3.formation;4.pressuer;5.blasted;6.handful;7.crystal;8.destroyed;9.unusual;10.flow Ⅲ.1,4,5見課后作業。2.The price of the lift is somewhat higher than expected.3.These designs are very popular with / among young people.p156.Ⅰ.F, T, F, F, F, T, F, T, T, T.p157.Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e Ⅱ.1.puzzled, 2.dissolve;3.aside;4.magnifying;5.latter;6.observes;7.beneath;8.broad p169:這部分練習講解。（*）

Ⅰ.1.died;2.doesn’t guarantee;3.advised;4.is looking;5.comes;6.was going;7.will have left;8.would help;9.will be sitting;10.were playing;11.will go;12.had helped;13.would be;14.will have locked;15.had been getting;16.had been helping;17.had happened;18.will tell;19.had finished;20.has passed, failed Ⅱ.1.B;2.B;3.D;4.D;5.B;6.B;7.D;8.A;9.D;10.A Ⅲ.1.invented;2.offer;4.c;5.d 3.have been sitting;Ⅱ.1.dependent;4.brought;5.has not paid;2.primary;3.structurd;6.had seen;7.was making;4.similarities;5.role;8.has been working;9.am 6.partners;7.customary preparing;10.has happened

關于語法：被動語態，前Ⅳ.1.The students of a 面已經講過，大家自己看看medical school are 書，今天講解練習。

observing an operation.Ⅰ.1.are being printed;2.The wind in March 2.are guaranteed;3.will blows hard.be pulled;4.were 3.Where are you going developed;5.will be built;to hang that picture?

6.was praised;7.have been 4.She fell when she translated;8.had been was going downstairs.sent;9.would be given;5.How many years has 10.is being done.Henry been learning the Ⅱ.口頭練習。cook from Miss Smith?

Ⅲ.1.is spoken;6.The history teacher 2.can’t be kept;3.was said that the first World turned off;4.were War ended in 1918.believed;5.shouldn’t be 7.Mary has been eaten;6.were let out;waiting for you this 7.were taken care of;morning.8.can be remembered;8.My sister told me 9.would be becalmed;that the programs weren’t 10.are lit up.interesting at all.Ⅳ.1.Was the United 9.You can see him at Nation founded in 1945? the office if you come at 2.It’s said that he eight tomorrow morning.was badly injured.10.---Have you seen 3.The building will be this movie?---Yes, I designed by Dr.Ford.have.I saw it in Nanjing.4.Where was the last p179.Ⅰ.b, b, d, b, c.meeting held? Ⅱ.1.divorce;2.single;5.Was America 3.extended;4.together;discovered by Columbus in 5.traditional;6.increase;1492? 7.result;8.like/love;6.The task must be 9.earn;10.usually

performed by you.p182.Ⅱ.1.relatives;7.The patient should 2.extend;3.marriage;be treated with care.4.desended;5.nucleus;8.She was warmly 6.traditional;7.social;welcomed at the railway 8.definition;9.security;station.10.basically

9.He’s called Lao Ⅲ.1,4, 8見課后作業。Wang, though he’s not old 2.She is a teacher at all.while her brother is an 10.The gate was closed engineer.when I went back.3.Traditionally，Chinese young people live Unit 8 Text A: with their parents until Telecommunication via they grow up.Satellite 5.In some families, We live in a highly both parents work and take developed society.care of their home and Everybody knows children.telecommunication, which 6.The group was split can not only transmit into two, for it’s too television broadcasts, but big.also telephone calls and 7.They plan to extend printed materials.So do their research in this you know it also has field.shortcoming? If you want p188.Ⅰ.F, F, T, F, T, to know the answer, you F, T, T, F, T.must read our today’s p189.Ⅰ.1.d;2.a;3.b;text.This is a very

important text.A.New words:

1.telecommunication: n 電信,communication 通信，tele表示遠距離的、電的

telephone, telegraph etc.2.via: prep拉丁文，by way of,經由

3.transmit: v 播送、發射，transmit sth to sth.名詞：transmission

4.photograph: n 簡稱photo, photos.5.establish: v 建立、創立，同義詞：found;established: adj;establishment: n(*)

a.The university was established 150 years ago.b.You should not break the established rule.c.They suggested the establishment of a school for the blind.6.signal: n/v信號，發信號。sign: n 標識；signature: n 簽名(*)

a.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.b.The traffic signal turned red.c.There is a non-smoking sign on the wall.7.orbit: v 繞軌道運行，n 軌道

a.How many planets are orbiting the sun?

b.The earth’s orbit round the sun.8.capable: adj able有能力的，ability, capacity.be capable of doing, be able to do，9.broadcast: n/v 廣播、播音

BBC: British Broadcast Corporation

10.theory: n 理論，theoretic adj理論的，短語：in theory = theoretically

11.access: n 進入的機會，accessible: adj 可接近的，常用短語：have access to sth可接近，可進入

12.unlimited: adj無限的，反義詞：limited, limit: v 限制，n 界限(*)

a.He is not very clever and his ability to improve his work is very limited.b.our life has a limit, but knowledge is without limit.c.There is an unlimited number of stars in the sky.13.entertain: v 娛樂、招待；entertainment: n;entertainer: n 供人娛樂者

a.A cinema is a place of entertainment.b.He may not be a great actor but he is a very popular entertainer.c.He entertains himself with his piano when he is free.14.demonstrate: v 說明、演示；demonstration: n 15.educational: adj 教育的；education: n 教育；educate：v 使人受教育

a.Higher-education self-taught exam are held twice per year.b.In order to keep up with our times, we have to educate ourselves in the evening class after work.16.remote: adj 遙遠的、偏僻的

17.isolate: v 隔離、孤立，isolated: adj 孤立的；isolation: n 18.instruction: n 教學、指示；instruct: v;instructor: n 指導者

19.conversation: n 談話，converse with sb about/on sth(正式用法)20.simultaneously: adv at the same time, in the meanwhile 21.risk: n風險；v 冒?的風險，risky: adj有危險的

risk doing sth, risk one’s a health/fortune/neck 22.privacy: n 隱私，private: adj 私人的

23.contact: n/v,短語：make contact with與?接觸，結識

a.I don’t have much contact with her family.b.I will contact you next month.24.harm: n/v傷害、損害；harmful, harmless

information.(*)25.expert: n 專家；adj譯：從理論上講，人們都熟練的。expert in/at sth

能獲得無限量的信息。

26.application: n 申短語：in theory, have 請、應用；apply: v access to sth, amount of B.Intensive reading:

sth(un)1.By the middle of the 5.The most common use of century, both radio and telecommunication television had become satellites, however, has established means of been for transmitting transmitting sounds and/or telephones calls.pictures.譯：然而，通信衛星最廣譯：到二十世紀中葉為泛的用途還是電話的傳送。注止，廣播和電視已成為公認的意該句的時態。傳送聲音和/或圖象的工具。

6.Telecommunication can 分析：由于用了時間狀make information from 語：by the middle of the around the world available century,因此要用完成時態。to use quickly and easily.若時間是過去的，用過去完成譯：電信使得人們能快捷時；若時間是將來的，用將來方便地使用來自世界各地的信完成時。

息。

a.By the end of 2000, 注意：短語make sth we had learned 50 texts.available to sth使?被獲b.By the end of 2003, 得 we will have learned 100 7.It’s important to texts.realize that the same means: n 單復數同形，technology that helps us 方法、手段。

may also harm us.(*)2.In 1964, the olympic 譯：同一技術既可助人也Games in Tokyo became the 可害人，認識到這點很重要。

first to be transmitted to realize that the via satellite.same technology that helps 譯:1964年，東京奧林匹us may also harm us是真正克運動會是第一次通過衛星傳的主語，it是形式主語。送的節目。

that the same technology to be transmitted是動that helps us may also 詞不定式作定語。harm us是賓語從句；

3.The combination of that helps us是定語從satellites, which transmit 句修飾the same technology.information, computers, 8.It’s the intelligent which store information, application of technology and television, which that will lead us to displays information, will success.(*)change ever home into an 譯：只有明智地運用技術education and 才能獲得成功。

entertainment center.這是一個強調句式。正常譯：衛星傳送信息，電腦的句子應是：The 儲存信息，電視播放信息，把intelligent application of 三者結合起來能使每個家庭成technology will lead us to 為一個教育娛樂中心。

success.分析：雖然句子長，但成強調句的基本公式：It 分簡單。the combination是is/was + 被強調部分 + 主語，will change是謂語。that(who)+ 其余成分。請注從satellites, which 意該句式不能強調謂語部分，transmit information, 只能強調主語、賓語、狀語。

computers, which store Ann had a heavy cold information, and last week.我們可強調主語、television, which displays 賓語、狀語。

information是介詞of的賓a.It was Ann that/who 語。每個詞都包含有一個非限had a heavy cold last week.定性定語從句。

b.It was a heavy cold 短語：change sth into that Ann had last week.sth

c.It was last week 4.In theory, every person that Ann had a heavy cold.will have access to an C.Brief summary about the unlimited amount of phrases:

1.at the beginning of(1段1行);2.by the middle of(1段3行);3.in order to(2段1行);4.such as(2段1行);5.pick up(2段5行);6.be capable of(2段7行);7.change?into(3段3行);8.have access to(3段4行);9.in remote areas(4段3行);10.for the first time(4段4行);11.provide sth to sb(5段1行);12.follow sb’s instruction(5段5行);13.care for(5段5行);14.at the same time(6段7行);15.make sth available to sth(7段1-2行);16.pay for(7段5行);17.isolate from(8段1行);18.as well as(8段4行);19.prevent from(9段2行);20.lead to(9段5行);21.in theory(3段4行)

The 10th lecture of College English one

Unit 8 Text B: What people Don’t Know about Air

We all know that without air, we couldn’t live.It’s like fish couldn’t live without water.But do you know if there weren’t air, we would have no sound, no wind or clouds? So if you are interested all of these, please read the text very carefully.A.New words:

1.obvious: adj 明顯的，obviously: adv

2.shelter: n/v 掩蔽、庇護；shelter from sth

3.atmosphere：n 大氣；atmospheric: adj大氣的

4.electrical: adj 電的、電氣的；electricity: n 電；electrician: n 電工

5.existence: n 存在；exist: v存在

6.lightening: n 閃電，thunder:打雷；

7.unending: adj不盡的、不停的；ending

8.atomic: adj 原子的，atom: n 原子

9.explosion: n 爆炸、爆發；explode: v 爆炸；explosive: n 炸藥、adj爆炸性的

B.Grammar point: Subjunctive Mood(2)

第一講中介紹過在非真實條件句中的虛擬語氣的主要用法，難點在于句子的時態比真實條件句的時態后退一步。即：現在時→過去時；過去時→過去完成時；將來時→過去將來時；在今天這講中將繼續將它在一些從句中的用法介紹給大家。

1在賓語從句中的用法： 1>.在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command等含有希望、建議、命令等語氣的賓語從句中。（*）

句型：主語 + should(省略)+ 動詞原形

a.I suggest that we(should)do it at once.b.I insist that he(should)give up smoking.2>.在wish后的賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣，而其時態的用法與非真實條件句一樣。（時態后移）

a.I wish I were you.(與現在事實相反的愿望)b.I wish I had learned more.(與過去事實相反的愿望)c.I wish I would have another chance.(與將來事實相反的愿望)注意區分：wish + 從句：表示不可能實現的愿望，必須用虛擬語氣；而hope + 從句：表示可能實現的愿望，不用虛擬語氣。

a.He hopes we’ll go there with him.b.He wishes we would go there with him.3>.在would rather后的從句中.句型：主語 + would rather + 從句（用一般過去時）

I would rather you stayed at home.2.在主語從句中的用法。

在下列結構的主語從句中，謂語必須用虛擬語氣。見課本p542?？荚嚨目键c時should的省略。

3.在表語從句和同位語從句中的用法。

當賓語從句中那些使用虛擬語氣的動詞的名詞形式出現在表語從句和同位語從句中時，必須用虛擬語氣。即，suggestion, order, insistence, demand, request etc.a.My suggestion is that we(should)try again.(表語從句)b.My suggestion that

we(should)try again is 7.虛擬語氣的倒裝與省accepted by them.（同位語略。

從句）

符合下列條件，可以省略 4.在定語從句中的用if,并進行倒裝。

法。

①必須是非真實條件句。It is time + that + ②只有當從句中出現主語 + 動詞的過去時。

were, had, should時，才可 It is time that you 省略if，并把這些詞放在主left.語之前。

= It is tome for you a.If I should meet her, to leave.I would tell her.= Should I meet her, I 5.在含蓄條件句中的用would tell her.法。

b.If I were in your 有時一個假設的情況并不position, I would do it 是用條件從句表示，而用其它better.方式表示，稱含蓄條件句。

= Were I in your 1>.用with, without介position, I would do it 詞結構代替條件從句。

better.We might have died you 請閱讀課本p539-p545，without your help.= We 并完成課后練習。

might have died if you 看看本文中出現的虛擬語hadn’t helped us.氣句：

2>.用相當于if的其1.Without air, we 它連詞表示虛擬結構。常見的could not exist.連詞有：otherwise, in that 2.If we didn’t have case, on condition that, air, there would be no provided that, but for, sound.etc.3.Without air, there a.I was busy last week, would be no wind or clouds.otherwise I would have

come to see you.C.Important phrases = I as very busy last in the text: week.If I hadn’t been 1.be important to sb(1busy, I would have come to 段1行);2.be forced to see you.do(3段3行);3.shelter b.But for the storm, from(3段3行);4.consist we should have arrived of(5段1行);5.rest early.upon(5段4行);6.gazt at = If we hadn’t met sth(6段5行);7.in the storm, we should have wonder(6段5行);8.not?arrived early.until(6段6行);9.large 6.在錯綜時間條件句amounts of(7段3行);10.中的用法。

the same?as(8段3行);有時非真實條件句中，主11.learn to(9段1行);句謂語動詞所表示的動作和條12.in the meantime(9段3件句中的謂語動詞不是同時發行);13.pay attention to(9生，這時可按照需要來調整各段4行);14.add to(9段6自的時間。

行);15.in order to(2段4a.If you had followed 行);16.protect?from?(3the doctor’s advice then, 段4行)you would have be all

right now.D.本文在寫作時有一個非主句與從句發生的時間不常明顯的特點，運用了大量的同，進行調整。

同根詞，即在這句話中出現的b.If you had followed 是動詞，在下句中就出現它的the doctor’s advice, you 名詞或形容詞。我們總結一would have been all right 下：

then.1.exist→existence;主句和從句的動作同時發2.atmosphere→atmospheric;生。

3.pressure→press;4.weigh請注意：碰到這種從句要→weight;5.electric→特別注意它的時間狀語，必須electrical,electricity 明確給出時間，否則按同時發

生使用。Unit 9 Text A:

Learned Words and popular Words

In fact, every language has the similarity.For example, in Chinese we call potatoes tudou, and malingshu.In our oral language, we say tudou but not malingshu.So can you tell me the difference between them? obviously, one is popular word while the other is learned word.So now we can say it’s just the two classes of words that consist of the whole vocabulary.Now let’s learn our text A and know more about the words.A.New words:

1.learned: adj 有學問的，博學的；learn: v;learner: n

2.cultivated: adj 耕種的、有修養的；cultivate: v 耕種、培養；cultivation: n 耕種、培養；cultivator: n 耕種者（*）

a.Workers work in their factories while farmers cultivate their land.b.Cultivated people should have good manners.c.The old man pays much attention to the cultivation of her mind.3.concern: v 涉及、使關心、掛念；n 關心、掛念;concerned: adj 擔心的、焦慮的

常用的短語：so/as far as ? concerned:至于，對?而言；be concerned for/about sth/sb:對人或事關心、掛念。

a.we are all concerned for his happiness.b.As far as the structure is concerned, the article is quite good.4.stock: v 儲備、儲存；n 庫存、股票

sth in stock/ out of stock某物有庫存/沒有庫存

5.possession: n 所有、擁有；possessions: n 所有物； possess: v 所有、擁有；

6.relatively: adv 比較而言；relate: v;relation: n;relative: adj

7.educated: adj 有知識的；educate: v 受教育；education: n 教育； educational: adj教育的(*)a.Higher education plays an important role in one’s life.b.She has been doing educational work for forty years.c.The man had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work.d.our society needs more educated people.8.acquaintance: n 認識、熟人；acquaint: v 使?熟悉/通曉

9.formal: adj 正式的，反義詞：informal;formally: adv（*）

a.Although the visit he paid to the country was informal, he thought it was quite necessary.b.Formal dresses are required for such an important party.c.He formally presented his application form.10.highly: adv 非常、高度地；high: adj 高的；height: n 高度（*）

a.She spoke highly of his discovery.b.He is 1.76 meters in height.c.The church tower is 20 meters high.11.elevated: adj 提高的、高貴的；elevate: v 提高； elevation: n 提高； elevator: n 電梯

12.importantce: n 重要性； important: adj 重要的；unimportant, unimportance.13.grown-up: n 成年人；adj 成熟的；adult.14.apply: v 申請、應用；application: n；applicant: n 申請人(*)常用習語：apply to sb for sth:向某人申請某物；apply to sth:適用某物;apply sth to sth:將?運用到?中。

a.She applied to the university for her degree say, from the members of of Master of Arts.our own family and from b.What he said applies our friends, and ③which to us all.we should know and use c.We should apply what even if we could not read we have learned to our or write.看出這一點對于理work.解整個句子是至關重要的。下

面分別看看這三個定語從句。15.absolute: adj 絕對①with which we become 的、完全的；absolutely: familiar in ordinary adv

conversation,掌握短語：

become/be familiar with 16.popularity: n;sth對?熟悉。

popular: adj；popularize:

注意：在定語從句中若介

詞置于關系代詞之前，介詞賓17.clssification: n 分語只能用which代物，whom類；classify: v 分類；代人，其余的關系代詞都不能classified: adj 分類的

用。這是考點！

a.This is the hero of 18.convenient;adj 方whom we are proud.便的, convenience: n ；反= This is the hero 義詞：inconvenient, who/that/whom/省略 we are inconvenience

proud of.b.I want to find the 19.avoid: v 后用動名pen with which I finished 詞；avoidance: n；my papers.avoidable: adj 可避免的；= I want to find the unavoidable: 不可避免的。

pen that/which/省略 I I am trying to avoid finished my papers with.meeting him.②which we learn, that 20.misconception: n 誤is to say, from the 解，反義詞：conception.前members of our own family 綴：mis-含有“錯誤地”，and from our friends,掌握mistake, misunderstand, 短語：that is to say = misapply etc.that is所作成分屬插入語;

Learn from sb向某人學習。21.presence: n 出席、We should learn from 存在；present: adj到場的

LeiFeng at any time.③which we should know 22.literature: n 文and use even if we could 學；literary: adj文學的

not read or write

本句包含一個讓步讓步B.Intensive reading: 狀語從句，even if?即使?.1.First, there are

those words with which we 2.They concern the become familiar in common things of life, and ordinary conversation, are the stock in trade of which we learn, that is to all who speak the language.say, from the members of 譯：這些詞和生活中的普our own family and from 通事情相關，是所有使用這門our friends, and which we 語言的人的常備詞匯。

should know and use even 短語：stock in trade: if we could not read or 庫存、常用手段。

write.(難句！！)

譯：首先是那些我們在日3.Such words may be 常交談中逐漸熟悉的詞語，即called “popular”, since 我們從家人、朋友那兒學來的they belong to the people 和那些即使不會讀寫也應該知at large and are not the 道和會用的詞。

possession of a limited 分析：主語：those class only.words,在它之后有三個定語從譯：這些詞可以被稱為句修飾它，①with which we “普通詞”，因為它們屬于廣become familiar in 大的普通百姓，而不只為有限ordinary conversation, ②范圍內的一個階層所有。

which we learn, that is to since為因為，短語：

belong to: 屬于?;at large: 普遍地、逍遙法外地

a.These books belong to me.b.Do the people at large approve of the government’s economic policy?

c.The escaped prisoner is still at large.4.our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother’s lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.(2段4行起)

譯：我們初識這些詞不是從母親的口中或同學的話中，而是從我們所讀的書中，所聽的課中，或從對某一特殊話題進行嚴肅的討論的受過高等教育的人們的較正式談話中首詞次了解到的。本句的難點實際上是名詞的修飾語多。

分析：主語our first acquaintance with them；謂語：comes;剩余部分為賓語部分。在該部分中有一個大結構：not?but不是?而是。books, lectures, conversation三個名詞后有很多的修飾關系，請大家注意。

C.Summary about the phrases:

1.learned words;2.popular words;3.make up（1段2行）;4.be familiar with（1段3行）;5.that is to say（1段4行）;6.even if（1段5行）;7.stock in trade（1段7行）;8.belong to（1段8行）;9.at large（1段8行）;10.on the other hand（2段1行）;11.a large number of sth（2段1行）;12.be known to（2段3行）;13.acquaintance with（2段4行）14.not? but?（2段5-6行）15.come up（4段6行）;16.as to（4段6行）;17.as a whole（4段11行）;18.be due to（4段14行）;19.rather than（4段15行）

The 11th lecture of College English one: Check the exercises on p545:（講解）

Ⅰ.1.knew;2.were;3.were;4.would have been;5.would eat;6.could build;7.hadn’t come;8.earn;9.didn’t have;10.would be;11.apply;12.go;13.would be;14.were;15.had been;16.bought;17.be put off;18.would get;19.had been caused;20.had grown up Ⅱ.1.C;2.B;3.B;4.D;5.A;6.D;7.A;8.A;9.A;10.D Ⅲ.1.If only the Englishman had spoken Italian.2.If you should have a panic attack, what would you do? 3.I wish I could lose one pound in weight per day.4.It’s very important that you take responsibility for your own health.5.Without water and air, all living things would die.6.If I were you, I would join the army.7.If we had paid more attention to those factors, we would have greatly reduced he risk of heart disease.8.If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t have got into trouble.9.It’s suggested that each class give a performance.10.If he hadn’t been so busy then, he would have given you more help.Exercise on p206: Ⅰ.1.c;2.a;3.b;4.d;5.d Ⅱ.1.transmit;2.access;3.remote;4.demonstrate;5.instruction;6.simultaneously;7.travel;8.available;9.privacy;10.application p210:Ⅱ.1.displayed;2.theory;3.established;4.remote;5.visual;6.signal;7.access;8.channel 9.transmitted;10.transportation

question concerned by Ⅲ.1.Satellites are anyone.You can find some capable of transmitting best ways in this text to not only TV broadcasts, give you some help, I am but also telephone calls.sure.We can get more 3.You should follow words through context and the doctor’s instructions through word parts.Maybe on how to take this kind you have more of your ways.of medicine.No matter which, I just 4.Computer systems hope you can succeed in can transmit sound as well English studying!as pictures at the same

time.A.New words: 6.This patient 1.vocabulary: n 詞匯表 should be isolated from 2.context: n 上下文，the other patients.from context;through 7.The soldier context;contextual: adj displayed courage and 上下文的

skills.3.securely: adv 安全 8.His experiments 地；secure: adj;security;fully demonstrated that n principle of psychology.4.intend: v 打算，p216:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, intend to do sth;F, F, T, T, T, F.intention: n 意圖

p218:Ⅰ.d, c, b, e, 5.preference: n 偏愛,a

用介詞for； prefer: v 用Ⅱ.1.atmosphere;介詞to.2.existence;3.thorough;a.I prefer to do it 4.radar;5.elements;myself.6.protect from;7.created;b.She has a preference 8.rest on

for blue.p237:Ⅰ.c, a, d, b，a

6.prefix前綴，suffixⅡ.1.to concern;后綴

2.possession;3.situation;7.apparently: adv 同義4.acquaintance;5.lively;詞：obviously，明顯地。

6.grown-up;

8.consult: v 請教、查7.classification;

閱；consultation: n;8.principle;9.convenient;consultant: n 顧問；常用短10.presence

語：

p240.Ⅱ.1.style;consult with sb:討論謀2.occasions;3.highly;事；consult sb about sth:4.concern;5.possessions;向某人請教謀事

6.topics;7.formal;9.personally: adv = in 8.cultivated;9.convenient;person;personal: adj;10.absolute

10.heighten: v 提高、Ⅲ.2.After he arrived 加高；high: adj;highly: in that country, he found adv;height: n 高度

there few occasions to

speak Chinese.11.maximum: n 最大量； 4.No two leaves are 反義詞：minimum:最小量

exactly the same in the 12.effectiveness: n 有world.效性；effective: adj 有效 5.When I say 的；effect: n 影響；affect: they’re friends, I don’t v mean they share everything.13.sharpen: v 削尖； 6.The meeting sharp: adj尖的

concerns trade and 14.awareness: n 意識、agriculture.覺悟；aware: adj有意識 7.Serious problems 的，be aware of sth;無意may come up if the 識的：unaware situation becomes worse.15.accuracy;n 準確

性；accurate: adj準確的

Text B: How Should You 16.ease: n 舒適、安Build Up Your Vocabulary?

逸，feel at ease with sb;I think this is a v 緩和;easy: adj 容易的。

The aspirins eased my headache.B.Some important sentences in the text:

1.When students in a college were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading,84% said, “look it up in the dictionary.” If you do so, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.譯：當問大學生閱讀時遇到生詞時該怎么辦，84%的人回答是“查字典”。然而，這么做，你就會打斷最富有成效所需的思維進程。

短語：①come across偶然遇到。

I came across one of my schoolmates in the street yesterday.②look sth up in?在?中查閱

I often look some grammar knowledge in reference books.③make sth + adj使?如何

please make the room warm.2.It all depends.(*)= It all depends on the situation.（金牌口語句）

依情況而定。

3.That’s why it makes such good sense to begin with context.譯：這就是為什么我們得從上下文入手。

why引導表語從句。make such good sense:有充足的理由；begin with從?開始

4.only when you go through the mental exercise to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if you’re right.譯：只有在你經過一番腦力活動想出一個推測性的定義后，才應該打開字典來看看你的猜測是否正確。

注意：由于only+時間狀語從句放在句首，用了部分倒裝。

短語：①go through:仔

細研究或檢查，I’ve gone through all my pockets but I can’t find my keys.②come up with:想出、提出 語外，可擔任其他句子成分：something/anything/nothing 主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定+ 形容詞 ＋ 不定式 2>.當介詞but, except, 語、賓語補足語。在句中起名Do you have anything besides前面有實義動詞do詞、形容詞和副詞的作用。interesting to read? 時，可省to.1.不定式作名詞時在句中 The enemy can do 充當主語、賓語和表語.3>.不定式作定語時有時nothing but/except He came up with a new suggestion.5.Well, there it is, your new formula—Context, parts, Dictionary.Use it!the exercises which follow will give you specific step-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease.The result will be like money in the bank.譯：好，你的新公式—上下文，構詞成分，字典。運用它！隨后的練習將具體地、循序漸進地幫你敏銳察覺到上下文提示，學會最有用的構詞成分和越來越輕松地使用字典。其結果就像你在銀行里存了一筆錢。

這是本文的最后一句總結全文的句子，它給大家最好的提示：如何最有效地記住單詞。請大家參照著做。但也應因人而宜。最后一句：The result will be like money in the bank.Means that as long as you have mastered good methods in English studying, the longer you study English, the bigger vocabulary you’ll build up.在這里我也把這句話送給大家。May you succeed!

New grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(非謂語動詞)

英語中的動詞根據它是否能單獨做句子的謂語分為：謂語動詞和非謂語動詞兩種。不能單獨作句子謂語的稱作非謂語動詞。它又分三類：動詞不定式，分詞，動名詞。今天先介紹動詞不定式。

A.不定式（Infinitive）：大多數是由不定式標記to加動詞原形構成，但有一些是以省略to的形式出現的。

B.在句中它除了不能作謂a.He likes to play 用主動語態表示被動含義。basketball.a.There is a letter to b.For him to learn write.English well in such a b.There is no time to short time is not easy.lose.c.His job is to clean c.Mary has three all the windows.babies to look after.注意：1>.當作主語的不3.不定式作副詞的用法；定式較長時，常用it作形式在句中擔任狀語 主語而將真正的主語放在謂語a.He is lucky to get 后，將上面b可改為：It’s there on time.(原因狀語)not easy for him to learn b.He came here to help English well in such a me with my math.(目的狀語)short time.c.After that day they 2>.在這種情況下我們常were separated, never to 用for sb.或of sb.來做不定see each other.(結果狀語)式的 邏輯主語，但是有區別 的。請注意以下固定句型中不for sb.常用表示客觀情定式的用法： 況的形容詞，如：easy, 1>.too + adj/adv + for difficult, hard, important, sb + to do sth interesting, impossible The book is too hard etc.for the boy to read.of sb常用表示主觀感情 或態度的形容詞，如：good, 2>.enough的用法： kind, foolish, clever, etc.a.He is old enough to a.It’s important for go to school.us to say something b.The road is wide directly.enough for three horses to b.It’s clever of him go.to leave that country.3>.不定式在句中作為獨3>.不定式作主語時謂語立成分： 動詞用單數。a.To tell you the 4>.不定式作賓語時，若truth, I don’t like this 賓語有自己的表語，常用itfilm.作形式賓語。b.To be frank, you are I know to finish the lying.work so soon impossible.c.To make matters I know it impossible worse, it began to get to finish the work so soon.dark.2.不定式作形容詞的用4.不定式作賓語補足語。法：通常在句中擔任定語。，a.I don’t want her to 并且放在它所修飾的名詞后leave here so quickly.面。b.We allow you to He always has a lot of enter the room.meetings to attend.注意：1>.有時不定式所注意以下省去to的情修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動況： 作的地點，工具，不定式后應1>.在某些感官動詞和使該加上必要的介詞。役動詞后作賓補時省略to，please pass me some 但在被動語態中不可省略to.paper to write on.a.I hear someone sing this morning.2>.當一句話中既有形容b.The workers were 詞又有不定式修飾something, made to work day and night.anything, nothing這三個詞c.please let the dog 時，請注意詞序：go out!

surrender.3>.在下列固定詞組中： ①had better do sth;②would rather do sth than

do sth;③can’t but do;a.You had better not

go now.b.He would rather look after the baby than do his homework.c.I can’t but think so.C.不定式的否定形式：

not + 不定式 My father told me not to skate on the lake.D.連接代詞或副詞＋不定式，相當于一個名詞短語，一般充當賓語。a.Mr.Li taught us how to work out the difficult

problem.b.please decide as soon as possible when to

start.E.不定式的常用時態有：

一般式，進行式，完成式三個.a.He has decided to

give her some money.b.He pretended to be studying when his father

came in.c.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.F.不定式的被動語態：to

be done;to have been done a.It’s an honor for

me to be invited to attend the meeting.b.He seems to have been taken good care of by the nurse.見課本p219--p226

The 12th lecture of College English one: Review some important

phrases in text B: 1.come across(1段

2行);2.look sth up in?(1段3行);3.at top speed(2段4行);4.after all(2段6行);5.make good sense(2段8行);6.begin with(2段

9行);7.provide sb with sth(3段2行);8.preference for sth(3段3行);9.come up with(5段5行);10.find out(6段3行);11.lead to(6段4行);12.in black and white(6段6行);13.build up

Unit 10 *Text A: Scientific Attitudes From very early time science began in the earth.Because we are curious about anything around us, we often ask many questions, such as: why the sun only come out at daytime;why the sky is blue;why we have four different seasons etc.then in this text we won’t study those questions but what attitudes we should have when we study the science.So I think its very necessary for us to learn them.A: new words: 1.scientific: adj 科學的； scientifically: adv 科學地； science: n 科學； scientist: n 科學家

2.attitude: n 姿勢、態度，常用介詞：to, towards 3.environment: n 環境；environmental: adj環境的，environmental protection環保(*)4.curiosity: n 好奇心；curious: adj好奇的,常用短語：be curious about sth / to do sth(*)

5.imagination: n 想象力；imagine: v想象；imaginative: adj富于想象的

6.stimulate: v 刺激、鼓勵；stimulation: n刺激、鼓勵；stimulant: n 刺激物、興奮劑

7.phenomenon: n 現象，phenomena(復數)8.unknown: adj未知的，反義詞：known被人所知的，know: v;短語：be known to / be unknown to被人所知/所不知;be known as被認為是?(*)a.He was known as a successful writer b.That actor was almost unknown before he acceptability: n 可接受性

played that part.a.Is this program c.You never know what acceptable to you? the result is till you b.The acceptability of finish the test.the proposal is under

discussion.9.open-minded: adj無c.He asked her to 偏見的，open-mindedness: n

marry him and she accepted minded是形容詞，表示him.具有某種心智、頭腦的，如：

strong-minded;feeble-18.frequently: adv minded;narrow-minded;usually;frequent: adj;absent-minded etc.frequency: n 頻繁(*)

a.He has written to me 10.regardless: adj/adv frequently since I went 不留心的、不關心的，不顧、abroad.不惜；regard: v 注視、認b.Rains are very 為，n 問候；regarding: frequent here in summer.prep關于；常用短語：c.The frequency of her regard sth as sth;visit surprised him.regardless of sth(*)

a.please give my kind 19.determine: v 決定，regard to your determine to do sth;grandparents.determined: adj;b.His experiment is determination: n always regarded as a dig 20.growth: n;grow: v success.c.He tried again and B:Intensive reading: again regardless of the 1.Science had its failure.beginning when man started

asking questions about his 11.previously: adv 在environment.前地、早先地；previous: 譯：科學源于人們/人類adj

開始對周圍事物提出疑問的時12.disagreeable: adj候。

讓人討厭的，反義詞：Starting asking?動名agreeable另人愉快的、宜人詞作start的賓語。ask 的

question about sh 13.failure: n 失??；

fail: v 失敗，fail to do 2.Not all his answers sth;fail in sth

were correct, but at least Failure is the mother he did want to know.of success.譯：并非所有的答案都正

確，但至少那時的人們確實想14.solution: n 解決辦了解他周圍的世界。

法，solution to/for/of sth

當not放在all, both表15.adapt: v 適應、改編 示半否定，若要表示全否定兩adapt to sth 適應?；adapt 者間用neither,三者用none.for sth:適用于?;a.They both are my adaptation: n;adaptable: friends.adj適應的，(*)

b.Not both of them are a.She found it my friends.difficult to adapt herself c.Neither of them is to the life in a foreign my friend.country.d.They are all good b.He is not adapted students.for this job.e.They are not all

good students.16.perfect: adj完美f.None of them is good 的，反義詞:imperfect

students.No one is perfect.人 無完人。

3.Curiosity and

imagination are important 17.acceptable: adj可qualities which help 以接受的，accept: v 接受；stimulate the discovery of acceptance: n 接受;new facts and advance

science.譯：好奇心和想象力是幫助發現新的事實并推動科學發展的重要素質。

help do sth, help to do sth，4.Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect” relationship.譯：具有科學頭腦的人們相信因果關系。短語：believe in sth相信

5.Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena.(*)

譯：像這些容易被人觀察到的變化稱之為現象。

這句話包含有兩個被動語態，一個出現在定語從句中，另一個出現在主句中。

6.In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.譯：對于一些人們不知其解的現象，科學的觀點是必有其因，只是尚未被發現罷了。

分析：主語the scientific point of view；系動詞：is；后跟表語從句that there is a reason if it can only be discovered。In cases where the explanation is unknown是狀語。In cases:在?情況下，后跟定語從句。注意if it can only be discovered的翻譯：尚欠缺的唯一條件。

7.This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought.譯：這指的是面對現存的事實而不管自己原來想法的能力。

分析：to face the facts是動詞不定式作定語修飾the ability;as they are表示按照它們的實際情況；regardless of常用短語，不管、不顧。what one has previously thought作介詞of的介詞賓語。

8.Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in

producing the first electric lamp.(*)譯：托馬斯。愛迪生失敗了成千次才成功制造了第一盞電燈。

注意本句的幾個考點：thousands of times;succeed in producing;連詞before

9.The solutions to real problems can’t be seen in advance.(*)譯：實際問題的解決方法是不能事先預見的。

注意考點：the solutions to sth;can’t be seen;in advance短語：事先。

10.Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.譯：科學家們必須能改變思路，調整自己的理論，使之于新發現的事實相適應。

分析：change their thinking改變思路；adapt their theories to new facts使?適應?；

as they are discovered狀語從句。

11.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect.（*）

譯：這是人的理解總是不盡完美的另一種說法。

考點：動名詞saying；短語less than

12.A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.譯：科學的真理提供了一種解釋，這種解釋為人們所接受，使相對于某一特定時間內人們的知識而言的。

分析：that is acceptable定語從句修飾an explanation;what is known at a particular time作介詞of的賓語。注意：in the light of sth按照、根據 = according to;be known;at a particular time.13.區分下面兩句話中的被動語態用法：

?.Views which are entirely new or foreign knowledge?

may also be hard to accept.f.problems arise in a ?.New ideas are variety of ways.frequently very slow to be

accepted.2.obtain: v 得到，get, 當碰到hard, difficult, gain.easy時后面的不定式用主動3.biological: adj 生物表被動，除此外其他的形容詞學的；biology: n 生物學；要用過去分詞表被動。

biologist: n 生物學家

4.account: n 敘述、帳14.It may take time 戶；v account for sth說for new acts to become 明?的原因;accountant:會available.計

譯：新事實的發現、獲得a.I have 2000 yuan in 使需要時間的。

my account.基本句型：It takes sb b.His illness can some time to do sth;

account for his absence.C.Summary about all 5.logical: adj 符合邏the phrases:

輯的，反義詞：illogical 1.start doing(1段16.analysis: n 分析；行);2.at least(1段5行);analyze: v;analyst: n 分3.lay aside sth(2段1行);析者

4.be curious about sth(27.indicate: v 指示；段3行);5.take apart indicator: n;indication: sth(2段3行);n 6.wonderabout sth(3段18.inference: n推論；行);7.combine sth with infer;v;類似的詞還有：sth(3段1-2行);8.carry refer, reference;prefer, out(3段2行);9.believe preference in(4段1行);10.cause and 9.prediction: n;effect;11.in case(4段7predict: v 預計

行);13.point of view(4段10.confidence: n 信8行);14.regardless of 心；confident: adj有信心sth(5段2行);15.be 的； self-confidence自信

willing to do(5段6行);11.unreliable: adj 靠16.thousands of(5段6行);不住的，反義詞：reliable.17.succeed in doing(5段712.accurate: adj;行);18.in advance(6段1accuracy: n 行);19.adapt sth to sth(6The 13th lecture of 段2行);20.once and for College English one: all(6段4行);21.make a A.Intensive reading change in sth(6段4行);Text B: 22.in the light of sth(61.please look at the 段8行);23.respect for(7second paragraph on page 段1行);24.come up(7段3275.I’ll read and then 行);25.be laughed at(8段I’ll translate it, 2行);26.in all fields of especially pay attention knowledge(8段4行).to those phrases。

譯：首先要認識問題。只Text B:

有問題找對了，才能得出正確1.arouse: vt 引起、喚的答案。解決問題始于透徹的起，區別：rise: vi;raise: 理解。問題的出現有各種情vt;arise: vi出現、呈現(*)

況。它們有時產生于偶然的觀a.His behavior 察，有時可能出自于閱讀、實aroused my suspicion.驗或僅僅思考，也有可能來于b.A new difficulty has 新的發展或人類新的不同的需arisen.求。例如：今天，許多問題產c.The sun rises in the 生于核物理、生物工程和微電ease and sets in the west.子領域的新發現。工業的發展d.He raised his voice 也已經帶來了大量的必須被解to make everyone hear.決的問題。

e.once his curiosity 短語：?first of allhas been aroused, he uses 首先；?only if除非；?certain methods and grow out of=arise from產procedures to obtain new 生于；?result from產生

于；?bring about導致；?large number of大量的

2.Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.(5段)

譯：有時未回答的問題會顯示需要進一步研究的領域。

注意在這句話中suggest不是“建議”而是“暗示，顯示”，因此不用虛擬語氣。

a.He suggested that we leave the country at once.(虛擬語氣)

b.His face suggested that he was angry.（非虛擬語氣）

短語: in need of sth需要?

3.Should the observation or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.(8段)

譯：如果所觀察到的或預測結果正如所料，科學家對他假說的可靠性就增加了信心。

通過翻譯我們會發現這句話包含有一個虛擬語氣，并且省略了if，進行了倒裝。原句應是：

If the observation or predictions should turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.但請大家注意此時主句用了陳述語氣，屬于非正式用法。

短語：turn out 結果是?

He turned out to be a cheat.4.Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.（*）

譯：實驗必須在嚴格控制的條件下進行。

考點：under carefully controlled conditions.B.Important phrases:

1.first of all(2段1行);2.only if(2段2行);3.grow out of/arise from(2段4/8行);4.result from(2段5行);5.bring about(2段10行);6.large number of(2段10行);7.build a firm foundation(4段5行);8.in need of sth(5段5行);

9.build up(6段1行);10.turn out to be(8段1行);11.give up(8段4行);12.check with(9段1行);13.a variety of sth(2段3行);14.carry out(7段2行)

C.Grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(2)Gerund and participles：（動名詞和分詞）

Ⅰ.Gerund: 動名詞是三種非謂語動詞的一種。由動詞原形加ing構成。具有某些動詞的特點，在句中起名詞的作用，由此得名動名詞。它可以有自己的賓語和狀語，這是動詞的特點；在句中擔任主語、表語、賓語，及定語，這屬于名詞的特點。

a.Learning English very well is not easy.(主語)b.His job is teaching computer at college.（表語）

c.I enjoy sleeping.（動賓）

d.She is thinking of finding another better job.（介賓）

e.Take some sleeping pills, and you will fall asleep.（定語）

動名詞也可根據需要在前面加上物主代詞或名詞所有格來表示它的邏輯主語。

a.Mary’s being late again made me very angry.b.Do you mind my/me opening the door?

1.動名詞作主語：

a.Seeing is believing.b.Talking too much is no use.注意：用動名詞作主語，有時也可用it作形式主語。如上面的第二句可改為：

It’s no use talking too much.常用的句型有：It’s no use doing sth;it’s no good doing sth a.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.b.It’s no good eating so many ice creams.2.動名詞作表語：一般表示比較抽象的習慣性的動作，這時表語和主語?？苫Q。

a.What he likes best is making jokes.b.Making jokes is what he likes best.about it.g.They stopped talking.3.動名詞作賓語：既可作h.They stopped to talk.動詞賓語，也可作介詞的賓

語。有些動詞后面必須用動名4.動名詞作定語：一般表詞，請記住下列?？紕釉~：示所修飾詞的用途，如：admit, avoid, consider, drinking water, writing enjoy, finish, deny, mind, desk, reading room, etc.practice, risk, suggest，postpone, miss, can’t 5.動名詞的否定式：not help, put off, give up, + 動名詞

keep on etc.I’m sorry not a.She denied stealing getting there on time.her money.b.I tried my best to 6.動名詞的時態和語態： avoid meeting him in the 1>.一般時表示一般性的street.動作，發生的時間不明確。而c.You’d better put 完成時表示動作在謂語動詞之off having the meeting 前發生。

because of SARS.a.I am looking forward d.If you want to make to seeing you soon.great progress, you must b.Thank you for having practice speaking every helped me so much.day.2>.當動名詞邏輯上的主e.I am considering 語是它所表示的動作的對象doing it again.時，要用它的被動語態。

a.He insisted on being 動名詞常跟在一些固定的sent to hospital.詞組后面，如：

b.He insisted on insist on, look sending her to hospital.forward to, be used to, 3>.當句子謂語是want, succeed in, be interested need, require, deservein, be engaged in, depend 時，常用動名詞的主動形式表on, be busy doing, stick 被動含義。

to, devote to, etc

a.The radio needs

repairing.(= The radio 注意：有些動詞后面既可needs to be repaired.)用不定式作賓語也可用動名詞b.The babies require 作賓語，且差別不大，如：examining.(= The babies continue, begin start, require to be examined.)prefer etc.4>.主語 + be worth a.I prefer making a doing / 主語 + be worthy plan before I go over my + to be done/of being done.lessons.a.The book is worth b.I prefer to make a reading.plan before I go over my b.The book is worthy lessons

to be read.但有些動詞區別卻很大，c.The book is worthy 如：remember, forget, of being read.regret, go on, try, etc.(*)

a.I remember giving Ⅱ.participle:分詞也是money to him.(表示give這非謂語動詞的一種，它有兩種個動作已在remember 前發生形式：現在分詞和過去分詞。過了。)

分詞可以有自己的賓語和狀b.I remember to give 語，也可有邏輯主語，在句中money to him.（表示give擔任表語，定語，狀語和賓這個動作還未在remember 前補。

發生。）

a.The story is c.I regret accepting interesting.I’m your advice.interested in it.（表語）

d.I regret to tell you b.This is a moving that I won’t accept your film.（定語）

advice.c.She came in, singing e.They went on talking and dancing.（狀語）

about it.d.He saw that man f.They went on to talk jumping off the wall.(賓補)

1.現在分詞和過去分詞的區別：從語態上講，現在分詞表示主動，而過去分詞表示被動；從時態上講，現在分詞表正在進行的動作，而過去分詞表示已完成的動作。

a.Do you know the woman talking to Tom?

b.We can see only the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.c.China is a developing country while America is a developed country.d.Look!The falling leaves are yellow.Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.2.分詞作表語：一般當主語是物時，用現在分詞，含有“令人?” ；當主語是人時一般用過去分詞，表示“感到?”.a.They got very excited after watching the exciting movies.b.We are encouraged by the encouraging news.3.分詞作定語：?單個分詞作定語一般放在它所修飾的名詞之前，但有時為了強調動作，也可放在它所修飾的名詞后面。

a.The swimming boy is my brother.b.What is the language spoken in Japan?

?分詞短語作定語放在被修飾的名詞之后。

The girl dressed in white is Helen.4.分詞作賓補：補充說明賓語的意義。通常用在一些感官動詞和使役動詞后面。與句子的賓語是主動關系用現在分詞；若與賓語是被動關系，用過去分詞。

a.I heard someone calling me.b.I heard my name called.過去分詞在have, get后作賓補時，常表示該動作不是由主語完成的，而是由別人完成的。（考點＊）

a.You’d better have your hair cut.b.He had some pictures taken in the park.5.分詞作狀語：來修飾謂

語動詞或整個句子，表示動作發生的時間、原因、條件、結果、讓步或伴隨等情況。

a.（on)hearing the news, they couldn’t help laughing.b.Having turned off the TV, he began to read a book.(強調分詞表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前，用分詞的完成形式作狀語。)c.Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.(原因狀語)d.Given more attention, the trees could have grown 5.previously;6.acceptable;C.so

D.In C.With 7.solution;8.proper;therefore D.Through 9.determine;10.sprout 4.A red pencil-mark 14.Sometimes you have p273:Ⅱ.1.failure;on the fifth page ______.to ____ a new word in the 2.relationship;A.catch his eye B.dictionary.3.environment;catches his eyes

C.A.look into B.4.imagination;5.evidence;caught his eye

D.look up C.look 6.findings;7.ohenonmenon;caught his eyes over

D.look 8.curiosity;9.attitude;5.In most large through 10.solution companies management is 15.Animals can live Ⅲ.1.Man wondered directly ____ planning the only on _____ plants have why birds could fly while advertising.already turned from man couldn’t.A.known as B.inorganic to vegetable 2.The child took capable pf C.matter.the toy apart but he involved in D.A.that B.didn’t know how to put it satisfied with which C.what better.(條件狀語)e.Although working from morning till night, he can’t finish his papers.(讓步狀語)f.The hero sat there, surrounded by a lot of students.(伴隨狀語)

如上的句子中的分詞都可改成從句，大家自己練習改寫一下。

注意：分詞短語作狀語時，它的邏輯主語通常應是句子的主語，這點很重要。

a.If you see from the hill, the city is beautiful.(不可改為分詞作狀語，主句和從句主語不一致。)b.Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.= When the city is seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.6.分詞的被動語態形式： a.The question being discussed is very important.(表示一個動作正在進行，而又含有被動意味。)b.You are welcome to a party to be given in our class on Dec.25.(將來要發生動作的被動語態。)c.This is a picture painted by my boyfriend.７.若分詞有自己單獨的主語，而并非句子的主語，那么我們稱它為獨立主格。（以后介紹。）

key to some exercises: p270:Ⅰ.d, a, c, c, a.Ⅱ.1.curious about;2.take apart;3.stimulate;4.telationship;together again.6.Some states use 4.She’s very tired, income tax ____ sales tax but she is still willing to raise their revenues.to help others.A.with regard to B.6.We have in search of C.determined to seek the to combine with

D.in answers to the questions.addition to 8.You should adapt 7.The mother warned yourself to the new her son not to associate environment.himself _____ bad men.p280Ⅰ.T, T, F, T, F, A.with B.T, F, F, T, F to C.by D.and

8.Material that is organized ______ remembered than jumbled

information.The 14th lecture of A.is better B.College English one: to be better

C.Test about unit 1 to better

D.as unit 10: better 9.Meaningfulness 大學英語

（一）測試1 _____ memory at all levels.本試題分兩部分，第一A.effects B.部分為選擇題，50分；第二effects on

C.部分為非選擇題，50分。affects D.affects on part one 10.The children are、選擇題。（20分）eager ______ if there are 1.Some people who are people on the Mars.very intelligent and A.to know B.successful in their fields know

C.find ____ difficult to knowing

D.succeed in language about knowing learning.11.There is no A.them

B.substitute _____ good food themselves

C.it and excise.D.itself A.of 2.Death and taxes are B.for C.two things in life that to D.with every American can be sure 12.He offered to _____.supply us _____ another A.of B.clock free of charge.for C.A.with B.at D.with for C.of 3.The Atlantic ocean D.to is only half as big as the 13._____ contrast to pacific, ____ it is still his brother, he is more very large.considerate and friendly.A.but B.and A.By B.D.how

16.The difficulty _____ their great poverty.A.lies in

B.lies on C.lies with

D.lies down

17.She isn’t satisfied ____ the present living conditions.A.for B.by

C.with D.to 18.Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family _____ the mother cared for the house and children.A.while B.because C.where

D.therefore 19.Generally, the

children stay in the nuclear family ____ they grow up and marriage.A.although B.as C.until D.where 20.It’s important to realize that the same technology ____ helps us may also harm us.A.as B.that C.what

D.when

二、完型填空。（10

分）Most forgetting takes place immediately after learning.An hour

after studying or learning something new, more than 50% has been forgotten.After one month 80% has been forgotten and so on.This shows that review is very important.If you _____ new material

you have learnt, you portion

C.side that brings re-creation of wisely remember much more.It’s D.section strengthen and spirit.D.good recreation important to review newly When one speaks of making activities contribute learnt material a little

三、閱讀理解。（20good use of leisure, he greatly to health, growth and often.It’s also 分）means choosing and spirit necessary ____ frequent recreational activities breaks.We best remember passage one which contribute to health, ____ we learnt at the beginning of a learning period and at the point ____ we stop.After the break, it’s necessary to review what was learnt ____ the break----and then to continue learning the new material.other experiments have shown that the brain needs time to ‘digest’ what has been learnt.The time necessary ____ this is 5 to 10 minutes.After a break of this time, the memory will have absorbed what it has ___ learnt, and more will be remembered.During this break it is important to ____ the right side of the brain, because the left side is used during a learning period.Therefore you should ____ in some way.Listening to music, breathing in fresh air, and looking at a picture, are all ways of using the other ___ of the brain.1.A.review

B.remind C.recover D.remember 2.A.have

B.has

C.to have D.having 3.A.that

B.what

C.which D.this 4.A.when

B.that

C.which D.where 5.A.before

B.since

C.after D.until 6.A.to B.for

C.on D.by 7.A.merely

B.only

C.just D.recently 8.A.practice

B.drill

C.train D.exercise 9.A.relax

B.release

C.relieve D.relay 10.A.part

B.The problem of growth, and spirit.leisure is new.Until very 1.The phrase “from recent times people worked can to can’t” in each day to the limit of paragraph 1 means _____.their strength.of course A.from beginning to there were always a end B.from birth to privileged few who had death C from morning leisure;but most men had to night.D.from time to work 12,14, or even 16 to time hours a day, six days a 2.How to spend week.As late as1840 the leisure time wisely is not average factory worker a particularly difficult labored 72 hours a week.problem fro people ______.“Sunup to sundown” was A.who are very busy the farmer’s day, or as every day another phrase, “from can B.who are sick in bed to can’t.” C.who are aged and in Today, working good health D.less than 40-hour week, who have retired from work people enjoy more leisure 3.How does the author time.Hence, the wise use look at work and leisure? of leisure time has become A.We work hard so an important problem for that we can enjoy more everyone, young or old.It leisure.is a particularly B.We enjoy leisure so difficult problem for the that we can come back to sick, the aged, and those work with fresh energy.who have retired from C.Leisure can bring earning a living.Those us a lot of pleasure that people have so much cannot.leisure that it is hard D.The success of work for them to find has little to do with how interesting and worthwhile we spend our leisure time.ways to use it.4.What is the However, short the relationship between work week becomes, work is leisure and recreation still the most important according to the author? part of life.We don’t A.Leisure and work to get leisure and recreation are closely the pleasures leisure related.brings us;rather, we use B.Leisure and leisure wisely so that recreation are identical.work itself can become C.Recreation covers awarding and enjoyable.all kinds of leisure The feeling of success at activities.doing one’s daily work-D.Recreation doesn’t whether it is a job, belong to any leisure maintaining a home, or activities.going to school-depends 5.From the passage we largely on coming to it know that _____________.each day with fresh energy A.leisure has been an and active interest.old problem since ancient Leisure and times.recreation go together, B.leisure can’t be though they are not replaced as the most necessarily the same thing.important part of life.“recreation” has an C.our success in work obvious meaning.It is the is mostly determined by kind of leisure activity whether we use leisure

passage Two Each nation has its own peculiar character which distinguishes it from others.But the peoples of the world have more points in common than points in which they differ.one type of person

that is common in every country is the one who always tries to do as little as possible and to get as much as possible in return.His opposite, the man who is in the habit of doing more than is strictly necessary and who is ready to accept what is offered in return, is rare everywhere.Both these types are usually unconscious of their character.The man who avoids effort is always talking about his “rights”: he appears to think that society owes him a pleasant, easy life.The man who is always doing more than his share

talks of “duties”: he feels that the individual is in debt to society, and

not society to the individual.As a result of their views, neither of

these men thinks that he behaves at all strangely.The man who tries

to do as little as he can is always full of excuses: if he has neglected to do

something, it was because he had a headache, or the weather was too hot or too

cold, or because he was prevented by bad luck.At first, other people, such

as his friends and his employer, generously accept his stories;but

soon they realize what kind of person he is.In the long run he deceives

only himself.When his friends become cool towards him and he fails

to make progress in his

job, he is surprised and hurt.He blames everyone and everything except himself.He feels that society is failing in its duties towards him, and that he is being unjustly treated.6.The central ides if paragraph 1 is that ___________.A.Each nation is peculiar enough to enable us to distinguish it from others.B.The peoples of the world are as alike as they are different.C.The peoples of the world have more similarities than differences.D.Those who do more than is strictly necessary are common in every country.7.According to paragraph 1, the man who does more than is required _________.A.is ready to accept what the society offers him B.excepts nothing in return for his work C.feels that he is under heavy debt D.thinks this makes his life easy 8.Those who try to do as little as possible ___________.A.envy others’ good luck B.are good story-tellers C.supply false reasons for their lack of responsibility D.think that their opposites owe them a pleasant life 9.The phrase “in the long run” is closest in meaning to _________.A.in practice B.in the end

C.in effect D.in no time 10.It can be inferred from the passage that people who cheat___________.A.will be unjustly treated B.will cheat only themselves eventually C.will change their your behavior D.___________(convenient)will get surprised by 7.Computers are now their own stories being ____________(wide)used in China.part two 8.Sometimes ocean

四、單詞拼寫。（10currents ___________(call)分）“rivers in the sea”.1.重復、反復

n 9.The inhabitants of r__________ 2.the moon would see our 傳統的 a t_____________ earth _____(reflect)the 3.代表、象征

vt light of the sun.r___________ 4.10.For centuries the 熟練、精通

n Atlantis ocean kept the p___________ Americans from 5.文明的、開化的a ________(discover)by the c___________ 6.消化 vt people of Europe.d___________

7.有經驗的 a

六、漢譯英。（15分）e______________ 8.給1.世界上只有四個地區發人印象深刻的 a 現有很多金剛石。I____________ 2.說肉和土豆不能一起吃9.火山 n 是愚蠢的 v_______________ 3.不用說，第二個詞表比10.美味的_____________ 第一個詞表更容易記憶。

11.準確地 ad 4.我們應該設法尋找問題a_____________ 12.的答案，而不是等待老師的解改進、增進 n 釋。_______________ 5.隨著現代交通的發展，13.不能消化的a 太平洋似乎變得越來越小。I______________ 14.準 備、預備

n

七、英譯漢。（15分）p________________ What is color? Why 15.工業化

v do some objects look red, i____________ 16.others green, others blue? 相似、類似n Color is caused by s________________ reflected light rays.We 17.與眾不同的a see color because objects u____________

18.reflect light.Something 觀察，觀察物 n that is red reflects o___________ mostly red light.(it 19.完全地，絕對地 ad reflects a little green or a_________ 20.仍然是，blue light, too, but we do 剩下 vi r_________ not see it.)in the same way, a green object

五、用動詞正確的時態填reflects mostly green 空。（10分）light.White objects 1.In the 1600’s, reflect all colors of travelers from Europe light.Black objects __________(bring)back don’t reflect any light.diamonds from India.What happens to 2.Sometimes the colors of light that information in the long-are not reflected? They term memory ________(be)are absorbed by the object.hard to remember.The darker the color, the 3.Well-organized less light is reflected material is ________(well)and the more light is remembered than jumbled absorbed.Light that is information.absorbed is turned into 4.These plants can be heat.For this reason, ___________(easy)dark—colored clothes are categorized.warmer in the sunlight 5.Some common that light—colored __________(phenomenon)are clothes.not completely understood.6.We did that just for Key to exercises:

p258:Ⅱ.1.standing;

2.rising;3.beginning, advanced;4.done;5.playing;6.pleasing;7.reflecting;8.closed;9.reading;10.charged, bought;11.living;12.extended;13.outlined;14.coming;15.wearing;16.lying;17.having gone;18.working;19.moving;20.running.Ⅲ.1.He’s quite satisfied with the test result.2.She saw a group of cows standing under the trees.3.on hearing the news, they set off for the railway station at once.4.Hong Kong, returned to China in 1997, is one of the most important commercial and financial centers in Asia.5.please turn off the light when leaving the room.6.She has two sons living in Macao.7.He gave an important talk at the meeting held last week.8.presents costing less than $200 may be brought into the country duty free.9.Seeing him coming over, we hid ourselves behind the door.10.At this moment, she felt her heart beating fast.p291:Ⅱ.1.to say;2.leading;3.to say;4.eating;5.to learn, experienced;6.belonging;7.banking, leaving;8.doing;9.finished;10.smoking, eating;11.driving;12.buying, washing, to make;13.going;14.happening, controlling;15.to bring;16.to be done, to move;17.being discussed;18.meeting;19.being, to help;20.knowing, learning

Ⅲ.C, D, D, B, A, D, C, C, C, A

The 15th lecture of College English one: Unit 11

Text A: The Great American Garage Sale We have heard of flea market in China.But in America there is another kind of market used to sell and buy those second things.And such sales often happen in the garage, the yard, or the basement.Rising living costs are considered as a main reason for holding such sales and in such sales people can know many new friends, so they have become social events.A.New words: 1.unwanted: adj 不需要的；反義詞：wanted;want 2.neighborhood: n 四鄰、附近；neighbor: n 鄰居；hood后綴，表示“?狀態/狀況”。

3.advertisement: 縮寫ad.;advertise: v 4.buyer, seller:買主，賣主, buy, sell: v;sale: n(*)a.Is the house for sale? b.This little shop sells a wide variety of goods.c.The market of farm produce was filled with sellers and buyers.5.save: v 救助，儲蓄，節省。

a.The doctor has tries her best to save her life.b.We are saving money for a holiday.c.please save a seat for me in the reading room.6.original: adj 起初的、新穎的；origin: n 開端、背景；originate: v 起因；originality: n 創造力；originally: adv 起初地（*）

a.He is a Chinese by origin.b.Her works of art show a great deal of originality.c.The original plan was better than the plan we followed.unwanted items—all sorts 7.computerization: n of things they wanted to 計算機化；computerize: v get rid of.計算機化；computer: n 計算譯：把家里的東西整理一機（*）

下，找出大約有1500件不用a.Computers are used 的舊貨—這些東西他們都想扔by people of all walks of 掉。

life.分析：Sorting through b.The computerization their possessions現在分詞of management makes things 作時間狀語，all sorts of easy and convenient.things they wanted to get c.The airlines have rid of是1500 old, already computerized their unwanted items的同位語。booking system.’

短語：come up with: find

out;some: about;all 8.era: n 時代、紀元 sorts of: all kinds of;We are living get rid of:擺脫、除去

computer era.a.I came up with a

better way to solve the 9.bargin: v/n討價還problem from the 價；交易

experiment.a.---The bike only b.He finally got rid cost me 50yuan.---oh, you of those dirty and old have a good bargain!

shoes.b.She always bargains with the salesmen for the 2.The Ericksons necessaries.needn’t have worried.譯：其實埃里克森一家本10.hunter: n 獵人；沒有必要擔心。

bargain-hunter:專找便宜貨needn’t have done sth:的人。

是虛擬語氣的一種形式，表示11.fabulous: adj神話原本沒有必要做謀事，但實際式的，驚人的；

還是做了，反義詞：should fabulous heroes傳奇have done本應做，但卻沒式的英雄, a fabulous 做。

performance精彩的表演

a.I should have helped

you.12.mercy：n仁慈、寬b.They needn’t have 容；merciful: adj仁慈的；come here so early, for mewrciless: adj無憐憫心的

it’s Sunday!

13.reluctant: adj不情

愿的，同義詞：unwilling;3.Eager buyers bought 反義詞：willing;all but 50 of the items in reluctance: n

one weekend, leaving the

family $442 richer.(*)14.enthusiasm: n 熱譯：踴躍的買主在一個周情；enthusiast: n熱心人；末就把全部商品幾乎全買走enthusiastic: adj熱情的： 了，除了剩余的50件商品(*)

外，給一家人增加了442元的 be enthusiastic 收入。

for/about sth;

考點：all but其中but

位介詞“除了”，leaving現15.recent: adj最近在分詞做伴隨狀語；richer的；recently: adv最近

更多的

16.bound: adj一定的，有約束的，準備到?去的

4.What would Americans a.The weather is bound want to shop by searching to get better tomorrow.among someone else’s b.Where are you bound cast-offs? for: I’m bound for school.譯：為什么美國人這么喜

歡光顧別人的舊貨攤，在里面B.Intensive reading 翻翻揀揀？

the text:

Would表示愿意?;shop: 1.Sorting through v 購物，shop: n 商店；their possessions, they shopping：n 購物

came up with some 1500 old, a.We are busy with our

work during weekends, therefore, we usually shop on Sundays.b.The family goes shopping once a week.c.I went to several shops but still couldn’t find the sort of diamond ring she wanted.Searching是動名詞；some else’s別人的。

5.Rising living costs are considered by almost everyone as a reason both for holding sales and for attending them.譯：不斷上升的生活費是舉辦和光顧這些舊貨展賣的會被每一個人考慮的幾個原因之一。

Rising living costs是現在分詞做句子的主語。請大家區分一下：rising, living形式相同但用法也相同嗎？rising是現在分詞，living是動名詞。區分二者的方法是：看能否將動詞的ing形式改為定語從句，可以則是分詞，反之則為動名詞。

a.Look at the sleeping boy.(Look at the boy who is sleeping.)

b.please go to your sleeping car.(the car for sleep 是說明用途。)

6.The seller makes a little extra money and the buyer saves quite a lot, since garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small part of their original cost.譯：車庫展賣的價格是原來價格的很小的一部分，所以賣主能掙一點額外的錢，買主卻省了一大筆錢。

Since因為，sth is priced at some price:標明價格

7.one psychologist suggests that people are fed up with the computerization of their lives—they may be searching for their roots.譯：一位心理學家解釋說，人們厭倦了電腦網絡化的生活—也許他們正在尋根。

Suggest在這里也不是“建議”，因此不用虛擬語氣。

短語：be fed up with因?而厭煩；search for到

處尋找

We are fed up with the traffic and noise in big cities.8.Some people have made garage-sale shopping into a hobby;they spend their weekends going from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure.譯：有些人已經把逛車庫展賣當成一種業余愛好；每個周末他們都泡在里面，從一家逛到另一家，希望能找到一件真正的寶貝。

make sth into a hobby使?成為一種愛好；hoping to run across a real treasure做謂語spend的伴隨狀語;run across偶然遇見、發現，同義詞：come across

9.How long will all this enthusiasm continue?some day the people who are buying are bound to be faced with the same problem we had---getting rid of this stuff.譯：這種熱情會持續多久？ 某一天買了我們東西的顧客將會發現，他們也面臨和我們同樣的問題—怎樣處理掉這些舊東西。

some day用于一般將來時中，be bound to do;be faced with面臨?,面隊?.getting rid of this stuff是the same problem的同位語。

a.Lazy Tom is bound to fail this exam.b.The country is faced with the economic crisis.C.Summary about the phrases: 1.not long ago(1段1行);2.decide to do(1段1行);3.sort through(1段2行);4.come up with(1段3行);5.get rid of(1段4行);6.all sorts of(1段3行);7.set out(1段7行);8.needn’t have done(1段9行);9.for sale(3段1行);10.be considered?as(6段1行);11.be priced at(6段4行);12.be fed up with(7段4行);13.search for(7段5行);14.be turned off(7段6行);15.make sth into sth(8段1行);16.run across(8段2行);17.separate sth from sth(9

6.depend on(6段4行);段3-4行);18.be bound 7.be likely to do(6段5to(10段2行);19.be faced 行);8.refer to(7段1行);with(10段2行);

9.small profit on a great quantity of goods(7段4Text B: American 行)；10.be known for(8段1Stores

行);11.the vast A: new words:

majority(9段1行);1.urge: v urge sb to do sth鼓勵

2.practically;adv幾 乎、簡直，同義詞：almost

3.normal;adj正常的，反義詞：abnormal

4.confusing:adj使人困 惑的，confused: adj;

confuse: v;confusion: n

The 16th lecture of 5.explore: v 探險；College English one: explorer: n;exploration: Key to exercises: n

p303:Ⅰ.d, a, d, c, d 6.specialize: v 專門研p304:Ⅱ.1.possessions;究，specialize in sth;2.advertisement;3.variety;specialist: n 專家

4.replica;5.castoffs;7.likely;adj 有可能6.extra;7.era;8.hobby;的，be likely to do sth

9.fabulous;10.relunctant 8.profit: n 利潤，收p305:Ⅳ.1.seller;益，同義詞：benefit;v 有2.buyer;3.reporter;益于 profit from sth

4.waiter;5.artist;profitable, 6.owner;7.earner;profitless: adj

8.visitor;9.actor;9.flavor: n 味道；v 10.sailor 給?調味

Ⅴ.2.I ran across his

early works in a second-B.Important sentences: hand store.1.In the United 3.You will never States you will find believe that there are yourself being urged from people who would like to every page of newspaper buy those unwanted objects.and on practically every 5.We are bound to win television station to buy the battle.all kinds of goods that p307:Ⅱ.1.hobby;you are actually quite 2.local;3.recent;4.extra;happy without.5.stuff;6.original;譯：在美國，你會發現，7.reluctant;幾乎是每張報紙的每一頁或每8.neighbourhood;一個電視臺都在極力慫恿你購9.advertisements;買各種各樣的商品，其實不買10.enthusiasm 它們也無所謂。

Ⅲ.1.The shop has put find yourself being up many ads in the urged現在分詞的被動語態做neighborhood.賓補，be urged to do sth

3.I ran across a

friend of mine in the park 2.Not only is there a last week.wide range of prices for 4.He didn’t take goods in America, there is money with him, so he was also ?

bound to come back.否定詞放在句首句子需6.All useless items 倒裝。

should be got rid of.7.our duty is to meet C．Summary about the ever-increasing needs of phrases:

the people.1.urge to do(1段1行);9.The music really 2.instead of(2段4行);turns me off.3.range from(3段1行);10.He set out his 4.as well as(3段3行);viewpoints clearly in the 5.specialize in(3段4行);book.p313: F, T, T, T, F, F, F, T, F, F.p315: Ⅰ.b, d, c, e, a Ⅱ.1.b, 2.a, 3.d, 4.a, 5.a

Unit 12 Text A: How Dictionary Are Made

Most of us look a dictionary as the supreme authority.Then do you how dictionaries are made? Then please read our text very carefully, you can find the answers.A.New words:

1.mainly: adv;main: adj

2.grammarian: n 語法學家；grammar: n語法；grammatical: adj語法的

3.authority: n官方、權力；author: n 作者；authoritative: adj權威性的，官方的

a.Don’t be so authoritative when you ask me to do something.b.Her father is the author of the book Focus on the Learner.c.The government is the highest authority in the country.4.usage: n 使用，用法；use: n 利用, v 使用、利用；used: adj用過的；useful: adj有用的；useless: adj無用的(*)

a.He bought a dictionary of modern English usage yesterday.b.We may make good use of the ads to compare the prices of goods.c.Used cars are priced at a small part of their original cost.d.Just use your imagination to picture what could become of her.5.dispute: n/v爭吵

6.editor: n 編輯；edit: v;edition: n版本；(*)

a.The first edition of the book was 20000 copies.b.They are going to edit a book for children.c.She is a reporter as well as an editor.7.occurtence: n 發生、出現；occur: v

8.occupy: v占用、使忙碌；occupation: n;occupied: adj已占用的

9.alphabetize: v 按字母順序排列；alphabet: n 字母表

10.quotation: n 引文、引語；quote: v

11.historical: adj歷史的；history: n 歷史；historian:歷史學家；(*)a.The book is based on both personal and historical events.b.He was interested in history when he was a child and later became a historian.c.China has a recorded history of 5000 years.12.reveal: v揭露、泄露；反義詞：conceal，hide;revelation: n 13.influence: n/v與affect不同，該詞強調潛移默化的影響。Influential: adj有影響的

14.invention：n 發明；invent: v發明；inventor: n 發明家

15.ordinarily: adv通常地

16.peculiar: adj unusual 17.discard: v throw away拋棄、扔掉

B.Intensive reading;1.It’s widely believed that every word has a correct meaning, that we learn these meanings mainly from teachers and grammarians, and that dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.譯：大多數人認為每個單詞都有一個確切的意思，而我們主要是從教師和語法家那兒學會這些意思的，而且在涉及到意思和用法上，詞典和語法書是最高權威。

很多人看不懂這個句子，是因為它含有由that引導的三個主語從句。It是形式主語。

短語：in matters of sth涉及到?

2.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word

視傳送節目。”

and offer to look it up in 這句話特別注意它的虛擬the dictionary.（*）

語氣的用法。

譯：曾經有一次，我和一

位英國女士為一個詞的讀音爭C.Summary about the 執起來，我建議去查字典。

phrases: 短語：get into a 1.in matters of(1段3dispute with sb about/over 行);2.get into a dispute sth;offer to do;look sth with sb over/about sth(1up

段5-6行);3.offer to do(1

段7行);4.look sth up(13.In the United 段7行);5.bring up(1段8States, however, anyone 行);6.be willing to do(1who is willing to quarrels 段11行);7.quarrel with with the dictionary is sb(1段11行);8.be regarded as either regarded as(1段12行);eccentric or mad.9.either?or(1段12行);譯：而在美國，任何一個10.arrive at(2段1行);對詞典提出異議的都會被認為11.apply to sth(2段2行);是偏執狂或瘋子。

12.begin with(2段5行);短語：be willing to do;13.a large number of(2段8quarrel with sth;be 行);14.that is to say(3regarded as;either?or

段1行);15.along with(3 段1行);16.divide up(4段4.What follows 5行);17.according to(4段applied only to those 5行);18.base on sth(4段dictionary offices where 7行);19.set up(5段1行);first-hand, original 20.to the best of one’s research goes on—not ability(5段3行);those in which editors simply copy existing Text B: Reading dictionaries.provides necessary 譯：下面的敘述僅僅適用survival skills 于那些進行第一手創造性研究A.New words: 的詞典編輯室，而不適用那些1.survival: n 幸存、生編輯們單純照抄現有詞典的編存；survive: v;survivor: 輯室。

n 主語是What follows，2.emphasis: n 強調；where first-hand, original emphasize: v research goes on是定語從3.comprehension: n 理句修飾those dictionary 解力

offices，4.concentration: n專短語：apply to sth適注、專心； concentrate: v 用于?.on sth.5.challenge: n/v挑戰 5.If, for example, we 6.register: v 登記、記had been writing a 錄，registered letter掛號dictionary in 1890, or 信

even as late as 1919, we 7.alert: adj警覺的，could have said that the be alert to sth word “broadcast” means

“to scatter”, but we B.Intensive reading: could not have stated that 1.The expression from 1921 on, the most “haste makes waste” does common meaning of the word not apply to reading.should become “to send 譯：“欲速則不達”不適out programs by radio or 用閱讀。

television.”

譯：舉個例子來說，如果2.Nothing hurts 我們從1890年以來就一直在concentration more than 編寫一本字典，或甚至推遲到reading too slowly.1919年，我們可以說單詞譯：沒有什么比讀得慢更“broadcast”意思是“播影響集中力了。

種”，但從1921年起，我們

就不可以這么說了，它最普遍3.The more words you 的意思變成了“通過廣播或電are familiar with, the

less you are aware of reading words and the more you are aware of content and meaning.譯：你所熟悉的單詞越多，你就越不會覺得你在讀單詞，而越覺得你在讀內容和意思。

短語：The more?the less?the more;be familiar with sth;be aware of sth?

4.Good reading habits like these can help students and working adults alike to be more successful.譯：像這樣好的閱讀習慣能夠幫助學生和工作的成人取得更大的成功。

Working是現在分詞，alike是副詞，同樣的。

Grammar knowledge: preposition

介詞是一種乍看不起眼的虛詞，但它起到媒介的作用，使句中的某些詞與其余詞發生一定的關系，因此它又是十分重要的。在歷年的考試中往往會出現在：選擇填空，完型填空，翻譯等題型中。請大家記住課本上要求記憶的固定搭配。見課本p348

1.A modern woman usually does two jobs instead ___ one.2.We must remember that it is the intelligent application of technology that will lead us ____ success.3.There is atmosphere to protect us ____ the sun’s deadly rays.4.The food of the plant is different ____ that of animals.5.Washing food down with water as a substitute ____ chewing is not a good idea.6.He always turned on the lights ____ a random order.7.You have to put up ____ the advertising if you want the entertainment.8.She was not well prepared ___ too much new technology in the office all at once.9.They are not satisfied ____ the

conclusion they have come to.10.____ contrast, the modern husband may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual ___ him to cook.key to the exercises: of;to;from;from;for;in;with;for;with;in, for

The 17th lecture of College English one: Unit 13 Text A: Insurance Do you buy any insurance for yourself or your family? This lecture we’ll talk insurance in America.There are many kinds of insurance in the United States.Americans are unwilling to discuss insurance out of some reasons.But no matter how it’s better to plan for unpleasant situations by finding means to deal with them to just hope that they will never happen.A.New words: 1.insurance: n 保險；insure: v 給?買保險

2.agent: n 代理人；agency: n 代理

3.coverage: n 覆蓋，總括；cover: v 4.protection: n保護，防護；protect: v protect sb from sth;protective: adj保護的

5.consumer: n 消費者；consume: v 花費，消費；consumption: n(*)a.We should protect the interest of consumers.b.He consumed much time and energy in writing this book.c.The consumption of the material has been reduced year by year.6.disturb: v打擾；disturbance: n May I disturb you for a moment?

lucky,名詞：fortune, luck

19.occur: v發生，sth 7.policy: n 方針，保險occur to sb某事被人想起;單

occurrence: n 8.sum: n 總數；v總a.The traffic accident 結，概括，sum up

occurred at midnight.9.miracle: n 奇跡；b.A good idea occurred miraculous: adj 奇跡般的

to me immediately.10.adequate: adj 20.professional: adjsufficient,反義詞：職業的；profession: n專inadequate;

業、職業

21.ignorance: n 無知、11.major: n專業；v主愚昧；ignorant: adj愚昧的

修

22.intelligently: adva.My major is English 明智地；intelligent: adj;and American literature at intelligence: n智慧（*）

college.a.Human beings are

much more intelligent than 12.remind: v提醒，animals.remind sb of sth, remind b.The children were sb to do sth（*), remind given an intelligence test.that...c.The smart boy a.I must remind you answered every question of your promise.intelligently.b.please remind me

to answer that letter.23.somehow: adv不知怎

么地，以某種方式；somewhat: 13.unsafe: adj不安全adv稍微 的，同義詞:dangerous, 反義24.opposite: adj/adv/n 詞：safe;safety: n安全a.I sat opposite to（*）

him during the meal.(prep)a.The police work for b.The girl sitting the safety of all the opposite is a famous people who live in this dancer.(adv)city.c.In England you must b.It is not safe to drive on the opposite side skate on that thin ice.of the road to the rest of c.Tell them not to Europe.(adj)cross that bridge because

it is unsafe.25.effective: adj有效 的；effect: n;affect: v 14.possibility: n 可能26.proven: adj被證實性，possible: adj可能的，的；prove: v證實、證明，impossible.不用被動語態。

15.injury: n 傷害、損a.The method proved to 害；injure: v;injured: be very effective.adj受傷的

b.He proved himself to 16.loss: n 損失；lost: be an excellent designer.adj丟失的、迷失的；lose:

v(*)

B.Intensive reading: a.You should make good 1.The American use of your time.There is consumer often feels not a moment to lose.constantly disturbed by b.The explorers got insurance agents.(*)lost in hate thick forest.譯：美國的消費者常常覺c.The loss caused by 得受到保險代理人的不斷騷the fire was adequately 擾。

covered by insurance.考點：feels constantly

disturbed 17.financial: adj 財政 的、金融的；finance: n財2.Three reasons why 政、金融；financier: n 金we are unwilling to 融家，CFo

discuss insurance can be 18.unfortunate: adj suggested.unlucky, 反義詞：fortunate, 譯：有三條理由可以說明

為什么我們不愿討論保險。

Why引導定語從句。短語：be unwilling to do;

3.We feel inadequate and try to hide our ignorance by avoiding discussions of insurance.譯：我們感到對保險知識的缺乏，于是逃避討論保險，企圖掩飾我們的無知。

考點：feel inadequate;try to do;by avoiding;

4.These three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.譯：這三個不討論保險的原因恰恰是我們為什么要知之更多的好理由。

分析：not discussing是動名詞的否定式。主語：These three reasons for not discussing insurance；謂語：provide;賓語：three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it，包含一個why引導的定語從句。

5.Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.譯：買保險的時候也不能完全依賴保險代理人。

因為以否定詞“neither”開頭，因此需要部分倒裝。

短語：depend on

6.It is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them than to just hope that they will somehow go away.譯：我們對這些情況做出安排，找到應付它們的方法，這就比僅僅希望這些厄運能遠離我們要好得多。

正常語序：That we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them is better than to just hope that they will somehow go away.考點：better?than;deal with;plan for sth, by finding means

7.Insurance fundamentals can be understood by those

willing to study them.譯：那些愿意學習它們的人能理解保險的基本原理。

考點：can be 10.reduce, decrease: 減少

11.GNp = Gross National product國民生產 Exercise:

1.The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.(tie)

ive act→active;progress→progressive understood;willing to study them 作定語修飾those.C.Summary about phrases: 1.be eager to(1段8行);2.on guard（2段3行）;3.at best（2段4行）;4.agree to do（3段3行）;5.a sum of money（3段3行）;6.in effect（3段5行）;7.pay for（3段7行）;8.remind sb that?;（4段1行）9.in our heart（4段4行）;10.depend on（6段6行）;11.look sth in the face（7段1行）;12.deal with（7段4行）;

Text B: What Is Money and What Are Its Functions? The four major functions of money are as a medium of exchange, a standard of value, a standard of deferred payment, and a store of value.貨幣的四個主要功用是：交換的媒介，價值的標準，延期付款的標準和價值的儲存手段。

A.New words: 1.disagreement: agreement, disagree, agree 2.economist: n 經濟學家，economy: n 經濟、節約；economic: adj經濟的；economical: adj節約的；economize: v 節約

3.exchange: n/v交換、交流

4.payment: n付款；pay: v;payer: n付款人，tax payer 5.inconvenient: adj不方便的，inconvenience;convenient, convenience 6.sacrifice;v/n犧牲 7.coincidence: n巧合、同時發生；coincide: v同時發生；coincident: adj巧合的

What a coincidence!8.respond: v respond to sth;response: n 9.conscious: adj有意識的，be conscious of sth;unconscious 總值；

2.The first GDp = Gross textbook ____ for teaching Domestic product國內生產English as a foreign 總值

language came out in the

16th century.(write)B.Summary about the 3.I played under a phrases:

big tree, with my father 1.be familiar with(1____ in the fields.(work)段1行);2.a great deal 4.All our savings of(1段5行);3.a number ____, we must look for a of(1段7行);4.rule out(3new job.(go)段2行);5.search for(3段 5.The question 5行);6.respond to sth(4_____, we continued to do 段5行);7.rather than(4the work.(settle)段6行);8.in terms of(4 key: 1.tied;段6行);9.whether or 2.written;3.working;not(4段7行);10.be 4.gone;5.having been conscious of(4段7行);settled 11.serve as(5段6行);12.only if/If only(5段9 行);13.convert into(6段6 行);14.associate with(6

段7行);15.be involved in(6段9行)

The 18th lecture of 分詞的獨立主格：

College English one: 當我們介紹分詞短語作狀形容詞后綴： 語時講過它的邏輯主語應是主 able, ible 句的主語，但有時根據句子的 accept→acceptable;需要分詞短語要有一個獨立的response→responsible 主語，我們稱之為獨立主格。

a.It being Sunday, al you needn’t go to school.form→formal;nation = Because it is →national Sunday, you needn’t go to

school.an b.All people having America→American;arrived, the meeting began.Russia→Russian = After all people

had arrived, the meeting ant, ent began.differ→different;c.Weather permitting, resist→resistant we’ll go to the Summer

palace.ary, ory = If weather explain→explanatory;permits, we’ll go to the second→secondary Summer palace.d.All the work done, ern you can go home.east→eastern;west = After all the →western work is done, you can go

home.ful 當動詞和主語之間存在 care→careful;help主動關系時，用現在分詞；

→helpful;use→useful 當動詞和主語之間存在

被動關系時，用過去分詞；

less 另外，分詞作獨立主格 care→careless;help時前面可加with.→helpless;use→useless The park is

beautiful with all the ic trees putting on a tender base→basic;economygreen.→economic

ous

danger→dangerous;fame→famous

y

wind→windy;cloud→cloudy;dirt→dirty

ish

England→English;fool→foolish;red→reddish

動詞后綴： en

black→blacken;sharp→sharpen;wide→widen

fy;ify

pure→purify;beauty→beautify

ize, ise computer→computerize;real→realize

副詞后綴： ly: careful→carefully;easy→easily;true→truly

Key to some exercises:

p365:Ⅰ.a.c.c.d.b.p366:Ⅱ.1.agent;2.policy;3.adequate;4.occur;5.remind;6.ignorance;7.complex;8.entirely;9.fundamentals;10.concepts

Ⅲ.1.evil;2.sell;3.inadequate;4.expensive;5.unfortunate;

6.impossible;7.finally;8.unsafe;9.illness;10.hide, conceal

p367:Ⅳ.looking for, address, familiar with, guide, places of interest, sum, period, if, look forward to, sincerely

p369:Ⅱ.1.effective;2.evil;3.inadequate;4.sum;5.complex;6.agent;7.miracle;8.protection;

9.opposite;10.possibility Ⅲ.2.In effect, it took us as much time to look for the book as it did to read it.3.Her letter reminded me of the good days that we spent together.4.Except for a few insurance professionals, most of us don’t understand exactly what insurance is.5.The method has been proven and is still effective.8.His major is engine technology in this institute.Unit 14 Text A: The Importance of Being Kind and polite There is a saying: when salute, you’ll be saluted.people usually follow some rules of behavior in social activities.These rules represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and unacceptable.However, there are rude people whose behavior shows little respect for such rules.As we know, being polite and showing respect can lead us to success in life.So it’s a good idea to be kind and polite people.A.New words: 1.frankly: adv, frank: adj, to be frank;frankness: n 2.boring: adj令人討厭的；bore: v;bored: adj;boredom: n厭煩、厭倦

3.honestly: adv正直地；honest: adj, to be honest;honesty: n誠實、正直(*)a.Honesty is the best policy.b.I didn’t tell anyone, honestly, I didn’t.c.To be honest with you, he often speaks evil of you behind your back.4.impress: v;impression: n;impressive: adj(*)

c.She is wearing a a.I was greatly different dress every time impressed by his speech.I see her.b.The book didn’t

impress me at all.15.discipline: n紀

律，v訓練

5.collection: n 收集、16.employer: n雇主；收藏品；collect: v

employee: n雇員；employ: 6.misunderstand: v誤v;employment: n(*)解、誤會；understand: v;a.The factory is going understanding;

to employ 20 more workers.misunderstanding(*)

b.He left his hometown a.I can’t understand to look for employment in why he shows no respect a big city.for the rules the majority c.She has been working follows.for the same employer for b.We should do 20 years.everything possible to d.The total number of clear up the many office employees almost misunderstandings between doubled.us.c.He is not happy 17.individual: n/adj;because his wife always individualize: v個性化；misunderstands him.individuality: n個性

18.kindness: n;kind: 7.interact: v互相作adj 用；interaction: n

8.behavior: n;behave: B.Intensive reading: v

1.Failing to be 9.unacceptable: adj;impressed by a friend’s acceptable: adj;accept: v;collection of stamps, acceptance: n(*)

yawning when a golfer a.She received a gift tells you that great shot from him, but she didn’t he made on the 14th hole, accept.or falling asleep when b.He is angry with her friends show pictures from because her words are their last trip to Sault totally unacceptable.Ste are all things that c.If you think the educated people try not to plan is acceptable, you do.should do it according to 譯：一個朋友向你展示他the plan right now.的郵票集，你卻毫無感覺；一

個高爾夫球手告訴你他在打第10.rude: adj;rudely: 十四洞時打了多么漂亮的一adv

桿，你卻打哈欠；或者當朋友11.bother: v;們向你展示上次去圣蘇馬力旅bothersome: adj

行的照片時，你卻睡著了，這12.adolescent: n青少些都是有教養的人盡力避免去年；adolescence: n 青春期

作的事情。

13.swear: v宣誓、咒罵 分析：Failing to be a.She swears on her impressed by a friend’s honor.collection of stamps, b.What is she swearing yawning when a golfer about?

tells you that great shot

he made on the 14th hole, 14.indifferent: adj冷or falling asleep when 漠的 be indifferent to friends show pictures from sb/sth；different: adj不their last trip to Sault 同的；difference: n(*)

Ste是句子的主語，動名詞作a.I’m indifferent to 主語。

whether you go or stay.To 短語：fail to do;be be honest with you, I impressed by;fall asleep don’t care.b.There are big 2.This is what differences between the manners are about: acting two languages.in a civilized way to

avoid misunderstanding, friction, and conflict.譯：這就是禮節所包含的內容：以文明的方式行事，防止產生誤解、摩擦和沖突。

注意: in a ?way;avoid doing sth

3.A new class of rude people has been born: the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.譯：一個新的舉止粗魯的階層正在興起：那就是“看我多神氣”的打電話者，無聊的電話聊天對我們的頭腦健康造成的危害不亞于吸煙對于肺部造成的危害。

注意：as + adj + to sb + as比較對象

Reading is as important to us as it is to you.4.There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.譯：很多孩子和青少年的行為總的來說是不可接受的。

考點：whose behavior

5.Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.譯：不懂得禮貌的孩子遲早會為此付出代價的。

短語：have no idea;pay the price;sooner or later

分析：Kids主語，will pay謂語；the price賓語；who have no idea what being polite means定語，包含一個賓語從句，being polite是賓語從句的主語。

6.When they join the work force, their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.譯；當他們工作后，老板和同事不久就會認識到這些粗魯的年輕人的行為更像動物而不象文明人。

注意幾個詞：alike;be closer to that of animals

其中that代表behavior;than

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.think of(1段3行);2.fail to do(1段4行);3.tell sb about sth(1段5行);4.fall asleep(1段6行);5.in a civilized way(1段8行);6.avoid doing(1段8行);7.interact with sb(2段1行);8.respect for(2段5行);9.light up(3段3行);10.be dangerous to(3段6行);11.refuse to do(4段4行);12.have no idea(4段5行);13.pay the price(4段5行);14.sooner or later(4段6行);15.be close to(4段8行);16.because of(4段11行);17.get ahead(4段12行);18.give sb an edge(5段3行);19.start with(5段4行);20.be based on(5段5行)

Text B: Why We Walk in Circles A.New words: 1.foggy: adj 有霧的；fog: n 霧

2.motion: n運動；v 打手勢，motion to 3.intend: v intend to do;4.even: adj平坦的、平滑的；uneven: 不平坦的

5.mystery: n神秘，mysterious: adj神秘的

B.Important phrases: 1.rather than: you’re watching rather than pinning.(1段2行)2.keep ? from: all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going.（2段3行）

3.be worth doing: this problem was worth investigating.（4段2行）

4.succeed in doing: one group of rowers who tried to cross three miles of water in foggy weather never succeeded in reaching their goal.（5段3行）

5.wind up: have you ever wound up a toy automobile and started it off across the floor?（7段1行）6.no more?than: the c.Ten years muscles of a man’s arms later, when she saw her are no more identical than friend again, her heart the muscles of his legs.began to beat violently.（11段1行）

2.exposure: n暴露、揭露；expose: v expose to The 19th lecture of sth;College English one:

3.allocate: v分配、Key to exercises: 分派 allocate sth to sb； p396:Ⅰ.d, c, c, a, allocation: n d.Ⅲ.1.impression;4.significantly: adv2.kindness;3.ignorance;有意義地；significant: adj;4.behavior;5.majority;significance: n意義；6.awareness;7.attraction;insignificant(*)8.danger;9.possibility;a.The return of 10.protection

Hong Kong is of great p399: Ⅲ.2.They historical significance.aren’t even aware that b.The old man this is not a good habit.said to us significantly, 3.We should learn “life is not easy for any to respect fro others and of us.”

avoid friction or conflict.c.Few things 4.They swear are more significant of a they’ll finish the job no man’s interests than the matter what happens.books on his shelves.6.I’m not thirsty.Don’t bother to make tea 5.given: prep考慮for me.到?

7.His attitude Given good health, I towards his work impressed hope to finish the work me deeply.this year.Unit 15

Text A: 6.adopt: v采取、采How TV Violence Affects 納、收養；adoption: n Kids

a.We adopted Do you liking their suggestion.watching TV? What are your b.They decided favorite programs on TV? to adopt the homeless TV has been part of many child.people’s daily life since

it was invented a century 7.distinguish: v區ago.and most evidence 別、辨別；

show that the violence The ability to talk programs on TV affects distinguishes human beings most children.Why and how from animals.we should do to avoid such

bad effects on children? 8.reality: n;real: Now let’s read the text adj;really: adv(*)together.This is an a.Things that important article.You happen in real life are need learn it very sometimes stranger than attentively.things that occur in

fiction.A.New words:

b.He really 1.violence: n 暴力；didn’t know the answer.violent: adj暴力的； c.Her dream of violently: adv，nonviolent: coming to China has become adj(*)

a reality.a.Many people

complain too much violence 9.subtlety: n微妙之is shown on television.處；subtle: adj 微妙的

b.people are 10.moral: adj道德sometimes violent when 的，反義詞：immoral they become very angry.11.recovery: n恢

復；recover: v, recover from sth

12.unrealistic: adj不切實際的，反義詞：realistic

13.imitative: adj模仿的；imitate: v模仿；imitation: n

14.imaginative: adj富于想象的；imagine: v;imagination: n想象力（*）

a.You can never imagine how inconvenient our life would be without electricity.b.His paintings show that he is a very imaginative child.c.The job requires not only intelligence, but also imagination.15.expressive: adj表現的；express: v表達；expression: n

a.She can express herself well both in Chinese and English.b.There is a strange expression in her eyes that I can’t understand.c.I can never forget her expressive smile.16.interpret: v解釋、說明；interpretation: n;interpreter: n翻譯（口譯）

17.monitor: n監聽器，v監聽、監視

18.crazy: adj發瘋的；be crazy about sth;crazy English

19.critique: n評論文章；critic: n評論家；

20.imply: v暗示；implication: n

21.fascination: n 魅力；fascinate: v吸引；fascinating: adj吸引人的

22.guilty: adj內疚的；guilt: n；guiltless: adj無罪的

23.commercially: adv商業地；commerce: n;commercial: adj

24.altenative: n取舍；adj供選擇的

B.Intensive reading: 1.For more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing that children’s exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.譯：在25年多的時間里，越來越多的證據表明，孩子們接觸到電視里的暴力場面對他們的行為有著持久的影響。

that children’s exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior是同位語從句，修飾evidence;短語：have effect on sth 2.?points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed.(2段3行)譯：?指出學齡前兒童特別容易受到傳媒的影響，因為他們還不能把幻想與現實完全區別開來，對做出行為的潛在動機和道德沖突的微妙性的理解力還沒有得到很好的發展。

分析：that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media是賓語從句；because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed是原因狀語從句。

短語：point out;be able to do;distinguish sth from sth;

3.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.譯：很自然地，孩子們常常想要在這些電視節目里展示的或做廣告的玩具。

考點：shown和advertised是過去分詞作定toys found in the home.語修飾the toys

譯：一起商量如何監控

孩子們的游戲時間，以及控制 4.With these toys, 家里的暴力玩具的數量。

their play tends to be 考點：the amount of more imitative than time of violence programs;imaginative.the number of violent toys;譯：有了這些玩具，他found過去分詞作定語修飾們游戲時就更傾向于模仿而不toys.是想象。

短語：tend to有?傾 C.Brief summary 向；more?than與其?而不about phrases: 如

1.exposure to sth(1

段2行);2.have effect 5.Some research even on(1段2行);3.the amount suggests that children of/ the number of(1段3，5apply the behaviors 行);4.point out(2段3行);observed on TV programs to 5.distinguish from(2段5their real-life situations.行);6.tend to(3段2行);譯：某一項研究表明孩7.make sense of sth(3段7子們甚至把從電視里觀察到的行);8.apply sth to sth(3行為應用在真實生活的場景段9行);9.appear to(4段2中。

行);10.be crazy about(4 Suggest這里不用虛段3行);11.act on(1段5擬，apply sth to sth應行)用?;observed過去分詞作

定語。

Text B: Why Don’t

Girls Think Like Boys? 6.It is a good idea 1.exception: n例for parents to monitor the 外；except: prep/v amount as well as the kind 2.male, female of television their 3.aggression: n侵preschool child watches.犯，aggressive: adj侵略（*）的；aggressiveness: n進取 譯；父母們監控學齡前精神

兒童看電視的時間和節目類 4.sample: n樣本 別，這是一個好主意。

5.advantage: n優 考點：the amount of 點、優勢；disadvantage sth, as well as，6.treatment: n治 主語：for parents to 療；treat: v monitor the amount as well 7.consequently: adv as the kind of television therefore their preschool child 8.satisfactorily: watches；it是形式主語。

adv滿意地

9.responsibility: n 7.Many preschool 責任；be responsible for teachers don’t like to sth對?負責任的

have commercially made toy

weapons brought into the Homework: classroom and welcome 選詞填空：

hearing your concerns as well as, crazy about this matter.about, distinguish from, 譯：許多學齡前兒童的apply to, tend to, put 老師不喜歡商業性的玩具武器together, point out, the 被帶進教室，他們愿意聽聽你amount of, the number of, 們對這件事的關心。

make sense 句型：have sth 1.He is ____ done(*);welcome doing sth;computer.concern about sth

2.The test is please have your important for you ____ for blood pressure taken.me.3.Did he mean to 8.Work together to ____ the principles ___ control the amount of software development? violence programs watched 4.____ lift and the number of violent increases with the speed

of the aircraft.5.Your whole account of these incidents doesn’t _____.6.I can hardly ____ one ____ the other;they are so much alike.7.people ____ get fat as they grow older.8.It is about time someone ____ his errors to him.9.It is easier to take a machine to pieces than to ___ them ____ again.10.____ competitors for selling computers is increasing.1.crazy about;2.as well as;3.apply?to;4.the amount of;5.make sense;6.distinguish from;7.tend to;8.pointed out;9.put together;10.the number of

寫出下列單詞的名詞形式：

1.imaginative;

2.evident;3.fascinating;4.imitative;5.real;6.violent;7.significant;8.relate;9.observe;10.natural

key:

1.imagination;

2.evidence;3.fascination;4.imitation;5.reality;6.violence;7.significance;8.relation;9.observation;10.nature

The 20th lecture of College English one

英語(一)測試

本試題分兩部分，第一部分為選擇題，50分；第二部分為非選擇題，50分。

part one

一、選擇題。（20分）

1.Sickness often results ______ eating too much.A.from B.in C.as D.by

2.They have decided to carry ________ their

own views.B.to share

C.people all day long, 2 for buy or sell things A.through share D.shares the smallest, most sometimes.Even students, B.on C.out 13.There are many ordinary things.If a who are usually not very D.over children ________ behavior waitress brings you a cup rich, have to learn 3.Though it looked is generally unacceptable.of coffee, you say “thank something about making like rain this morning, it A.their you”.When you pay 3 your purchases intelligently.has turned _______ to be a B.who

C.food and get your 4, you As a student you may find, fine day.whose

D.of say “thank you” to the for example, that you need A.down whom cashier.If someone 5 you to buy a typewriter or B.to C.14.She has neither directions in the street, winter clothing.You may on D.out read the book nor _____ you say “thank you”.want to buy a television 4.problems ______ the film.However, those are all or a used car.of course, in a variety of ways.A.see inappropriate expression you want to get good value A.rise B.seen

C.of gratitude to make for your money.If you are B.arise C.arouse D.raise 5.I’m ____ with talking to you.You never listen to me.A.feeding up B.fed up C.fed off D.fed back 6.They spend their weekends _____ from sale to sale, hoping to run across a real treasure.A.to go B.going C.at going D.gone 7.Some children get ___ a bad habit of switching on TV as soon as they come back home.A.in B.up C.on D.into 8.________ of my knowledge, I have never seen the person before.A.To the best B.With the best C.In the best D.Make the best 9.You must ________ what you are doing is quite illegal.A.aware that B.be aware of C.be aware that D.aware of 10.The doctor took X-rays to ____ the chance of broken bones.A.rule against B.rule off C.rule over

D.rule out 11.Money provides a unit of account that serves _______ a standard to measure value.A.as B.for

C.with D.in 12.Did he intend us _____ the cost of dinner? A.sharing sees D.saw westerners very 6 and give 15.Children them an impression of naturally often want the insincerity.For example, toys ______ on TV programs.if your advisor spends A.show half an hour 7 you with B.to show

C.your thesis, you 8 say showing

D.“ thank you, I really 9 shown your kindness.” That is 16.The American quite enough.Still better family of today is to say “I am sorry to different from the family have taken 10 so much of ____ fifty years ago.your time.” Try to make A.for things casual, never B.of C.in overdo.D.about 1.A.what 17.Heat has many B.that

C.all effects, most of _______ D.things will be familiar through 2.A.especially everyday experience.B.even

C.in A.them addition D.whatever B.those C.3.A.back that D.which B.off

C.for 18.There were firms D.on who specialized ______ 4.A.change supplying cars.B.money

C.pay A.in D.bill B.on

C.5.A.does with D.for B.shows

C.has 19.Remember, got D.goes for nothing hurts 6.A.concentration _______ comfortable

B.reading too slow.uncomfortable C.A.rather than dissatisfaction

D.B.as well as C.more satisfied than D.instead of 7.A.to help 20.In the garage B.helping

C.on sale, eager buyers bought helping D.help all but 50 of the unwanted 8.A.should items in one weekend, B.will have to

C.leaving the family $442 might D.are able __________ to A.rich 9.A.appreciate B.better C.B.accept

C.want richer

D.D.get good 10.A.in B.on

C.up

二、完型填空。（10D.off 分）“Thank you ”

三、閱讀理解。（20means 1 you realize that 分）someone has done something passage one for you.Thus we thank Everyone has to

considering a major purchase, or any purchase，you should remember three important things.Study first, and

then decide what you want to buy.You can learn a lot by reading books and

ads.Remember that is a high quality product will probably last longer and

work better.of course, for a superior product you can expect to pay more.An

inferior product may not give you the same quality, but the price should be low.perhaps this seems

obvious, but you must know the quality.Don’t just look at the price.A poor

quality product could be expensive.And a valuable one could be on sale at a

greatly reduced price.Don’t hurry.Take your time.After you decide what product you

want, go to many different stores.If you can’t find the product you want, you

may try to order it directly from the factory or ask the store to order

it for you.Look for a good deal.If you wait, you will probably find

that your product will go on sale and you may be able to save 10, 20, or even 50 percent off the

original price.Finally, before you buy, make sure that the product is guaranteed.If you don’t like it, you wan to be able to get your money back.If you

carefully examine your own preferences and then shop

until you find the lowest

possible price, you will olympics, men and women generally be happy with from almost every nation your purchase and also in the world attempt to keep more money in the run faster, jump higher bank.and longer, lift heavier 1.While you go and heavier weights and shopping, you should pay throw further and further.more attention to They are all competing for _____________.that ultimate prize: an A.price olympic gold medal.Some are paid now.Since 1982 10.The

the International olympic International olympic Committee has allowed Committee ______________.money from appearance and A.makes athletes advertising to be kept for pay to enter the games B.the competitor until he or lets athletes be paid to she retires and even used enter the games for training purposes and C.prevents amateurs expenses.from entering the games

Are we pushing the D.lets athletes use B.quality

C.information

D.intelligence 2.You can get by reading books and ads_______________.A.information about products B.facts of property C.messages of a process D.knowledge of the amount of products 3.It is dangerous by its price alone _________.A.to bring a product into effect B.to argue about a product C.to judge a product D.to deal with a product 4.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage? A.If you wait for a sale, you may be able to save 10, 20, or even 50 percent off the original price.B.A superior product will probably work better but the price may be high.C.Two important things should be remembered when you have some shopping to do.D.You have to pay in advance when you order a product from the store.5.You may buy a television or a used car.Here the word “used” apparently means ________.A.helpful B.producing good results C.second-hand D.valuable passage Two The olympic Games are an international sports competition.In the only fail by hundreds of a athletes too hard? Can we second or fractions or a expect the athletes to millimeter but are content

live up to the ideal of with silver or bronze.the Games without the help Most are extremely happy of modern science and just to be there and in so

technology? Indeed, how doing agree with the other much further can the human motto of the games which body go? Is it too late to says that it is not

go back to the pure ideal winning that is important of the ancient Games or is but taking part.it just another part of However, as the our life that is olympics reach the end of

increasingly dominated by the 20th century and look technology? forward to the 21st, it 6.Competitors at seems as if this second

the olympics want to ideal is no longer a _____________.realistic one for our A.do more than just competitive world.Much as participate

B.we are happy to see the

perform better than anyone medals won, it is not else enough.We all want to C.come as close as witness that moment in

possible to the fast time history when something is D.entertain the achieved for the very spectators in the stadium first time.and at home Yet in this search

7.The second motto for greater achievements __________.we are seriously in danger A.is too idealistic of losing the very ideal B.has never satisfied the of the olympic Games and general public possibly of sport in

C.would most likely general.We are no longer to the best of their content to see men and ability women try their hardest D.has been having trained themselves

overtaken by the first to the peak of their motto performance;we demand new 8.Non-competitors records.Although we desire most strongly to criticize them for doing

see ___________.so, turning to drugs may A.a world record be the only way some being broken athletes see of satisfying

B.an olympic record being the public’s hunger.broken Even though we C.athletes contest pretend that the olympics to the best of their are still the last

ability preserve of the amateur D.their countrymen ideal, we know that to be and women win a first a world – class athlete

prize now is full – time 9.Taking drugs may activity.It is not only help athletes _________.the intensive training A.to eat more B.given to potential to train less C.to be champions by the super – critical

D.to powers.But many athletes perform better

the money from commercials.part two

四、單詞拼寫。（10分）1.收集、收藏品 n c_____________ 2.冷漠的、不關心的a i______________ 3.優點、優勢

n a______________ 4.非暴力的a

n______________ 5.財政的、金融的a f_______________ 6.交換、交流

n/v e_______________ 7.挑戰

n/v c_______________ 8.發明、創造 n i_________________

9占用、占有

v o______________ 10.有效果地 ad

e_________________ 11.討價還價 n

b_________________ 12.勉強的a r___________________

13專門研究

v s_________________ 14.起初的、原來的 a

o________________ 15.環境 n e__________________

16.想象力

n i_________________ 17.預言、預報

n

p_______________ 18.不能接受的a u_______________ 19.供選擇的 adj

a___________ 20.現實、實際

n r_____________

五、用動詞正確的時態填空。（10分）

1.Insurance fundamentals can

_________(understand)by those willing to study them.2.Do you know why

people are unwilling ___________(discuss)insurance? 3.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always _____(little)than perfect.4.He bought her what she wanted, ____________(regard)of the expenses.5._________(Use)cars are priced at a small part of their original cost.6.The __________(far)away an object is, the smaller it looks.7.To some extent, my opinion ____________(influence)by my parents.8.He had his leg ________(injury)trying to save a boy from a passing train.9.The headmaster made a bad __________(impress)on the parents.10.We thanked them for their ___________(kind).六、漢譯英。（15分）

1．解決實際問題的辦法事先不能預見。

2．他昨天買到的只是一件沒有什么價值的東西。

3．任何與字典爭論的人被看成是瘋子。

4．我們不愿意討論保險的一個原因是保險很費錢。

5．父母控制孩子看暴力電視節目的數量是個好主意。

七、英譯漢。（15分）

A hobby is an interesting way of spending your free time.It’s an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with dishes.It’s more like a special friend that you choose for yourself.You spend your free time with it because it interests you and because you enjoy it.Since different people like to do

are crazy about football.different things in their 5.I think your plan spare time, we would make is good but is there an a long list of hobbies, alternative to it? taking in everything from 6.We should learn collecting matchboxes and to distinguish right from raising rare fish, to wrong.learning about the stars 7.You can interpret and making model ships.this term in many ways.Some hobbies are very 8.He adopted a firm popular: stamp collecting, attitude towards this painting and cycling, for matter.example;while others are 9.The mother’s quite unusual, like words implied that the collecting insects or children might watch TV traveling on all the twice a week.trains in one country.10.His job is to monitor radio broadcasts Key to some from a certain country.exercises(20講內容)

p444:Ⅰ.T, T, F, F, p432:Ⅰ.d, a, c, b, T, T, T, F, T, F a

p446: Ⅱ.1.a.2.c.Ⅱ.1.allocate;3.b;4.c;5.b 2.significantly;3.model;4.fantacy;5.motive;

6.jeopardize;7.interpret;The 21st lecture of 8.monitor;9.initate;College English one: 10.depict;11.critiques;Unit 16

Text A: 12.fascination;Heart Disease: Treat or 13.alternative

prevent? p433: The death rate from Ⅲ.1.imagination;heart disease has been 2.evidence;3.fascinationl;increasing at an alarming 4.imitation;5.reality;speed.It’s said that 6.violence;7.significance;heart diseases associated 8.relation;9.observation;with stress, smoking and a 10.nature

lack of exercise and the p434:Ⅴ.1.Violence way people live.people movies have a powerful are paying more and more effect on preschool attention to avoid children.suffering from the heart 2.parents should disease.So I hope this monitor the amount as well text will be beneficial to as the kind of TV their all of you.children watch.3.preschool A.New words: children aren’t fully 1.killer: n 兇手、殺人able to distinguish 者；kill: v fantasy from reality.2.alarming: adj 驚人 p436: Ⅱ.1.imitate;的；alarm: n警報的聲音或2.interpret;3.motive;信號，alarm clock;v警告4.monitor;5.evidence;或驚嚇

6.recovery;7.reality;

8.undermined;

3.surgical: adj外科9.alternative;10.violence 的；surgery: n外科、手 p437: 1.The peace 術；surgeon: n 外科醫生，talks have a long-lasting physician: n內科醫生（*）

effect on the relationship a.Surgery is the between the two countries.science and practice of 2.Given good health, treating injuries and I hope to finish the wotk diseases by operations.this year.b.A good surgeon must 3.I must point out have an eagle’s eyes, a that it’s unrealistic for lion’s heart and a us not to make a mistake.lady’s hand.4.Many young people c.The patient is in

need of surgical treatment.4.technological: adj工藝的、工業技術的；technology: n工藝、技術應用；technique: n 技能、技術、方法；technical: adj 技術的、技藝的；technician: n技術員、技師（*）

a.The machine has broken down, but one of our technicians will repair it.b.Jim has always been interested in engineering, but he has not yet had any technical training in the field.c.The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is called MIT for short.d.Technique must be gained by practice.e.The invention of the steam engine was a great technological advance.5.advance: v/n 前進、進展；advanced: adj 進步的

6.enable: v使能夠，enable sb to do sth;en + adj/n→V: en + large→enlarge;en + rich→enrich;en + danger→endanger etc.able: adj能夠的；ability: n 能力

Airplanes enable people to travel in the air.7.benefit: n 益處、好處；v 得益，benefit from sth/sb;beneficial: adj 有益的；beneficiary: n 受益人

8.critic: n批評家、評論家；critique: n評論

9.disadvantage: n 不利地位、不利條件，反義詞：advantage;disadvantageous: adj不利的；advantageous: adj有利的

10.resource: n資源、謀略, HR= human resource

11.prevention: n防止、預防；prevent: v, prevent?from;preventable: adj可阻止的；preventive: adj預防的、預備的(*)

a.prevention is better than cure.b.Security measures were taken to prevent the prisoners from escaping.c.Her brother caught cold yesterday, so her mother asked her to take some preventive medicine.12.recover: v恢復，recover from?;recovery: n恢復

I hope you will soon recover from your disease.13.expertise: n專門知識；expert: n 專家，adj熟練的

14.researcher: n 研究者；research: n/v 15.emphasize: v 強調；emphasis: n 強調

16.connection: n 連接、關系；connect: v 17.sufficient: adj足夠的，反義詞：insufficient;adequate, inadequate;sufficiency: n 足夠

18.rely: v, rely on/upon;depend on/upon 19.dietary: adj節食的；diet: n飲食；be on diet節食

20.stress: n壓力，pressure;v 強調 emphasize

B.Intensive reading: 1.The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years.譯：由于心臟病死亡的人數在過去的三十年中一直以驚人的速度增長。

考點：介詞from,表示“由于”，has been increasing是現在完成進行時，強調動作一直持續進行，未間斷。at?speed以?速度。

2.Western health-care systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.譯：西方國家的衛生保健體系花費大筆的金錢研究這種疾病的外科治療方法。

注意：習慣用法：huge sum of money;spend on sth

3.This emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years.考點：cause?to rise譯：對治療方法的強調顯導致?的上漲，be necessary 然是與過去十年至十五年間發for sth;they raise 生的技術進步聯系在一起的。

costs ?;whose treatment 注意：emphasis on sth;requires the equipment.be associated wit sth;take place:發生，該短語無7.The third 被動語態。定語從句的時disadvantage is that 態。

doctors are encouraged to

perform surgery – even on 4.Although there is no patients for whom an doubt that a large number operation is not at all of people benefit from necessary – because the heart surgery, critics of equipment and surgical our health-care systems expertise is available.point out that the 譯：第三個缺陷，因為他emphasis on the surgical 們既有設備又有專業知識，醫treatment of the disease 生們被鼓勵施行此種手術，即has three clear 使有些病人根本不需要。

disadvantages.考點：be encouraged to 譯：雖然毫無疑問心臟手do sth;on patients for 術可以讓很多人獲益非淺，但whom an operation is not 有些衛生保健體系的批評人士at all necessary的語序指出，強調以手術治療這種疾是：an operation on the 病有三個明顯的缺陷。

patients is not necessary 短語多：there is no for them?注意介詞的使用。

doubt that毫無疑問;a

large number of很多;8.In the recent past, benefit from獲益;point medical researchers have out指出.begun to emphasize the

fact that heart disease is 5.First, it attracts associated with stress, interest and financial smoking and a lack of resources away from the exercise, and we can often question of prevention.reduce the risk of heart 譯：首先，它使人們的興disease by paying more 趣和資金都不放在疾病的預防attention to these factors.上。

譯：最近幾年，醫療研究That is, people don’t 人員開始強調心臟病是由壓spend too much interest 力，吸煙以及缺乏鍛煉引起and financial resources on 的。如能對這些因素多加注意the prevention of the 的話，患心臟病的機率就會降disease.低。

注意：the fact that?6.Second, it causes 是一個同位語從句；be the costs of general associated with;lack of hospital care to rise.sth;by ?;pay more After hospitals buy the attention to?

expensive equipment that

is necessary for modern 9.Many people are heart surgery, they must paying more attention to try to recover the money reducing stress in their they have spent.To do lives.this, they raise costs for 譯：許多人注意減少他們all their patients, not 生活的緊張程度。

just those patients whose 考點：reducing stress treatment requires the in their lives是動名詞作equipment.賓語。

譯：其次，它導致普通醫 療費用的上漲。醫院在購買進10.The number of 行現代心臟手術所需的昂貴設smokers in the USA is now 備后，必定要設法收回投入的far below the level of 資金。因此，他們提高對所有twenty years ago as many 病人的收費，這其中包括不僅people succeed in breaking 僅是那些需用這些設備進行治the habit and as fewer 療的病人。people take it up.39

譯：今天美國的吸煙人數遠低于二十年前，許多人成功戒煙，更少的人開始吸煙。

考點：the number of?謂語要用單數形式；far below遠遠低于；as?既克理解為原因狀語從句，也可理解為時間狀語從句；succeed in doing sth;break the habit戒掉這個習慣；take up從事

C.Summary about the important phrases:

1.at?speed(1段2行);2.die of(1段4行);3.spend on sth(1段5行);4.huge sum of money(1段5行);5.be associated with(2段1行);6.take place(2段2行);7.enable sb to do sth(2段3行);8.there is no doubt that(3段1行);9.a large number of(3段3行);10.benefit from(3段1行);11.point out(3段2行);12.be encouraged to do(3段10行);13.pay more attention to sth(4段4行);14.as a result of(5段2行);15.tend to(5段4行);16.rely on(5段5行);17.take more responsibility for sth(5段8行);18.far below(5段12行);19.succeed in doing(5段12行);20.take up(5段13行);21.be aware of sth(5段14行);22.instead of(5段15行);

Text B: Dieting Your Way of Health

A.New words:

1.misguide: v 誤導，同類形的詞還有：mislead, misunderstand, mistake etc.2.resistance: n 抵抗、反抗；resist: v

3.essential: adj必要的，be essential to sb/sth

4.recommend: v 推薦； recommendation: n

5.appetite: n 食欲、胃口；appetizer: n 開胃品；appetizing: adj開胃的

6.harmful: adj,反義詞：harmless

7.nutrient: adj營養的，n營養品；nutritious:營養價值高的；nutrition: n 營養；nutritionist: n 營養學家

8.mineral: n礦石；mine:礦山

B.Some sentences in the text: 1.Almost everyone considers going on a diet sometime in his or her life.All, regardless of sex or age, have something in common – losing weight and losing it fast.譯：幾乎每個人在其一生中的某個時間都會考慮節食一段時間。無論性別或年齡，所有人共同的一點就是—減肥，而且要快速減肥。

考點：consider doing sth;go on a diet;sometime某一段時間，一般用于一般將來時或一般過去時。Regardless of sth不管、無論；have something in common有某些共同之處。

2.They soon lose interest in everything going on about them, and their resistance to illness becomes so low that they are easily attacked by one illness after another.譯：很快他們對周圍的一切事物都失去了興趣，對疾病的抵抗力降低，很容易接連不斷地生病。

短語：lose interest in everything;going on about them發生在他們周圍，現在分詞作定語修飾everything;resistance to sth對?的抵抗力；so?that;one after another.3.They begin to have difficulty sleeping properly and start to suffer from radical mood changes.譯：他們開始睡眠不在香甜，心情變化無常。

短語：begin to / start to do;have difficulty doing sth;suffer from

4.It’s strange enough that most strict diets recommend artificial sweeteners to take the place of sugar and other natural sweeteners.譯：奇怪的是，許多嚴格規定的食物中推薦用人造甜食劑代替糖和其他甜食劑。

考點：這是it引導的一個主語從句；recommend sb to do sth;take the place of sth代替，和take placeencouraged;b.discourage;進行區分。

c.courage

p464:Ⅲ.2.Technology C.Summary about the advances enable people to phrases:

live more happily and 1.consider doing sth(1comfortably.段1行);2.go on a diet(14.Children are often 段1行);3.regardless of encouraged to imagine sth(1段2行);4.have instead of imitating.something in common(1段2p471:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, F, 行);5.convert into(2段8F, T, F, F, T 行);6.supply to sth(2段8p473:Ⅱ.1.balance;行);7.at a ?rate(2段92.appetite;3.harmful;行);8.lose interest in 4.vitamin;5.metaboism;sth(2段10行);9.go on(26.components;7.resulted 段10行);10.one after in;8.essential to;another(2段11行);11.be 9.excess;10.balanced essential for sth(3段3

行);12.as a result(3段4Unit 17

Text A 行);13.avoid doing(3段5panic and Its Effects 行);14.have difficulty Now more and more doing sth(3段61行);Americans are having panic 15.suffer from(3段7行);attacks.The victims 16.take the place of(4段2suffer from shortness of 行);17.lead to(4段4行);breath, experience chest 18.result in(5段1行);pains, a quick heartbeat.19.be harmful to(5段3行);Sudden fits of trembling, 20.lead a? life(5段4-5and most of all, a fear of 行);21.in other words(6dying or going crazy.段3行);22.provide sb psychological stress could with sth/ provide sth for be a logical cause to it.sb(6段4行);23.large The victims should consult amount of(6段7行);a doctor and seek a 24.such as(7段1行);medical and psychological 25.on the other hand(8段4help.行);26.substitute for(9

段2行);27.in the same A.New words: way(9段5行);28.be used 1.panic: v/n/adj 恐for(9段5行);29.instead 慌、慌亂的

of(9段6行)

a.I got into a panic when I found myself left alone.b.The gunshot panicked the horse.c.I feel panic when I found myself left alone.The 22nd lecture of 2.severe: adj severe College English one:

test嚴峻的考驗;severe Key to exercises: competition激烈的競爭;p459:Ⅰ.b, d, b, d, a severe storm猛烈的風暴

Ⅱ.1.alarming;

2.killer;3.emphasis;3.accompany: v;4.perform;5.surgery;accompaniment, accompanist 6.recover;7.reduce;4.shortness: n缺乏、8.connection;9.sufficient;不足(狀態)；short: adj短10.merely 的；shortage: n 缺乏（物p461:Ⅳ.1.emphasis;品）shortage of sth;2.awareness;3.treatment;shorten: v 變短；shortly: 4.prevention;5.technology;adv立刻、馬上（*）

6.surgery;7.increase;aHis answer was short 8.responsibility;

and to the point.9.illness;10.benefit

b.people are perfectly p463:Ⅰ.4.a.aware of the shortness of attractive;b.attract;c.days in winter.attraction;5.a.d.Food shortage often

occurs in time of war.5.diagnose: v診斷疾??；diagnosis: n診斷、診斷書；diagnostic: adj診斷的

6.conduct: n/v處理、指揮、舉止、行為

7.approximately: adv近似地；approximate: adj大約的，v接近approximate to sth;approximation: n近似值

8.recurrent: adj復發的、反復發生的；recur: v 復發；recurrence: n

9.bear: v忍受、負擔、生孩子，born 出生；borne忍受

10.uneasy: adj擔心的、憂慮的,同義詞 worried；easy:容易的；ease: n舒適、安逸；unease: n 憂慮、擔心；easily: adv(*)

a.All things are difficult before they are easy.b.He works so hard that his mother feels uneasy about his health.c.He used to be very strong and could swim across the river easily.11.multiplicity: n 多樣性；multiple: adj多樣的

12.mention: n/v提及、說起

a.Did you hear your name mentioned?

b.The concert didn’t get a mention in the newspaper.13.endanger: v 危及；danger: n危險；dangerous: adj危險的（*）

a.He has been very ill, but the doctors say that he is now out of danger.b.A war can endanger millions of lives.c.It’s dangerous to walk on thin ice on a lake.14.unnecessarily: adv不必要地；unnecessary, necessary: adj;necessity: n 必需品(*)

a.You’d better cut out the unnecessary words.b.He didn’t care about it at all, so he thought her explanation

was unnecessarily detailed.c.It’s necessary to know the differences between a heart attack and a panic attack.15.disrupt: v;disruption:破裂、分裂

16.eventually: adv終于, finally 17.confirm: v證實;that many victims believe that they are indeed having a heart attack.譯：恐慌癥的癥狀與心臟病發作時的癥狀很相似，以至于許多患者以為他們得了心臟病。

考點：bear負擔、承擔；such?that如此?以至；similarity to sth介詞的用法；those代指symptoms.考點：more than;as 13.rather than(6段2行);well as;be more likely to 14.all the same(7段2行);do sth;15.refuse to do(7段4行);

16.be isolated from(7段5 行);17.rule out the 7.It is reported that possibility of sth(7段7there are at least three 行);18.seek help(7段9行)signs that indicate a person is suffering from a Text B: Sleeping – panic attack rather than a Fact or Fancy? heart attack.A.New words: confirmation: n;confirmative: adj確認的

18.psychology: n心理學；psychological: adj心理學的；psychologist: n心理學家(*)a.Ten years after his graduation, he became a well-know psychologist.b.psychology is the study or science of the mind and the way it works.c.She is interested in the psychological development of the child.B.Intensive reading: 1.Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help.譯：她以為自己是心臟病發作，嚇得趕緊大叫救命。

分析：Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack是過去分詞做原因狀語，內含that引導的同位語從句，修飾thought.2.More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienced by Anne.譯：現在越來越多的美國人患有像安尼那樣的恐慌癥。

注意句子的時態，like介詞像；experienced過去分詞作定語修飾the one.3.These attacks may last for only a few minutes;some, however, continue for several hours.譯：恐慌癥發作可能只持續幾分鐘，而有些要持續幾個小時。

考點：last for持續

4.The symptoms of panic attacks bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attacks 譯：據報道，至少有三種標志5.panic attack 可以表明一個人是由驚嚇引起victims show the following 了恐慌癥而非心臟病發作。symptoms: they often 注意：基本句型it it become easily frightened reported that?,全句的正常of feel uneasy in 語序：That there are at situations where people least three signs that normally would not be indicate a person is afraid;they suffer suffering form a panic shortness of breath, attack rather than a heart experience chest pains, a attack is reported.quick heartbeat, sudden 短語：at least;suffer fits of trembling, a from;rather than? feeling that persons and things around them are not 8.It is generally real;and most of all, a agreed that a panic attack fear of dying or going does not directly endanger crazy.A person seized by a person’s life。（背！）a panic attack may show 譯：人們通常認為恐慌癥all or as few as four of 并不會直接危及人們的生命。these symptoms.譯：恐慌癥患者表現出如9.All the same, it can 下癥狀：他們很容易受驚嚇，unnecessarily disrupt a 在通常人們不會感到害怕的地person’s life by making 方驚恐不安；呼吸急促，胸口him or her so afraid of 疼痛，心跳加速，一陣陣的戰having a panic attack in a 栗，感覺周圍的人、事虛無縹public place that he or 緲；最嚴重的是，有死亡或變she may refuse to leave 瘋的恐懼感。被恐慌癥侵襲的home and may eventually 人可能會表現出全部癥狀，至become isolated from the 少也會有其中的四種。

rest of society.注意：①in situations 譯：盡管如此，它卻毫無where引導定語從句；②a 必要地擾亂了人們的生活，人feeling that persons and 們擔心自己會在公共場所發生things around them are not 恐慌，因此拒絕離開家，最終real中有一個同位語從句修導致與社會隔離。飾a feeling;③seized by 考點：短語：all the a panic attack過去分詞作same;so?that;be afraid 定語修飾a person;④ as of sth;refuse to do;be few as像?一樣少；

isolated from sth 短語：fits of;most of all;go crazy

C.Summary about the

phrases: 6.However, studies 1.rush to(1段5行);show that more women than 2.as many as(2段4行);men experience panic 3.at least(2段5行);attacks and people who 4.suffer from(2段8行);drink a lot as well as 5.last for(3段1行);those who use drugs are 6.such?that(3段3-4行);more likely to suffer 7.similarity to(3段4行);attacks.8.go crazy(4段6行);9.as 譯：然而，研究表明，患to(5段1行);10.as well 有恐慌癥的女性多于男性，飲as(5段5行);11.be likely 酒過多和吸毒的人更有可能遭to do(5段6行);12.it is 受恐慌癥的侵襲。reported that?(6段1行);

1.sleepwalk: n/v夢游，sleepwalker: n 夢游者 2.compose: v 組成、構

成、作詞、作曲，compose of sth，compose music 3.commit: v犯，commit crime 4.nevertheless: adv仍然、然而，however, anyway 5.border: n邊界、邊緣；v 接壤border on/upon

sth 6.disturb: v擾亂；

disturbance: n 7.anxiety: n焦慮；anxious: adj焦慮的，uneasy 8.extraordinary: adj

非同尋常的，unusual 9.inhibition: n抑制，inhibit sb from doing sth 10.publicize: v宣揚；publicity: n 11.dramatic: adj引人注目的；drama: n戲劇 12.exaggerate: v夸張；exaggerated: adj;exaggeration: n 13.temporary: adj臨時的，temporarily: adv

B.Some important sentences: 1.If I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt

that I’d get many takers.譯：如果我刊登廣告尋求有夢游癥的人來幫我做實驗，我懷疑肯定會有不少人。

特點：虛擬條件句，對即將發生動作的一種假設。

2.Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality.It is one of those strange phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.譯：然而夢游，是一種科學可以解釋的客觀事實。它是那些近于難以置信的現象之一。注意：現象的復數形式phenomena;border on sth

接近于?

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.search for sth(2段1行);2.wake up(2段2行);3.have the habit of sth(3段1行);4.border on(5段2行);5.be certain about(5段3行);6.in other words(6段5行);7.in general(7段4行);8.agree with sb(7段5行);9.against one’s own moral standard(7段6行);10.as for(7段7行);11.point out(7段7行);12.take all sorts of measures(8段3行);13.moer or less(9段2行);

Grammar point: Attributive Clause定語從句

該從句我們在前面已分幾講介紹給大家了，因此今天不再重復。自己將筆記仔細復習一下。這個語法很重要，因此每一點都要搞清楚，不要摸棱兩可。今天講解練習。

p481:Ⅱ.1.b;2.c;3.a;4.b;5.c;6.a;7.c;8.d;9.b;10.d Ⅲ.1.That was the first movie(that)I had ever seen.2.She lives in village, where it’s neither very cold in winter nor very hot in summer.3.Let us study more closely the ways in which a plant grows.4.We shall never forget the day when Hong Kong returned to China.5.There were only four areas in the world where many diamonds have been found.6.Those who have no bikes can go to the summer palace by bus.7.Is there any student in our class whose father works in an insurance company? 8.I know the reason why she’s very angry.9.She wears the same clothes as her mother does.10.Commercial advertising is one of the things we have to put up with when we watch TV.Homework: The 23rd lecture of 翻譯；

College English one: 1.心臟病發作有可能直接 Key to some 危及患者的生命安全。

exercises of unit 17: 2.這些天他常遭受頭疼的 p491:Ⅰ.d, a, b, c, 困擾。

b.3.到目前為止，還不能排 Ⅱ.1.panic;除地震的可能性。

2.diagnose;3.approximate;4.地板太薄承受不了機器4.currently;5.symptoms;的重量。

6.remarkable;7.shortness;5.現在已經有許多關于這8.evidence;9.multiplicity;種病的起因的解釋。

10.confirm 1.Heart attacks may p493:Ⅴ.1.panic directly endanger a attacks may last for few victim’s life.minutes or even several 2.He suffers from hours.headaches these days.3.Age, sex and the 3.As yet, multiplicity of symptoms possibilities of an are the three signs to earthquake can’t be ruled distinguish a panic attack out.from heart attack.4.The floor is too p495:Ⅱ.1.kitchen;thin to bear the weight of 2.mention;3.claims;the machine.4.confirm;5.symptom;5.Now there are 6.disgnosed;7.morever;already a lot of 8.endangered;9.drugs;explanations as to the 10.victims causes of the kind of Ⅲ.4.Some bad disease.habits can endanger a

person’s health.選擇：

5.It’s very 1.The artist ____ an necessary for some interesting picture by patients to seek putting the variously-psychological help.colored shapes together.8.The news that the consulted committed agreement was signed consisted composed

hasn’t been confirmed.9.Endless disputes 2.Some drunken men eventually disrupted plan.made a great ___ in the 10.The author’s street last night.name was mentioned several disturbance

times in this article.coincidence resistance

influence

Unit 18

Text A:

Why Are Maps Drawn with 3.His behavior is ___.North at the Top? No one knows what has We know that north happened to him.is at the top of each map.Authoritative But do you know how is it extraordinary formed? The oldest known characteristic map was drawn about 3800BC.professional

The Greek mathematician

and philosopher ptolemy 4.We must ____ the was the first to draw a people to the dangers map with North at the top.facing our country.In the early Middle Age, Awaken avoid adapt the church began to adopt

interfere seriously and

east was moved to the top 5.Even the doctors of the maps.were surprised at the ___ And later with the improvement in his spread of trade and condition.advances in navigation, Rational diverse more accurate maps derivative dramatic

appeared in the 14th

century and North assumed

at the top of maps.A.New words:

1.feature: n/v 特色、以?為特征，featureless: adj無特色的, feature in sth起重要作用。

a.He can recall her features very clearly.b.This is a magazine that features children’s stories.c.They all feature in the decision-making.2.rough: adj rough hands粗糙的手, rough sport劇烈的運動, rough sketch草圖, rough calculation粗略計算

3.localize: v使局部化，local: adj, location: n位置（*）

a.There is little hope of localizing the disease.b.The local government plans to set up another power plan.c.This is a good location for wildlife preservation.4.philosopher: n哲學家；philosophy: n哲學；philosophical: adj哲學的（*）

a.plato was a great Greek philosopher.b.He read a lot of philosophical works when he was a college student.c.My philosophy of life is “serving the vast majority of the people.”

5.popularly: adv通俗地，普遍地，popular: adj;popularize: v使?普及；popularity: n(*)

a.He enjoyed great popularity with young audience.b.His name is Robert, but he is popularly known as bob.c.Books of this kind are popular among advanced readers.6.attempt: n/v試圖，企圖

a.He failed in his first attempt.b.I attempted to speak but was told to keep quiet.7.reference: n參致，符合；accord: v, accord with sth與?一致，短語：in accordance with sth = according to sth

15.reliance: n信Greeks place the science of map-making on a sound footing.4.Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong.1.side by side;at the same speed;(1段1行)

Two trains are traveling side by side and at the same speed along parallel tracks.譯：兩列火車肩并肩以考，提及；refer: v 8.navigational: adj航行的；navigate: v航行；navigation: n;navigator: n 9.calculate: v計算;calculation: n；calculator:計算器；calculating: adj狡猾的

a.The population of the city was calculated about one million.b.The new club is calculated to hold 2000 people.10.unaware: adj未察覺的，反義詞：aware + of sth;awareness;unawareness(*)a.I was too sleepy to be aware of how dangerous the situation was.b.They didn’t make any preparation, because they were unaware that a war was near.c.It seems he has no awareness of the sharp division of opinion.11.immovable: adj不可移動的；movable: adj;move: v移動；(*)a.The artificial satellite moves round the earth.b.The toy soldier with movable arms and legs can be made to walk.c.You can’t have a party in the classroom, because the desks and chairs are immovable.12.voyager: n航海者；voyage: n/v航海

13.arrangement: n安排；arrange: v 13.interfere: v 干涉、介入，interfere in/with sth;interference: n

14.accordance: n一賴、信任；rely: v;譯：鑒于那個時代的知reliable: adj可信任的，識水平的局限，在繪制地圖時unreliable

他犯了一些錯誤。

16.rightful: adj合 Given是介詞，鑒于，法的；right: n權利

考慮到

B.Important

5.More accurate sentences in the text:

maps began to appear in 1.It’s hard to the 14th century, with the visualize a map that does spread of trade and not feature north at the increasing reliance on the top, but this was not compass.always so.譯：隨著貿易的傳播和 譯：很難想象一幅地圖指南針的幫助，14世紀開始沒有把北方設在上端，但是這出現較為精確的地圖。

種繪制地圖的方式并非一直這 With隨著?;樣。

reliance on sth 基本句型：it’s hard

to do sth;動詞feature;C.Summary about the was 表示曾經。

phrases:

1.flow through(2段2 2.The oldest known 行);2.not until(2段5行);map in the accepted sense 3.be known to(3段3行);of the word was drawn 4.be based on(3段4行);about 3800BC, and 5.rather than(3段5行);represents the river 6.attempt to do(3段6行);Euphrates flowing through 7.in the form of(3段7行);northern Mesopotamia, Iraq.8.far from being(4段3行);譯：被世人所接受的地9.place trust in sth(5段4圖中，最古老的一幅繪制于公行);10.interfere with(6元前3800，它繪出了幼發拉段2行);11.in accordance 底河流經伊拉克的美所不達米with(6段3行);12.point 亞平原。

of view(7段4行);注意幾個動詞形式：13.reliance on sth(8段2known, accepted, was drawn, 行);14.once again(8段2represents, flowing.In 行)the accepted sense of the word:被世人所公認，承認。

Text B: You Have a 3.It was not until Choice many centuries later that

the ancient Greeks placed Einstein’s the science of map-making Relativity: all motion is on a sound footing.(*)

just relative, not 譯：直到幾個世紀后，absolute.古希臘人才在堅實可信的基礎 A.New words: 上建立起地圖繪制學。

1.converse: adj相反 本句基本句型強調句：的

it’s ?that;not until 2.motionless: adj靜many centuries later是時止的，immovable, movable 間狀語；主句：The ancient 3.frustrate: v使受Greeks placed the science 挫折；frustration: n;of map-making on a sound frustrated, frustrating: footing.adj 如果不是強調句，當把 4.devise: v設計；not until放在句首，句子需device: n 要倒裝。

Not until many B.Some important centuries later did the the phrases:

相同的速度行駛在兩條平行軌道上。

3.be seated;(1段2行)

We are seated in one of the trains?

譯：我們坐在其中一列火車上。

4.pull ahead of sth;Suddenly the other train seems to start pulling ahead of us.譯：突然另一列火車似乎開始趕到我們這列車的前面去了。

5.be certain of;Can we be absolutely certain of this increase?

譯：我們能絕對斷定它加速了嗎？

6.bring about;

This change could have been brought about in one of two ways?

譯：下面任一種方法都可能引起這種變化。

7.account for;

There are thus two possible explanations to account for the change in speed?

譯：因此有兩種可能的解釋來說明相對速度的變化?

8.regardless of sth Furthermore, regardless of which explanation we choose, the end result will be the same.譯：況且，不管我們選擇哪種解釋，最終結果都是一樣的。

9.apply to;

This principle – that if two objects are in uniform motion relative to each other, it is impossible to decide which one is moving and which one is at rest—applies to all objects moving uniformly in a straight

line through the universe.譯：如果兩個物體已相對均衡的速度前進，就不太可能分清楚哪個在運動，哪個是靜止的。這個原則適用于宇宙中所有以均衡速度做直線運動的物體。

Grammar knowledge: Noun Clause名詞從句 p447 在復合句中若一個從句擔任主語、賓語、表語和同位語，則形成了主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

1.That the moon moves round the earth is true.2.He wants to tell us what he thinks.3.My idea is that we should go there early.4.I have an idea that we should go there early.注意：

1.在主語從句，表語從句和同位語從句中連詞that不擔任任何成分，但不能省略。

2.時態呼應：賓語從句的主句若是一般過去時，那么從句要用過去的某種時態。

3.對于賓語從句，若出現兩個從句，第一個的連詞that可省略，第二個that必須要加上。

He said he had worked for him for ten years and that he wanted to continue to work.4.同位語從句用抽象名詞，如：belief, doubt, evidence, idea, fact, hope, thought etc.key to the exercises: p450.Ⅰ.口頭作。

Ⅱ.1.a;2.c;3.a;4.d;5.b;6.b;7.b;8.b;9.a;10.a Ⅲ.1.We should know learning a language is different from learning other subjects.2.It’s well known that the Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific ocean.3.His conclusion is that meaningless information is hard to remember.4.It hasn’t been decided who will host the meeting tomorrow yet.5.She explained to me why she wanted to send her child to the nursery.測和想象。

6.He wants to ask 3他的統計根本不準the manager whether he 確。

should buy a cat.4根據安排，我們今天 7.More and more 將參觀頤和園。

people have realized the 5你可以充分信賴他的fact that heart disease 許諾。

has much to do with the 1.It was not until way people live.midnight that the children 8.It’s said that were found not in the nerves in the left side of bedrooms.the brain develop faster 2.our conclusion is in girls than in boys.based on all available 9.This photo shows knowledge rather than how the roots of a plant guesses or imagination.go into the earth.3.His statistics 10.They are not are far from being very clear about why every accurate.kind of bird has its own 4.In accordance way of making nests.with the arrangement, Homework we’re going to visit the 選詞填空： summer palace.feature, rough, 5.You can place sketch, ancient, classical, full reliance on his version, unaware, promise.arrangement, reliance, compass

1.He was ___ of the conflict of interests between the two sides.2.I have a __ idea The 24th lecture of of how to keep one’s College English one: weight down without going Key to some on a diet.exercises: 3.Fish ___ very p525:Ⅰ.b, b, c, c, largely in the food of b.these islanders.Ⅱ.1.visualize;4.Do you prefer ___ 2.sketch;3.footing;or popular music?

4.forefront;5.disc;5.The Great Wall is 6.estimate;7.orientate;evidence of China’s ___ 8.immovable;9.faith;history.10.reliance 6.He made several p527:Ⅴ.1.It was ___ before starting the until I read your report painting.that I learned the truth.7.I place complete 2.Goods will be ___ on his judgment.delivered to you in 8.All necessary ___ accordance with your have been made for the requirement.operation to be started.3.In the Middle 9.Working without a Ages, the European church plan is sailing without a interfered seriously with ____.the advance of science.10.The play was in 5.He drove German, but I had read the hurriedly in the direction English __ of it.of the pole star.1.unaware, 2.rough, p530: 3.features, 4.classical, 3.She told us about 5.ancient, 6.sketches, her past in the form of a 7.reliance;8.arrangements, story.9.compass, 10.version

7.His point of view 翻譯：

is for your reference only.1直到半夜才發現孩子 8.They attempted 們并不在他們的臥室里。

many experiments in the 2我們的結論基于全部past two years.可獲得的知識，而不是基于猜

Unit 19 Text A: Animals at Risk: Who Cares?

our world consists of human beings, animals and many plants.So without the animals, our human would be lonely and we’ll in some trouble.But because of our greed, the changeable natural environment, many species are becoming extinct.So I hope we can harmonize with all the animals and plants.This is an important article.A.New words:

1.species: n 種、類，單復數同形。其他類似詞還有：clothes, means etc.2.extinct: adj滅絕的，絕種的；extinction: n滅絕

3.pace: n/v 速度，踱步，短語：keep pace with sb/sth與?并駕齊驅，齊頭并進

4.compete: v競爭、比賽；competition: n;competitor: n;competitive: adj

a.They can’t compete with/against such an experienced team.b.Do you want to compete in the 100 meters race?

c.They are competing for an important position.5.likelihood: n可能性，同義詞：possibility;likely: adj可能的，be likely to do;

6.clearance: n 清除、清理；clear: v清除 clear away sth；adj清楚的

7.vegetation: n植物的總稱；vegetable: n蔬菜;vegetarian: n素食主義者

8.ignore: v不顧、不理；ignorance: n不知、無知;ignorant: adj無知的

She saw him coming but she ignored him.9.threat: n威脅、恐嚇；threaten: v威脅；threatening: adj

10.tourist: n旅游者；tourism: n旅游業；tour: n/v旅游（*）

a.Tourism is an

important part of our economy.b.paris is full of tourists all the rear round.c.He wishes to make a round the world tour.11.variation: n變化、變化量；vary: v變化；variety: n種類；various: adj各種各樣的（*）

a.Differences among living things of the same kind are known as variations.b.All men must die, but death can vary in its significance.c.Your reasons for not wanting to meet Smith may be many and various, but you must still meet him.12.magnificent: adj 壯麗的；magnificence: n 13.survive: v幸存;survival: n;survivor: n(*)a.The principle of survival of the fittest is one of the major findings of charges Darwin.b.The government sent help to the survivors of the earthquakes.c.Few people survived the flood.14.conservation: n保存、保護；conserve: v;conservative: adj保守的

15.reserve: v/n保留、預定； reservation: n 16.provided: conj假如（*）

a.I will accept the invitation provided that you go with me.b.We’ll have a visit to the seaside providing the weather remains good.17.determination: n 決心、決定；determine: v determine to do sth;determined: adj下定決心的

18.specialize: v特殊化、專攻，specialize in sth;special: adj特殊的；specially: adv特殊地（出現在課文中 *）

a.Is there anything special to disclose to me? b.He had been produce enough offspring, interested in history or by completely changing since he was a child, so their environment at he specialized in history surprising speed.when he was in college.譯：這句話含有一定的 c.I came here 諷刺意味，告訴我們正是由于specially to reserve 在過去的幾個世紀里，科技的tickets for tonight’s 巨大發展，人類才快速捕殺生show.物，以致他們無法繁衍足夠的

后代來延續物種，或是人類以 19.publicity: n宣傳;驚人的速度完全改變他們生存publicize: v宣傳；public: 的自然環境，導致物種的滅adj公共的(出現在課文中 絕。

*）

注意：介詞by“通 a.There is a lot of 過?”；such?that如此，publicity about the harm 以致；at?speed以?的速度

of excess dieting.]

b.They worked hard 4.A number of to publicize their new examples can be given of products so as to develop the way in which natural business.environments are being c.people like going rapidly changed?(*)

to parks on public 譯：自然環境正在被迅holidays.速改變的例子多不勝數。

注意：a number of許 B.Intensive reading: 多；in which = in the way 1.An animal species 以某中方式；時態are being becomes extinct when it changed fails to produce enough

young in each generation 5.But even when the to keep pace with the danger is widely death-rate.publicized, the financial 譯：當一種動物不能在rewards for the hunters 每一代都生育出足夠的后代以may be so great that they 便與死亡率相平衡時，它就會choose to ignore the 瀕臨滅絕。

threat to the species.注意：謂語動詞 譯：即使人們廣泛宣傳becomes;fail to do;keep 這種危險的存在，偷獵者也會pace with sth與?保持平衡

因為經濟利益而漠視物種的滅

絕。

2.It is a natural 考點：reward for sth;process and extinction is so?that;choose to do;the fate of any animal threat to sth

that has specialized too

far to change when its 6.Many people are environment changes, or concerned about animals has to compete with a and wildlife conservation.better-adapted and more 譯：許多人都非常關心powerful animal.動物和野生生物的保護。

譯：這是一個自然的過 重要短語：be 程。如果一種動物過于特殊concerned about sth關心?

化，不能隨著環境的變化而變 化，當它與適應能力較強，更 7.one way to 強壯的動物競爭時，注定會死preserve species under 亡。

threat of extinction--考點：too?to;whatever the cause--is compete with sth

to remove them to zoos and

parks and breed them there.3.Because of 譯：不管是由何種原因remarkable technical 造成他們的滅絕，有一種方法developments during the 可以挽救瀕臨滅絕的物種，那past few centuries, man 就是把物種遷移至動物園和公has destroyed or nearly 園喂養。

destroyed some species by 考點：to preserve killing them at such a species under threat of rate that they couldn’t extinction是不定式作定

語，修飾one way;

to remove them to zoos and parks and breed them there是不定式作表語；under threat of extinction避免瀕臨滅絕；remove sth to?

8.There is always the chance that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment – provided it still exists, and that hunters don’t kill them again!

譯：在那里總是有可能讓他們生育出足夠的后代，有朝一日再把他們重新放回自然生存環境—假如他們的自然生存環境依然存在的話，假如偷獵者不在捕殺他們的話！

分析：the chance句子主語,that enough offspring will be born to return them one day to their natural environment是同位語從句修飾the chance;provided it still exists, and that hunters don’t kill them again是條件狀語從句，但不用虛擬語氣。

C.Summary about the phrases:

1.fail to do(1段1行);2.keep pace with(1段2行);3.compete with(1段7行);4.at a rate(1段10行);5.such?that(1段9-10行);6.a number of(2段1行);7.lead to(2段10行);8.be concerned about(3段1行);9.be armed with(3段倒數2行);10.add to(4段2行);11.in a form(4段3行)

Text B: The Killer Smogs

I often tell my students that everything is just like a double-edged sword.on the one hand, advanced technology can bring us many benefits;but on the other hand, it harms our living environment in some way.A.New words:

1.smog: n smoke and fog煙霧

2.disaster: n災難；disastrous: adj災難性的

3.conclude: v推斷

出；conclusion: n結論

4.pollute: v污染；pollution: n;polluted: adj污染的

5.invisible: adj看不見的；visible: 看得見的

6.exhaust: v用盡、耗盡；exhaustion: n;exhausted: adj tired 筋疲力盡的

7.fortunately: adv幸運地，luckily.B.Important phrase and sentences: 1.be filled with = be full of The hospitals were filled with patients.(1段6行)

2.be known for = be famous for London, England, has always been known for its “black fogs.”(3段1行)

3.combine sth with sth The chemical fumes combined with the water droplets in the fog to form harmful substances caused the illness of those who breathed the polluted air.譯：含有化學物質的煙塵與霧氣中的水珠結合形成有害物質，它們讓呼吸了污染過的空氣的人得病。

4.be covered by sth This is covered by an upper layer of warm air that acts like a lid.5.prevent sth from doing It prevents the polluted cooler air from rising.Homework: 選擇填空：

1.The earthquake was the greatest ___ the country had ever experienced.disaster disturbance disruption disadvantage 2.Air ____ can cause human diseases.pollution pattern phenomenon pressure 3.This room is much too hot;it’s like a ____.9.development;fantasy fossil 10.clearness/clearance fashion furnace

Ⅴ.1.The natural 4.Many people were environment in which killed in the ___ between animals grow has been the bus and the car.worsening all the time.conflict contrast 2.The hunters often collision contact

go hunting for their own 5.The large oil __ purpose without is responsible for the air considering the living pollution in this area.environment of others.refinery recycle 3.If there were no resource reference

natural reserves, more

species of animals would 翻譯：

be extinct.1他發現要趕上物理學 p559:Ⅱ.1.Fossils;的進步很難。

2.species;3.tourism;2現在，中國可以與世4.extinct;5.by-product;界上大多數國家競爭。

6.offspring;7.competed;3只要我們努力，就完8.fate;9.treat;10.pace 全有可能做得更好。

Ⅲ.5.The warship is 4越來越多的人開始關armed with nuclear weapons.心我們的自然環境。

7.We’re very happy 5如果你不泄露給任何that he has survived the 人，我就告訴你實情。

heart attack.1.He finds it hard 8.The danger of to keep pace with the tiger extinction in our development in physics.country should not be 2.Now China can ignored.compete with most of the

countries in the world.Unit 20

Text A: 3.There’s every You Can’t Do It Because likelihood that we can do It Hurts Nobody it better if we work hard.In our China, 4.More and more there’s an old saying: people are beginning to be Don’t fail to do good concerned about our even if it’s small;Don’natural environment.t engage in evil even if 5.I’ll tell you it’s small.From it, you the truth provided that should realize what’s you don’t disclose it to about the text.please pay anyone else.attention to the translation of the title.這是一個帶原因狀語的否定前 移，譯成：不能因為沒有傷害 任何人，就可以干壞事。

A.New words: The 25th lecture of 1.tough: adj tough College English one:

glass不易碎的玻璃, tough Key to some criminal粗暴的罪犯, tough exercises:

steak咬不動的牛排, tough p556:Ⅰ.d, c, a, d, problem難題

b.p557:Ⅱ.1.extinct;2.crime: n罪，2.species;3.offspring;criminal: n罪犯，adj有罪4.likelihood;5.fur;的（*）

6.trophy;7.survive;a.He committed 8.arrangement;

a crime last year and was 9.development;10.reserve

sent to prison.Ⅲ.1.existence;b.Do you know 2.extinction;

that the man has a 3.lilkelihood;4.variety;criminal record? 5.creation;6.death;c.The criminal 7.determination;was sentenced to five 8.arrangement;years’ hard labor.46

3.drunk: adj喝醉的，drink: v

4.admit: v承認，后接動名詞；admittance: n

He admitted having stolen that person’s wallet.5.citizen: n 公民、居民；city: n城市；citizenship: n公民權（*）

a.She comes from the United States and has applied for Chinese citizenship.b.Many Chinese in the United States have become American citizens.c.Beijing is known to be one of the largest cities in the world.6.fatal: adj致命的，同義詞：deadly

7.threaten: v威脅，threat: n;threatening: adj

8.tolerate: v容忍，tolerable: 可容忍的； tolerant: adj 容忍的； tolerance: n

a.Nowadays, parents often treat their children with too much tolerance.b.I can’t tolerate your carelessness.c.He is tolerant of opinions different from his own.9.celebrate: v慶祝；celebration: n

10.championship: n冠軍身份；champion: n冠軍

11.rob: v搶劫；robbery: n;robber: n搶劫者

a.The robber is still at large.b.In the morning they found that the bank had been robbed.c.There have been several robberies near here lately.12.honesty: n 誠實； honest: adj

B.Intensive reading: 1.Among the people you know, how many have

never broken the laws?(*)譯：在你認識的朋友中，有多少從未犯過法呢？

2.In the same way that diseases range from the common cold to fatal forms of cancer, crimes vary in degree.（*）

譯：如同疾病可以分為從普通的感冒到致命的癌癥不等一樣，犯罪的程度也有所不同。

考點：in the same ? that引導定語從句；range from?to;vary in sth

3.In addition to breaking the law themselves, people tolerate various levels of crime.譯：除了自己違法外，人們容忍不同程度的犯罪。

考點：in addition to sth;break the law;

4.It may be that, by seeing others do something, we accept it more easily./ ? if they see someone breaking store window, they might start breaking windows?

注意：這兩句話包含有一個句型：see sb do sth;see sb doing sth前一句強調看見事情發生的全過程；而后者強調看見某一個動作正在發生。

a.I saw a man steal that person’s purse.b.I saw a man stealing that person’s purse.5.We must also wonder whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes us tolerate crime more than we should.譯：我們一定也想知道，每天從電視報紙上接觸到的暴力行為會不會使我們更能接受違法行為。

分析：whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day作賓語從句的主語，謂語動詞用單數形式makes;make sb do sth;more than we should超過我們應該的程度。

6.We become used to 3.symbolically: advseeing blood on the news 象征性地；symbol: n象征；on TV, or in full color in symbolize: v象征

newspaper and magazines.4.religious: adj虔 譯：我們習慣了從電視誠的；religion: n宗教

上看到血腥場面，或者在報紙 5.preparation: n準上看到色彩逼真的流血事件。

備；prepare: v;prepared: 重要短語： be used adj, be prepared for sth;to doing sth = be 6.potential: n/adjaccustomed to doing sth

潛在的、潛力

7.prefer: v更喜歡，7.perhaps this is prefer to sth;preference: why someone who robs a few n, preference for sth/to dollars by force from a sth corner store will often

end up with a longer jail B.Some phrases: term than a fraud artist 1.be different from who swindles thousands of sth(1段2行);2.compare dollars: threatening the sth with sth(1段3行);life of an individual is 3.be comfortable with(2段not acceptable in our 2行);4.for the purpose society.of sth(2段3行);5.be 譯：也許這就是為什么willing to do sth(4段6-7從街角的商店里搶劫幾美元會行);6.be involved in(4段被判刑長于那些冒牌藝術家行11行);7.be dressed in(6騙幾千美金：因為威脅某個人段2行);8.be surrounded 的生命在我們的社會里是不被by(6段4行);9.respond to 接受的。

sth(6段9行);10.in the Why引導表語從句；manner(6段9行);11.along rob sth from sth從?搶with(7段7行);12.in 劫；end up with以?告終；contrast(標題)longer?than;分號后的部分

是解釋這樣做的原因，動名詞 Grammar point: 作主語。

Emphatic Sentence

前面我們已介紹過，這 C.Summary about the 里在強調一下，為了強調句子phrases: 的某一成分，可以用該句型。1.commit crimes(1段但并不是所有句子成分都能強2行);2.tell the truth(1調，通常只能強調：主語、賓段5行);3.go through the 語、狀語。當你在考題中看到customs(1段6行);4.in “是”，“就是”，“正是”case(2段1行);5.break 時一定要求用強調句型進行翻the law(2段2行);6.go to 譯。

jail(2段3行);7.divide? 強調句的構成形式：it into(2段4行);8.range + is/was + 被強調部分 + from?to(2段6行);9.in that/who + 句子其他部分。

addition to(3段1行);注意：若被強調部分是10.be tolerant of sth(3段人稱代詞，可以用主格也可用2行);11.be used to 賓格。若想強調謂語可以用doing(4段3行);12.care do, does, or did.about sth(5段3行);a.I do miss you!13.prevent?from(5段4行);b.He does finish 14.come to sth(5段5行);his work.15.rob ? from(5段11行);c.We did arrive 16.end up with(5段12行);there on time.17.keep an eye on sth(6段 Exercises on page 7行);

599:

Ⅱ.1.It was her Text B: Marriage in husband that / who took Iran and America: A Study her to the nearby hospital in Contrasts

that afternoon.A.New words:

2.It was their 1.culture: n文化；third man-made satellite cultural: adj 文化的

that launched last week.2.bride: n新娘； 3.It’s on this bridegroom: n 新郎； matter that she doesn’t

have anything to say.4.It’s your uncle that/who wants to sell the old car.5.It’s a more detailed report that I hope you’ll give me.6.It was the key to he door that they were looking for yesterday.7.It was by changing the natural environment in which the animals lived that humans destroyed some animal species.8.It’s your manager who / that I want to see.9.It was in Hong Kong that I first met her.10.It was not until yesterday that I got your letter.The 26th lecture of College English one:

英語

（一）測試（L16-L20）

本試題分兩部分，第一部分為選擇題，50分；第二部分為非選擇題，50分。

part one

一、選擇題。（20分）

1.That young lady spent a lot of money ____ clothes.A.on B.in C.for D.to

2.We naturally associate the name of Darwin ____ the theory of evolution.A.to

B.with

C.and D.towards

3.Their views have nothing ____ with ours.A.of common B.in common C.common sense D.common ground

4.The body needs fat to keep it from cold and to provide a ___ layer for the organs, but only is small quantities.A.preventing

B.practical C.private countries in science and __6__, the conversation with a D.protective technology.inaccurate or indefinite stranger.And speaking of 5.A thick forest A.keep pace

B.words may make _7__ restaurants – that is the ____ the school ground ___ take pace

C.put pace difficult or the listener other problem with London.the south side.D.set pace to understand the The food here is no good A.borders?in B.15.She got ten _8__which is being at all!I haven’t had one borders?on C.borders?at pounds for ___ fifteen transmitted to him.The good meal in the three D.borders?by rooms.speaker who does not have days we’ve been here.6.He has not ___ A.looking on B.specific words in his Since you asked me made up his mind what looking for C.looking working vocabulary may be to write to you about attitude to adopt towards after D.looking about _9__ to explain or everything I learned on her.16.He was clever describe in a _10__ that this trip, here is what A.as far as

B.enough to compete ___ the can be understood by his I’ve learned about London.as yet C.and yet mathematics scholarship.listeners.London’s D.by far 7.He gave us a lot of trouble, but I like him _____.A.the same

B.just the same C.at the same time

D.all the same 8.What is certain about sleepwalking____ it is a symptom of emotional disturbance.A.is B.are

C.is that D.are that 9.They were certain ___ she would get over her illness.A.of B.of that

C.that D.in that 10.Scientists say that many factors brought ____ changes in the weather.A.forth

B.about

C.around D.forward 11.____ being slow, they worked actually very fast.A.Far from

B.Far to C.Far away D.So far 12.They presented the world in the form of a flattened disc ____ a sphere, which was the form adopted by ptolemy.A.more than

B.rather than

C.better than D.other than 13.Many species of animals are under the threat of ___ because of the rapid change of natural environment.A.guns

B.extinction C.hunters D.existence 14.We must try to ___ with the western A.for B.1.A.of B.with

C.against at C.for D.on D.in 2.A.inaccessible 17.She took a B.timely

C.likely spoonful and tasted it ___ D.invalid it was hot.3.A.encourages A.in case

B.B.prevents C.destroys in case of C.in the case D.offers of D.in that case 4.A.encourage 18.You will soon B.take away C.back up become ____ to the weather D.stir up here.5.A.who

B.A.using

B.as C.which D.used

C.use what D.useful 6.A.moreover B.19.Did any young however

C.people ___ anything old preliminarily D.what people said to them.7.A.that

B.A.care of

B.is C.so D.care about C.take care this D.take care of 8.A.speech

B.20.Will you ___ on sense C.message D.our things while we are meaning away.9.A.obscure B.A.keep an eye B.difficult

C.impossible make an eye C.open an eye D.unable D.set an eye 10.A.case

B.means

C.method

二、完型填空。（10D.way 分）

The first and

三、閱讀理解。（20smallest unit that can be 分）discussed in relation to passage one language is the word.In London is great.speaking, the choice of It’s great.Rome and words is _1__ the utmost paris were fine places, importance.proper but I knew as soon as we selection will eliminate landed in London, this was one source of _2__ the finest of the three.breakdown in the There are only two communication cycle.Too small things which I often careless use of don’t like about London.words __3_ a meeting of First of all, everyone the minds of the speaker speaks English here.I had and listener.The words so much fun in Rome and used by the speaker may paris.There I could speak __4_ unfavorable reaction in foreign languages.In in the listener ___5_ words, I made a lot of interfere with his friends that way.But here comprehension;hence, the everybody can understand transmission – reception me.I don’t have any system breaks down.reason to start up a

population of eleven

million makes it the second largest city in the world.It is bigger than

New York but not as big as Tokyo.London is twice the size of New York.It has an area of 620 square

miles!The Thames River runs right through the center of the city.Someone once called the Thames “liquid history”.It is a very good name.Dozens of armies have crossed it over the past few thousand years.one of

the first was the army of Julius Caesar two thousand years ago.And most

recently – Mr.and Mrs.Gill.So far I have only had time to visit one

neighbourhood.It is called Bloomsbury.In fact there is a group of

writers known as the Bloomsbury Group.It got its name because so many

of them lived there.Virginia Woolf was one of them.I know how much you

like her novels.Baker Street is also part of Bloomsbury.Do you remember who once lived on Baker Street?

When I asked bob this question, he answered, “” a man who baked bread，right? Sherlock Holmes, of course, I won’t have time to find his address.Maybe you will when you come.1.We learn from the

first two paragraphs that _____.A.it is more

difficult to start up a conversation in English in

London than in any languages.B.the writer had made a trip in Italy and France before she came to England.C.of all the meals the writer has had in London, only one she thinks is good enough.D.the writer hates to talk to strangers who can speak English.2.It seems that the writer ____.A.can speak English as a foreign language B.does not like her mother language C.does not speak French at all D.can speak French as a foreign language 3.Who do you think Mr.and Mrs.Gill? A.A famous general and his wife.B.As famous American writer and his wife.C.Two friends of the writer’s.D.The writer and his husband.4.Who once lived on Baker Street? A.A man who baked bread.B.Sherlock Holmes.C.The former US Secretary of State.D.A friend of the writer’s.5.Where is the passage most probably taken from? A.A letter.B.A diary.C.A guidebook.D.A business report.passage two

A person who is able to operate a machine, prepare a financial statement, program a computer, or pass a football has a technical skill.That is, he or she is able to perform the mechanics of a particular job.Managers such as production supervisors must often understand a technical skill well enough to train workers in

difficult for managers t their jobs.In certain learn technical skills companies, executive 4.General without technical skills management skills _____.in programming, A.are used by engineering, or accounting.general managers in But even here, most different ways managers have to have some B.can be technical skills – such applied to different as scheduling techniques enterprises and the ability to read C.can be can be computer printouts.learned but not be taught Technical skills at a technical school are sometimes not readily D.are not transferable from one readily transferable from industry to another, one industry to another whereas general management 5.Te best title for skills can often be this passage would be applied to a wide range of _______.industries.If you’re A.Importance of trained to operate textile the technical skills.– cutting machines, you B.Managers and probably would be unable their business skills to use your skills in the C.Technical restaurant business.If skills and management you’re an executive who skills runs a garment business, D.How one skill however, you might be able is transferred to another to use your general pART TWo management skills in

different enterprises.四、單詞拼寫。（10 1.Which of the 分）

following does not seem to 1.有益的、有利的 a be a technical skill?

b________;A.Managing non-2.足夠的、充分的 a production workers.s_________;B.programming a 3.恢復、痊愈 v computer.r_________;C.preparing a 4.外科的、手術的 a financial statement.s_________;D.operating a 5.診斷、判斷 v textile – cutting machine.d_________;2.The first 6.顯露、揭露 v paragraph is mainly about d_________;_____.7.征候、征兆 n A.a person who has s_________;a technical skill

8.顯著的、值得注意的 B.the definition of a r___________;a technical skill

9.提及、說起

v C.managers such as m__________;production supervisors

10.特征、特色 n D.how to operate a f__________;machine.11.哲學家

n 3.In the writer’s p__________;opinion, _____.12.大眾化地

ad A.technical p__________;skills are more important 13.干涉、介入

v than management skills

I__________;B.technical 14.威脅、恐嚇

n skills are more complex t___________;than management skills

15.滅絕、熄滅

n C.it is e___________;necessary for managers to 16.壯麗的、宏偉的 a learn some technical m_____________;skills

17.幸運地

ad D.it is f__________;

18.冠軍身份

n c___________;

19.誠實、正直

n h__________;

20.潛在的、可能的 a p___________;

五、用動詞正確的時態填空。（10分）

1.Her main task is organizing _____(culture)and social activities.2.In fact, I have known several friends who got ___(marry)without even telling their parents or other family members.3.Honesty will have to come from social ________(press).4.She finally _____(conclusion)that she would try to get a job on a store.5.The new law will reduce ____(pollute)of the air.6.Stinging eyes and dry coughs show that ____(harm)chemicals fill the air.7.The oldest ____(know)map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3800BC.8.They went along the main road ____(lead)to a distant town.9.It’s generally agreed that a panic attack does not ____(danger)a person’s life directly.10.Their replies were ____(remarkable)similar.六、漢譯英。（15分）

1西方世界最大殺手之一是心臟病。

2研究表明女人比男人更易患恐慌癥。

3許多人都關心野生動物的保護。

4在你的朋友中有多少人從未犯過法呢？

5為什么你容忍他們所犯的這些罪行呢？

七、英譯漢。（15分）

A guide dog is a dog especially trained to guide a blind person.Dogs chosen for such training must show good disposition，intelligence, physical fitness and responsibility.threatened by lasting dry weather.give precision to hte report if you want to to widen the road.At the age of about fourteen months, a guide dog begins an intensive course that lasts from three to five months.It becomes accustomed to the leather harness and stiff leather handle it will wear when guiding its blind owner.The dog learns to watch traffic and to cross street safely.It also learns to obey such commands as “forward”, “left”, “right” and “sit” and disobey any command that might lead its owner into danger.The most important part of the training course is a four-week program in which the guide dog and its future owner learn to work together.However, many blind people are unsuited by personality to work with dogs.only a tenth of the bind find a guide dog useful.Key to some exercises: p583:Ⅰ.b, d, a, c, d.p585:Ⅱ.1.commit;2.customs;3.fatal;4.jail;5.tolerate;6.anonymous;7.rob;8.tax;9.keep an eye on;10.misconception p586:Ⅳ.1.by going with her;2.and not to stop;3.and call off;4.and stress;5.experimented and;6.pulling down all buildings and other facilities;7.at the end of the semester;8.which did not belong to him;9.and prohibited;10.and not working p588: Ⅲ.1.The prices of these goods range from few dollars to a few hundred dollars.3.His foreign friends have become used to living in china.6.please take an umbrella with you in case it rains.8.The crops are 9.The company impress the audience.threatened the inhabitants c.The soldiers should with cutting off the water be very precise in supply.following instructions

7.necessarily: adv必 然、必定；necessary: adj 必然的；unnecessary: adj;necessarily: adv

8.criticize: v;The 27th lecture of criticism: n;critic: n;College English one:

critical: adj Unit 21 Text A: The 9.quantitative: adj定Language of Uncertainty

量的；quantifiable: adj 可 In our opinion, we 量化的；quantity: n數量always hope to get（*）

something certain from a.A quantitative others or give others the research is absolutely same thing.But it’s not necessary for the solution always so.Uncertainty is of the problem.full of our everyday life.b.The quantity of And we also find that such equipment was enough, but uncertainty is not always the quality was far from harmful, so we needn’t being satisfactory.criticize it.c.Words such as

frequently, rarely, A.New words:

occasionally, though 1.dominate: v 統治、支quantifiable, denote a 配；domination: n;quantity imprecisely known.dominant: adj

The high building 10.subjective: adj 主dominates over the river.觀的；objective: adj客觀 的

2.judgement: n 判斷；11.potentially: adv 可judge: n/v法官、判斷

能地，潛在地；potential: 3.editorial: n 社論，adj/n adj編輯的；edit: v;12.prediction: n 預edition: n;editor: n

言、預告；predict: n預

言；predictor: n預言家；4.probability: n 可能predictable: adj可預測的

性;probable: adj可能的；

improbable: adj;probably: 13.signify: v 意味；adv(*)

significance: n意義；a.It is highly significant: adj有意義的

probable that it will rain 14.assign: v分配、指today.派；assignment: n b.The storm is one of

the probabilities for 15.proportionately: tomorrow.adv 成適當比例地；c.He will probably proportion: n比例

refuse the offer.16.marked: adj 明顯 的；同義詞：obvious, clear 5.verbal: adj語言的；

non-verval: 非語言的

17.widen: v加寬；wide: 6.imprecision: n 不精adj寬的；widely: adv寬地確；precision: n;precise:（*）

adj 精確的；imprecise: adj a.There is a wide 不精確的；precisely: adv;river between the small imprecisely: adv

villages.b.The two students a.The imprecision of gave two widely different information led to their accounts of a quarrel.failure in the battle.c.The officers are b.Its necessary to holding a meeting on when

18.consistent: adj與?一致的，consistent with sth;consistence: n符合；inconsistent: adj與?不符的

19.intelligence: n智力；intelligent: adj聰明的

20.numerical: adj數字的；number: n數字；numerous: adj極多的

21.ratio: n比率，ratios

22.systematically: adv有系統地；system: n系統；systematical: adj系統的（*）

a.How to develop a good system of memory training is an important problem.b.A systematical attempt is a guarantee for success.c.The profits of the company are increasing systematically.B.Intensive reading: 1.Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language.譯：不確定的語言徹底貫穿我們的生活，以致于它在我們的語言中占主導地位。

短語：spread through貫穿

2.our everyday speech is made up in large part of words like probably, many, soon, great, little.譯：我們的日常語言由大量這樣的詞組成?

注意：everyday形容詞，作定語;be made up of = consist of由?組成

3.Indeed, it has a value just because it allows us to express judgments when a precise quantitative statement is out of the question.譯：事實上，這種語言具有它的價值，正因為在無法精確定量表達時，它能讓我們來進行判斷。

indeed = in fact;allow sb to do;out of the question = impossible;out

第三篇：英語筆記

高中英語筆記

1.undertake to do 同意，答應做樣；要求，請求

2.fulfil oneself 充分發揮才能 What if we fail/failed/should

3.have a good analysis offail?(虛擬語氣)

對?作好的分析 What if you read this letter for

in the last analysis 歸根結底 me?你能給我讀一下這封信嗎？

4.within oneself = within one’s 17.make a(some/any/big/little/no)

power 在某人能力范圍之內 difference 有影響；有作用

5.be curious about sth.18.quote one’s words引用某人的話

對某事好奇 19.It takes sth.to do

be curious to do做某事需要?

渴望做，有好奇心做? It takes sb.some time/money to

6.be supposed to do 應該做? do sth.7.debate sth.with sb.20.Nothing in life is to be

與某人爭論某事 feared.It is only to be

debate about/on(doing)sth.understood.——Marie Curie

討論（做）某事 be to do 結構

1表示“應該，必須”之意，上句be under debate 正在討論中 ○

8.go by 從旁邊經過 取此用法。

9.seek for/after 尋找 Eg.No one is to leave the

seek one’s fortuneclassroom during classes.2表示按計劃安排做某事 外出闖蕩，碰運氣 ○

seek out 挑選出來His daughter is to be married

10.be/get engaged to sb.soon.3用于if從句表示主語想做某事 與某人訂婚（狀態）○

engage oneself to doEg.In such dry weather, the

自愿做某事 flowers will have to be watered

be engaged in(doing)sth= if they are to survive.4有時表示“可能性”或“注定” engage oneself in(doing)sth.○

忙于?從事于?If you continue to do like that,11.do research on/in/into sth.you are to fail.做某方面的研究 21.be on fire for(doing)sth.12.dream of/about sth.對?有熱情，激情

夢想做某事 21.There is no point in doing sth.13.build/come up with a theory 做某事沒有作用或意義

創立一個理論 22.“一感二聽三讓四看五注意半幫

14.turn out 結果是，證明是 助”

turn out(to be)+n./adj.feel,listen/sound,make/let/have,turn out that? look/see/watch/observe,notice

15.use up vt.都可以加不帶to的不定式，即直接加

run out(of)vi.用完，用盡 do,“半幫助” 即help(to)do, to 可

16.what if +陳述語氣的句子 以省略。

如果?將會怎樣；即使?又能怎 23.imagine doing 想象做?

師父教你學英語 語不驚人死不休 1

1許諾，承諾 24.promise ○

make/break a promise2成功的希望，良好的前兆○

抽象不可數名詞，前面不加冠詞 Eg.He is a student of promise.25.I didn’t expect to survive that long.that= so= this adv.這么 26.warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事

remind sb.of sth.提醒某人某事

Warn sb.that + clausewarn sb.against sth.警告某人提防?

warn sb.not to do= warn sb.against doing警告某人不要做?Warning(s)n.警告；（引申）前車之鑒

Eg.He is a warning to people who drink much.receive warning事先得到警告性的消息 without warning

事先不知道，來得突然，事先無任何預兆

27.be to blame/let 某人應該受責備

/出租（特殊用法）28.only to ?表示出乎意料So as to 不放句首 29.be at a loss不知所措

30.only +介詞短語/時間副詞/狀語從

句時位于句首，主句要半倒裝。Only修飾主語時句子不倒裝。Eg.Only you can understand me.Only at that time/then did I

realize that I was wrong.31.do/carry out/perform an

experiment 做實驗

32.talk/reason sb.into doing

sth.= persuade sb.to do sth.說服某人做某事

Talk/reason sb.out of doing

sth.=

Persuade sb.not to do sth.說服某人不做某事

33.focus on sth = focus one’s

attention/thoughts on sth集中注意力在某事上Bring?into focus

把?集中在焦點上 34.be diagnosed with?被診斷出患了?病

35.some=about =around 大約Eg.Some student is looking for you.某個學生在找你。（說話人不認識）

36.hit sb in the face 打某人臉Save one’s face給某人個面子Lose one’s face 丟面子Face to face 面對面Face up to 大膽面對

Face the music擔起責任，接受批評Face sth=be faced with sth 面對 37.the reason for = the cause of??的原因

38.inform sb of sth 告知某人某事Inform + 賓語從句

Sb is reformed of sth/that從句 39.realate to 談及，涉及到

realate to sb/sth 理解同情?Realate sth to/with sth把??聯系起來

Be realated to? 和?有關系Be realated by blood 有血緣關系 40.present sth to sb=present sb

with sth 送某人某物

Be present at sp.出席，在場Eg.I bought the book for a

present(as a gift).41.make an effort to do sth/on sth為做某事而努力

Spare/make no effort to do sth盡力/不遺余力做某事

42.be concerned with/about sth對某事負責；與之有牽連；擔心?

Show great concern for/about sb表示極大關心

43.look up to 尊敬；欽佩Look down upon 看不起

44.分詞完成式在句中只作狀語。Eg.Having been hit,he was sent to hospital.The wallet(B)the other day was mine.A.having been stolen B.stolen 45.make one’s way to 走向?Let alone 更不用說 46.steal sth from sb/sp不能說steal sb/spRob sb/sp of sth不能說rob sth

47.介詞短語/adj./adv.放句首，句子全倒裝。

48.關于“采訪”（比較）interview sb；cover sth give an interview to sb= have an interview with sb 會見，接見某人

49.adapt(oneself)to?適應，習慣Be adapted to 適應，習慣

50.It/That is/was the first/secondtime that+主語+have/has/had done 51.be/become/get addicated to?沉溺于?

52.一個及物動詞后面跟兩個that引導的并列的賓語從句時，第一個that可省略，第二個不能省。53.prefer(preferred;preferred)Prefer sth/to do/doingPrefer A to B

Prefer sb(not)to do

Prefer to do rather than doPrefer+that賓語從句，從句謂動用shhould do ,should不能省。54.a piece of furniture [u]一套家具

55.design sth for sbBe designed for?Have designs on/against sth對?別有用心；有不良企圖By design= on purpose故意 56.It is convenient for sb to do sthSth is convenient for/to?不能用人做主語

57.take an example from 從中舉例Set an example for sb

為某人樹立榜樣

Take examples from?以?為借鑒 58.impress sth on/upon sb使某人銘記某事

Impress sth on/upon one’s mind(不加s)/memory把某事深深記在心里

Be impressed by/at/with sth被某事深深打動

seem + adj./to do/介詞短語/p.p/that從句/as if從句

60.be of(+adj.)+抽象名詞

=be+(adv.)+adj.Eg.be of(great)importance=be

(very)important

用于表示主語的特征或性質，其

中be of?結構可作表語或后置定語。

61.in the case of 就?來說

1Given?位于句首，62.○意為“鑒于”,此處given為adj.2Allow for 顧及，考慮到○

3Suppose/supposing(that)?○

假如?(此處做連詞)

Eg.Allowing for finding a room to

live in ,we set out early.63.have to do with sth和?有關 64.at first glance 乍一看

65.sb be in charge of sth=sth be in the charge of sb負 責，管理 Sb be in charge of sb=look after sb照顧某人

66.make the most/best of 充分利用；充分展示；重視

67.narrowly missed doing

差一點，幾乎做了?

Eg.He narrowly missed hitting the child standing nearby.68.when it comes to 提及，言及? 69.under the lead of 在?的領導下Under the wings of在?的庇護下With the help of 在?的幫助下 70.catch/get a glimpse of/at?瞥見，看了一眼

Give a glimpse of sth

對某事有預感，提前預知某事

71.treat sb for sth=cure sb of sth治愈?

72.require sb to do sth要求某人做某事 Require sth of sb 對某人有?要求

Require doing=require to be done類似用法的詞有want,need

73.not in the least=not at all一點也不，絕不Last but not least最后的但同樣重要的74.die of 死于內因（饑老病寒悲）Die from 死于外因Die for 為?而死Die young 英年早逝Die happy 含笑而死

Die away(聲音，光)消失，風停下Die down（火）熄滅，（草木）枯萎Die out 滅絕

75.lack(vt.)sth 缺乏Be lacking(adj.)inLack(n.)of

76.have an empty feeling in my stomach頭腦一片空白 77.for the moment 暫時，目前At the moment 現在For a moment=after a while過一會兒

In a moment=at once立刻 78.in case of +n./pron./doing假如，萬一

In case 可和句子連用，用于句首或句末Eg.In case something important happens,please call me.79.in this/that case在這/那種情況下

In any case 無論如何

In no case 絕不，位于句首時半倒裝As is often the case?這是常有的事

80.in/out of harmony with? 與?(不)協調

81.on the point of doing when?正做?時突然?

1upon/on+n./doing位于句首作82.○

狀語相當于as soon as 引導的時間狀語從句，意為“一?就?”；Eg.Upon arriving in Beijing,he sent me an E-mail.2the minute/the moment/the○

second/the instant充當連詞加句子，“一?就?”；

3immediately,directly,○

instantly 連詞，“一?就”； 4Hardly/Scarcely+過去完成時○

+when+一般過去時

No sooner?than?

83.any/much/even/still/far/

rather+adj.比較級

a lot/a bit/a little/a great deal+adj.比較級

84.have a good knowledge of掌握?；對?熟悉

Have no knowledge of對?一無所知

To one’s knowledge 據?所知Without one’s knowledge在某人不知情的情況下

85.in the mass大體上，總體上說The mass of? 大部分，大多數 86.insist表“堅持說/認為”時，從

句用陳述語氣；

表“堅決要求/主張”時，從句

用(should)do.Insist on/upon doing

87.ever since=since 自從?以后

1+過去時間（表過去時間的名詞）○，主句用完成時；

2加短暫性動詞直譯，延續性動詞○

譯為相反意思。

Eg.It is about 3 years since he

smoked.戒煙

It is 3 years since he(got)

married.結婚

It is 3 years since he was

married.離婚 88.go about(doing)sth=get down to

(doing)sth 開始/著手做某事 89.be worth +n./doing

Be worthy of sth/being doneBe worthy to do/to be doneIt is worthwhile(for sb)to do sth 90.以下情況不能用if表示“是否”： 1whether與or not 連用；○

2介詞后的賓語從句中；○

Eg.I’m not interested in whether he will come.3后接不定式○

Eg.We haven’t decided whether to go out this afternoon.91.Would you be so kind as to give me a hand?

Be so kind/good as to 勞駕 92.except 一般等于except for,但若強調前后有對比，性質有變化，則用except fpr.93.take account of=take?into consideration 把?考慮在內On one’s account為了某人的緣故On account of 由于，因為

On no account=by no means絕不 94.burst into +n.Burst out doing突然?起來

95.break into 破門而入

Break away from 脫離（政黨或組織），打破陳規陋習

Break up 結束，分手，拆散Break down 拋錨，垮掉，分解

Break in 插話，破門而入

Break out（戰爭，火災）突然爆發Break off 打斷，折斷

96.more A than B 與其說B不如說AMore than +n.不僅僅，不只是+num.=over多于，超過+adj./v.=very非常No more than+n./num.僅僅反義詞 no less than 多達No more?than 和?一樣不Not moer than 至多，不超過反義詞 not less than 至少Not more?than 不比?更?

97.wish+that從句表示虛擬語氣時：

1與現在情況不同，從句用一般過○

去時；

2與過去情況不同，從句用過去完○

成時；

3與將來情況不同，從句用○

could/would/might do,一般不用should.98.would rather do?than do?Would do?rather than do? 99.It is(high/about)time that + should do 或+過去式 100.表示“將來”：

be going to 個人主觀計劃，打算；有跡象表明要發生某事 will 無計劃，純粹的將來；說話時的臨時決定

be to 客觀安排，計劃；條件句中表示“想要”

be about to 馬上就要發生，與明確的表將來的時間狀語連用

101.It is no use/good doing sthIt is useless doing sth

102.give up on sb 對某人不再抱希

望，不再相信某人

103.appeal to sb to do 呼吁某人做Appeal for sth 呼吁某事 104.不定代詞加but:

nothing but 僅僅，只不過Anything but 決不，根本不Something of a+n.算得上，堪稱

105.不定代詞加like:

Anything+like 完全像，全然，幾

乎（用于否定句疑問句條件句）Something+like 類似，大約（肯

定句）

Nothing+like(本身即表達否定意味)

1絲毫不像=not at all like○

2絕對不=absolutely not○

3沒有比?更好的=nothing○

better than

106.as it happens/happened令人驚奇的是；恰恰 107.not a bit 一點也不

Not a little 很，非常 108.or so 大約

Or else 否則

Or rather 確切地說 Other than 除了

Safe and sound 安然無恙

109.set off for sp.=set out to sp出發去某地

110.more than one?many a ?

every?and(every)?each ?and each?no?and no?

都加可數名詞單數，謂語動詞用

單數

小心得：

英語并不神秘，要想輕松應對考試，六個字足矣：單詞語法句子。單詞是基礎，單詞就是要記的嘛，別嫌煩，別怕忘，忘了多記幾遍不就行了，呵呵。尤其重要的動詞形容詞之類，要牢記其用法，記住這些固定搭配，就不必怕單選完型之類的小題目了，心里底氣也自然十足。語法是關鍵，有了單詞的積累，就有了寫作的原材料，可要想寫出好句子好作文，還要結合正確的語法，所以，不要小看語法哦，學好了語法寫什么句子都是手到擒來，可若學不好的話，就舉步維艱了。學語法，同樣是記唄。有了正確的語法和句子，還愁沒有好作文嗎？

所以嘛，學英語不能懶（雖然我已經懶了很久了?）,六個字單詞語法句子，記單詞記語法記句子，突然發現，其實一個字就可以搞定英語了，沒錯，還是它：記啊。Come on!聲明：以上內容純屬虛構，僅供參考。

加油，看好你！

第四篇：生活英語筆記總結

在美國留學的忙碌生活中, 每天最大的樂趣，就是一回家后，匆匆掏出紙筆，把一天當中聽到的對話給記在筆記上。我知道如果這些收獲不馬上記下來，很快就會被忘的一干二凈，這樣下去，我的英語程度永遠都是原地踏步。所以我就下定決心要養成作英語筆記的好習慣。剛開始時，筆記本是給自己看的，一段時間之后，我嘗試著用電子郵件寄給同學，反應也不錯。因此我想，如果把英語筆記分享給一些沒有機會接觸到真正美國口語的朋友，不是比我一個人獨享要好嗎？于是才開始了把英語筆記本編輯上網的工作。做這件吃力的工作只不過是拋磚引玉，希望能有更多的人，提供些真正有用的東西，平衡一下目前被一些垃圾信息及商業氣息日益充斥的網絡資源。只要大家覺得還不錯，三不五時寫個郵件給我鼓勵，就能給我繼續為大家服務的動力。

誰說學習語言不是一種樂趣呢? 但國內的英語教育在這方面卻是并不是很成功。有很多的教材并不是完全針對美國這個大環境來編輯，所以我在臺灣學到的英語卻永遠只能在臺灣說說。在坊間買到的英文字典也鮮有對這些詞匯做通俗用法的解釋，比如說吧，如果你有一天沒有聽到 'Awesome' 這個字，那可能就是那天你待在家里沒出門，對于這個明明是指“很棒” 的字，翻遍了字典(包括我的電子字典在內)卻只有“可怕的” 這個解釋(這的確是蠻可怕的)。我在臺灣坊間也買過很多開口說英語，或是觀光英語之類的書籍，但是到了美國之后，總覺得不是很實用，原因是很多這些書本里面的例句，人家老美根本就不常用。真正實用的口語教材，就應該是從日常生活里一點一滴收集而來，而非照自己的意思去憑空想象。

我的英語筆記本的題材的就是來自我每天的日常生活當中。聽到有什么不會的，或是有趣的對話，我就會把它記下來，日后再找向老美請教是什么意思。我也經常公開我的筆記在網絡上和大家討論，經過反復不斷地訂正才把它們整理成我的筆記本，相信在我筆記本上的句子應該都是老美很常用到的口語，在考證和說明上也力求謹慎，但編輯時疏忽錯誤之處在所難免，還請各位前輩多多指教，只希望對這本筆記本對大家在美語會話上能有一點幫助和貢獻，也希望大家能跟我分享學習另一種語言的喜悅.筆記本一 好 棒

1.It's cool!很好, 很棒!Cool 這個字在英文里算是應用最廣的字之一了, 幾乎隨時隨地都可以聽到人家在說這個字.通常有二種場合人家會說 cool!首先第一個場合是, 當有人說了一件不錯的事情, 例如, “I am going to college this year.” 你就可以說 “Cool!” 或是人家說, “I just bought a brand new car.” 你還是說 “Cool!” 總之只要是好事, 你都可以說 cool!另外一個場合會說 cool 多半是別人問你作了某件事了沒, 你說作了, 別人就會說 cool.例如別人問你 “Did you make one copy for me?” 你說, “Yes.” 他就會很自然地說 “Cool.” 又例如人家問你, “Did you go to watch the football game yesterday?” 你說, “Yes.” 人家也會說 “Cool!” 總之, cool 這個字是無所不在的, 聽到什么好事, 就說 cool 準沒錯.2.It is neat!太酷了

我們可以這樣說, neat 是 cool 的比較級, 比 cool 還再 cool 一點的就是 neat, 例如別人說他學鋼琴學了十年, 像這種事你光用 cool 形容是不夠的, 不如就說 neat!會來的更貼切一點.或是人家說, “I've been to Europe several times.” 聽到這種幾乎不可能發生在一般人身上的事, 你也可以說 neat!Neat 這個字不論在用法上和程度上和 cool 這個字可以說是差不多的, 同樣都是表現出對別人的一種肯定和認同.例如今天我說 “I've taken piano lessens for ten years.”(我已經學了十年的鋼琴.)這時候你就可以接, “Neat!” 或 “Cool!”(真是不簡單!)來表示你的敬佩之意.另外, neat 和 cool 也有「新奇」的意思.當「新奇」解時這兩個字常和 stuff 這個字連用, 表示一些很新奇又很棒的事物.例如你為了吸引別人的注意就可以說, “Check out those neat stuff!”(看看這些很棒的東西.)這里用 neat 來形容這件東西(stuff)不但很新奇而且值得一看.同樣的你也可以說, cool stuff, 例如, “I've just bought some cool stuff.”(我剛買了一些很棒的東西.)3.It is righteous!酷斃了!這是 cool 的最高級了, 如果一件事讓你無法用 neat 形容, 那就只好用這個字了, 有人說他剛環游世界一周回來, 你就可以跟他說, “It's righteous!” 但是這句蠻少用的, 我覺得.4.It's good.很好.再來介紹另一組也是常用的形容詞.Good 跟 cool 很像, 都是聽到什么好事時就可以脫口而出, “It's good!” 例如, 人家說, “I just got an A from that course.” 你就可以輕描淡寫地說 “It's good.” 一般別人跟你問好時, “How are you doing?” 通常我們會回答, “I am good” 或是 “I am doing good.” 這是幾乎每天都會用到的對話之一.另外 good for you 或是 good to hear 這二種句型也很常見, 例如別人跟你說他明年想要上大學, 或是說他決定從現在起每天要運動一小時, 你就可以說, “Good for you.” 或是 “Good to hear.”

5.That's great.太好了.Great 在這里就是說很棒的意思.大家也可以想象成這個是 good 的比較級, 如果剛才那個得到一個 A 的人換作是女生的話, 我可能就會說 “That's great!” 這樣別人聽來可能就會更舒服一點.同樣的, 遇到別人跟你問好, 要是你今天覺得很不錯的話, 你就可以說 “I am great!” 不過要注意, 當老美說 “That's great!” 時有時候是在說反話喔!例如正在室外打網球打得正高興時, 突然傾盆大雨, 這時你也可以說, “That's great!”.或是本來和同學講好明天要逃課出去玩, 結果教授突然宣布說明天要考試, 受不了這么大打擊的你也可以說, “That's great!”(真是棒啊!)我想中文里我們也有很類似的用法, 所以大家應該不會太訝異老美也常愛說反話吧? 6.That's wonderful.太棒了

Wonderful 聽來就要比 great 還要再更好一些.如果說這個拿 “A” 的人不但是個美眉, 而且又正好有幾分臉蛋的話, 就試試這句吧!“That's wonderful!” 聽來是不是很舒服呢? 當然要是遇到別人跟你問好, 你回 答 “I am wonderful.” 那就表示你今天真的是很不錯了!曾經在廣播上聽到一段對話, 主持人問, “How are you today?” 聽眾答, “I am just good.” 主持人不太滿意, “Just good?” 于是那人就改口答, “I am great.” 沒想到主持人還是不滿意, “Just great?” 那人才說, “I am wonderful.” 這時主持人才真正滿意, 沒有繼續追問下去.由這個例子我想大家可以很清楚地看到 good, great 和 wonderful 之間程度上的關系.7.That's incredible.真是另人難以置信.Incredible 算是 good 這一系列形容詞的最高級了吧.如果用到 incredible 這個字, 就表示這個東西真的是好到讓你印象深刻.例如剛才拿 “A” 的美眉不只拿了一個 A, 而且是整個學期每門課都拿 A,(straight A's)那你可能就要說 “That's incredible.” 又比方說你剛從一家很棒的餐廳用完餐出來, 你可能也會嘆道, “The food was incredible!” 不過注意一下, 別人跟你問好是不能答說 “I am incredible.” 的喔!還有另一個單字 fabulous 不論在意思上和用法上跟 terrific 都十分地接近, 都是用來形容「非常棒的」.例如你看到你的好友今天氣色極佳, 不妨跟他說聲, “You look terrific today!” 或是 “You look fabulous today!”(你今天看來很棒!)8.She is pretty.她好漂亮.Pretty 當作漂亮解時, 和 beautiful 程度上差不多, 但如果真的要比的話, beautiful 還是比 pretty 還要 beautiful 一點.另外還有一種用法就是當球賽有精采的表現時, 你就可以說, Oh!That's pretty.但是不能說, That's beautiful, 跟中文是不是有點類似呢? 9.The house is gorgeous!這房子好漂亮.Gorgeous 也是用來形容「美麗、漂亮」的事物.例如上次我去參觀紐約的大都會博物館, 當我逛到一個全部都是油畫的展示廳時, 身邊的老美就情不自禁地喊了一聲, “Gorgeous.” 所以你就知道這個地方有多漂亮了, 后來小笨霖我也情不自禁地說了一聲 “Gorgeous.” 只不過這次我不是看到什么美麗的油畫, 而是看到了一位氣質出眾的金發美女.雖然 pretty/beautiful 也作「美麗、漂亮」解釋, 但在程度上 gorgeous 比 beautiful 跟 pretty 還要再漂亮一點.所以在應用上我們可以視情況而決定要用 pretty/beautiful 或是 gorgeous.例如小美女的話我們就可以說, “She's pretty.” 但是大美女的話就可以說 “She's gorgeous.” 但是 gorgeous 可不限于美女專用喔!老美也常會用 gorgeous 來形容美男的.例如, “Her brother is gorgeous.We all like him.”(她的哥哥長得很好看, 我們都很喜歡他.)如果是小美女用 pretty, 大美女用 gorgeous.那「超級大美女」要怎么說? 英文里有一個字眼叫 drop-dead gorgeous.意思是說這種美女會讓你看到之后, 會讓你因為驚艷而「昏倒」.(drop-dead 原意是倒下去, 雙腳一伸, 死了, 但這里翻「昏倒」會比較好一點.)所以如果各位有認識什么 drop-dead gorgeous 的美女, 可別忘記在昏倒前通知小笨霖我一聲喔.10.It is a terrific game.那是一場很棒的比賽.Terrific 在字典里查到有恐怖, 可怕的意思, 可是在美國幾乎沒有人用這個字來當作可怕的意思, 基本上, 它就是指很棒的東西.這個字的等級大概跟 wonderful 差不多.例如別人問你, “Have you been seen the movie?” 你可以答說, “Yes, that's a terrific one.” 11.That's awesome.那真是太棒了.Awesome 和 terrific 一樣, 在字典里都有可怕的意思, 可是當你聽到別人說這個字時, 百分之百就只有很棒的意思.通常老美只講 awesome 一個字, 例如別人問你, 你覺得我的家布置的如何, 你就可以答說.“Awesome!” 或是人家問你, “How do you think of that game?” 你也可以說 awesome!表示那場比賽真的是很精采.記得每次我去看球賽時, 每當球員有精采表現時, 運動場的字幕就會打出 AWESOME 這幾個大字.所以下次如果你看到別人也有不錯的表現時, 你也可以說 “Awesome.” 注意一下, terrific, awesome 跟另一個單字 excellent 基本上都是可以互換使用的.在日常生活的運用上, wonderful, terrific, fabulous, awesome 跟另一個單字 excellent 基本上都是可以互換使用的.例如你剛從歐洲旅游回來, 別人問你, “How's your trip?”(旅程如何啊?)這時你的選擇就有很多種了.你不但可以回答, “Wonderful!”、“Terrific!” “Fabulous!” 還可以回答, “Awesome!”、“Excellent!” 這幾個字不論在意義上和程度上都不多.筆記本二: 抱 怨

1.Our team sucks.我們這一隊很爛.Suck 這個字在美國用的很多, 它就是指很爛, 很差的意思.Suck 是一個動詞, 所以在使用上跟爛這個形容詞是不太一樣的, 例如你可以說, That traffic here really sucks!就是說這里的交通糟透了的意思。有時也聽得到人家用 suck 的形容詞 sucky.例如有一次我室友的女朋友先是車子拋錨, 然后又下起大雨, 更糟的是她還找不到電話可以求救.所以她那天一來我們這, 就說了一句, Today is very sucky, everything sucks.說得很好吧!Suck 這個字的原意是指用嘴巴吸的意思, 所以有人就設計了這么一個吸果凍的比賽.規則很簡單, 就是不能用手, 只能用嘴巴把果凍吸光.所以比賽一開始, 只聽到觀眾大喊, Hey, you suck!表面上聽來是說, 你快點吸的意思, 事實上則是暗地里罵人爛的意思.2.I am sick and tired of doing homework.我對做作業感到厭煩.Sick and tired of something 可以視之為一個片語, 所以并沒有 sick(生病)的意思在里面!例如販賣機老是吃錢, 你也可以說 I am sick and tired of this vending machine.還有一句話也很有趣, I am so sick and tired of being sick and tired.就是說你對于老是感到厭煩已經感到十分厭煩了, 我想這是很多都市人共同的心聲吧.3.I am terrible.I am horrible 我很糟糕.這句并不是說我很可怕或恐怖的意思.terrible 翻成中文的意思是糟糕.像是有次我問班上同學上次為什么沒來上課? 他的回答是, I am so terrible.I keep skipping my classes.他的意思是說他很糟糕, 常常在蹺課.有時他們也會用 terrible 來形容一個教授, He is so terrible, 就是說這個老師教的很爛, 而不是說他很會當人.要是用 terrible 來形容一樣東西, 則表示該樣東西很糟糕, 例如形容食物, 如 The food is terrible, 說的當然就是食物很難吃了!Horrible 跟 terrible 的意思可說是一模一樣, 兩者可以互換使用, 例如, The coffee is horrible.或是 Our professor is horrible.4.That movie was a turn-off.那部電影真是讓我倒盡胃口.Turn-off 就是讓你倒胃口的東西, 而 turn-on 則是你非常喜歡的東西.例如你說 She is a turn-off.就表示說你對她是一點興趣都沒有.要是 She is a turn-on, 那就表示你對她蠻有興趣的.此外, turn-on 跟 turn-off 也可以當成一種個人喜好上的標準, 比如說征友吧, 你說, 我不想要低于 160 cm 的, 則低于 160 就是你的 turn-off, 也等于 What's not.如果說我喜歡住在美國的, 那 “住在美國” 就是你的 turn-on.另也有人說把 turn-on 說成 What's hot.把 turn off 說成 What's not.大家可以看情況自行運用.Turn on 當成動詞的時候也非常普遍, 例如你可以說, The movie totally turns me off.或是 she turns me off.5.You scared me!You frightened me!你嚇到我了.被驚嚇到時就是這么說的, 或是也可以說, I am scared.記得我剛到美國第二天就在 Washington D.C 迷路了.想問路又怕自己英文不好, 所以猶豫了好久, 好不容易偷偷走到一個中年婦人的背后, 鼓起我全部的勇氣, 大聲地說了一句: Excuse me..結果你猜如何? 她居然哇的一聲, 說 You scared me!害我覺得十分地不好意思.此外, 自己被嚇到你也可以說, I am scared 或是 I am frightened.Scare 跟 frightene 的意思完全相同, 可以隨便選一個來用.6.That's so stupid.真是愚蠢.Stupid 這個字很好用, 它含有輕視, 不以為然的味道在里面, 比如說考試題目出的很爛, 你就可以說, that's a stupid test.或是有人在冬天的時候提議去游泳, 你的反應大概就會是, That's a stupid idea.個人覺得 stupid 不單只是笨的意思, 還有愚蠢的味道在里面.中文里說: “笨笨的”還有點可愛的味道, 但英文中的 stupid 則比較像是我們說的愚蠢的意思, 聽來一點也不可愛.7.I'm so pissed-off with his attitude.我對他的態度感到非常反感.Piss 原意是上小號的意思, 但是現在幾乎沒有人會用 piss 來代表上小號的意思了, 反而是常用在 pissed-off 這個片語上, 指的是反感, 厭惡的意思.例如老美會說 He pissed me off.就是說他把我給惹毛了.補充一點就是上小號可以有很多講法, 例如 pee, take a piss, take a slash, relieve myself, take a number one, urinate 等等.8.You are mean.你很壞.Mean 這個字當形容詞可以有二種解釋, 一種是指別人很壞, 這種壞并不是說是壞人的壞, 而是像有時候男生喜歡耍貧嘴, 虧女孩子, 這種行為你就可以說他, You are so mean.另外一種 mean 則是解釋成 “賤”.我想就是指它的行為很讓人瞧不起, 比如說吧!有一只貓, 你拿東西給它吃, 它就過來跟你親熱, 你沒東西給它吃它就躲的遠遠的, 這樣的行為你就可以用 mean 來形容.你可以說 The cat is so mean.有時候 mean 在口語中也可以當成 cool 的意思喔!例如別人看到一輛很拉風的跑車, 他說, “Wow, look at that car, that is mean!” 在這里不可能說一部車很賤, 所以這個 mean 就是當成 cool 來解釋.9.He is shaky.他不太可靠.Shaky 是指動搖不穩定, 不太確定, 通常就是指一個人不太可靠.另外 Shaky 也可以用來形容數據, 像是有一次教授就在課常上說, The data is shaky, 就是說這些 data 怪怪的, 不太可靠.Shaky 另外有一個慣用法, He has a shaky start.就是說有人要上臺報告準備卻不夠充份, 以致一上去就開始緊張, 冒冷汗, 不知所云, 這種情況老美就會說, He has a shaky start.或是另一個很意思很接近的說法, “He has a bumpy ride.” 10.Don't act black.不要跟黑人一樣.雖然現在都已經快要邁入二十一世紀了, 不過時至今日還是有些白人會歧視黑人的, 尤其是老一輩的白人, 有時候他們的孩子作錯了什么事, 他們還會罵說 Don't act black.但是這是句非常有種族歧視的話, 不要亂用, 當然也希望各位國人來到國外時要為華人爭一點面子, 不要讓老美說 Don't act Chinese.那樣就很不好了.筆記本三: 常 用 問 句

1.How are you doing?你好嗎? 美國人見面時候最常用的打招呼方式就是, “Hey!How are you doing?” 或是 “How are you?” 不然 “How's going?” 也很常見.我覺得這種每天跟別人打招呼的習慣, 就是跟美國友人建立良好關系的開始.很多人都覺得美國人很冷漠, 不跟自己打招呼, 但自己又何嘗不是對美國友人很冷漠呢? 關于更多打招呼之間的應對, 請參照筆記本專題篇.2.What's up? 什么事? “What's up?” 也是很常用的一種打招呼方式.比方說 Bob 在路上看到我跟我說 “Hey!Kun-Lin!” 那我通常就會答說 “Hi!Bob.What's up?” 這就是問對方近來怎樣, 有什么事嗎? 通常如果沒什么事人家就會說 “Not much.” 不過還有一種情況也很常見, 你先跟人家說 “Hey!What's up?” 那別人也不說 “Not much”, 反而反問一句, “What's up?” 所以 “What's up?” 已經變成有點 Hello!的味道在里面了.“What's up?” 也常被用來問人家有什么事? 例如有人登門拜訪, 你就會說 “What's up?” 到底有何貴干啊? 總之 “What's up?” 在美國應用的很廣, 各位一定要熟記才是.我有一個從南非來的朋友 David, 他對于我的筆記本提供了很多的幫忙和建議.他說在南非的打招呼方式是 “How zit?” 這是從 “How's it?” 衍生變化而來.所以同樣是講英文的國家, 打招呼的方式也有很大的不同.3.Could you do me a favor? 能不能幫我一個忙? 人是不能獨自一個人活的, 需要別人幫忙的地方總是很多, 所以我就會常講, “Could you do me a favor?” 或是 “Could you give me a hand?” 這算是比較正式而禮貌的講法.有時候要請別人幫忙還不太好意思說, 我就會說 Could you do me a little favor? 能不能幫我一個小忙? 其實也許是幫大忙但也要先講成小忙, 先讓對方點頭才是.(注意一下這里用 could you 會比 can you 來的客氣一點.)另外, “Can you help me?” 也很常見, 通常比如說我們去買東西, 可是店員自己在聊天, 我就會說, “Can you help me?”(其實正常來說, 應該是他們主動會問 “Can I help you?” 或是 “May I help you?” 才對, 但有時實在等不急了, 就直接先問了 “Can you help me?” 4.What are you studying? 你主修什么的? 通常老美一聽我是學生, 都會很自然地問, “What are you studying?” 其實這樣的問法就是問你 “What's your major?” 但他們比較喜歡說 “What are you studying?” 如果說你遇見一個人, 你也不確定他是不是學生, 我們通常會問, “What do you do for living?” 你是作什么工作的? 或是簡單地問, “What do you do?” 一般不會說成 “What's your job? 5.Where are you going? 你要去哪啊? 通常走在路上遇到好朋友, 除了打招呼之外, 我都還會問 ”Where are you going?“ 雖然剛來美國時我只聽得懂自己的問題, 卻聽不懂對方的回答, 但是我還是喜歡問.原因無它, 聽久了自然就會了.另外老美也很喜歡用 heading 這個字來代替 going.所以你也可以問 ”Where are you heading?“ 同樣都是你上哪去的意思.6.What's your favorite ice cream? 你最喜歡的冰淇淋是什么? 這句話通常是當我遇到陌生人時, 又想不到其它話題的時候會最先想到的一句話.試想二個人如果有共同的興趣和嗜好是不是就很容易成為好朋友呢? 所以我就常問人家, ”What's your favorite movie? Who's your favorite movie star?“ 總之 favorite 之后可以接任何你有興趣的話題.Favorite 這個字很好用, 如果這句話你不用 favorite 的話, 就會變成 ”What kind of ice cream do you like the most?“ 聽來是不是很冗長? 還有一點值得一提, 比如我要回答, 我最喜歡香草冰淇淋, 再來是巧克力要怎么說? 那就是 ”Vanilla is my favorite flavor and chocolate is my second favorite.7.What color is your car? What's the color of your car? 你的車子是什么顏色.個人覺得 What 后面接一個名詞這樣的問句好用的很, 可是不知道為什么剛來美國的人似乎對這樣的問法都不太熟悉.同樣的句子我就曾說過, “What kind of color does your car have?” 聽來是沒錯, 但我跟你保證老美絕不會這樣問的啦!他們就是 “What color is your car?” 有時候就干脆只說 “What color?” 就完事了.讓我們再來練習幾句, “What year is your car?” 問你的車是幾年份的? “What area do you live?” 問你是住哪一區的.同樣的 How 后接一個形容詞也很常用, 例如 “How big is your dog?” 你的狗有多大? 8.What's going on? 發生了什么事? 比如說你要用計算機, 可是不知為什么無法開機, 你就可以說.“Hey, What's going on?” 雖然這句就完全等于 “What happened?” 或是 “What's up with that?” 但是老美還是比較比喜歡說 “What's going on?” , 又比如人家問你說, “Why is our oven broken?” 你就可以推的一干二凈地說.“I don't know what's going on.”(我不知發生了什么事)9.How come? 為什么?(怎么會這樣?)How come 的用法大部份就等于 why 但是它的用法沒有像 why 那么廣, 它通常是用在你覺得奇怪, 而問為什么的時候, 比如說有人早上一大早要去 supermarket 你就會問他.“How come?” 另外, 當別人問你一個問題, 而你不想回答時可以說 “How come?” 相當于, “Why do you ask that?” 也就是說 “It's none of your business!”雖然 how come 跟 why 的用法上差不多, 但二者的問法不同, 例如上句, “Why is our oven broken?” 換成 how come 的話, 要說成, “How come our oven is broken?” 注意一下, 這二句的 be 動詞位置是不一樣的.10.You want to go to see a movie? 你要去看電影嗎? 這樣的句子看似不合文法, 但卻是老美天天在用的句子.他們有時候要說一個問句, 就直接把肯定句的尾音提高就成了疑問句.其實正確的說法應該是, “Do you want to go to see a movie?” 但可能是太冗長了點, 所以老美才會直接說 “You want to go to see a movie?”另外, 更口語的說法應該是 “You wanna go to see a movie?” 因為在口語中他們常會把 want to 省略成 wanna.或是把 going to 省略成 gonna.所以這句話也可以講成 “Are you gonna see a movie?” 11.Anybody needs a fork?有沒有人要叉子的啊? 以前老師都教說英文中的問句只有 W-H 問句.其實不然, 我發覺還有很多種問句, 例如這個我自己稱它是 anybody 問句.例如有一次我們出去玩, 一下車, 有一個老美就問說有沒有人要去上衛生間, 我記得很清楚她是怎么說的, “Anybody has to pee?” 是不是簡單易懂?也有很多的問句是用 Any 開頭的, 例如 “Any volunteer?” 有沒有志愿的啊? 或是 “Any luck today?” 今天運氣好不好啊? 生活小故事

大家知不知道現在在美國很流行刺青刺漢字, 或是在衣服上寫幾個漢字.今天就發生了這么一件事, 一個老美在餐廳跑來問我, What does these words mean on my cloth? 只見她的衣服上寫了, 和平, 幸福, 好運,平安, 勇敢, 堅強..好幾十個中文, 我一一跟她解釋之后, 她還很高興地跟我說, Oh, thank you, it's so neat!真是讓我覺的蠻有成就感的.不過我也看過有人寫 “生命是痛苦” 還有 “死亡是解脫” 真不知道老美自己知不知道這些中國字代表什么意思?

筆記本四: 校 園 生 活

1.He is a fraternity brother.他是兄弟會的一員.在學校內有很多寫著希臘字母的宿舍, 這些可不是數學系的系館喔.那是兄弟會的家.兄弟會其實算是宿舍的一種, 住在這里不見得會比較便宜, 但是可以認識很多人還有參加不完的活動和 party, 還有喝不完的酒.兄弟會全是男生, 可是每個兄弟會可以選一個女生當作 sweetheart.這可是一種榮譽.有空去看看他們的網頁, 你就可以看到萬叢綠中一點紅.2.She is a sorority sister.她是姐妹會的成員

男生是兄弟會, 女生就是姐妹會了.在我們男生多的學校里, sorority 大概就跟臺大的女生宿舍一樣地吸引眾人的目光吧..尤其是每年秋天, 他們都會招收新會員(Fall rush), 所有的人都會站在門口迎接新生, 場面好不壯觀!3.I am returning this book.我想要還這本書.借書叫 borrow a book, 還書是 return a book, 不過有趣的是, 他們不會說 “I return the book.”, 而會說 “I am returning this book.” 因為事實上現在進行式有未來的意思在里面, 所以這句話就等于 “I will return this book.” 4.I want to renew this book 我想續借我的書

Renew 就是'續借' 的意思.比如說你去圖書館借了一本書, 書到期了但是你還想繼續借這本書, 你就可以說 “I want to renew this book.” 任何固定時間一到要去換約我們都叫 renew, 例如你的汽車牌照過期了, 或是你的保單到期了要去更新或是中文里講的續約, 也是用 renew.比如說, “I want to renew my car insurance for this coming year.” 5.I just bought a brand new car.我買了一輛新車.Brand new 感覺上比 new 還要來的更新一點.凡是全新, 剛出廠的東西叫 brand new, 可能是說連商標(brand)都還在上面的意思吧!6.I want to be a pornstar.我要化裝成 AV 女優.Pornstar 中文翻成 AV 女優, 不知恰不恰當, 還是有人不知道AV 女優倒底是什么意思?.這是萬圣節時, 班上有一個老美說他要化裝成 pornstar 去參加化裝舞會, 真是有趣.7.He is really a tough guy;he takes no prisoner.他很嚴格, 手下絕不留情.這是我聽老美形容他們教授的, 就是說他們教授很嚴格,而且絕不留活口(就像臺灣說的大刀, 當人無數)所謂takes no prisoner指的是戰爭時不收戰俘, 抓到全部殺死的意思, 也就是說夠狠.老美常用 tough 來形容一件事情的困難或是一個人的強硬態度, 例如, “Today is a tough day for me.” 就是說今天過得很不容易啦.要是說 “The professor is tough.” 則是說這個教授教課很嚴格, 很不好混的意思.要是別人遇到這種 tough 的教授, 你就可以鼓勵他, “Tough it out!” 就是說把它撐過去.同樣地, 這句話你也可以說成 “The professor goes for kill.” 就是說這個教授支持殺戮.下手絕不留情.8.It's a cake course.這是一門大補丸的課.我們說一門課很好修, 就用 cake course 這個字, 或是只說 It's a cake, 別人也是會了解的.還有我聽一個從柏克萊大學來的學生說, 他們把很補的課程叫 Micky Mouse, 很有趣吧? 大家參考參考.9.Which department is she in?她是哪一個系的? 我們都知道主修是用 major 這個字, 簡單地問法就是, “What's your major?” 但是你也可以用 which field 或是 which department 來代替.比如說有人來演講, 你想知道他是什么系的教授, 你就可以問 “Which department is she in?” 或是 “Which field is she in?”還有一種最口語問主修的問法, 就是問人家 “What are you studying?” 就可以了。

10.Is there any way we can move it? 我們有沒有辦法改地方.Way 就是辦法, 你可以說, “Is there some other way...?” 就是有沒有其它的辦法.move it 可以指很多事, 如換教室, 換地點, 都可以用 move.不要再說 change place 了.這是有一次老師宣布在某間教室考試, 可是因為那間教室平時就很吵, 所以我的同學就舉手說, “Is there any way we can move it?”

筆記本五: How Come 想要用英文展現一下你的幽默感, 但卻苦無機會嗎?精彩語句！1 A man will pay $2 for a $1 item he wants.A woman will pay $1 for a $2 item that she doesn't want.2 A woman worries about the future until she gets a husband.A man never worries about the future until 3he gets a wife.4 A successful man is one who makes more money than his wife can spend.A successful woman is one who can find such a man.5 To be happy with a woman you must love her a lot.And not try to understand her at all.6 Married men live longer than single men.But married men are a lot more willing to die.7 Any married man should forget his mistakes.There's no use in two people remembering the same thing.8 Men wake up as good-looking as they went to bed.Women somehow deteriorate during the night.9 A woman marries a man expecting he will change, but he doesn't.A man marries a woman expecting that she won't change and she does.10 A woman has the last word in any argument.Anything a man says after that is the beginning of a new argument.11 There are two times when a man doesn't understand a woman, before marriage and after marriage.12 If a man talks dirty to a woman it's sexual harassment If a woman talks dirty to a man it's nine dollars a minute

筆記本七: 購 物

1.Charge or debit?(Credit or debit?)使用信用卡或是電子錢包?

Charge(Credit)指的就是一般我們說的信用卡, 信用卡使用上很方便, 但若是沒有收入又沒有社會安全卡, 是很難申請到信用卡的.而我們的提款卡(ATM 卡)就是debit, 它會從你的支票戶頭直接扣錢.一般而言, 只要去有刷卡的地方都會被問這一句, 剛來美國的人常常對這句話感到莫名奇妙, 不知道這句話到底在問什么, 其實只要了解什么是 charge 什么是 debit, 這句話就不難了解, 視你是使用信用卡還是 ATM 卡而回答.使用信用卡就說 charge, 使用 ATM 卡就答 debit.2.Cash back? 是否要找回現金? 在美國跨行提款的手續費是$1.5,夠嚇人的吧? 可是偏偏美國那么大, 你要找到跟發卡銀行同一家銀行的提款機談何容易? 那這是不是意謂著每次去提領現金都要負擔高額的手續費?其實只要你善用cash back 這個功能,那情況就完全不一樣了, cash back 就是說假設你買10塊的東西, 但刷卡時你可以刷30元, 剩下的20元他會拿現金20 塊找你, 如此出門就不必帶著大筆的現金, 又不必負擔高額的提款手續費.唯一缺點是有金額限制, 有些店最多可 cash back $50, 有些店只能 cash back $20.一般的情形是只有 ATM 卡才能 cash back 的, 一般的信用卡是不行的, 但是有些特別的信用卡, 如 Discover, 也有提供 cash back 的功能.他的優點在于不受發卡銀行提款機的限制, 我在亞特蘭大拿的 ATM 卡到波士頓一樣可以 cash back, 而且完全不收手續費, 請大家多加利用.3.How are you going to pay? 你要怎么付款? 不住在美國的人, 或是剛來美國的人聽到這句話一定覺得丈二金剛摸不著頭腦.其實這句話跟 Charge or debit這句話很像, 問的就是你要用什么方式付款如信用卡(credit card)提款卡(debit card)或是現金(cash)來付帳.這句話在“電子情書”這部電影中曾出現過,在男主角去女主角的書店買東西時, 店員就問男主角這句, 湯姆漢克就答: cash.就是付現的意思了.4.Double coupon.雙重折價卷.我想只要在美國待過一陣子的人, 都知道利用coupon 來省錢的道理吧!所謂的 coupon, 就是由制造商所發行的一種折價卷, 如 Save 50c 的 coupon(折價卷)可以讓你在結帳時少付50c, 然后再由這些商店拿著這些 coupon 去跟制造商換錢.那什么是 double coupon 呢? 就是在美國有一家很有名叫 Kroger的grocery store.為了促銷, 所推行的一種政策.他們宣稱拿著50c的 coupon 去他們的店里買東西, 就可以折價 1 元, 折價的金額足足多了一倍.多馀的這 50c 是 Kroger 給顧客的優惠.但是也有一些限制, 例如,每張 coupon 的面額不得超過 75c, 而且對同樣一個商品, double coupon 只能使用一次.5.Bring your receipt to the customer service, and they will refund you.把你的收據拿給顧客服務部, 他們就會退錢給你.美國是個很重視消費者權益的國家, 所以幾乎每個商家, 都一定會有一個專門的customer service 柜臺.有任何的問題去找他們, 他們多半會給你滿意的答復.我是覺得去超市買東西, 他們算錯錢的比例蠻高的, 只要發現收據上有任何問題, 就可以拿著收據去 customer service 要求退錢(refund).我覺得老美也蠻有人情味的, 有一次我結帳時忘了拿會員卡出來, 以致于多付了六七塊錢, 雖然這是我自己的錯, 但是當我拿著會員卡和收據去跟 customer service 說明后, 他們還是把錢退給我.讓我覺得十分感動.6.I want to take the raincheck for the eggs.我要拿一張雞蛋的 raincheck.有時候某樣商品大特價, 該樣商品很快地就被搶購一空了.這樣的情形如果是在臺灣, 商家一定會說, 賣完了就賣完了, 我也沒辦法.可是美國的制度很有意思, 這樣特價品賣完了沒關系, 你可以去跟他們領一張 raincheck.等到過一段時間后(也許等到該樣商品特價結束了)你還是可以用特價時的價錢去購買該樣商品.這樣的制度真的讓人覺得很貼心.所謂的raincheck 指的是球賽若因雨而延賽, 則球迷可以把入場卷換成 raincheck, 先保留這張票的權利, 以便日后可以補看球賽.7.I am sorry you are on the Cash Only Lane 我很抱歉你現在是在只收現金的結帳道上.Cash Only 故名思義就是只收現金, 其它的什么信用卡, 支票都一律不收.通常是商家為了增快結帳的速度所以才會設 Cash Only Lane.可是剛來美國時, 標示都沒注意在看, 要是走到這一個 lane, 身上的現金又偏偏不夠時, 那麻煩就大了, 你就必須花 $1.5 的提款手續費去領 $20 來給他, 真是氣人.此外還有很多不同的 lane, 例如 Express Lane, 可能是只受理少于十樣商品的顧客, 總之, 要結帳前先看清標示就不會吃大虧.8.The price will go down.這價錢將會降低.個人經驗 go down 跟 go up 很好用, 當你不知道用什么動詞, 如 increase 或 surge, 就用 goes up, 像是有一次我去買汽車保險, 我一直想問他如果我一年當中都沒有理賠, 那明年的保費會不會降低? 這個降低我就一直想不起來要用decrease 好還是 lower 好, 結果后來我才聽他說, “The price will go down.” 是不是聽來很順.再說一個例子, 比如作實驗時濃度上升, 這個上升你可以說 increase, 但也可以說, “The concentration goes up.” 聽來是不是也不錯?另外類似的口語講法, 你可以用 rise 跟 drop 來代表 go up 和 go down.例如 “The price will drop.” 9.We have a clearance sale today.我們今天清倉大拍賣.Clearance sale 算是固定的用法, 就是所謂的清倉大拍賣, 可惜我在美國還沒聽過 “跳樓大拍賣” 的講法, 不然一定也很有趣.另外, 我們去店里如果要找這些拍賣的商品, 我們可以問店員說, “Where can I find the clearance items?” 所謂的 clearance item 就是清倉貨, 零碼貨的意思, 或是 odd sizes 也代表零碼貨的意思.10.Can you give me the invoice? 能不能給我一張發票? 常聽到有人在問發票這個字的英文怎么講? 就是 invoice 這個字啦!只可惜在美國買東西一般都只給收據 receipt.害我們少了很多對發票中大獎的樂趣(人真的是為了希望而活！)只有在買大件的東西, 如汽車保險時, 他們才會給你所謂的發票(invoice)

筆記本八: 談 女 孩

1.Hey, look at the chick over there.看看在那邊的女孩.Chick 這個字代表的就是女孩子, 各位不要跟 chic(時尚)這個字給搞混了.Chick 這個字念起來就像是 chicken前面的幾個音, 所以蠻好認的.一般而言 chick 和 girl 是可以交互使用的, 例如, 她是個十三歲的女孩, 就是 She is a thirteen-year-old chick.2.She is gorgeous!她真是漂亮.要懂得適時地稱贊女孩實在是每個男士必修的功課.一句簡單的 You are pretty!或是 You are so beautiful 就可以讓人家高興上好半天.Gorgeous和pretty, beautiful 都是美麗的意思, 但是程度上可能要比pretty和 beautiful還要再來的高一些.所以下次再看到美女, 別忘了說一聲You are gorgeous!說不定她就變成你的老婆了.3.She is a babe.她是個美女.這句話是用來形容美女的喔.像是我今天去打球看到一個很美很美的女孩, 那我就會跟我的同學說, She is really a babe.要特別注意 babe 跟 baby 只有一字之差但卻相差十萬八千里.你千萬不要說成 Oh!I like the baby, 那么你很有可能被人家當成戀童癖.4.She turns me on.她讓我眼睛為之一亮.各位男生不知有沒有這樣的經驗, 一位長發美女從你眼前走過, 你的目光便不自覺地投射在她身上, 全身的血液也開始跟著沸騰起來.這要怎么用英文形容呢? 這就叫 She turns me on.這好象是說, 她把你身上的電 源都給打開了.另外, turn-on 也可以當作名詞用, 它用來表示任何令你覺得很不錯的人, 事, 物.另外你可以說 She is such a turn-on.就是說她給我的感覺還蠻不錯的.5.I think she is a hottie.她是個辣妹.所謂的 hottie 就是指那種很辣的辣妹, 穿著打扮各方面可能都非常地時髦.或是你也可以說, hot babe 或是 hot chick.但有一點請注意, 也許你在國內對一個女孩子說, 你真是個辣妹啊!她可能還會蠻高興的, 但是在美國你不可以去跟女孩子說 You are a hottie.那么你可能換回一巴掌.另外有一個字眼跟 hottie 很像, 叫 hot tamale, 但是這個字一般而言比較少人在用.Hot tamale 原是一種墨西哥食物, 被引申成為辣妹的意思, 不過這個用法比 hottie 更強烈, hottie 單指好看或漂亮的人, 但 hot tamale 則又加上了一些不能自己控制自己, 有點瘋狂的意思, 所以也不要亂用喔.6.Do you know Jean? She is a cutie.你認識 Jean 嗎? 她好可愛喔!看來中外皆然, 女孩子總是分為二種, 漂亮美艷型和活潑可愛型.至于那種遵守交通規則型(obeying the traffic rules 則不在本文討論范圍之內)漂亮的女生叫 hottie, 相對的, 可愛的女生就叫 cutie.或是你單講, She is so cute!也是不錯的用法.7.She is well-developed.她很豐滿.剛才說的是以臉蛋來分的, 現在說的是以身材來分的.看到身材很好的女生, 女生之間彼此會說 She is well-developed 或是 well-endowed, 但這算是很文明的講法, 要是男生看到這種女人, 他們通常不會那么拐彎抹角, 他們會直接說, She has big boobs, She has big breast 或是 She has big jugs.至于身材不好的呢? 很抱歉, 在英文里好象找不到身材不好這個詞耶!因為她們根本就用不到哇!如果真要說的話, 可以說 She is flat-chested.Well-endowed 或是 well-hung 如果是用來形容男生的話, 例如 He is well-endowed, 則指的也是某個部份很大.至于是哪個部份呢? 自己想想看吧!8.Do you like blondes or brunettes.你喜歡金發妞還是棕發妞? 西方的女子大致上可依其發色分為二種, 一種叫 blondes, 金發妞, 另一種叫 brunettes, 棕發妞.一般美國人或是歐洲人對于blond girl 的刻板印象就是胸部很大, 但是沒有大腦, 又很喜歡作愛, 所以很容易就能騙上床.所以在美國有很多所謂的 blond jokes, 講的就是對金發妞的一些笑話.你在美國跟人家說 blond joke, 人家都會知道你在說什么.而棕發妞則正好相反, 她們通常都很有智能, 事業心也很強.所以我聽老美說過一句話蠻有意思的, If you dream of a blond, your life sucks.But you dream of a brunette, your life is wonderful!很多美國的小孩子都是金發, 但是隨著年紀漸長, 頭發的顏色會漸漸轉為褐色夾雜金色, 通常我們可以根據其純度而將其區分為 bleach blond, sandy blond 和 dirty blond.(事實上沒有人是天生的 bleach blond, 一般 bleach blond 的頭發, 都是染出來的結果.)我們可以稱染出來的金發叫作 dyed blond hair, 而天生的金發叫作 platimum blond.9.I don't like my wife bitching around.我不喜歡我老婆潑婦罵街.一般男生總覺得女生嘮叨, 這個嘮叨在英文中就是 bitch.這個 bitch 在英文中有很多意思, 它可以指母 狗, 也可以用來罵女生, 而當動詞用時, 則是嘮叨的意思.例如, My girlfriend bitches me all the time.我女朋友總是嘮叨我.或是你可以用 bitch around 這個片語.有點像是中文潑婦罵街的味道.10.She is a slut.她真是一個蕩婦.教完好的, 也要教些不好的了.Slut是個非常不好的字, 它和 bitch 這個字差不多, 都有點像是罵人“妓女”的味道.但二者的意思嚴格說來不盡相同.Bitch最好的翻譯是“壞女人”, slut最好的翻譯是“野女人，賤女人”.說得更清楚一點, slut 多半強調的是那種喜歡一夜情的女人, 到處追求新鮮刺激, 喜歡跟不同的男人發生關系, 而 bitch 純粹就是那種看到她就想對她吐口水的女人.不過除非你是真的很討厭某人, 不然不要用到 slut 或 bitch 這兩個字.特別注意 slut 這個字是給女生專用的, 如果要講男生, 要用 slut boy.男生女生都可以用的, 則是一夜情人one nighter, 一夜情則是 one night stand.筆記本九: 考 試

1.What's going to be covered on the test? 考試的范圍是什么? 這是最正確問考試范圍的說法了!那個 to be covered 用的真是好呀！另外, 若是我們二人正討論考試, 例如一人說, “Are you ready for the biological test tomorrow?” 你就可以說, “Not yet, but do you know what's going to be on?” 也是問考試的范圍, 而且聽來會更高竿,下次實際用用看, 讓老美都對你刮目相看.2.The final will be a comprehensive test.期末考是沒有范圍的.有幾個關于考試范圍的英語值得學一學, 像comprehensive 就是指沒有范圍的考試, 通常是考一整本書或是好幾本書.像是一般的博士班資格考就是一種 comprehensive test.另外 cumulative test 也常用到, 它指的是上次考過的范圍這次也要考.例如明明第二次的考試, 但是卻包括了新教的東西再加上第一次考試的范圍, 這就是 cumulative test.比如說你可以問老師, Will you give a cumulative midterm.另外期中考期末考的講法, 我想沒有問題, 期中考就是 midterm, 期末考就是 final.算是二個最常用的用法.3.Do you know where to get the old exam? 你知不知道去哪里拿考古題? 考古題叫old exam, 或者也可以說 previous exam, past exam 都可以通啦.個人覺得在美國念書和在臺灣念書都差不多, 考古題實在是很重要.尤其是研究所的課程, 通常老師也很少愿意花心思去想新的題目.所以切記, old exam 絕對是很有幫助的.Exam 還有很多其它的講法, 像我們一般也常說, midterm(期中考)和 final(期末考), test, quiz(測驗)或是 pop quiz(隨堂測驗)4.I think we can bring a cheat sheet with us.我想我們是可以帶一張小抄的.有些考試時可以帶一張小抄, 通常老師會規定它的大小, 或是單面雙面等等, 至于字要多小那是你家的事情.這張小抄就叫 cheat sheet.(故名思議, 作弊用紙)但是它是合法的.一般人講 cheat sheet 會說成 chi-chi 而不會念成 cheat sheet.5.Please turn in the tests.請把考卷交上來

Turn in 是繳交的意思, 或是用 hand in 也可以.一般繳作業或是交考卷都可以用 turn in.很多人來美國都有當助教的機會, 所以去兼考也是常有的事,平時不說英語也就罷了, 到了兼考時不說英語都不行, 我有 一個朋友, 去兼考時到了要交考卷時居然跟學生說, “Please give me your test sheet.” 果然是很 Chinese English.還有值得注意的是, 老美說考試卷就叫 tests, 請勿劃蛇添足, 說 test sheet 或 exam sheet.繳考卷叫 turn in the tests, 那老師發考卷呢? 就叫 return the tests.例如, “The professor will return the tests today.” 6.The TA is going to explain the test today.助教(Teaching Assistant)今天會來講解考題.Explain 就是講解的意思, 所以 explain the test 就是講解考試題.Explain the homework 就是講解作業.另外, go over 也有講解的意思, 例如, “The professor will go over the test today.” 再次強調, 不管是考試或是考試卷, 都用 test 這個字來表示就好了.7.I bombed the test.我考砸了.Bomb 一般的意思是轟炸, 所以像是最近美國在轟炸 Kosovo, 新聞上就常可以聽到 Bomb 這個字, 但是它在美國的口語指的是我把什么東西給搞砸了.所以考試考差了, 就可以說, “I bombed the test.” 或是你去約會, 結果表現的很差, 你就可以說, “I bombed the date.” Bomb 在口語中還有一個用法, 例如 “She is a bomb.” 指的是她是一個很轟動的人.但是不知道為什么, 這個字好象不是很好的字, 所以通常你不能跑去跟人家說, “You are a bomb.” 不然小心換來一顆真正的 bomb!通常是我們在講到第三人時才說, “She is a bomb.” 8.I am gonna ace it next time!我下次要把它考好.把考試“考好”在英文里有固定的用法, 叫 ace the test.如果你把它說成了 I am gonna score high in the test next time 也可以, 但是就不夠口語化.另外還有一個講法叫, “I nailed my test.” 這也是考得很好的意思喔!9.I don't want to study any more, I just want some easy grades!我再也不想學習了, 我只想要一些營養一點的分數.世上就是那么不公平, 同樣是三學分的課, 有些課就要考三次試, 十次作業外加一份期未報告.有些課不但不用考試連 homework 也沒幾次.像這種很好拿的分數英文里就叫 easy grade.例如, Just give me some easy grade!可能是許多學生的共同心愿吧.10.Have you passed the bar exam? 你通過律師資格考試了嗎? 美國的制度跟臺灣很像, 律師考試叫做 BAR exam, 醫生的資格考叫 medical boards, 至于工程師又 分二種, 初級的叫 E.I.T exam, 高級的叫 P.E exam.在美國要成為一個合格的執業律師, 除了必須讀三年的法學研究所拿到 Jurisdiction doctor 的學位, 并且要通過 Bar exam 拿到合法的律師執照.通常我們可以稱律師為 esquire, 或是 attorney in law.生活小故事

這是一個關于考試的小故事, 有一次期中考試有一位同學問教授考試的要怎么考, 是 close book, open book 還是 open note, 結果那位教授回答的也很妙, 他說, “Close book, close note, but open-minded.” 另 外一位教授也挺逗的, 他說, “Close book, close note, but you can open your eyes!”

筆記本十: 常 用 動 詞

1.Don't prop your feet up.不要把腳蹺在椅子上.Prop up 是支撐的意思, 如果用手托著你的頭, 這動作就叫 prop your head up.蠻實用的.還有有的時候我們用東西把門撐住, 讓它不會自動關起來, 這個就叫 prop the door.所以我住的地方樓下都會貼出告示, Don't prop the door open.剛來美國時, 我發覺美國的女孩子作風都蠻開放的, 她們在學校時喜歡把腳蹺在旁邊的椅子上, 或是看電影時就把腳蹺在前面的座位上, 所以在他們的觀念中, prop up 其實并不算是一種壞習慣.2.Scoot up.向前一點.Scoot 這個字如果你去查字典, 它告訴你的解釋是: “輕快地奔跑”, 但是一般在日常生活中如果用到 scoot 這個字的話, 則是表示稍微移動一下的意思.比如說有一次我去圖書館念書, 我坐在我的位置上, 把走道都堵死了, 結果有一個老美要過過不去, 他要我把椅子稍微向前移動一下, 他會說 Scoot up.你也可以說 scoot up a little bit, 表示往前靠一點點.3.Scoot over.往旁邊靠一點.Scoot up 是往前, scoot over 則是往旁邊的意思.最常見的情況就是比如照像時有人站太旁邊了, 要請他靠中間一點, 就跟他說 Can you scoot over? 他就會了解.又比如說別人坐在一張長椅子上, 你要人家向旁邊挪出一個位子給你, 你也可以說 Scoot over please.如果你的發音他還能了解的話, 他就會往旁邊靠一些, 讓出一個位子給你.4.I am going to hit the bed in ten minutes.我在十分鐘內就要上床睡覺了.這句對于用膩了 go to the bed 的人可說是一大福音, 這句話要來的更為傳神, 就是指整個人倒在床上的動作, 另外還有一種說法, 但是比較少人用, 你可以說 hit the hay.Hay 是稻草, 大概前人都睡稻草上, 所以才會這么說吧!5.It won't be long before we hit the road.離我們上路的時間不久了.Hit the road 就是上路, 所以 hit 這個字用途蠻廣的, 它既可以代表上床, 也可以代表上路.這個對話是有一次我去美國的一個接待家庭住的時候, 我們正在吃早餐, 男主人就跟我說, It's not long before we hit the road.其實他就是嫌我吃太慢了, 要我吃快一點, 因為我們快要出門了.6.All things ought to be rolling at 4:30 所有的事情要在 4:30 開始.To be rolling 就等于 begin, 但是這是相當口語化的一個句子.個人非常喜歡這句.我忽然想到中文里也有類似的用法喔!例如我們說, 讓世界開始轉動.這個轉動就相當于 rolling.有時你也可以說成 Let's get the ball rolling.讓我們開始作事吧.Roll 還有一個用法跟中文的 '我們可以滾了' 很像, 像有一次我跟老美去一家餐廳用完餐, 就有人說了, OK, Let's roll, let's roll out of here.是不是就是我們可以滾了的意思呢? 7.She is bitching at me.她一直在對我嘮叨.Bitch 一共有三種意思, 1.female dog,2.complain, 3.prostitute.所以, 沒事不要亂用用錯了!不過一般說來, 當 bitch 當動詞用時就是嘮叨的意思.我的一個結了婚的同學有一次不知道是不是有感而發, 跑來跟我說, My wife bitches all the time!8.You have to jump at the chance.你必須把握機會.我們說把握機會, 這個“把握”老美都是用 jump 或用 leap 這兩個動詞,(雖然它們都是“跳”的意思), 不知道為什么..另外 opportunity 這個字也作機會講, 所以動詞也要用 jump 或是 leap.例如有學校提供給你 scholarship, 問你要不要去念, 你就可以說, I'll jump at the opportunity.9.I can hold the cup for you.我以幫你拿著這個杯子.Hold 和 take 在中文都是解釋成“拿”, 但在英文就不一樣了, hold 是拿著某樣東西, 而 take 是說去拿某樣東西.這句話可能很多人會講成 I can take the cup for you.這樣講就不太對了.10.Can you hold the door for me? 能幫我扶著門嗎? 第一次老美跟我這樣說, 我答 Yes, 可是我卻呆呆地站在那不知道他到底要我做什么.這種情況多半是他手上拿了很多東西, 無法自己開門, 要你幫他扶著門, 不要讓門關上了!

筆記本十一: 南 方

這個圣誕假期我到一個位于阿肯色州的美國接待家庭住了十六天, 不但住在他們家里, 也參加他們一般的家庭聚會, 陪他們一起上教堂, 上餐廳.當然也跟他們一起過了一個美好的圣誕節.我常在想, 要把英文學好, 真的是要讓自己處在一個英文的環境中, 每天講每天用, 英文就會進步很快.像我這次就真的是受益良多.打鐵趁熱, 趕快來看看我學到了什么有用的東西, 這些都是在美國南方才比較會用到的一些句子.1.What are you fixing right now? 你現在在煮什么? Fix 這個字以我個人的理解就是代表“修理”, 或是“固定”的意思, 但是在美國 fix 這個字真的是千變萬化, 例如在美國南方, 大家習慣用 fix 來代替 cook 或是 make, 例如 A: What are you fixing now? B: No big deal, I'm just fixing my own dinner.但是 fix 這種用法一般說來在南方比較流行, 從北方來的人可能會聽不懂這樣的用法.另外 fix 也可以被動的形態出現, 例: How do you like your coffee fixed? 就相當于 How do you like your coffee cooked? 2.I am fixing to go out.我正準備要出門.Fix 這個字在美國南方真的很常見, 記得我第一次聽到老美這么跟我說, 我的直覺反應就是他正在修理什么東西, 但實際上 Fix 在這里的用法是正準備要出門的意思, 也就相當于 I am about to leave.3.I'll fix the plate for you.我等下幫你準備食物.第一次聽到我室友說 I can fix the plate for you, 我立刻反應是, Is there any plate broken? 其實不是這樣的.Fix the plate 指的是準備食物.例如我們在炒菜前可能會先把所有要炒的菜都洗好, 分好, 放在盤子上準備好象, 這就叫 Fix the plate.所以下次如果再聽到老美說 I'll fix the plate 可別以為他把盤 子給打破了喔!I fix a plate for you.也可以釋成我幫你拿一點食物.大家應該都有吃過西式的 buffet 吧!一個人一個盤子, 自己去拿菜, 如果你要幫別人拿食物的話, 你就說, I'll fix a plate for you.4.She spent 30 minutes fixing her hair.她花了三十分鐘整理她的頭發.像 fix 這么好用的單字在國內居然沒有人教真是可惜.Fix 在這里是指整理頭發的意思.我自己造了一個好玩的句子, She is fixing to fix her hair and fix the plate before fixing her dinner.大家看得出來在這里四個 fix 各有不同的意思嗎? 翻譯一下這句話就是她準備好要在煮晚飯之前整理她的頭發和準備食物了.(沒什么意思, 只是好玩而已.)5.Can you fix mine? 你能不能幫我撿一下? 這句是我最近才新學到的, 所以 fix 的用法又多了一個, 就是有二個人在丟罐子, 他們想把罐子丟到垃圾筒里, 結果第一個人沒丟準, 丟到垃圾筒外面去了, 換第二個人丟, 他還是沒丟準, 也丟掉外面去了.所以當第二個人要去把罐子撿起來時, 第一個人就跟他說了, Can you fix mine? 能不能幫我撿起來丟到垃圾筒里.我覺得這個 fix 用的特別好.6.He is a redneck.他是一個老粗.所謂 redneck, 就是一些種田的粗人,(特別是在南方)因為他們特殊的生活習慣和癖好, 通常會鬧出很多笑話, 說起話來有很重的南方口音, 他們會被叫 redneck 我想是因為常在田里工作, 脖子曬的紅紅的之故, 另外還有一個字 hick, 也是粗人 redneck 的意思.什么樣的人是典型的 redneck 呢? 他們喜歡穿迷彩服, 缺了好幾顆門牙, 他們開著爛爛的 pickup truck , 他們車上一定會放一把槍, 以便可以隨時打獵.他們住的院子通常會堆滿各式各樣的雜物, 以致于看起來好象垃圾場一樣.7.He has a bad accent.他有很重的口音.在美國不同的區有不同的口音, 特別是在南方, 他們叫作southern drwal, 原因是他們通常喜歡把尾音拉長, 所以叫 southern drawl.而在整個南方當中, 我覺得又以 Kentucky 及 Tennessee 的口音最重了.如果你連這二個地方的口音都能了解的話, 那你的英文大概也沒什么問題了.一般而言, 在美國如果有口音是會被當作土包子的!所以老美之間也常拿彼此的口音開玩笑.由其你如果是在北方例如紐約工作, 你的南方口音很可能會使得同事們都看不起你.8.You are not spposta to stay home during the weekend.你周末不應該待在家里的.講到口音, 我就來教各位一些很典型的南方口音吧!南方人喜歡把 suppose to 念成 spposta 我第一次聽到別人這樣說我還以為他在說 I am a poster(我是一張海報), 害我覺得很奇怪說,其實這就是他們的口音.還有一個我常聽的就是 You rurnt my life.(You ruin my life)他們會把 ruin 念成 rurut.9.Heidi,Hire Yew? 嗨, 你好嗎? 這句話也是很典型的南方打招呼用語, 我想這原來是 Howdy, How are you? 但是他們會念成 Heidi, Hire Yew.我想雖然南方口音普遍被認為不是那么好, 可是有時你刻意去模仿一兩句反而會有那種爆笑的效果, 就如同我們也喜歡說 “粉” 可愛, 不也是臺灣國語但聽來卻是格外地親切嗎? 10.Oh hell no.當然不是啦.這也是南方的一個慣用語, 特別是黑人很喜歡這么說.Oh hell no 其實就是等于 Of course not.那個 Oh hell 是用來加強語氣的.比如你問我, Are you married? 我就可以回答.Oh hell no.I am still single.筆記本十二: up & down 這兩個字除了代表上下之外, 也有北上和南下的意思, 當然也有大聲小聲的用法, 還有尊敬跟瞧不起的意思.真是妙用無窮.1.Did you get down to Florida last summer?你上個暑假有去佛羅里達嗎? 英文中有一點很好玩而且跟中文很像的地方就是, 在中文里通常我們會說, 我南下高雄, 或是北上臺北, 而不單純說我去高雄或我去臺北.英文中也是這么用的喔!像是你南下 Florida , 就會說成 get down Florida 或是 go down Florida.Get down 還有很多其它的意思, 不要搞混了.例如記下某一句話你就可以說 I'll get down what you said today.2.Have you heard of Buffalo, New York? My parents live up there.你知道水牛城嗎? 我的父母住在那邊.南邊的地方通常會加 down, 那北邊就是加 up 了.你說 live up there 那一定是指在北方.像水牛城地理在美國的北方, 我在亞特蘭大就可以跟別人說 My parents live up there.但要是你人在加拿大, 那這句話就要說成 Live down there.因為水牛城是在加拿大的南方.所以用 up 或 down 全視南方或北方而定.3.I went to Europe last month because my friends live over there.我上個月去歐洲, 因為我的朋友住那里.我想大家一定會很好奇, 那東邊又怎么說? 西邊又怎么說? 通常他們不分東邊或是西邊,一律用 over there 或是 out there.比如說你在美國, 你的朋友住歐洲.而美國和歐洲并沒有很明顯的東西之分.這時你就可以說 live out there 或是 live over there.4.How have you been up there? 你在那里過得如何? How have you been 是一句日常的問候語, 就相當于你最近過得怎么樣了.加上 up there, 則表示那個人可能是從北方來的.或是可能剛從北方回來.我剛來美國時有一次到波士頓去玩, 回來之后有一個老美就問我 What did you do up there? 那時就是因為不知道 up there 代表什么意思害我楞在那里半天.5.I drove all the way up to Boston.我一路開車到波士頓.All the way 翻成中文就是“一路到底” 的意思.這個片語常跟 up 或 down 合用, 例如你說 I drove all the way up there.或是比方說去溜滑梯, 你就可以說 You can slide all the way down to the the bottom.6.Hey, look at the girl up there.嘿.看看在上面的那個女孩.要注意一下 up 和 down 不完全當北邊和南邊解釋.要看上下文而定.像在這個句子里, up there 代表的是在上面的意思.因為在日常的對話中我們不太可能說, “看看北邊的那個女孩” 我們只會說, 看看上面的那個女孩.所以英文中的道理也是一樣的.同理, Look the girl down there 就是看看在下面的那個女孩.7.Never look down on people less superior than you.不要輕視不如你的人.Look down on someone 就是說你看不起人家, 有點像是中文里狗眼看人低的意思.所以才會說 Look down.要是很看得起某人, 則是說 Look up on someone.8.Can you keep it down? 你能不能保持安靜.Up 和 Down 也常常用來表示聲音的大小喔.Keep it down 就是保持音量不要太大.像是有一次我們在考試, 結果走道上還有一些人在喧嘩.我是很想叫他們小聲一點但是苦于不知要如何開口.還好我同學這時挺身而出, 跑去跟他們說 Can you keep it down? 9.Could you turn it up? 能不能把它開大一點.凡是電器類的產品, 開大一點就叫 turn up, 關小一點就是 turn down.例如你希望冷氣開強一點, 就是 Could you turn it up? 關小一點 Could you turn it down? 其它像是電視的音量開大也叫 turn up, 關小叫 turn down.附帶一提如果是打開則是 turn on, 關掉叫 turn off.筆記本十三: Taco Bell 大家有空可以試試, 以下是在 Taco Bell 可以看到的一些食物和對話.1.Taco 招牌菜啦, 它是由脆的玉米餅(crisp corn tortilla shell), 里面包絞牛肉, 生菜及 cheddar cheese 所作成的, 另外還有很多不同口味的 Taco, 大家可以自己試試, 如 Soft Taco, Double Decker Taco, 另外有一種套餐就是給你四個 Taco, 不失為 Taco 愛好者的一個最佳選擇.2.Burrito 外層是軟的玉米皮(Soft flour tortilla)里面視 Burrito 的不同會包絞牛肉, 生菜, 西紅柿等, 看起來有點像春卷, 可是吃起來不太一樣, 吃一個就很飽, 不要點太多.3.Nachos 一片一片的玉米片, 個人覺的不是很好吃, 吃的時候他會給你一碗 cheese 當作佐料, 記得要趁熱吃, 不然會很惡心.4.Mexican Pizza 就如同前言所說, 其實在墨西哥是沒有這種 pizza 的, 但無論如何, 它是我小笨霖的最愛, 它是用二層硬的玉米餅, 中間夾了絞牛肉和四季豆, 上面則有傳統的 pizza 佐料, cheese 等, 尤其現在 Taco Bell Mexican Pizza 在 99 cent 跳樓大拍賣, 沒吃過的人要把握機會喔.5.Taco Salad 另外一樣 Taco Bell 的特色, 傳統的生菜加上四季豆, 玉米脆餅, 西紅柿等, 放在一個用玉米脆餅作的大碗里, 看了就覺得很好吃!以上是主要的 Taco 菜單, 可能不是很完整, 其它的就交由各位去嘗試之后再告訴我了.以下是會話: 6.For here or to go? 這里吃還是外帶? 去快餐店店員問你的第一句話通常是這一句, 不要急著點餐, 先回答這一句再點.7.Does it go with drinks?有沒有附贈飲料? 有些套餐有附飲料, 如果不確定, 可以問一下, 如果沒有的話, 可以當場點.8.Is that all? 就這些了嗎? 有時他們會用 anything else? 總之, 這二句都是一樣的, 如果是, 就回答 That's it!9.Here you go!你的餐來了!這句話在美國用的相當普遍, 你拿什么東西給別人, 就可以說這一句, 另外跟這句很類似的是 There you go!通常用在會話的結尾, 表示我同意你的看法, 和 Here you go 是不太相同的!

筆記本十四: 了 解

我剛來美國時和美國朋友會話常常會是個很大的問題, 因為一來自己英文不好就不敢開口, 再加上找不到什么話題, 所以差點就要變成自閉兒童了.還好,慢慢地我發現老美在數學方面的底子通常不如我們.所以只要你勇于跟他們討論功課, 則多半是他們需要你的時候多,你需要他們的時候少,但是你自己也可以因此而增進英文能力, 也算是各取所需吧!本集來談談當你談到某個觀念或問題時,通常對方會說,OK,我了解,或是我不了解,或是我贊同你,我不贊同你.這算是很平凡卻也很實用的對話,首先我們來看看有哪些表達自己了解或認同對方的說法.1.I see.我了解.這是最常見的一種說法了, 通常別人跟我們說一件事, 而這件事是我們早就知道的, 我們也會很習慣地說, I see.跟 I see 一樣常見的有.I understand.或是他們會只說, Understand.都是表示出了解的意思.另外有一種口語的說法, 叫 I down.這個 I down 也是 I see 的意思.但因為一般像我們國際學生很少接觸過這樣的講法, 其實 I down 也是我了解的意思.2.I got you.我了解.這句跟 I see, I understand, 都是一樣的, 適合在跟美國同學討論功課時使用.例如有一次我跟我的美國同學說這題該怎么怎么作,他就很高興地說, Ok, now I got you.你如果不說 I got you, 說 I got it 也是可以的, 這二個都很常聽人家說.另外 I got you 有一個更常用的解釋, 就是我騙到你了, 通常會讀成 Gotcha..比如說你騙人家說, I got married.別人回答: Oh, Really? 這時你就可以吹著口哨說..Hahaha..Gotcha.3.You got that right.你說的沒錯.這句跟 you are right 是一樣的, 但是 you got that right.是比較口語的說法, 例如: A: I've told you we are on the wrong way!B: You got that right dude.4.I can tell you from the top of my head.我想都不用想就能告訴你.通常會說這句話的人其實并無法立刻告訴你, 所以才會說這句話緩沖一下.就好比說我們會跟別人說, “等一下, 這個我知道!” 其實他要是真的知道, 直接告訴你不就成了? 所以這句話就是說有些事你很確定知道, 但一下子想不起來時, 就說這一句.另外有一句話意思一模一樣, 它可以和 I can tell you from the top of my hat 互換使用, 叫 I can tell you right off the bat.例如人家問你, Do you know how to integrate this equation? 你就可以說, Sure, I can tell you right off the bat.5.I can tell you by heart.我可以憑印象告訴你

I can tell you by heart, 說的是可以光憑記憶告訴你, 不用再去翻書或查數據.但也許不是馬上, 可能 還需要想一下.這是它跟 I can tell you from the top of my head 的不同之處.另外, 你也可以說成 I can tell you by memory.6.It's a piece of cake.太容易了.形容很容易就是用 cake 這個字眼, 你也可以單講 it's cake!來表示你對這件事情覺的很容易.我想這句話大概不知道的人也不多吧!日常生活中或是電影中都常用到, 像是電影 Pay Back 里面男主角在干掉一堆壞人之后, 輕松愉快地講了一句 A piece of cake!讓人覺得他特別瀟灑.7.That's a no-brainer.不用大腦, 用來形容很簡單很簡單的事, 如這次的考試太簡單了,你就可以說 That's a no-brainer.就是不需大腦都可以想出來.還有的人會說成, Your brain doesn't have to think hard.8.I can pretty much understand what you are talking about.我非常能了解你在說些什么.pretty 在這里完全等于 very 的意思, 但是你在這里就不能用 very 來代替 pretty.或是你可以把 pretty 改成 pretty much , 就成了 I can pretty much understand what you are talking about.這種用法在日常生活中十分常見, 例如他們會說, We are pretty much the same, 就是我們非常相像的意思.9.I'll figure it out later.我等下會把它想通.老美說想通一個問題或是解決一個問題很喜歡用 figure out 這個片語.例如你要問人家一個問題, 你就可以說, How do you figure this out?(你是怎么想出來的呀?)或是 work it out 也很常用, 也是解決問題的意思.例如你跟你的同學一起作功課, 你就可以說, OK, Let's work it out together.10.There you go!你說的對.美國人講話時很喜歡用 There you go!或是 Here we go 來表示你說的沒錯, 我贊同你的講法.例如二個人在對話, A: It's so beautiful, I definitely will come back again.B: There you go!所以這個 There you go 就表示我贊成你說的話, 你說的沒錯的意思.筆記本十五: 不 了 解

1.My brain doesn't work.我搞不清楚.這句話是小笨霖大力推薦的口語之一.它非常地實用, 而且也非常地好用.像我常常講話講到一半舌頭打結, 或是講到不知所云, 我都喜歡說 My brain doesn't work.或是有時候你在跟人家討論一個問題, 這個答案你也許知道, 但偏偏就是想不起來, 這時你可以說 I don't recall(我想不起來)或是講這一句: My brain doesn't work.通常我偏愛后者, 因為我覺得它形容的很傳神.當然你也可以用現在進行式, My brain is not working.記得有一次老美問我 How are you doing? 結果我一邊想 I am good, 一邊想 not much, 結果說成了not good, 老美都快笑死了, 結果我就只好很尷尬地說了一聲.My brain doesn't work, 所以這句話的用法還真不少吧!2.What are you talking about? 你在說什么東西? 這句話從字面上來看好象是說, 你在講什么我聽不懂.但事實上比較確切的意思應該是, 你在講什么東西, 根本就是胡說八道.所以這句話的尾音是下沉而不是上揚, 表示出對你所說的話不表認同.例如有人問你, Are you dating Jenny now? 你就可以反駁說, What are you talking about? She is not my type.3.He has problem understanding what you mean.他無法解理你在說什么.在英文口語中有二個蠻好用的句型表示出 “無法, 有困難” 一個是 Has problem doing something, 另一個是 Has a hard time doing something.比如說有人提議要去看 Star War 這部電影的首映, 你就可以勸阻他, I think we will have a hard time getting tickets.這就是說我覺得我們很難買到票.What do you mean? 也是一個很常用的問句表示不理解對方的意思.或是你可以說 What do you mean by that? 你說那句話是什么意思? 4.I have no idea what that is.我不知道那是什么.基本上, 在美國 I have no idea 跟 I don't know 用的一樣多, 意思也差不多, 可以交互使用.我也聽過有老美把 what that is 說成 what is that, 這樣是犯了文法上的錯誤, 可是也許念起來比較順, 所以老美才會這么說吧, 但是再看一句: I have no idea what time it is, 這時就用 it is.而不是 what time is it.I have no idea也可以說成I have no clue.Clue 就是線索的意思,所以一點線索都沒有,也就是什么都不知道的意思了.5.This is over my head.這超出我所能理解的范圍.當別人拿一些你看不懂的文章或書給你看時, 就這么說吧!This is over my head.這超過我所能理解的范圍.像是有一次我去學 swing的時候, 學一個叫做fox hole的舞步, 我的舞伴學了半天還是不知道要怎么作, 她就說了一句, Sorry!This is totally over my head.所以還可以用 totally來加強語氣.6.Beats me.考倒我了.這個 beats me 聽來有點像是打敗我了的意思, 但事實上它就是說, 你考倒我了, 或是說你問倒我了.例如人家問你, Do you know how to get there? 你就可以回答, Beats me.7.Does that ring a bell?有沒有幫你想起一些什么啊? 這句話通常是用在別人聽不懂你的問題, 你給人家一點提示或解釋之后, 你就會問人家, Does that ring a bell? 比如我問一個人, Do you know Jenny? 別人回答, “No, I don't” 那我就可以繼續說, She is living with Mary, long hair and about 20 years old.Does that ring a bell? 要是別人還是不知道的話, 那可能就真的沒辦法了.這句話老師上課時也很喜歡用, 例如有學生問問題, 老師在解釋之后有時就會再加上一句, Does that ring a bell? 就是問說你們到底想起來什么了沒有.8.I am lost我迷糊了.I am lost 一般而言是說我迷路了, 但是在討論問題或是老師上課時老美也很喜歡用 I am lost 來表示他搞不清楚.例如有一次上課時老師在講解一個題目,講的不清不楚, 我的同學就舉手說了, OK, now I am totally lost.除了 lost,有一個國中的單字confused 也很常用.而且有些用法一定要用 confuse 才行, 因為它也是一個動詞.例如我說這個老師今天教的大家都聽不懂, 我就可以說, The professor confused a lot of people today.9.What's the point?重點是什么.在日常生活的對話里就可以常聽到 The point is...這樣的用法, 這個 point 指的就是“重點”, The point is, 就是說 “重點是...”.我個人很怕一種人, 就是他要跟你講一件今天發生的事情, 它要從前天開始交代起, 把整個事情的來龍去脈交代個一清二楚.但很不幸的這種人似乎還不少, 所以這種情況下難聽一點就說 cut the crap(少說廢話)好聽一點就是 What's the point? 10.I just don't get it.我就是不了解.這也是很口語的說法, 比如說老美跟我在討論功課, 他們要是不懂的話, 就會說 I don't get it!這跟 I got you(我了解)正好可以互相比較.有一次在讀者文摘看到一個笑話蠻好笑的, 這是一個英文的雙關語, 大家聽看看:In a grocery store, Cashier: “It's seventy-five dollars” Customer: “ Hey!It's a perfect round figure ” Cashier: “ You are not a beanpole yourself!” 這個笑話怎么好笑法呢? 原因在于 round figure 這個字是個雙關語, 顧客說的 perfect round figure 是剛好是一個整數的意思, 而店員以為他是指她的身材(figure)是個完美(perfect)的圓形(round), 所以才反唇相激, 你自己也沒多瘦啊(beanpole 指瘦長之人!)

筆記本十六: 聚 會

有人常會覺得小孩子學語言學得比大人快, 為什么呢? 因為小孩子學語言不像我們死記文法, 苦背單字.他們就是用所謂的 “pick up”, 看在什么場合, 別人用什么字, 就一個一個把它記下來.這樣子的方法, 可以讓你很容易地把所學到的句子和當時的場合聯想在一起, 學習的效果也就特別快.我來到美國, 我也把自己當作是一個小孩子, 到處 pick up 我所能聽到的字, 然后忠實地加以記錄.我想這樣子的話會讓你的英文很道地, 而不會常犯一些 Chinese English 的錯誤.這集讓我們來看看和朋友聚會時可以學到哪些說法.1.Are you alone? 你是一個人來嗎? 各位有沒有這樣的經驗, 把一句話直接從中文翻成英文結果怎么聽也不順, 后來聽老美一說, 才恍然大悟, 原來這么簡單啊? 我自己就常有這樣的感覺.像這句話, 我自己的直覺反應會說成: Are you only one person? 或是 Do you come here by yourself? 其實老美簡簡單單用 alone 一個字就可以代表你好幾個字.所以如果你去參加一個舞會, 看到你想邀舞的對象, 最好先問一聲 Are you alone? 免得到時候怎么被人扁了都不知道.另外你去買票, 售票員問你是不是只買一張票, 有時他也會問 Are you alone? 2.No, I lost my buddies!我找不到我的朋友了!這是另一個很容易說成 Chinese English 的句子, 如果你說 I can't find my friend, 我想老外也是聽的懂, 只不過聽來就沒那么順就是了!buddy 指的就是好朋友.所以你可以說 I lost my friends.lost 這個動詞可能大家不太會用, 除了丟掉以外, 還有不少用法, 例如我迷糊了, 可以說 I am lost, 或是像有時我們把湯匙滑到碗里, 這個動詞也可以用 lost, 例如 I lost my spoon in the bowl.3.Are you guys OK?你們都還好吧? 通常你去別人家里玩,主人有時看你太無聊就會走過來問你, Are you guys OK? 或是你去餐廳用餐時侍者也常會走過來過你, Are you guys OK? 當然這就只是一種禮貌性地詢問,看看你有沒有需要些什么東西.在美國他 們常把 you guys 連用.即使是對方是有男有女或是全部都是女的, 也可以這樣說, 加上 guys 似乎只是讓句子更順暢, 并沒有其它的含意.再造一句, Do you guys want to go with us? 有沒有加 guys 都是一樣的, 另外值得一提的是, 這種說法一般認為是北方的說法, 在南方有另一種說法, you'll = you all.例如他們會說, How are you'll doing.(這個 you'll 不是未來式, 而是 you all)但是其實我覺得 you guys 還是比較普遍.4.I heard the nature's call.我聽到自然的呼喚.舉凡各種生理上的反應我們都可以稱它是 nature's call, 如想上衛生間, 肚子餓, 或是看到美女, 你都可以自嘲,I heard the nature's call.所以端視不同的情況而有不同的意思.但是一般情況下比較常用的還是指上衛生間比較多.一般人不會講很長一串 I heard the narture's call, 他們大多就只說, nature's calling!那你多半就知道他想去上衛生間了.5.Can you be more specific? 能不能再明確一些? 如果有人說 I heard the nature's call, 可是你并不是很清楚對方指的是哪一點, 你就可以這么說, Can you be more specific? 就是希望對方講得再明確一點.又或者是人家跟你約今晚吃飯, 可是沒說時間地點, 你也可以這樣問, Can you be a little bit more specific? 就是請對方詳細說明一下時間, 地點, 或是晚飯之后要作什么活動之類的.另外一些類似的講法, 例如聽不太懂時對方所指為何是你可以直接問 What do you mean? 若是去吃飯的那個例子, 你也可以說 Can you tell me more details? 6.Everybody picks up whatever you want.每個人拿任何你們想要的東西.在老美家吃飯, 一般都是buffet的型式, 一人一個盤子, 要吃什么自己拿.所以開動了,主人就會說, Everybody picks up whatever you want.個人感覺, whatever 一般我們都不太會用, 其實 whatever 就相當于 “隨便什么都可以” 的意思.還有這里他們用 pick up 這個動詞我覺得也值得學一學.7.I bought a cake about this big!我買了一個蛋糕大約有這么大.講這句話的時候記得要跟手勢一起用, 所以如果不會形容一個東西有多大, 就把這句拿來變化一下就可以了!因為在中文里要形容一個蛋糕有多大, 你可以說我買了一個幾寸的蛋糕別人立刻就懂了, 但是美國的蛋糕都是長方形的, 再加上他們都是用英寸, 所以你要一邊想英文還要一邊作單位換算!這簡直就是 mission impossible 說.所以有時老美自己也用比的比較快!像那天他們買了一個蛋糕一個黑人就說, I bought a cake about this big!或是可以說 I bought a cake like this big.除了 big 之外你也可以換成其它形容詞, 例如, I have a brother about this tall.這樣不也就蒙混過關了嗎? 不過這句話有一個缺點, 就是講電話時不能用, 因為講電話時不能比動作, 比了對方也看不到.8.He dances like an animal 他跳舞跳很瘋狂.老美喜歡把愛跳舞的人說是dance like animals 喜歡開party 的人稱作 party animals.大概是因為這些人精力充沛, 像是動物一樣.記得有一次老美就對我說, Come out with us, you party animal!聽來很有意思吧!我覺得老美是很喜歡跳舞的, 每到周末, Bar里面就擠滿了跳舞的人潮.明明里面空氣很污濁, 空間又很擠, 大家還是拼命要往里頭擠.不過跳舞的人雖多, 要被人家說成跳舞像動物, 非要精力充沛, 跳起舞來一點兒也不 累才行.記得上次 Swing Dancing Party 就有人跟我說 You dances like an animal!可見我跳起舞來也是蠻瘋狂的.9.Do you have a good time today? 今天玩的高興嗎? 幾乎每次我和老美出去, 他們回家前幾乎都一定會問這句, Do you have a good time today? 就怕你今天玩的不高興.當然禮貌上不論好不好玩, 我都會說, Yes, I really have a great time today.這樣就可算是賓主盡歡了.10.I'll walk you out.我帶你出去.上次跟他們一起玩, 我說我要回家了, 我朋友就跟我說, I'll walk you out.也就是我送你出去的意思.不過有趣的一點是, 美國溜狗也用walk 這個動詞, 例如我去溜我的狗英文叫, I want to walk my dog.所以 I walk you out 聽來不是有點我溜你出去的意思呢?

筆記本十七: 常 用 片 語

1.I am going to have a test.Knock on wood.我等一下有考試, 老天保佑.在美國的習慣里, 敲木頭代表祈求好運的意思, 有些人在講這句話的時候, 還會用手敲敲頭, 真的是很有意思.總之在你講一些你自認是很幸運的事情時, 你就可以說 knock on wood.例如你說, 我差一點就被一臺車給撞到, 真是好險, 就是, I almost got hit by a car.Knock on wood.所以這個 knock on wood 就有點像是中文里“好險” 的那個味道.2.I didn't get a ticket this year.Cross my fingers.今年都沒有收到罰單, 算我好運.Cross my fingers就是代表十字架的意思.跟上一句差不多,都是說好運的意思.講這句話也有人會做動作, 就是用同一手的食指跟中指互相交叉就是了.他們會用十字架來代表好運的意思,我想這絕對跟宗教脫離不了關系吧.3.I will call on you next Sunday.我下個星期天會去拜訪你

Call on 是拜訪某人的意思,也就等于 visit.但是 call on 感覺上是很正式的拜訪,一般人大概都只會說I will visit you next Sunday.大家的盲點都在于中文說去“找”朋友, 所以一不小心就容易說成 I am going to find my friend in NYC之類的.我自己都犯過好多次這種錯誤.4.We stopped by NYC this winter break.我們這個寒假在紐約稍做停留.短暫的拜訪或停留叫stop by, 不管是有形的場所例如餐廳, 旅館, 或是無形的場所, 例如網頁, 你都可以用 stop by 這個片語.比如你跟老美閑聊到你昨天去的那家餐廳不錯,他可能會問你, Which one did you stop by yesterday? 或是我說歡迎大家到我的網頁來參觀, 我就會說, You are welcome to stop by my website!總之短留都可以用 stop by.跟 stop by 很像的一個片語叫 drop by.例如有一次我邀請我朋友去看我上臺表演, 他就說 OK, I'll drop by and see you performing.Stop by 和 drop by 都是很常用到的片語.5.I want to run some errands.我要去辦點雜事.Errands 指的是短的行程, 如要去寄信, 又要去買東西, 又要去領錢, 就是 run some errands, 或是 do some rrands.有一個字跟 run some errands 很像,就是 chore 這個字, 指的就是家務, 雜務.例如, After I finished chores.I sat down and had a cup of coffee.曾經在廣播上聽到一句很感性的句子, 那是在母親節的時候吧, 主持人說, I have to thank my mom.She spends her whole life taking care of her children and running errands.就是說我的母親終其一生都在為了照顧她的小孩和為了一些雜務在奔波.6.There is a bunch of books 有一堆書.在臺灣大家都習慣說 a lot of.可是這里老美除了a lot of , 他們還很喜歡說 a bunch of.這個片語通常是指一堆東西,(這個一堆是我自己推敲出來的, 不知道正不正確)例如一堆書叫 a bunch of book, 你說我剛吃了一堆餅干, 就是 I just ate a bunch of cookies.另外, 強調“一大堆”的用法也很重要.一大堆叫 whole bunch.例如, There is a whole bunch of books like this over there.就是說那里有一大堆跟這本一樣的書.7.You don't have to pull out your stationery.你不用把文具拿出來.Pull out 是個很好用的動詞, 老美用的很多.通常拿什么東西出來就叫 pull out.比如說教授要大家把課本拿出來, 他就會說, Everybody pulls out your textbook.除了把什么東西給拿出來, 惡作劇老美也用 pull out 這個字, 叫 pull out a gag.8.He pulled an all-nighter last night.他昨晚熬夜了.熬夜的用法除了 stay up 之外, pull an all-nighter 也很常用, 但是像我們高中學過的一個片語 burn the midnight oil 大概除了看 TIME 雜志偶爾可以看到之外, 一般人是不會這樣用的.造個句子 I pulled an all-nighter last night preparing my final project.9.They hang out a lot.他們常在一起.Hang out 指的就是好朋友約一約一起打發時間, 如出外踏青, 或是在家看錄像帶都可以叫 hang out, 像是有一次有個老美就問我, Do you hang out with Americans? 就是問我你有沒有跟一些老美在一起? Hang out 的用法不限定于男女朋友之間.男女朋友之間的約會叫 date, 而比較正式的約會則是 appointment.所以要分清楚, 不然會鬧笑話.比如說老板跟你約下午三點 meeting, 你要說 I have an appointment with my boss, 而不能說 I have a date with my boss.意思差很多喔.10.She is driving me bananas.她使我發瘋.Bananas 在這里有個特別的解釋, 就是指發瘋的意思, 它就等于 nuts 或 crazy.你可以自嘲說, I will go bananas if she doesn't show up in ten minutes.如果她十分鐘內再不來的話, 我就要“起肖”了。

筆記本十八: Mardi Gras 個人來美國之后覺得, 想要跟老美聊的來,不但是英文底子要好, 跟老美講話, Pardon次數不能太多, 不然自己也會覺的不好意思.另外一點也很重要的,就是要懂美國的文化,這集我就用十個句子來介紹一下美國的 Mardi Gras這個盛大的嘉年華會, 這可是許多美國大學生心目中的朝圣地喔!在美國的朋友們,不妨跟老美談談 Mardi Gras, 其結果就像老外突然跟你談起鹽水蜂炮一樣,那種親切感, 是我筆墨難以形容的.1.What is Mardi Gras? Mardi Gras 是什么呢? Mardi Gras的由來是在于天主教徒在復活節之前會有齋戒的儀式,在這個齋戒之前呢?當然要好好的大吃大喝一番了,所以 Mardi Gras 就這樣生成了.通常在 Mardi Gras Day(今年是 Feb.16)會有連續二星期的慶?；顒?2.Mardi Gras is the biggest carnival in America.Mardi Gras 是美國最大的嘉年華會.說它是最大一點都不為過, 今年預計有二百萬人參加這項盛會, 而且大多是年輕人, 很多美國大學生就把參加 Mardi Gras 當成是朝盛一般, 是他們的一個夢.3.It is celebrated in New Orleans every year.每年都是在紐奧良慶祝.New Orleans 是美國南方大港, 光是承平時期就是游人如織.這個地方原來是法國殖民地, 因此建筑都古色古鄉, 帶有法國風味, 同時它也是爵士樂的發源地, 愛好爵士樂的朋友絕不能錯過.4.There will be four parades in a row on Sunday.在星期日的時候, 會有連續四場游行.Parade 是 Mardi Gras 的一個重頭戲, 但它不像一般我們國慶游行只有一場, 它從二個星期前每天都有 parade, 而且離 Mardi Gras 越近, 次數越多, 內容也越精采.每個 parade 都有主題, 可以在網路上查的到.5.The parade will pass by Garden District then go to Canal Street.游行將會經過 Garden District 和 Canal Street.Garden District 跟 Canal Street.是二個看 parade 最重要的街道,也是人潮最集中, 內容最精采的所在.想要看到 parade 的人, 一定要去這二個地方看看.6.They give out a lot of beads from the float.他們從花車上發送很多珠珠.這個 bead 長的其實像項鏈,但是大家都說 beads.這是 Mardi Gras 的另一項特色,他們會從花車(float)上丟很多很多珠珠下來,大家就拼命地搶,拼命的撿,為什么要搶? 因為這個beads 就是在 Mardi Gras時用的錢.7.You can go to French Quarter if you got some neat beads.如果你有了一些很棒的珠子, 你就可以到 French Quater 去了.French Quarter 是紐奧良最著名的觀光據點, 那里有許多充滿法國風味的建筑物, 還有風味別具的陽臺(balcony), 當然也少不了許多高級的餐廳.8.The most famous street in French Quarter is Bourbon St.在法國區內, 最有名氣的非 Bourbon St.莫數了.Bourbon St.內有各式各樣的脫衣酒吧(strip bar)還有各式各樣的爵士樂餐廳.當然這也是整個 Mardi Gras 震央之所在, 整條街上擠滿了瘋狂的群眾, 大家手拿啤酒, 互相推擠, 把 Mardi Gras 的氣氛炒到最高潮.9.You can ask the woman in the street to “Show your tits” 你可以找街上的女孩, 鼓起勇氣對她們說 “Show your tits”(tits 就是指那二點啦!)這是另一個 Mardi Gras 有趣的傳統, 走在 Bourbon St.耳邊聽到的盡是一些被酒精麻醉的年輕小伙子在 大喊這句口號.當然也有人說 “Show your xxx” 10.If they did flash, you have to pay them some beautiful beads.如果她們真的亮出來給你看的話, 你就要付他們一些珠子.“Flash” 指的就是掀衣服的動作, 而這時 Mardi Gras 的錢--珠珠就派的上用場了, 你就要付人家一些珠珠作為她的報酬.筆記本十九: 心 情 不 好

老美很喜歡用 hard 這個字在許多不同的場合.例如你說他對我很兇, 這個兇就可以用 hard.或是安慰人家不要太難過,則可以用 no hard feelings.等等很多很多用法.像 hard 這種簡單的單字老美都是整天掛在嘴邊的.所以有時候學英文不一定要背很多艱深的單字, 但一定要把這種很簡單但卻很實用的字用的很熟!1.He was so hard on me last night.他昨晚對我很兇.Hard 這個字在美國用的很多, hard的意思就是說態度很差, 對某人很兇,對某人很刻薄, 或是對人很嚴格都可以用這個字.所以 He was so hard on me last night 簡單地說就是他昨晚對我不好, 可能是對你發脾氣, 或是對你態度很差.Hard 也可以指讓你覺得很難去調適的狀況.例如考試沒考好你可以說 I didn't do it well in the test.It's so hard for me.要安慰別人的話, 可以說 No hard feelings.就是說不要有這樣的感覺,不要把 hard feeling 放在心上.例如我同學考試沒考好, 我就可以安慰他.No hard feelings, I believe you are gonna ace it next time.2.I have a hard time with my girlfriend.我跟我女友關系非常不好.Have a hard time with sb.就是說和某個人的關系處的特別不好.特別是形容情侶或是夫妻之間.如果你聽美國的廣播節目, 就常有人 call in 進來說 I have a hard time with my girlfriend.通常如果那天特別適合吵架的話, 一天之內就可以聽到好幾次.Hard time 還有一個很常用的用法, 就是說做什么事會有困難.比如說最近Star War 要上演了,你想去看首映, 那么別人可能就會警告你說, You will have a hard time getting a ticket.(你要買到票是很困難的)又比方說你朋友作錯事, 但他卻一直不承認他自己有錯.那這時你就可以說, Why do you have such a hard time admitting it? 你要承認錯誤有那么困難嗎? 3.You're getting on my nerves.你惹毛我了.照字面上來看這句話就是你碰到我的神經了, 引申為讓別人生氣的意思.比如說別人一直取笑你, 你不高興就可以說 You get on my nerve.這句話的意思跟 jump on my back 差不多.Jump on my back 就是說某人去惹到你了, 試想如果有一個人在你背上跳啊跳的,那會是什么樣的感覺? 所以凡是有人去惹到你,你就可以警告他說,You are jumping on my back!4.Get off my back, I didn't sleep last night.不要再煩我了, 我昨晚沒睡耶!這句話跟上一句剛好是一對.比如說你一早去上班, 老板就說你這個不是,那個不是, 工作為什么又沒做完, 這句話就可以派上用場了!你可以大聲地跟老板說, Get off my back.I didn't sleep last night.然后再來你就可以準備收拾東西走路了.因為你老板可能會跟你說, Then get out of my face, I don't want to see you again.5.Cut me some slack!Give me some slack!放我一馬吧.Slack 就是松懈的意思, 雖然我寫的中文解釋不太一樣, 但其實這句話跟 Get off my back 是一模一樣的.這二句在電視肥皂劇?？梢月牭?有一次 Full house 里的老爸被家里的聰明的小鬼整的受不了,他就說 Cut me some slack.放我一馬吧.6.Don't let your father down.不要讓你的父親失望.Down 在英文的口語里面解釋成心情不好, 心情低落, 或是覺得很失望.例如有一首很有名的英文歌曲里就有這么一句, Please don't let me down.請不要讓我失望.Down 也有沮喪的意思在內.跟 blue(憂郁)這個字差不多, 所以下次當你看到別人心情不好,不妨過去問一下, Why are you feeling down? 或是 Why are you feeling blue? 請注意 Let down 和 turn down 雖然聽來很類似,但它們的意思卻截然不同.Let down 是讓人家失望的意思, 而turn down 則是拒絕別人的邀請.7.I don't give a shit I don't give a damn.不屑一顧

Shit 跟 damn 都是最不值錢的東西, 連shit 跟 damn 都不給, 就是說根本不屑一顧.比如說你知道有人在背后說你壞話, 你就可以這么說, I don't give a shit.8.People have dirty looks on their faces.人們的臉都很臭.有一次老美跟我說他來上學的時候路上塞車,車上的人臉都很臭,他就是說 People have dirty looks on their face.我當時覺得很有趣,因為dirty在這里并不是指臟的意思,或是說長的難看,而是說臉很臭的意思,各位覺得呢? 9.Tough luck, but shit happens.真倒霉, 但還是發生了.車子開到一半爆胎了,你可以說的就是這一句.Shit是不雅的字,但這個字可以用在很多讓你很不爽的事上.例如本句shit happens就是那種令人不爽的事發生了.或是像我同學有一次就跟我說,I did shit in the test.就是說他考的很爛很爛.Tough luck 就是說運氣實在糟透了, 我還聽過另外一個講法, 叫 rotten luck.爛透了的運氣.二個意思上差不多.10.I got the short end of the stick.這實在是我所能遇到最糟的情況了.比如說你跟人作生意被人倒了,老婆跟人跑了,兒子又生病,自己的錢包又被扒了.那么你就可以說 I got the short end of the stick.像是有一次我們去吃 pizza,它是已經分好一塊塊的,大家一哄而上,結果剩下最后一塊最小的上面又剛好沒topping 的pizza,那個還沒拿的人就開玩笑地說了這一句:I got the short end of the stick.筆記本二十: 綜 合 收 集

1.Did you believe in the tooth fairy when you were a kid? 你小時候相不相信牙仙子? 老美有一個信仰,小孩子換牙時,父母會告訴他把牙齒用信封裝好,放在枕頭下,早上起來時牙仙子會用錢跟他換牙齒,這錢當然是父母給的,用來鼓勵小孩子拔牙, 相不相信, tooth fairy 在美國真的是人盡皆知喔!我在 讀者文摘上讀過一個笑話,大意是這樣的,有一個小孩去拔牙,牙醫師好奇地問他How much did you get from the tooth fairy this time? 結果那個小孩子答說,One dollar and a token!(token 就是我們所說的代幣, 像是地鐵或是游樂場都會發行 token)這當是父母忙中有錯,誤把token 當成錢了.2.So that's what it boils down to.原來是這樣啊!Boil down to 可以當成一句片語來看,指的就是煮湯時一直煮煮到水干了, 就可以看到底下的東西是什么.有點中文中水落石出的味道.例如你們二人在討論功課,討論討論,好不容易終于把這個問題給弄懂了, 這時你就可以松一口氣道, So that's what it boils down to.或者有時候二個人在討論問題, 講了半天最后你要下結論了, 你就可以說, So that's what it boils down to...(后面接你的結論)有點像是, My point is...(我的重點是)這樣的用法.3.Just a spur of the moment.一時興起.例如別人問你, 為什么買這件衣服啊, 你說 Just a spur of the moment, 意思就是說, 我是一時興起, 可能本來沒有要買的,可是剛好看到蠻不錯的, 就買了!還有一句 It's just on a whim 跟 Just a spur of the moment 差不多, 都是說你突然想到什么事就去做了.好比說有一次我同學突然說他想開車出去兜風, 我問他你為什么要去兜風 他就回答 It's just on a whim.就是心血來潮, 也沒什么別的理由.4.I am in seventh heaven.我快樂的不得了.這是一句所謂的 cliche, 就是老美都知道,平常也常用到的一些成語,不妨把它記下來,下次很高興時就可以拿出來用.第一次聽老美用是有一次去鄉下人家作客, 他們家的狗看到我很高興在那里跳啊跳的, 那個主人就說, Oh, She is in seventh heaven!又例如你得了一個大獎, 人家問你得獎的感言, 你就可以說, I am so happy.I am in seventh heaven now.5.He's so anal.他是個吹毛求疵過度的人.Anal 這個字原指直腸, 所以這算是一句罵人的話.英文形容吹毛求疵是用 picky 這個字, 但 picky 只限于自己, 不會去影響到別人,而 anal 就不是了, 它是 picky 過度, 到了會影響他人的程度.如潔癖就是 anal 的一種, 因為他自己太愛干脆, 卻造成別人生活的不便, 這種人就可以用 anal 來形容.不過這句話好象不是什么好話, 沒事不要亂用.通常老美都是拿這句話來罵教授的.6.I will take a rain check.這次不去,下次再去.相不相信, 你這樣跟老美講, 老美一定會覺得你的英文很好!這個典故出自 Sears在大拍賣時, 若是該項商品已經售完, 他們就會給你一張rain check, 讓你下次再來時可以以同樣價錢購買該樣商品.同樣的情況也常見于球賽, 若因雨無法比賽, 則他們會給你一張 rain check,把你的票保留到下一場.所以 rain check 是真有其物, 但也有其它引申出來的意思.一般在日常對話中若有人提到I will take a rain check, 他實際上指的是, “這次不想去, 下次再去”.記得有一次我問老美, “How do you celebrate your Valentine's Day with your wife?”, 他就回答: “I will take a rain check!” 意思就是他這次沒什么活動, 以后再說吧!7.Go check if other people have done that already so you don't have to reinvent the wheel.31 去查查看別人做過沒有, 這樣你就不會作白功了.相信每個做研究生的這句話都很熟吧, 你的指導教授說不定也跟你說過這句話呢? 注意后面的 reinvent the wheel 是固定用法, 不能用其它的詞來代替.8.That's a rip-off.I want my money back.真是坑人, 我要把我的錢要回來.Rip-off就是說你去買東西買貴了,有點被騙的感覺.另外,這句也可以說成I am ripped-off.就是說,我被坑了

9.Over my dead body.你讓我死了算了.這句話用在別人叫你去做一件事, 而你認為絕無可能.例如, 別人叫你去追某只恐龍, 你說可以說 Over my dead body.我寧死也不去追她.同樣的, Over my dead body 也就等于never.10.Just in case someone steals it!以防萬一有人偷走它.Just in case 意思為以防萬一.像有人怕自己的腳踏車被偷, 走的時候就把輪子順便給拆走, 你問他 Why bother? 他就可能回答說 Just in case someone steals it!又例如說晴天帶把傘出門,你就可以說 just in case.預防萬一下雨了.筆記本二十一: 錢

出門在外就是一定要花錢的, 所謂有錢好辦事, 膽小的人有錢也能靠錢來壯壯膽.但是有錢也不能老裝闊, 凡事還是先問問人家, “這個東西要不要錢?”(先想想這句話英文要怎么講)有一次我跟一個待在美國已經一年的朋友出游, 我發現他因為不會問 “你們收不收錢?” 這種簡單的句子, 結果就是害我們每人白白被敲詐了一塊美金.一塊美金雖然是小錢,但心里上卻另人覺得不怎么愉快.這到底是怎么一回事呢? 讓我們來看看這篇關于錢的故事.1.Do you take money?你們要收錢嗎? 很多東西真的一定要先問清楚才行,天底下真的沒有白吃的午餐這種事情.尤其美國的一些大城市路上有很多街頭藝人, 穿著奇裝異服,有些觀光客好奇拿著照相機喀喳一聲, 他就跑過來跟你要錢了.有一次更扯，我同學說我們大家跟他合照一張, 結果他每人跟我們收一塊美金.哪有這么好賺的事? 但是照片都照了又不能說不給.所以出國觀光, 這種簡單的句子一定要熟記.Do you take money? 要是他說 Yes, 再問他 How much? 這樣才不會吃虧.這句話你也可以簡單地問, Is it free? 但是記得, There's no such thing as a free lunch.看到有人站在那里, 就該心里有數了.2.You owe me three dollars.你還要找我三塊錢.說真的, 我也是來美國好一陣子之后, 才知道 “找”錢要怎么說.老美的說法就是,你還欠 “owe” 我幾塊錢.他們沒有 “找錢” 這個動詞.比如說你去買東西他應該找你三塊,可是他可能忘了,這時你就可以提醒他, You owe me three dollars.3.Let's call it a wash.剩下的不用給了!

假設我欠你 9.8 塊, 你欠我 10 塊錢, 這時說 Let's call it a wash, 就是“ 差不多, 不用算了,不用計較” 的意思羅!不過說真的這句話我問過老美, 有些老美也不知道, 所以并不是很常用就是了.4.Pass the hat.大家出錢吧.有一次要跟老美要去系上的聚會,我好奇地問他們,Is it free? 結果有個老美跟我說 pass the hat.害我當場楞在那里不知如何是好,又問了一次,他還是說 pass the hat.事后才知道,原來 pass the hat就是說拿個帽子跟大家收錢,看你要交多少隨意.因為在國外的乞丐都是拿帽子討錢的, 跟臺灣拿碗的不太一樣.所以說法也就不同.如果你去參加了一個所謂 pass the hat 的聚會, 就一定會用到 put in(plug in)這個動詞.這個動詞就是每個人“出多少錢”的意思.例如, Everybody puts in 5 dollars.就是每個人出五塊錢.5.Let's chip in 20 dollars to buy him a present.讓我們大家湊二十塊錢幫他買份禮物吧.Chip in 就是大家出錢的意思,這跟以前介紹過的 pass the hat 有點類似.但 pass the hat 指的多半是大家自己出自己的, 而 chip in 則是說每個人出一點錢,把這個錢拿去作一件事.可能是買禮物啦, 或是分擔一些共同的費用.例如有一次我去別人家玩, 結果很不幸的門不知道為什么被鎖住了, 大家都進不住, 這時就有人說, OK.Let's chip in some money to call the locksmith.6.Have you ever seen a silver dollar? 有沒有看過一元的硬幣? 老美的硬幣每個都有一個名字, 一分錢叫 penny, 五分是 nickel, 一角是 dime, 二角五是 quarter,大家都知道, 另外有一元的硬幣較少見, 叫 silver dollar, 想看的人可以去投郵票自動販賣機, 它就會找你很多一元的硬幣, 另外值得一提的是, 各位如果有機會去賭城大西洋城玩, 一定要找一個叫 nickel paradise 的地方, 里面的吃角子老虎都是投nickel 的, 保證可以讓你玩到手酸.另外, 老美習慣上把 dollars 也講成 bucks, 例如十元你可以說 ten dollars 或是ten bucks 二個都十分常用.至于千元, 你可以說 one thousand 或是 one grand 都是千元的意思.(注意一下, 二千的話是 two grand 而不是 two grands 這個 grand 是不加復數的.)最新消息, 美國自 1999 年起, 規定各州可以發行自己的 quarter.所以現在美國境內所流通的 quarter 可說是五花八門, 所以下次再拿到quarter 時不妨多看兩眼, 有興趣的話大家一起來收集!7.How much is the cover? 入場費是多少錢? 美國的一些夜生活場所例如舞廳, 電動游樂場等, 都有所謂的入場費(cover).這個 cover 通常是不包括飲料以及吃東西的消費.另外老美有一個比較口語的問法, How much to get in? 問的也是 cover 是多少錢.所以下次如果再跟老外去 night club, 不妨問一聲, How much is the cover? 或是, How much to get in? 8.I am broke.我很窮.以前在國內說自己很窮總喜歡用 I am poor 這樣的句子.但我發現在美國 I am poor 用得并不多.一般會用到 poor 這個字都是講窮人 poor people 而言, 當然說我很窮用 I am poor 也沒錯.是相較之下說 I am broke 的更多.比方說別人邀請你去吃飯, 你可以說 No, I am broke.Maybe next time.9.She just got a sugar dad.她找到一個有錢的老男人.有些年輕貌美的女性會去認一些有錢, 但是生活無趣的人當干爸, 甚至是跟人家拍拖, 為的就是看看能不

能得到什么好處.這種有錢的老男人就被戲稱為 sugar dad.同樣的, 有錢的老女人呢? 就叫 sugar mom.10.Ching-Ching.錢錢.大家知不知道開收銀機時會有什么聲音? 就是清脆的ching-ching 二聲, 那開收銀機要做什么, 當然就是有錢賺了, 所以 ching-ching 就代表錢錢的意思,像是 force of nature 中, 男主角跑去同性戀酒吧客串跳脫衣舞, 結果賺了很多錢, 一路就聽他在ching-ching ching-ching.筆記二十二: 喜 歡 某 人

有一次我在跟一個ABK(American born Korean)用 ICQ 聊天時我問她什么時候才要交男朋友時, 她說了一句話很有意思,I'd take anything that walks at this point.這句話我一時沒反應過來, 就含糊帶過去了, 后來仔細一想, 這句話照字面上解釋是: “任何一個從我面前走過的我都要.” 可不就是我們中文里所說的, “我很饑渴” 的意思嗎?

1.I have a crush on her.我看上她了.Crush on her 就是對一位異性十分地著迷, 通常指的是不太熟的異性, 比如說你今天出去玩看到一個美眉長的很美麗, 你就可以用 I have a crush on her.你可以解釋成去“哈”到某人了.這跟 fall in love with 不太一樣, fall in love with somebody 多半指的是和某位異位陷入熱戀, 通常你們之間已經有一定相識.要強調非?！肮? 則可以說, I have a big crush on her.2.I like to talk to her.I guess we are in the same wavelength.我喜歡跟她說話, 我覺的我們二個頻率相同.在物理學上如果頻率相同的話會怎么樣? 就是會生成共嗚啦.因此這句話指二個人心靈上的契合, 或是二人很有默契.所以下次你要引起某位異性的注意, 你就可以這么說了, I'd like to talk to you.Because I guess we are in the same wavelength.相信她就會很清楚你對她有意思了.如果你不喜歡物理上的頻率, 你可以試試化學的講法, 叫作 We have chemistry.所以物理化學在這里都派上用場了!3.Is she your buddy friend or sweetheart friend?他是你的普通朋友還是男女朋友.我蠻喜歡聽美國的點歌節目的, 一方面可以聽聽熱戀男女的心事,一方面也可以了解現在美國流行哪些歌曲.這句話是主持人常常會問打電話進來點歌的聽眾的.比如說有人打電話進來要點歌給 David, 那主持人有時就會問問, Is he your buddy friend or sweetheart friend? 所以如果你和某位異性關系正值曖昧期時, 不妨試試這樣的表白方法: Are we buddy friend or sweetheart friend? What kind of relationship you want it to be? 4.She is cute as hell 她亂可愛一把的.As hell 大家可以看的出來是一種加強語氣的說法, 我把它跟中文的俚語--“她亂怎么怎么的” 相提并論, 不知大家同不同意? 因為中文里亂可愛的, 就表示非常可愛的意思.所以了, 下次再看到很可愛的美眉不妨學我這樣說, She is so cute.She is cute as hell.5.She is a knock-out她是個美女.34 這樣的說法并不常見, 但有時還是可以聽到.像有一部蠻好笑的電影 The Force of Nature.剛開時在飛機上有這么一句對話, 有個老人在看了男主角未婚妻的照片后就贊嘆地說, She is a knock-out, isn't she? 只可惜后來的風風雨雨差點讓他和他的未婚妻結不了婚, 這也是整部片子的趣味之所在.Knock out 當動詞還有很多用法, 例如拳擊賽時把對方擊倒, 所謂的 KO, 指的就是 knock out, 或是當 “消去” 解釋, 例如老師在上課時會說, We can knock out x and y 就是說我們可以消去 x 跟 y 的意思.6.Do you believe in love at the first sight? 你相不相信一見鐘情啊? 一見鐘情的英文就是 fall in love at the first sight.像是這樣的問法真的是非常地有技巧, 表面上雖不直說我對你有意思, 只是隨口問問你相不相信一見鐘情這種事情, 如果對方真的對你有興趣的話, 她一定會給你更多的機會發展下去, 要是對方表現出興趣缺缺, 則你順勢轉移話題就可以了.如果要更單刀直入, 就直接問, Do you want to be my girlfriend? 或是 Do you want to go steady?(想不想定下來啊?)就可以, 但是所冒的風險也就相對地提高.7.I miss her terribly.我非常地想念他.你非常地想念某人, 除了很平常的,I miss her so much.之外, 你也可以說得更夸大一點, I miss her terribly.當然講這句話的時候要特別強調那個terribly.這樣聽來會更有那種味道.若你想要交一個老外當男(女)朋友, 建議你先把這句學會吧!我想 I miss you terribly!這句話不論誰聽來都一定會覺得很舒服的不是嗎? 8.I want her to be here so badly.我非常希望她能夠在這里.So badly 在口語的用法中有非常的意思, 就等于very much.像是在電影電子情書(You've got mail)的最后一句對話不知看過的人有無印象? 梅格萊恩說了一句, I want it to be you so badly.就是說, 我多么希望那個匿名的“電子情人” 就是你.這句話和上一句連用女孩子很難不動心, Every time I miss you terribly.I want you to be here so badly.9.I can't live without her.She makes me feel so special.我沒有她就活不下去, 她讓我覺得很特別.這個話是越說越惡心, 到了自己都快聽不下去的地步了.I can't live without you 似乎是蠻常聽到的, 記得有一首英文歌里就有 I can't live without you 這句歌詞.You makes me feel so special 也是甜言蜜語的一種, 反正也是打高空,不知道到底特別在哪里, 反正就是讓我覺得很特別就對了.還有一種用法我也常聽到, 叫 You make me a whole.就是說有了你,我的生命才完整.沒有了你,我的生命就像缺少什么似的.這句話也是男孩子攻心的利器之一.10.I hope she will become my girlfriend and my better half in the long run.我希望她能成為我的女友, 最終成為我的老婆.如果一個女孩聽你講了這么一篇長篇大論后還無法變成你的girlfriend, 那建議你還是另謀高就吧.boyfriend和girlfriend 一般人在聊天時常會簡寫為bf和gf.前任男友或女友則稱ex-boyfriend 和

ex-girlfriend.這些都值得學一學.至于 better half 指的就是你的“另一半”, 這種用法跟中文剛好一模一樣, 都是指和你結婚的對象.大概是因為一般的人認為要結婚后一男一女才算是一個完整的個體, 所以才會把自己的伴侶稱作是 better half.筆記本二十三: 美 式 幽 默

1.Is she big-boned? 她是不是很魁梧啊? Big-bone 看字面解釋就知道是指骨架很粗大.這對美女(美國的女人)來說是見怪不怪的.在電影 Something about Mary 中就有這一句, Is she big-boned? 那嬌小的女子怎么說? 嬌小就是 petite.很多從亞洲來女生來美國都抱怨買不到合適的衣服, 其實很多店都有一區 petite.去那里找找, 保證你會有意想不到的收獲.若是真的找不到, 就試試 teenager 那兒也有許多合適的衣服.2.We have a female shortage here.我們這里鬧女人荒.由于我的學校是理工學院, 所以男女比例自然是不均勻, 有一次連老美也不禁感嘆道, We have a female shortage here.這樣的說法是不是聽來很特別? 其實我看根本就不只是 female shortage 而是 female drought.或是更夸張一點的講法, We have a female extinction here.3.You are a freaking Yankee.你是怪怪的北方佬.老美彼此之間很喜歡拿對方的出生地作文章.因為南北的差異, 所以或多或少北方人看不起南方人, 南方人也看不起北方人.Yankee 是南北戰爭時北軍的士兵叫 Yankee, 現在一般指北方佬.而 freaking 是說這人很怪, 或者解釋成怪胎也可以.剛來美國時 Yankee這個字發音老發得不對, 別人都聽不懂我在講什么.主要是因為受到國內把 Yankee 翻譯成 “洋基” 的關系吧!其實這個字應該是讀成 “鹽雞” 還比較接近一點.4.I am laying low.我ㄠ起來了.有一次我問一個老美, How are you doing? 結果他回我I am laying low.結果在場的老美都在笑, 但是只有我聽不懂.其實 laying low 就是說躲的低低的, 怕被別人看到, 就是想辦法混就對了.事后老美跟我解釋說這句話其實沒那么好笑, 主要是因為我聽不懂, 大家才又覺得更好笑.5.I cut the cheese.我放屁了.一般人說放屁這個字都會用 fart 這個字, 但是 cut the cheese 也有放屁的意思在里面.為什么呢? 因為大家想想切 cheese 時會發出什么聲音? 是不是和放屁很像呢? 但是這樣的用法似乎并不常用, 我只在某部很爛的片子: Mysterious Man 里聽過一次.6.Do you go out with your gun loaded? 你要帶著你上膛的槍出門嗎? 此槍非彼槍.大家應該知道我指的是什么樣的 “槍”, 這句也是我去看 Something about Mary 這部電影時學到的.使用時機就是有些男人出去跟女人約會, 滿腦子想的就是如何跟她上床, 你要糗糗他, 就可以這么說 Do you go out with your gun loaded? She probably will get hurt.7.She is a big gossip.她是八卦夫人.Gossip 指的就是八卦新聞, 但它也可以拿來形容一個人很八卦.所以 She is a big gossip 就是說她是個

八卦夫人.或是你也可以說, She is gossipy.中文里講的廣播電臺在美國倒是不常見,反而是有另一種說說 She is an information bureau(她是情報局)也蠻有趣的.8.If the boys stare at you,they have guts to suck your teeth!如果男生盯著你看,他們就有膽親你.這是我看電視 Full House 學來的, 是二個姐妹的對話,這句話有三個地方我覺的很棒, 第一個是 stare at you, 就是指盯著人家看的意思, have guts就是說有膽子的意思,(這是一個巧合, 中文英文說有膽子都是說有勇氣的意思!)而最后一個 suck your teeth 則是指親嘴的意思,很有趣, 但是像這種句子是小孩子說的, 難登大雅之堂.親嘴還有另外一個口語的用法: smooch 例如 I didn't smooch that girl last night.我昨晚沒親那個女孩.9.She is vertically challenged.她向她的身高挑戰.這樣的說法就是說人家很的意思, 但是是比較婉轉(political correctness)的說法.什么什么 challenged 就是說有某方面的障礙, 如 mentally challenged 就是說心智障礙, 也就是低能兒的意思.關于這個 political correctness 老美也常用,不過中文并沒有適當相對應的翻法.所謂的 political correctness 就是說為了不得罪某一族群的人, 而在用辭上加以修飾,讓它聽來不會歧視某一族群.例如 chairman 這個字, 可能會得罪某些女性主義者, 所以就發明了chairperson 這個字.這樣子的轉變,就可以算是 political correctness.10.Where can I dump these white elephants? 這些無用的垃圾我要丟到哪里? 比如說家中的286 計算機用之無味,棄之可惜, 放在那里一擺就是好幾年,這種垃圾就叫 white elephant.只是這樣的說法真的很少見, 連老美都不一定知道 white elephant 是什么意思.不過有些人還是會這么用, 我曾聽一個老美他說, The fountain is a white elephant.意思是,這個噴水池真是廢物.有些老美會在自家的庭院前辦所謂的garage sale, 就是把一些家里很少用到的東西拿出來賣.有些人的告示上會寫 White elephant sale.如果你不知道 whte elephant 指的是無用之物的話, 你可能會覺得蠻奇怪的,為什么有人在賣白大象呢?

記本二十四: 吃 東 西

1.Cream or sugar? 要奶精還是糖? 如果你去買杯咖啡, 或是在飛機上用餐時點咖啡, 別人就可能會問你 Cream or sugar? 以我們的習慣通常是二個都要, 這時就回答 both 就好了.還有我也聽過老美回答 please.這二種說法都可以, 但 Please 的用法更廣, 比如說人家問你 Do you like a glass of water? 你回答 please 就等于 yes.而且感覺上更禮貌些.再補充一點, 如果你要的咖啡是不要奶精的, 那么你可以說 I want it black.Black coffee 就是不加奶精的咖啡.如果你是去快餐店點咖啡, 有時候你答 both 之后, 店員還會問你, How many? 因為他們的糖和奶精都是一包一包或一盒一盒的, 一般我都是各要二包.Two sugars and two cream.2.Let's grab something to eat!我們隨便找點東西里腹吧!

Grab something to eat 就是指這一餐隨便解決, 可能就是到快餐店買個 whopper, coke 吃吃.如果到餐廳去吃飯就不能說 grab something to eat.Grab 是說去拿個東西, 不一定是拿食物, 例如你可以說, Let's get back to grab my camera!但是一般而言, 應用最廣的還是 grab something to eat.老美還教過我一個用法, Let's go get some grub.這個意思和 grab something to eat 是一樣的, 只不過 grub 是比較俚語的用法.3.Yuck!好難吃!吃到很難吃的東西, 第一個反應就是 yuck!或是 It's yucky.記得說這個 yuck 要拖的長長的, 讓它讀起來像是 yuuuuuuuck 聽起來才會像.另外跟 yucky 很像的一個字叫 icky 這個字也是難吃的意思.所以下次再吃到什么惡心的東西時, 不妨大聲地說, yuuuuuuuuuck!或是 iiiiiiiiicky!4.Yum.真好吃.跟 yuck 正好相反的就是 yum 這個字了.好吃的東西一入口, 你就可以說, Yum!記得在國內時看過某一個廣告里面就有 yummy yummy 這樣的臺詞, 當時一直不明所以然, 后來到了美國才知道原來 yummy yummy 就是好吃的意思.所以那個廣告說的就是他們的東西很好吃啦!5.One pitcher, cheap stuff.給我一壺最便宜的.有一次我跟老美去喝啤酒, 我跟服務生說I want a can of beer, 結果人家是一頭霧水, 因為美國的啤酒種類繁多, 如 Bud light, Guinness, Budweiser 等, 點啤酒時一定要說清楚, 不然別人不知道你到底要什么.一般我看老美在點啤酒就直接說品牌的名稱, 例如 Bud Light.如果你要點便宜的就好, 并不在意什么樣的啤酒, 就可以學他們這么說 cheap stuff, 相當于中文里的, 給我最便宜的那種吧.另外, one pitcher 是指一壺,這個字也蠻常用的, 尤其是人多點飲料時常會用到.6.Have you finished or still working on it? 用完了嗎? 還是要繼續用? 在餐廳吃飯, 侍者要收盤子時通常會問這一句, Have you finished or still working on it 或是簡單的, Can I take your plate? 千萬不要像我一樣, 第一次去一家美國蠻有名的餐廳 Cheesecake Factory 吃飯, 侍者走到我桌旁, 跟說 Have you finished or still working on it? 因為我不懂他的意思, 所以我猜他是要我買單了, 我就當場就把錢掏出來, 人家還以為我要給他小費說!真的是蠻糗的.不過這件事發生在我剛到美國還不到一星期的時間, 所以也不能怪我啦.7.I need a tad of salt please.需要一點點的鹽.一般高級一點的餐廳桌上都會有所謂的 table salt.如果覺得食物不夠咸的話可以自己加.但在美國尤其是中國餐館食物都非常咸, 不知道為什么.A tad of 這樣的用法跟 a little bit of 的用法是很像的, 唯一不同的是, a tad of 這個片語是專門用在調味料上, 不能用在其它的場合.8.How much do you put in? 你出多少錢.比如說大家一起去吃飯, 總共是十六元, 大家各付各的,我出十元,他出六元,這個“出”就可以用 put in.我可以說 I put in ten dollars.就是我出十元.也有人把 put in 說成 plug in.但是似乎以 put in 較為常見.9.I am up to my ears 吃的太飽, 滿到耳朵了

一般情況下如果只要說吃飽了,可以說 I am stuffed,或是I am full.但是有時候為了強調真的太飽了,就可以跟別人說,I am up to my ears.就是說吃下去的食物都已經滿到耳朵了.通常老美說這句話的時候,還會加上動作, 就是用手在耳朵旁劃一條線,表示已經滿到這里了.同樣的,這句也可以說成I am up to my throat.一樣的意思.10.I am eating my midnight snack.我正在吃宵夜

在美國 p.m7-12 點都可以稱為 midnight, 所以在晚餐之后吃的點心, 就叫midnight snack.不過美國似乎不太流行吃宵夜, 只有少數幾家 24 小時營業的餐廳(如 Waffle House, IHOP)有在賣宵夜, 不然就是要到中國餐廳了!最近有一部電是在講蝙蝠的, 他的宣傳短片里就有這樣一句: You will become their midnight snack.這句話真是讓我印象深刻.注意到了沒? 它也是用 midnight snack 喔!

記本二十五: 吵 架

1.I'm so fed up with your BS.Cut the crap.我受夠了你的廢話, 少說廢話吧.美女(美國的女人)是不喜歡說 shit 這個不雅的字的, 所以她們就說 shoot, 或是BS(=Bull shit)來表示她們還是很有氣質的.“Cut your crap.” 是當你聽到對方廢話連篇, 講個不停時, 你就可以說, “Cut the crap.” 相當于中文里的廢話少話.2.Hey!wise up!放聰明點好嗎? 當別人作了什么愚蠢的事時, 你可以說, “Don't be stupid” 或是 “Don't be silly.” 但是這是非常不禮貌的說法.比較客氣一點的說法就是, wise up!它就相當于中文里的放聰明點.你也可以用堅酸刻薄的語氣說.Wise up, please.然后故意把 please 的尾音拉得長長的.有人會說, Hey!grow up.意思就是你長大一點好不好? 例如有人二十歲了卻還不會自己補衣服, 你就可以說 Hey!grow up.這根 wise up 是不是也差不多呢? 3.Put up or shut up.要嗎你就去做, 不然就給我閉嘴.有些人就是出那張嘴, 只會出意見, 此時就可以說, Put up or shut up.要注意的是, Put up 字典上是查不到“自己去做” 的意思, 但是見怪不怪, 很多筆記本上的用法都是字典上查不到的.比方說今天你在寫程序, 有人明明不懂卻喜歡在一旁指揮你, 這時候你就可以說, Put up or shut up.時為了要加強 shut up 的語氣, 老美會把它說成, shut the fuck up.這句話常在二人火氣很大時的對話中可以聽到, 例如電影 The house on the haunted hill 女主角身陷鬼屋之中, 其它人又七嘴八舌時, 她就很生氣地說了一句, shut the fuck up.這句話也讓我想到一句成語, walk the walk, talk the talk, 也就是說到就要作到, 有點像是中文里知行要合一的意思, 或是只說, walk the talk 也可以.4.You eat with that mouth? 你是用這張嘴吃飯的嗎? 別人對你說臟話, 你就回敬他這一句,言下之意, 就是你的嘴那么臟, 你還用這張嘴吃飯.還有一種說法, “You kiss your Momma with that mouth?” 就是說你也是用這臟嘴親你媽媽的嗎? 所以下次記得如果有老美對你說臟話, 記得不要再 Fxxx 回去, 保持風度, 說一句, “You eat with that mouth?” 就扯平了

5.You are dead meat.你死定了.39 我們說你完蛋了,可以說 “You are dead.”或是像這樣說“You are dead meat.”意思都是一樣的,比如說你跟別人說過不淮碰我的東西,但有人他就是老愛用你的東西,下次要是再被你抓到, 你就可以說, “You are dead meat.” 6.Don't you dare!How dare you!你好大的膽子啊!這句話跟中文里 “你好大的膽子” 是一樣, 可以在二種場合說, 第一種是很嚴肅的場合, 比如說小孩子很調皮, 講又講不聽, 父母就會說, “Don't you dare!” 那意思就是這個小孩要當心點, 不然等會就要挨打了.另一種場合是開玩笑, 比如有人跟你說我跟某網友約會去了, 你說 “Don't you dare?” 就有點開玩笑的語氣.(你不怕被恐龍給吃了嗎?)Dare 在英文里還有許多有趣的用法, 例如, “You dare me.” 或是 “I double dare you.” 還有一種游戲叫 Truth or Dare, 限于篇幅, 容后再作介紹.7.Don't push me around.不要擺布我.這個詞很有意思, 把你推來推去, 作擺布解釋, 如果有人指揮你一下作這個一下作那個, 你就可以用這一句 Hey!Don't push me around.通常當我講 “Don't push me around.” 時, 我還會想到一個字 bossy.Bossy 就是說像是老板一樣, 喜歡指揮別人.例如, “You are so bossy.I don't like that.” 句話也可以單講, “Don't push me.” 或是 “Don't push me any further.” 還有一句根 push 有關的成語, 叫 push the button, 意思就是,指使, 操縱.例如,“I know why you are doing this, someone is pushing your button!” 8.Are you raised in the barn? 你是不是鄉下長大的啊? 這句話是形容一個人沒教養, 但是是比較開玩笑的語氣.比如說有人坐沒坐像,你就可以對他說這一句.Barn 原指倉.我翻成鄉下比較能跟中文的意思結合.老美常用 barn 或是 backyard 來形容一個人沒有教養或是沒有文化, 像是那天在電視上聽到一句, “No backyard language in my house.” 就是說, 在我的家里不準講粗話.9.You want to step outside? You want to take this outside? 你想要外面解決嗎? 老美跟我們一樣, 要是二個人一言不合吵起來了, 可能就有人要說這一句了.指的就是要不要出去打架啦.還有一些我聽過類似的用法, 例如, “Do you want to pick a fight?” 你要挑起爭端嗎? 或是 “This means war.” 這就意謂著跟我宣戰.10.You and what army? You and who else? 你和哪一路的人馬啊? 要是有人跟你說 “Do you want to step outside?”, 就回他這一句吧.意思是說, 是喔...那你找了多少人馬要來打架啊? 有時候電視里出現這句對白的時候, 還會打出一排軍隊的計算機動畫, 非常地有意思.還有一句話也很好玩, 叫 “Who's side are you on?” 這就是在快要打架時, 你問人家說, 你到底是站在哪一邊的?

筆記本二十六 運動

美國人崇尚運動的風氣是很盛的.在我們的校園內隨處可見跑步的人,有趣的是這些人當中女生遠多過男生,(大約十個人當中有八個是女孩子),還有一個很奇怪的現象讓我一直很不解.他們跑步的時候很喜歡聽隨身聽, 甚至有人發明一種隨身聽可以直接綁在手臂上.這種現象在健身房也不例外, 很多人就是一邊使用跑步機一

邊聽音樂的.奇怪, 要聽音樂什么時候不好聽, 非得要在跑步的時候聽? 這就是美國人的怪癖.或許是快節奏的音樂能讓她們覺得更加有勁, 而且運動起來也比較不會那么無聊吧!1.Do you like to do some work out? No,I want to play badminton你想不想去作運動啊? 不, 我想打羽毛球.大家想到運動, 可能第一個想到的就是 exercise, 但是你會發現在美國更常聽到的是 work out 這個字.所謂的 work out, 主要是指一些健身房的運動.例如你去舉重(lift weight)跑步機(treadmill), 或是像是有氧運動(aerobics)都算是 work out.當然美國現在很流行的 kickboxing(它真正的名字叫 “TaeBo”, 源自于 Tae-kwon-do 跆拳道 以及拳擊 Boxing)也算是一種 work out.但是如果是去打網球, 就不要說 work out, 一般就直接說 I am going to play tennis.這個 kickboxing 是最近美國新興的一種有氧舞蹈.記得以前在電視上看到的有氧舞蹈都是那種 one more, two more.但是那種跳起來不夠激烈的 aerobics 是無法得到美國女人的青睞的.所以現在的 kickboxing 都是 kick, kick, punch, punch.它的動作很多都是從拳擊中演變而來, 所以一場 kickboxing 跳下來絕對會讓你滿身大汗.2.Is a court available now? We want to book it now.現在還有場地嗎?我們想要預約一個場地.我自已常把 Is a court available? 講成 Is there a court available? 后來也是老美糾正我, 只要講 Is a court available? 就可以了.一般的運動場地可分為二種, 一種是 first come, first serve.(先到先贏)另一種就是需要 reserve 的.如果是需要 reserve 的場地, 可以打電話去說, I want to book a court from 3 to 4pm 就可以了, 或是說 I want to make a reservation from 3 to 4pm 也行.3.You are set.你完成了.就是做完一件事就叫 set.像是每次我去器材組還球拍, 他們拿到球拍之后會檢查看看, 如果都沒問題, 他們就會跟我說, Everything is all right, you are set.意思是說, 沒問題, 你可以走了.一般 set 是單指一件事, 如果不單只有一件事, 則用 all set.例如說, 男女朋友要出去玩, 女孩子嗎!總要打扮一番嘛!要是你(男生)等到不耐煩啦!就可以以反問的語氣說, all set? 又例如說,大家一起分工完成一些事情, 當leader問你完成了沒, 而你也已經完成你負責部分的時候，就可以講 all set, sir!就是說全部完成了.4.Wow!It's packed.哇!好多人啊.感覺上剛從臺灣來美國的人都只會說, It's crowded.其實還有很多類似的用法.例如有一次我去領足球賽的票, 現場也是擠得水泄不通, 就聽到老美說了一句 It's swarmed.還有另外一次是去高爾夫球練習場, 到了那邊也是完全沒有空位了, 我們的領隊就說, Damn!It's packed.5.That's fine.Let's warm up first.沒關系, 讓我們先暖身.沒關系你可以簡單地說, that's all right, that's OK 或是 that's fine.而 warm up 就是指作各種運動之前的暖身操.例如有次我去學跳舞, 到了那老師就跟我說, Go grab a partner and warm up.這句話現在聽來是很簡單, 可是當時還真是聽不懂說.41 6.Good game.Man.You took me easily.這是一場很棒的比賽, 你輕輕松松地擊敗我了.Good game 這句話常見于打完球時, 通常我跟我的對手都會互相客套一下, It's a good game.要是我輸了, 我就會這么說, Good game, Man, You took me easily.表示出自己輸得是心甘情愿.要是真的輸得很慘的話, 你還可以說, You really kicked my ass.7.You are better though.I am just lucky.其實你比較好啦.我只是幸運一點.其實老美也是蠻虛偽的.有一次跟一個老美打網球, 結果被痛宰.沒想到比賽完后, 他還很客氣地對我說, You are better though.I am just lucky.后來這句話我也學起來.有一次我去看我同學賽球, 我同學輸了, 我就安慰他說, You are better though, he is just lucky.這樣講別人聽來是不是覺得很舒服呢? 8.Do you want a rematch? 要不要再賽一盤? Rematch 字典上查到的意思是復賽, 可是老美這么對你說的時候是表示要不要再玩一盤.每次我跟我室友打球要是他輸了他就會一直說這一句.Do you want a rematch? 我當然是不會理他啦!保持戰果最重要了.這句話也可以簡單地說, Do you want to play again? 但是這二者都蠻常用的.9.No,I smell.I need to go home and take a shower.不要了,我身上有味道了,必須回家洗個澡.中文里的臭算是形容詞, 但是英文里的臭卻是動詞,這也是很多人一直搞不清楚的地方.英文里的臭可以說成 smell 或 stink, 通常來說 stink 是比 smell 還要臭一點, smell 只是說有異味, 而 stink 則是指發臭.記得有一次看電視影集full house,老爸問他兒子今天去動物園玩的如何? 沒想到他兒子只回了他一句, Camel stink.(駱駝很臭)真是好可愛的小孩啊.10.Let's call it a day.今天就到此為止吧.這句話我常聽老美說, 通常是一天辛苦的工作之后, 老美就會說 Let's call it a day!意思是今天就只到這里為止了, 這意謂著我們可以休息了!又或者是你去打球時也一樣, 當你打得很累不想打了, 你就可以跟你的隊友說, “That's enough for me.Let's call it a day!”

筆記本二十七: 狗 腿

大家知不知道怎么樣用英語來表達你很喜歡一個女孩子呢? 如何講一些讓女孩子感動的話呢? 不過我收集的這些會話, 并不是十分浪漫, 卻是有點耍嘴皮子的痞子味道,就看各位要如何應用了.1.Do you have a quarter? Because I promised I would call my mom as soon as I fell in love.你有零錢嗎? 因為我答應我老媽當我戀愛時要立刻打電話給她.2.Milk does a body good, but DAMN how much milk you've been drinking? 牛奶對身體有益, 但我的老天, 你到底喝了多少啊? 3.Do you believe in love at first sight? 你相信有一見鍾情這種事嗎? 4.I seem to have lost my phone number.Can I have yours? 我把我的電話簿弄丟了..我能用你的嗎 ?(雙關語, 其實是跟對方要電話)

5.It's awful hot in here, or it is you? 這里真的好熱.或是那是因為你的關系? 6.If I could rearrange the alphabet, I'd put U and I together.如果我能重新排列字母, 我要把 U(You)跟 I 排在一起.7.Do you have a map? Because I just keep losting in your eyes!你有地圖嗎? 因為我剛在你的眼神中迷失了.8.If you are a tear in my eye, I wouldn't cry for fear of losing you.如果你是我眼里的一滴眼淚, 我不會哭因為我害怕會失去你.9.You remind me of my ex-girlfriend.你使我想起我的前任女友.10.My love for you is like diarrhea, I just can't hold it.我對你的愛就像是瀉肚子一樣, 讓我把持不住.11.A.How are you? B: Fine.A: I didn't ask you how you looked, I asked you how are you.A: 你好嗎? B: 好 A: 我沒有問你長的如何, 我只是問你好不好.12.I am a thief, I am here to steal your heart.我是小偷, 我是來這偷你的心.筆記本二十八: 外 食

這集我們來談談一些在餐廳內會用到的句子, 以及一些跟吃飯有關的單字片語.配合美國的食物介紹一二集來看, 相信從此以后到美國餐廳用餐不再是件難事.1.Do you like to go out eating? 想不想出去吃呢? 有次我問老美出去吃東西怎么說,他回答說一般出去吃飯,他們只說go to eat, go out eating 或是eat out 而不會說go to dinner, go for lunch, 也就是不需特地說中餐或是晚餐.所以后來老美問我剛去哪了,我應該要說 I just went out eating, 而不會說 I just went to dinner.小明細多注意, 你的英文會更棒.如果要強調是去吃午餐或晚餐的話,一般就直接說lunch 或是dinner.例如人家問你,“Where did you go?”你就可以答說 “lunch.” 2.There is a Deli over there, do you like it?那里有一家 Deli(餐廳), 你喜不喜歡呢? 美國的餐廳可分很多種, Restaurant 是一般的通稱, 另外常用到的有 Deli : 供應三明治, 沙拉這種現成的, 不需再經過烹調的餐廳, 例如 SUBWAY 就可以算是 Deli.另外還有 Grill 也隨處可見, 翻譯成烤肉餐廳, 多半是提供牛排, 漢堡熱食類的食物.Deli 這個字是 delicatessen 的簡寫, 可是現今在美國一般只會聽到 deli 而很少聽到 delicatessen 了!3.What do you like to drink? 想要喝什么? 美國餐廳的習慣, 吃飯時都會點一大杯飲料, 所以侍者一定會先問你 What do you like to drink.也有人

會這么說, Can I get you something to drink? 一般餐廳都會提供的有 Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Iced Tea, 以及 Lemonade 等.如果什么都不要, 就說 Just water.值得注意的是, 在一般的快餐店提到 drink 都是指 soft drink 而言.但是一般人說到 have a drink 時, 他們多半指的是 alcoholic, 也就是含酒精的飲料.所以如果有人問你, “Come on, have a drink with us.” 他絕不是要你跟他們一起喝可樂的意思,而是要你跟他們一起喝酒啦!4.Are you ready to order or just a minute? 你們準備好了嗎? 還是要再等一會? 通常飲料上桌之后, 大伙都還要花點時間研究一下菜單, 如果侍者看你們大概都差不多了, 他就會過來問你們, Are you ready to order or just a minute? 如果是已經準備好要點餐了,就直接跟她說你想吃什么, 如果大家還要再研究研究, 則可以跟侍者說 Just a minute.或是 Wait a few more minutes.請他等一下, 他會說 OK.I'll be back.(好, 那我等下再來.)5.Do you want to separate check? 你們要不要分開付帳? 比如說二對夫妻出去吃飯, 大家想各自付自己的, 則你們可以主動跟侍者說 We want to separate check.有時他們也會主動問你Do you want to separate check? 或是 Do you want separate checks? 這樣的話帳單就會有二張.但有些餐廳 separate check 會多收服務費, 最好先問清楚.如果是要一起付, 則簡單地說, together 或是 one check 就可以了.6.How do you like your steak cooked? 你的牛排要幾分熟? 通常點牛排, 或是在高級一點的餐廳點牛肉漢堡, 服務生都會這樣問你, How do you like it cooked? 回答的方式, 全熟是 well done, 七分熟: medium well, 五分熟: medium, 四分熟: medium rare, 三分熟: rare.老美有時在開玩笑時也用 bloody 來代替 rare 這個字, 聽來是不是更傳神? 所以如果各位嗜食生牛肉的話, 下次不妨試試 bloody as hell 的點法.但請注意一下 bloody 這個字在英國英語中有點類似 fxxx 的意思, 所以除非有把握不然不要拿出來亂用.記得有一次我去一家蠻高級的法國餐廳用餐, 結果我跟他要 well-done 的牛排, 結果煮出來的東西跟橡皮一樣難吃.后來老美跟我解釋, 你摸摸自己頭上的各部位就知道你的牛排等一下煮出來是什么樣子, well-done 就是頭頂, 硬梆梆的, medium well 就是額頭, 稍微有點彈性.medium 是鼻頭, 軟軟的.rare 是下巴最柔軟的部份.我覺得這個分法蠻實用的, 跟各位分享一下.7.How do you like you egg cooked?你的蛋要幾分熟? 蛋的說法跟肉類又不一樣,不要像我剛來時聽人家這么問就自作聰明回答 Well done.把人家給笑掉大牙.蛋的回答方法是1.Scramble 炒蛋 2.Sunny side up 只煎一面的荷包蛋,(這句話很有意思, 因為荷包蛋像太陽, 所以老美用 sunny side 來形容)3, Sunny side down 二面都煎或是 ease over.白煮蛋的話也分二種,一種叫 soft boil 一種叫 hard boil.所謂的 soft boil 是指讓蛋黃的部份還有點液體狀,而 hard boil 則是指整個的蛋黃都煮成固體狀的.有些店例如 Waffle House 連 hash brown 也會問 How do you like it cooked? 這個也有很多選擇, 不過一般我只會回答二種, patty(餅狀)跟 scattered(分散狀)8.Did you burn it? 你把它烤焦了嗎?

記得剛來美國時烤焦了不知怎么說, 我就說 Why do you have black part on your steak, 結果人家當然也是有聽沒有懂, 其實烤焦了很簡單, 就是 burn.美國許多建筑物都有濃煙偵測警報, 所以每次要是有人忘了什么東西在爐子里警報大作, 真是亂嚇人的.這時如果你看到你的室友一臉無辜地站在你面前, 你就可以問他, Did you burn something? 9.Can I have some more bread? 能再多給我點面包嗎? 美國餐廳中的面包吃完了可以一直拿不用錢, 所以吃不飽時就盡量吃面包吧!另外提醒一點, 國內說的土司面包在美國就叫 bread, 所謂的土司面包(toast)指的是在面包上涂上一層蒜泥或是奶油下去烤的面包才叫 toast, 就像是去 “我家牛排” 他們給的那種面包才叫 toast.當初一直以為我們說的土司面包就叫 toast, 造成不少誤會.故事就是有一次我去美國接待家庭住, 早餐時媽媽問我要吃什么, 因為我不想太麻煩人家, 我又剛好看到桌上有土司面包, 所以我就說 toast, 結果害人家還大費周章跑去幫我烤面包.其實我應該說 bread.就不會造成別人的誤會了.10.Can you give me a doggie bag? 能不能給我一個狗食袋? 東西點太多吃不完怎么辦? 這么說就對了.說 doggie bag 是因為不希望別人覺的你太小氣, 吃不完還要帶回家吃, 所以說是給狗吃的.或是用 doggie box 代替 doggie bag 也可以, 因為大部份的餐廳給的都是盒子而不是袋子.最后提醒一點, 請不要在高級的餐廳說 doggie bag , 那是不太禮貌的, 你可以只說 Can you give me a box? 就好了.另外一種常用的講法叫 “Wrap it up.” 這就相當于中文里的, 幫我打包起來的意思.在美國的中餐館打包也很有意思, 有時候你說要打包他們還會問你要不要飯? 當然要啦!這樣子下一餐的飯跟菜就通通有著落了.11.Check, please.結帳.吃完飯別忘了給錢喔!check 就是結帳的意思, 另外也可以說 buy the bill, 就跟中文里說的買單是一樣的.當然吃完了飯請別忘了給小費喔!

筆記本二十九: 兒語

我們班上有一個老美 James 對我蠻友善的,他常邀請我去他們家作客.James 有一個三歲大的女兒

Caitlin, 長得金發碧眼,活潑可愛,每次我看到她都讓我想到童話故事里的金發小妖精.小笨霖蠻喜歡聽她說一些童言童語的, 她說的話都是十分道地的美語,而且我想她都會的一些用法我們是不是更應該要會呢?不然豈不是真的是像我們所說的, 連三歲的娃兒都不如.但是不要小看人家年紀小,人家懂的英語可是不會比你少喔!這集收錄的就是一些她說的話及一些她父母對她說的話.1.Mom, hold me.媽媽, 抱我.全世界媽媽的叫法好象都差不多,在美國小孩叫媽媽也是用mom.小孩都是喜歡人家抱的,舉世皆然, Hold me 就是抱抱的意思.2.I want to pee-pee.我想尿尿

Pee-pee 也是小孩才會用的,一般大人上衛生間最常用的是go to the restroom, use the bathroom 或是

wash my hands.當然你說 I want to pee 也是可以.有沒有發現,不論中外,小孩子講話都很喜歡把同一個字重復說二次, 例如pee-pee 他們就不會說成 pee,連字的說法聽來是不是很可愛? 這跟國內的小孩子說 親-親, 抱-抱, 是不是有異曲同工之妙呢?另外, 跟 pee-pee 相對的就是 “poo-poo” 也就是兒語中上大號的意思.3.Do you want to go to the potty? 你要上衛生間嗎? 常見于父母和小孩的對話.起初我一直以為他們是問他們小孩要不要去party, 后來才知道他們是說 potty.Potty 就是那種給小孩專用的便壺, 所以小孩子從很小就知道什么 potty.他們要去上衛生間有時自己也會說 I want to go to the potty.另外 potty trained 是每個小孩子成長的必經之路.potty trained 就是指小孩子必須被訓練會控制自己的排泄.曾經有一個學心理的學生跟我說這個時期叫肛門期,如果 potty trained 訓練的方法不對還會對小孩子日后的成長造成影響.4.Let go.放開我.有些小孩子也是很有脾氣的.你要抱她,她不給你抱,她就會說, Let go!這個 let go 就是放開手的意思.例如你看到別人抓著一根繩子,你要他松手,也是說 Let go.不過注意一下這個 let go 和 let's go 是有很大的不同就是了.另外, Caitlin 也很喜歡講, leave me alone.或是 get out of here,同樣都是別管我, 別煩我的意思.5.Tell my dad and mom to give me a kiss when they are home.告訴我爹地和媽咪當他們回來時要親我一下.這是我同學去當老美的 babysitter 時 Caitlin 跟他說的.因為 Caitlin 每天睡覺之前她爸媽一定都會親她一下她才肯睡, 但是那天她父母剛好有事所以才請我同學去當 babysitter.小孩子可愛之處就在這里, 就算她明知父母今天要很晚才回來, 她還是希望等他們回來之后要親她一下.6.She is my sweetheart.她是我的寶貝.這種說法常見于父母稱自己小孩, 或是男女朋友,夫妻之間, 或是可愛一點的講法,他們也會用 sweetie 來代替 sweetheart.Caitlin 的父母很喜歡叫她 sweetie, 或是叫她的小名 kitty.7.You'll receive a whipping if you keep doing that.如果你還一直那樣的話我就要打你屁屁了.父母打小孩屁股, 或是其它輕微的處罰用 whipping 這個字,或是俚語的講法, whippin,千萬不可用 beat.記得我就是跟老美說, “Parents in Taiwan beat their children.” 結果老美眼睛瞪的大大的.為什么呢? 原因是 beat 在美語是有點毒打, 凌虐的意思,聽來好象臺灣的父母都在凌虐小孩似的,所以記得不要再用錯了.8.Behave.規矩點.這句話日常生活中常聽到.只要有人作出什么不禮貌或是不雅的激活的話,你都可以跟他說 behave!比如說有人吃完飯就拿袖子擦嘴, 你就可以這么跟他說, Hey!behave.那天我同學的小女兒居然把屁股蹺的半天高, 對著大伙作出要放一個響屁的動作, 她媽媽就對她說, Behave.Honey.大家不知道有沒有去看 Austin Power II, 劇中男主角 Dr.Evil 的口頭禪就是 “Oh,...behave,...babe”, 每次他的縮小版 mini-me 作出什么很夸張的

事情時, 他就說, “Oh,...behave, babe.” 9.If you can't do better than that, go back to your room.如果你不能表現的好一點的話, 你就回房去.凡是二三歲的小孩都皮的很.Caitlin 每次要是不乖, 她媽媽每次都是這樣教訓她, “If you can't do bettr than that, you go back to your room.” 像這樣的句子可以用在許多場合,例如她吃飯時食物掉的滿地都是,或是她跟其它小朋友玩的時候吵起來的, 她媽媽都是這么跟她說的.10.He wet his cloth.他把他的衣服尿濕了.小孩子在很小的時候還不會控制自己的排泄,這時最麻煩了,還得隨時記得幫他們換尿布(diaper)不然的話, 他就直接給你尿在衣服上, 這個尿在衣服上就是 wet his cloth.記得在國中時候老師都會一再強調 cloth 指的是布, clothing 才是衣服.但事實上在美國衣服都是說 cloth, 我還很少聽到有人說 clothing 的.另外, 常有人會問尿床要怎么說, 尿床就是 wet one's bed.這個說法在電影 Big Daddy 中也有用到, 大家可以仔細聽聽看.生活小故事

有時請老美來我家吃中國菜, 會有意想不到的“笑”果出現.像是上星期天請了 James 他老婆和另外二個老美來我們這包水餃, 結果 James 居然把水餃放在盤子上, 用刀子切成三塊, 再用叉子一塊一塊叉起來吃., 實在是另人噴飯說.老美看我們老中拿筷子吃水餃一口一個, 不知心中有何感想?

筆記本三十: 二人相約

在這一集筆記里,我把一些二個人約時間,約地方可能會用到的句子收集在我假想的一個情況里,就是假設有一個人要去拜訪他的朋友,但是因為他是那種習慣性會遲到的人,所以他朋友就打電話看他出門了沒有,結果....天啊....他居然還沒出門.我們來看看他會怎么說

1.I was about to leave.我正好要離開.大家都有這樣的經驗吧!正好要出門時, 電話就響了.一接電話,對方劈頭就罵,“怎么還沒出門啊”? 這時你就可以說.“I was about to leave.” 我正好要出門,你就打電話來了(好象每次都是那么剛好).這句話也可以說成, “I am leaving.”About 可以解釋成時間上的正好,正是時候.例如你說, “It about time.” 就是說, 時候到了.2.I am gonna be there at 3:00.我三點時會到那.跟人家約時間約好了, 最后可以加上這一句.Gonna 是很口語的用法,日常生活中常用,它就等于 going to.所以這句話也可以說成, “I am going to be there at 3:00.” 或是 “I will be there at 3:00.” 也是蠻常用的.此外, 老美也喜歡說, “I will catch you there.” 例如二個人約好要在體育館見面, 你就可以說, “I'll catch you in the gym.” 3.You had better hurry.你最好快點.You had 就是說你最好怎樣怎樣.這句話念快時 You had 會念成 You'd 或是干脆就把 had 省略,例如有時

會聽到他們這么說 “You better behave.” 就是說你最好行為檢點一些, 這時就不發 had 的音.或許你會問,為什么這里是用過去式 had 而不是 have 呢? 關于這點我也曾覺得奇怪, 但是我請教過老美, 他們說這里的確是用 had 沒錯, 至于原因, 他們自己也不知道, 只知道從小父母就教他們說 you had better, 而不是 you have better.4.Who is there? 是誰啊? 學了十幾年的英語, 在美國第一次有人敲門居然不知該如何問對方是誰? 雖然我知道 “誰” 是 Who, 困難的是 is there? 在這里用 “Who are you?” 聽來并不是很恰當.比如說你待在房里, 客廳有人敲門,你就要問說 “Who is there?” 或是 “Who is it?” 也可以.還有一句常用話 “Who is this.” 這就是在廣播的 call in 節目時, 有人打電話來, 主持人就會問他, “Who is this?”(你是誰啊?)注意一下這里他們也不會說成, “Who are you?” 的.5.We are going to freak out if you don't show up!如果你再不來, 我們都快發瘋了.這句話是有一次我跟幾個老美相約要一起討論作業,(雖然我都已經會寫了, 但我還是很樂意去跟他們討論, 因為這樣子就可以練習我的英文了)可是因為我太晚到了, 他們一看到我就跟我說, “We are going to freak out if you don't show up.” Freak 這個字在美國用的蠻多的, 指的就是瘋子, 而 freaky 則是形容瘋瘋癲癲的樣子.例如, “There are so many freaks there.They are freaky.” Freak out 則是指發瘋, 算是最常用到的一個了吧, 發瘋其它的說法還有, drive me crazy 或是 drive me banana.6.You stood us up again.又要放我們鴿子了.放鴿子最普遍的用法是 stood someone up.例如你看到有人說好了要去約會, 卻垂頭喪氣地回答, 你就可以問他, “He stood me up?”.放鴿子的另一個說法就是 no-show, 例如他放你鴿子,你就可以說, “He is a no-show.” 7.I need a place to stay.我需要一個地方過夜.這樣的句子看似簡單, 但我覺得大家都聽得懂但不會這樣用, 因為中文說過夜, 我們會習慣說成 “I need a place to sleep.”, 但老美不這么說的, 他們會用stay 這個動詞.所以你要跟老美說, 你可以來我家過夜, 就是, “You can stay my place.” 這句話在 “Fight Club” 這部電影里當男主角走頭無頭時, 他的幻影 Tyler 就對他說了, “You can stay my place.” 8.Let me think a second.讓我想一下.A second 常會接在句尾表示一下下, 一下子就好, 像是有次我問老美某人叫什么名字, 他就回答, “Ok, let me think a second.” 另外, 接電話時也有人會說 Hold on a second, 就是說等一下子, 馬上就好.如果是比較長一點的時間, 就可以說 Hold on a minute 或是 Hold on a moment.9.It's up to you.You can stay my place though.由你決定吧.你問別人, 我們什么時候出發呢? 要是別人說, “It's up to you.”, 就是說你決定就可以啦!要是更客氣一點, 就是 “It's totally up to you.”.另外一個常常用到的回答方式就是, “It depends.” 翻成中文就是視

情況而定.例如別人跟你說, “I need a place to stay.” 你就可以答, “It depends how long are you gonna stay.” 這需要視你待多久而定吧!10.Or if you like, a hotel is in walking distance.如果你喜歡的話, 有一間旅館用走的就可以走的到.這句話如果單看中文, “用走的就可以走的到” 我想大家應該翻不出英文吧!可能會說成 “You can walk to the hotel.” 聽來不怎么高明.我也是偶然間聽老美說 in walking distance, 我覺的真的蠻棒.例如有一次我就跟老美說,在臺灣很方便,幾乎所有的商店用走的就可以走到, 我就是這么說的, “Everything is in walking distance.” 聽來是不是很簡潔有力? “Just step away, you can't miss it.” 跟 in walking distance 蠻接近的, 說的是, 只有一步之遙, 你不會錯過它的.這句話通常是在廣告的時候會用到.筆記本三十一: 綜合收集

1.Go break a leg.跌斷腿吧!(祝你好運)老美真是莫名其妙, 祝人跌斷腿就是祝你好運的意思.這種說法是通常是對要上臺表演的人說的, 比如像我上次要做 presentation, 就有一個老美跟我說, “Go break a leg.” 這是一種蠻有趣的說法.下次各位不妨找會說中文的老外, 用中文跟他說, “祝你跌斷腿吧!” 看他們知不知道你是祝他好運.題外話, 有次跟一個德國佬聊天, 他說他們德語中也有類似的用法, 不過更狠, 德語中是說, “Go break your leg and neck.” 呵.連脖子都跌斷了,還能活嗎? 2.I put my foot in my mouth.我說錯話了.這就是當你說了不該說的話時, 突然發覺你說錯話了, 就會這么說.有一次我跟老美在聊天,他跟我說某某人是 Jerk , 想不到他一回頭, 那人就在我們旁邊.他就很快說了一句, “I put my foot in my mouth.” 話說我剛學會這句, “I put my foot in my mouth.” 后, 我就一直想自己來用看看, 結果呢? 我居然說成了, “I put my foot in your mouth.” 結果那個老美笑得合不攏嘴, 他說, “What did you say? You want to put your foot in my mouth?” 真是畫虎不成反類犬啊.3.I know what you meant when you were talking about school.我能夠了解你所說學校的事情.這是一個很好用的句型, 值的你學起來, 當別人跟你說話時, 就算聽不懂也要趕快說這一句, 這樣人家就會很高興.這句話就像是我們常說的, 嗯, 我想我能夠了解你的感受, 或是我能夠體會你的心情之類的, 例如你可說, I know what you meant when you were talking about your feelings.4.The thunder storm took its tolls on human lives.暴風雨造成了人命的損失.Toll 就是指收費的意思, 像是高速公路上的收費站就是叫Toll station.Take its toll 是一個片語, 在電視新聞上常聽到.字面上是說對某樣東西收費, 其實指的就是造成某些東西的損失, on 后面接的名詞就是指損失的東西.最近美國是龍卷風跟暴風雨的季節, 所以新聞上?？梢月牭讲髥T這么說, “The thunder strom took its tolls on human lives.”

5.May I cut in? 我可以插一腳嗎? 要是你看到別人在做一件事而想插一腳的話, 就可以問別人, “May I cut in?” 還有像是插隊也是用 cut 這個動詞.例如有人在排隊時插隊, 你就可以說, “I am sorry.You cut the line.” 所以為了避免這種尷尬的場面, 不確定人家是不是在排隊時, 最好是先問一聲, “Are you in the line?” 6.Do you go through your shoes? 你的鞋子消耗的很快嗎? Go through 的用法很多,像教授常常會說, “Let's go through the chapter real quick.” 就是說讓我們很快把這章瀏覽一遍.go through your shoes 在這里意思是換鞋子換的很快, 比如說運動員可能二個月就要換一雙鞋, 那我們就可以說 go through your shoes.所以東西消耗的很快, 就可以用到 go through.或是把某件事很快地完成也用 go through.例如有一次聽老美說, “You can go through your master degree in one year and on your way home.” 這句話就是說, 你可以在短短的一年內完成你的碩士學位, 然后拜拜走人.另外 go through 也可以當作翻找東西的意思, 例如不要亂翻我的東西, 在英文就是 “Don't go through my stuffs.” 7.English is my Achilles heel.英文是我的罩門.Achilles heel 的典故來自希臘神話, Achilles 是一名勇士, 他媽媽Thetis 在 Achilles 還是嬰兒的時候, 就天天把他全身浸泡在the river of Promise(守誓河), 求得圣河的祝福, 以換來刀槍不入.但由于他媽媽抓著他的足踝, 把他(倒吊狀)浸下去,所以足踝(heel)這部份沒浸到, 所以 heel 就成了他的罩門.然后在特洛依戰爭時，因為他有圣河的祝福, 武器傷不了他, 所以他對所有攻擊都不在乎, 但沒想到被 Paris 一箭射到他的足踝，就當場KO.所以后人拿 Achilles heel來比喻罩門, 致命傷.罩門另外還有一種講法, 叫 waterloo, 例如 “English is my waterloo.” 但我請教過老美, waterloo 這樣的用法遠不及 Achilles heel 來的普遍.8.Take a wild guess.隨便猜吧.Wild 在這里就是指沒有范圍, 所以 wild guess 就是隨便亂猜的意思.中文里的 “隨便” 蠻難翻成英文的, 在不同的句子里會有不同的翻法, 但是在“隨便猜” 這樣的句子里“隨便”就是翻成 wild.像這種句子最好能整句把它背下來.Wild 這個字蠻有趣的, 很多老中都不太會用, 除了 take a wild guess 之外, 有時老美會說, “That's the call of the wild.” 什么意思呢? 這就是指一個人在那里大呼小叫, 哭爹喊娘的叫聲.9.It was worth a shot.那值得一試.Shot 的意思有很多, 比方說打針也可以是 shot, 或是照像也可以說是 shot.還有就是投籃也叫 shot.像我有一次看老美打籃球,有人投了一個漂亮的三分空心,其它人就說, Nice shot!所以 shot 原指投籃的意思, 引申為著投投看,去嘗試看看的意思.所以如果你要鼓勵別人去試一試, 你就可以說, “Come on, give it a shot!” 或是要別人盡全力去試, 就是 give your best shot.記得在 South Park 這部電影中, 有一個老師就對那群滿口臟話的小孩說, “Come on, give your best shot!” 10.I am gung-ho about my dating.我對我的約會感到興奮.Gung-ho 這個字讀音聽來有點像是中文的“剛好”的味道, 它的意思是你對某件事物感到很興奮, 到了有點無法控制自己的地步.像是有一次有個老美要上臺報告,他就跟另一個老美說, I am gung-ho about my

第五篇：大學英語四級免費資料：快速閱讀筆記

快速閱讀筆記

一、文章不用閱讀，直接看題目到文中找尋相關信息；

二、快速閱讀分為主旨題和細節題兩種：

1、主旨題

（1）問法：

a.This passage gives a general description/idea of…

b.This passage is mainly about…

c.This passage mainly talks about/ discusses…

d.The main idea of this passage is…

（2）解題方式：

區分兩種文章形式：

a． 帶有：大標題＋小標題/黑體字，直接看大小標題或黑體字找主旨

b． 只有大標題，沒有小標題：注重首尾兩段。

2、細節題

采用定位法，尋找重點信息，具體來講：

（1）利用數字定位：阿拉伯數字

（2）利用隱含數字定位：隱含數字包括：number, amount, figure, digit, quantity,percentage, rate, ratio, price, fare, fee, discount, count, add up to, amount to, total, more than/less than, about, around, some, …or so, dozen, decade, fortnight等。

（3）利用專有名詞定位：首字母大寫

（4）利用具體實詞定位：用這種詞定位必須滿足以下幾個條件：a.該詞應該是

一句話的意義重心；b.必須是實詞（名詞/形容詞/副詞/動詞），名詞短語優

先定位；c.從各段首尾兩句著手定位；d.題目順序基本與文章順序一致。

（5）利用形容詞最高級定位，可能對應于原文中出現以下詞的地方：above all,first of all, most importantly, key, top, priority, core, emphasize, stress, highlight

以及強調句、反問句、感嘆句、重復等處。

（6）小標題：可幫助確定大致的定位范圍

3、輔助法則

(1)道德原則。符合道德標準的陳述一般是Y。

(2)排除法：如與常識不符可排除；絕對化：說法絕對化可排除，即

含all, every, no, never, must, only等詞的項可排除。

三、N/NG如何區分

NG 大致會出現在判斷題后半部分，一般是5-7，而且出現的頻率大致為一次。N在原文中一定有信息；NG有時在原文找不到對應信息。還有，N一定是原文信息和題目信息矛盾，而NG即便在原文有信息，和題目也不會是矛盾關系。