第一篇：托福寫作的技巧總結

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一、綜合寫作

1.把握聽力和閱讀的關系 托福寫作的技巧總結

完全聽不懂聽力，怎么辦?首先，托福得聽力者得天下，必須正視自己的聽力水平，平常魔鬼式訓練，提高實力，以免遭人鄙視。其次，可以稍稍投機一下。聽力一般會去反駁閱讀，盡管聽力細節我們無能為力，但聽力的主題句我們是可以寫出來的。比如，閱讀認為四天工作制可以減少失業率：The reading passage states that the four-day workweek would reduce unemployment rates那么針對聽力，我們可以寫：However, the listening argues that the four-day workweek would not reduce unemployment rates.直接加個not就可以了?？偙嚷牪欢耆粚憦?。

2.字數

嚴格講字數控制在150-225之間，體現個人總結能力。不是The longer, the better.3.語法

簡單句為主，切忌糾結同義詞替換，適當保留，保證句子正確率。

二、獨立寫作

1.字數

盡量多寫，至少要達到300字。一般來說，400字以上得GOOD的可能性較大。當然，如果細節已經寫全，不必一味重復湊字數。曾有考生寫600字，仍得fair。質量總是大于數量的。

2.語法

把每句話寫對，哪怕只寫簡單句，也會得到一個意外的理想分數。畢竟，語法是內容傳輸的重要工具。沒有語法概念，句子不成句子，絕對是恐怖主義。

3.細節

越細越好，切勿假大空、籠統論述。要做到這一點，最簡單的方式就是舉例子。可以舉自己或身邊家人、朋友、同學的例子，加上時間地點，字數很容易就上去了。不一定要舉大牛的事例。

第二篇：托福寫作技巧

新托福綜合寫作是一個比較新的題型，考生需要先閱讀一篇250詞左右的學術文章，然后文章隱去，此時考生則會聽到一段時長約1分半的聽力材料。最后，考生需要根據閱讀和聽力材料中給出的信息點完成一篇大約300字的作文。這就要求考生除了要具備一定的英文寫作能力以外，還要擁有相應的閱讀和聽力技巧，能夠在考試規定的時間內把握住閱讀和聽力材料中所涉及到的重要信息點，并將其用另一種表達方式展現出來。

一、閱讀技巧新托福綜合寫作中的閱讀材料大多是節選自一些學術類文章，其結構和內容通常都有較好的邏輯性，對于這類風格的文章，可采用 “結構閱讀法”，快速找到核心的句子和關鍵信息。一般來說，文章的首句就會開門見山的提出文章的主題，然后接下來則會圍繞這一主題進行一些細節性的展開和討論。同時，大家也不要忽略文章的最后一段，因為文章最后往往也會有一些重要觀點和信息的展現。至于中間段落，大多數的學術性文章采取的無非是以主題句開頭，后面進行論證的結構，或是先進行論證后歸納觀點的模式，大家應該多注意表示因果、轉折關系的連詞，以便確定作者對該問題的態度如何。

二、聽力技巧雖然聽力部分是新托福綜合寫作中的一個難點，但考生通過閱讀前面的文章，想必已經對聽力材料的主題有了一定的了解和把握，因此在聽的過程中，應該將重點放在兩個材料觀點的判斷比較上，要弄清楚兩者的觀點是相互支持還是相互對立，而其對觀點的表述又是用何種論證手段來證明的。同時，鑒于聽力材料的難度和長度，且聽力不像閱讀材料那樣在寫作時還會復現，所以建議大家在聽的過程中做好筆記，把關鍵的句子和信息詞記下來，為下面的改寫做好準備。

三、寫作技巧在掌握了閱讀和聽力材料給出的核心信息之后，我們該如何將這些信息清晰準確的重新整合成一篇結構完整的文章呢? 首先，第一段可以分別將聽力和閱讀材料中的主要觀點和內容展現出來，并點明兩者的觀點是否相互支持或是對立。其次，在第二段中，要分別從不同角度展開論述聽力和閱讀材料各自的分論點，列舉出兩個材料觀點相互支持或對立的證據。最后，第三段是一個總結段落，在這一段中要重新總結一下全文的主要意思，并再次重申兩份材料的核心內容以及觀點上的異同，但注意不要加入自己的態度和觀點。另外，對于在綜合寫作中常用的固定表達，諸如“閱讀材料就某某問題主要從某個角度展開了論證”，“對于閱讀材料中提出的某個觀點，在聽力材料中利用反證的方法提出了反駁”，“對于閱讀材料中提出的某個觀點，在聽力材料中通過幾個方面的論證予以了支持”等等這些在寫作過程中必定會用到的表述，大家應該事先做好準備，這樣在考試時就可以拿來直接用，而不必再匆忙思考了。

第三篇：如何提高托福寫作技巧

小馬過河國際教育

摘要： 在 托福寫作中說沒有技巧是不可能的，但是所謂的技巧也只不過是輔助工具而已，并非大家認為的是取得高分的關鍵。想要取得高分靠的還是你自己真正的實力，考生在報考的那一刻就該明白，天下沒有免費的午餐，只有靠自己腳踏實地的取走，才能夠闖出自己的一片天來。下面小馬過河介紹的托福寫作技巧相關信息，考生備考時可以適當的借鑒。

1、對于詞匯量的要求較為嚴格

你積累的英語詞匯量的多少，影響著你在托福考試中取得的成績。只有掌握足夠多的詞匯后，你才具備他警告閱讀能力的最低標準。

閱讀大量英語文章，增加自己的知識面

當一個人知道的東西多了后，在面臨問題時，就會顯得更有自信，解決問題也會有自己的路子。相信每一位考生在解答試題時，如果閱讀到自己熟悉的文章后，解答試題時也會比較輕松和容易。答題的準確率自然而然的也就會有所上升。

注意解題要領，無需閱讀全篇文章

閱讀時要秉著做題去閱讀，而不是為了閱讀而去閱讀。閱讀時就會有著重點，針對性強，解答也比較容易，只要找到題干的大概范圍，很輕松就可以選出想要的選項了。也減少了大量的閱讀時間，為你的考試贏回不少時間，可以用這部分時間去解答其他較難的試題。

“適合別人的不一定適合自己”。總之，關于托?？荚囬喿x能力訓練的相關方式，小編簡單為考生整理如上。考生在訓練時可以選擇的參考，或許小編說的也有不對的地方，但是目的只是為了能夠讓大家更清楚托福寫作技巧的相關方式，考生可以根據自己的實際需求去訓練，盡快找到最佳適合自己的方式。wuwei@xiao.com

此文章為小馬過河（）老師原創文章，請勿轉載，如轉載請注明出處！

第四篇：托福寫作技巧：常見問題解析（推薦）

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托福寫作技巧：常見問題解析

1、怎樣決定文章的模版結構?

大家都習慣于托福作文5段式，我認為這個觀點是有道理的，但不是絕對。為什么大多數情況下5段式最好?因為結構清晰。5個段落，開頭引出話題，綜述觀點;結尾收束加升華;中間3個邏輯支撐點，可以支撐出一個相對比較豐滿和復雜的邏輯關系。但之所以不是絕對，少數情況下，寫的好的4段式議論文也可以得高分;有些題目甚至更適合4段式來寫。但總體來說，如果時間夠，思維夠，5段式是比較穩妥的拿高分的方式，即便句子簡單，但邏輯夠完滿，分數一樣不會低。

2、是不是一定要選擇一邊倒的論點呢?

記得某專家說過只要有邏輯，均衡論一樣能拿高分。但一個現實的考慮是，考官在看你卷子的幾分鐘里未必有耐心從頭看到尾去找你的觀點，因為均衡論的觀點通常會不那么明顯，特別是老外沒那么喜歡中國人的中庸之道，喜歡直白。那么為了降低誤判風險，能寫成觀點鮮明的作文還是鮮明點好，讓別人一眼看上去就知道你在說什么，接下來就是看你怎么說的問題了，只要過“觀點鮮明”這一關就OK，為啥不選簡單點兒的方式呢?

3、怎么樣選擇3個支撐段的論點呢?

我認為比較好的邏輯是并列-遞進，遞進-轉折這兩種，很符合我們的思維方式。拿這次大作文來說，我采取的就是遞進-轉折模式，作文題是“孩子應該做家務，還是應該只學習和玩”?我的觀點是應該承擔家務，分論點一是做家務能培養孩子的很多好習慣，分論點二是做家務能樹立孩子在家庭生活中的獨立地位和責任感，分論點三是在良好的監督下做家務不會傷害孩子。分論點一到二，是一個遞進，一說的是對孩子的好處，二說的是不僅對孩子個人有好處，而且在整個家庭中，對孩子和家長都有好處，這是觀點二在觀點一的拓展(當然你也可以說這是一個并列，但我認為我在連接詞上的選擇讓這個關系變成了強化遞進);分論點二到三，是一個轉折，前面分析了優點，那么后面分析有人會說這個也有缺點，但我認為缺點是完全可以避免的。于是這樣一個邏輯結構就非常的完整，考官一看就知道我在說什么，我為什么會支持孩子做家務。

4、怎么舉例子?

特別對于3段式的中間部分，各段的例子一定要多樣化;版上的牛人也說過，即使論證一個觀點，例子也要多，要多多泛舉。對于上面的三個分論點，我是從各個方面舉的很多例子：分論點一，我用的是

personalexample,舉了自己在家從小洗碗的例子，我學到了什么?要參與家庭勞動，理解父母的辛苦，因為刷碗我從小了解了衛生常識養成了很好的衛生習慣。分論點二，我用的是情境概括，說孩子參與了父母就會尊重他們，孩子可以參加家庭事務的討論，家庭關系更和諧，孩子更成熟獨立，不會選擇叛逆，父母更舒心。分論點三，我用的則是研究報告之類的，表明家務本身很安全，表明參與家務的孩子會更organized.然后說父母的supervise可以降低危險，等等。這樣例子類型不同，內容也就足夠豐富了。

5、怎么開頭和結尾?

一句話，能簡單則簡單，但不要突兀。句子要簡單，內容要緊貼文章大意，不要每一篇都是“在當今科技高速發達的社會里，人們在熱烈討論著。。話題”，考官會審美疲勞的。但不要太突兀，要逐漸過

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渡到你要說的話題，英語本質上是個很羅嗦很麻煩的語言，用簡單的話把每個point之間的邏輯空缺都填滿，文章字數自然就夠了。比如我這篇的開頭，我的大意就是：我的童年很美好，有很多關于愛的回憶。相信這個世界上大多數人都認為童年應該是最美好的，像我的童年那樣。但是有些家長太愛自己的孩子了，以至于竟然說只有孩子遠離家務，只學習、只玩，才是足夠美好的。我卻認為家務活該是童年美好回憶的一部分，因為他。。(概述各分論點)。我認為我的開頭是有點俗套的，但過渡的不突兀，特別是第一個分論點直接用我自己的經歷照應了這個開頭，是很能在情感上打動人的。

6、怎樣在規定時間內寫夠字數?

我覺得我上面說的方法已經足夠讓你Develop一篇500字的作文了，我這次也確實寫了500多字。首先要很快的定文章結構，5段式(不要考慮，不需要時間)，3個分論段的觀點(先看能不能或者要不要駁反面觀點，如果要，直接轉折-遞進，然后把常用point往里填，不超過1分鐘)，然后想開頭和各段首句(開頭最多5min,3-4句足夠，不要太長)，各段展開(各5min左右，3-4句，不超過6句)，結尾3min,3句足夠。留夠時間檢查語法錯誤和完善用詞，注意首段和各段首句一定不能有錯。?？ú缓脮r間的同學可以對開頭，結尾，分論點展開進行小的練習，卡時間5min寫到100字左右?？梢韵扔米詈唵蔚脑~和句子，等你修改的時候想到好詞好句式再填進去，晚上或者過幾天再來看看，把一些高級詞匯和句子慢慢用熟，考試時適當用幾個就夠。字數和完整性是高分的必要條件，實在不行大家買個鍵盤多練練打字吧。

第五篇：托福獨立寫作技巧方法講解

獨立部分作文筆記（原創）一．TWE 評分過程

（1）不必在意的四件事——破除原有誤解 ①不必在意英語和美語的差異； ②不必在意口語與書面語的差異； ③不必在意任何文化差異； ④不必在意語言是否地道。（2）6 分評分標準

Readers should focus on what the examinee does well.Scores6 Demonstrates clear competence in writing on both the rhetorical and syntactic levels, though it may have occasional errors.A paper in this category ––effectively addresses the writing task ––is well organized and well developed ––uses clearly appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideas ––displays consistent facility in the use of language ––demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice 二．評分標準的分析

評分標準一：effectively addresses the writing task（1）簡單說明文（Explanation）

（I）Background Information，Thesis Statement——1 段（II）Supporting——2-3 段。例：

21.In general, people are living longer now.Discuss the causes of thisphenomenon.Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.Supporting：A、食物改善；B、技術進步；C、社會和經濟環境的穩定。

Topic Sentence：Among various factors that have made people live longer are A, B and C.①A is very important factor.粗糧、細糧，肉食，牛奶，水質（自來水、礦泉水）…… ②Equally important is B.醫療技術使很多過去的絕癥輕易獲得治療，如百日咳，肺結核等。③Matching A and B is another essential factor, C.戰爭，社會動蕩，經濟動蕩都會影響人們的壽命。

主題句的寫法： ①盡量不要只使用抽象名詞；

②盡量暗示文章將來結構，主題句寫好了可以沒有結論句； ③主題句應該值得解釋、值得證明。（2）對比、對照（Compare & Contrast）（I）Background Information（II）Compare & Contrast √ √√ A √√×OrA√B √× ×B × ××√B×A ×（III）Topic Sentence / Conclusion（3）立論文（Argumentation）①本身有爭議；

③不能用right/wrong 來修飾，而是who is more reasonable.例：

41.Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry aremore important than saving land for endangered animals.Do you agree ordisagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons andexamples to support your answer.立場：反對盲目地保護瀕臨滅絕動物。（I）Background Information（II）Supporting ×××

（III）Rebuttal 駁證——選擇一個對立立場辯駁（最重要的部分）beautiful？ necessary？ money？

（IV）Topic Sentence 審題立論的注意事項：

①以讀者為導向；②想好了再寫；③說服讀者而不僅是表達；④順序很重要；⑤結論不重要。評分標準二：is well organized and well developed

1、元素排列

（1）二分法：①簡單→復雜；②已知→未知；③次要→重要（說明說服為目的）。（2）邏輯關系：①并列；②遞進；③轉折。有力模式：

有力模式I 有力模式II 有力模式III A ↓ 并列遞進轉折 B ↓ ↓ ↓

↓ 遞進轉折遞進 C 例：

43.Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or otherdangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.先想一個例子，在按照有力模式的構成去思考其他例子。本例采有力模式II。（1）the drive of money…………………（material）①特技演員（stunt man）； ②Photography；正面 ③Law breaker。

遞進→（2）the desire pursuer happiness.（spiritual）人的本性對危險的追求

轉折→（3）無知（ignorance）…………………………………………負面

評分標準三：uses clearly appropriate details to support a thesisor illustrate ideas 一個反例——講義P156。

教訓：（1）不僅要列大綱，還要落實具體細節，然后查字典。前兩步用平時使用的、樸素的、沒有修飾的中文完成。中文英文英文解釋 …… …… ………… …… …… ………… …… …… …………

（2）考場上在表達時永不輕言放棄。一旦忘記例子，千方百計解 釋清楚。

解釋方法：中文，同位語從句+定語從句

評分標準四：displays consistent facility in the use of language 思維貧乏的人才會用華麗的辭藻。

評分標準五：demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriateword choice 邏輯思維 語言文字

三．185 題庫的處理

壓縮題庫：TWE 寫作的準備是系統工程，考驗資源整合能力。

1、相關題目歸類整理材料，整合論點。㈠86→89→90→91；

㈡6→52→141（因此52 選擇why 而不是how）→165evironment 例：

52.What change would make your hometown more appealing to people your age? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.Among diverse aspects that I want to change about my hometown is its environment.→（why & how？此處選why）

①A good environment will make people happier.（100 words）②A nice environment will make people healthier.（100 words）

③A perfect environment will make people more productive.（100 words）

Topic Sentence：TS, the improvement of which will make people happier, healthier, and even moreproductive.（主題句應當盡量暗示文章未來結構）㈢36→70 例：

70.Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life.Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems.What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.主題句應當值得解釋、值得證明，故：

①汽車之類現代交通工具使市場上商品數量增多，方便流通； ②使商品價格降低；（運輸成本降低，同種商品種類增加、競爭加?。凵踔?，汽車交通工具對我國婦女地位獨立有很大幫助。最初想到：convenient & efficient，不值得解釋、證明； 進一步問：so what？→人們活動范圍增加，但仍不夠； 進一步問：so what？→商品的活動范圍增加→商品數量增加 因此，多想幾步即可得到有效結論。

㈣15→18→46→179→93→62→103，基于ETS 出題的人群普適性和文化普適性。① To be a good _____ , one should have the intelligence.happier, healthier, ②To be a good _____ , one should be humor.more productive ③To be a good _____ , one should be reliable.理由、例子、思路的反復運用。

2、一些用母語都難寫的題目的處理。

（1）最好不要同意的。往往是一些絕對的立場，觀點要從絕對詞出發。選反對或中間模式。例： 37.Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.本例選中間模式，組織采有力模式III。方法是修正部分絕對化的表達和詞匯。①It’s true that progress is usually good.如交通、溝通、書寫工具。②However, it’s hardly true that progress is always good.③In fact, progress in itself is nether good or bad.技術的運用在人不再技術本身。例：

53.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most importantaspect of a job is the money a person earns.Use specific reasons and examples 不能同意。絕對詞：the most important。其他重要原因如stability。例：

54.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should neverjudge a person by external appearances.Use specific reasons and details tosupport your answer.①確實有時會犯錯；

②但有時也確實可以根據外表得到信息，如判斷誠信； ③甚至，有時必須通過外表判斷一個人。（2）最好同意的。

沒有絕對詞，而且往往還有想關限定詞。例：

27.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People shouldsometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing.Use specific reasons andexamples to support your answer.兩種分類：喜歡的/不喜歡的；有益成功的/無益成功的。需要做不喜歡但有益成功的。另外的例子還有63、42 題等。（3）只能反對的。

主要有第8、88、119、120 題。

分析方法：How come they have such an opinion? 即A→B 的因果關系是否過分簡單化？ ①A 不見得是B 的理由； ②A 不見得是B 的唯一理由； ② A 不見得是B 最重要的理由。例：

8.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television hasdestroyed communication among friends and family.Use specific reasons andexamples to support your opinion.It’s true that people attend to spend lots ① of time in watching television.②It’s also true that people spend less time in communication.③However, it’s hardly true that television destroyed people’s communication.④再寫一個真正的理由，如工作壓力、經濟壓力等： It’s working stress rather than television… 例：

88.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephones and emailhave made communication between people less personal.Use specific reasonsand examples to support your opinion.Personal 有兩種理解：①親密；②個性化。只要前后理解一貫即可。

相比第8 題，可以忽略前3 點而擴張第4 點，如溝通成本的降低。例：

119.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People behavedifferently when they wear different clothes.Do you agree that different clothesinfluence the way people behave? Use specific examples to support your answer.①有時候會影響人們的行為。服裝影響心理；服裝影響他人對你的態度。②然而，服裝不必然影響人們行為。

③什么是最重要的理由，如價值觀（value system）。例：

120.Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought.Doyou agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that peoplemake quickly are always wrong.Use reasons and specific examples to supportyour opinion.①通常迅速作出的決定是錯誤的；

②不是生活當中每一個決定都是值得認真思考的； ③甚至很多人就是擅長短時間內作出正確決定。（4）不能同意也不能反對的。It depends.例：

20.It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city.Do youagree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.It depends the child’s age.歲之前，最重要的是家庭內部環境； 小學時，鄉村更好一些； 高中時，城里更好一些。

慎用I think…，in my opinion 等詞組： ①是廢話；②不要站在讀者對立面。只有當你確知有不同觀點時才可使用，然后必須用細節支持，如本文。例：

32.Is it better to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to save yourmoney for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to supportyouropinion.It depends the money you earn.2000/月，想存也impossible； 20000/月，基本花不完； 200000/月，花掉。例：

35.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Attending a liveperformance(for example, a play, concert, or sporting event)is more enjoyablethan watching the same event on television.Use specific reasons and examples tosupport your opinion.要看是什么演出，不同情況作不同選擇。例：

49.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-facecommunication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email,or telephone calls.Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.要看與誰溝通，老板、顧客、同事等均不同。五．TWE 考試的準備

1、改寫階段。挑5-10 篇話題不重復的范文進行改寫。①改詞。

②改句：簡單句、并列句互改；句子成分、從句互改；正常語序，倒裝互改。③換一種說法。

④換個理由，換個例子。

改寫的順序：上午寫，下午改，晚上背，第二天默。

2、創作階段。寫5-10 篇。

不限時完成，借助一切可以借助的力量。順序與第一階段相同。注重句法、時態等。

3、沖刺階段。寫5-10 篇。

限時25 分鐘完成，最好早上9:00 寫。下午用大量時間改寫、背，第二天默寫。

附錄三句法多樣性專題(Syntactic Variety)1.并列

a)并列大量名詞: n1, n2, n3, …, and n i.A, B, C, … and other Xs… ii.X, such [Y] as A, B, C…, …

History, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, and other abstract subjectshave to be learned from books, or primarily from books.Some knowledge, such abstract subjects as history, philosophy, fundamentalmathematics/calculus, has to be learned from books, or primarily from books.It is necessary for everyone to read imaginative literature, such as poetry, novels, ormythology.It is necessary for everyone to read poetry and other types of imaginative literaturesuch asnovels and mythology.b)并列名詞性成份: n.+ what/how/whether/if… [并列復雜句] i.what = something that ii.how = the way/manner in which

Most parents educate their children merely by instinct rather than by proper pedagogy,and usually do not care about their relationship with children and how such neglectinfluences the future development of their children.Most students are eager to obtain knowledge, but they lack the sense of what is good, orwhat is necessary and how such a deficiency in the concept of viewing the situation as awhole would mislead them.c)并列形容詞性成份 i.a1 and a2 + n ii.a1 + yet/but + a2 + n iii.a1, a2 + n + that… iv.a1, a2, so a3 that/as to…

a small town a small and peaceful town a good teacher a good and very impressive teacher a stupid decision a stupid and incorrigible decision …

simple yet effective method a direct and simple yet magically effective method an irrational yet understandable decision a fair and balance, yet undesirable decision obvious yet not the most significant reason expensive yet worthy course slow yet indispensable process A weird, entertaining, yet TRUE story....All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one canrecognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their usefullife.[T0105-P02-L3] Most students can hardly stand for his typically dry and dull lectures that would normallycontinue at least several quarters without giving any essential information.The impact that technology has had on our daily life and society in general, is undeniable.It will become even greater as computers get faster, smaller, smarter, and soinexpensive that virtually everyone will be able to own one.A class led by a lethargic teacher could be extremely dull, dry, and so boring that driveseverybody in the class into sleep.Learning in essence is a process that is time-consuming, painstaking, and so hard thatvirtually only persistent few can finally have a sense of real achievement.1.并列

d)并列副詞性成份 i.ad1 and ad2 ii.ad1 + yet/but + ad2 iii.ad1, ad2, prep.iv.ad1, ad2, so ad3 that/as to…

A conscientious teacher always prepares his lecture carefully, intelligently, and with thefull consideration of all possible aspects concerning the subject.1.并列 e)并列動詞 i.并列動詞

a)…v1…, v2-ing…, v3-ing… ii.并列句子

b)…, and therefore/thus/consequently/subsequently… c)not only/simply/merely… but also/…as well/even… d)neither… nor… e)not that… but that…

f)并列從句: … that…, and that…[并列復雜句] iii.that引導的賓語從句 iv.that引導的定語從句 v.that 引導的主語從句

An absent-minded teacher lacks drive to make class intensely focused, often preparingnothing in advance, wandering among random topics, thus wasting and killing times ofindustrial students.主語相同的兩個句子并列，―and‖對應的中文應該是―也‖。

Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are the major source from which peopleobtain knowledge.書本記錄著思想和理念，也．是人們獲取知識的主要來源。

Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are therefore the major source fromwhich people obtain knowledge.書本記錄著思想和理念，所．以．也．是人們獲取知識的主要來源。

History has to be vague and ambiguous, and is therefore/thus so interesting that many areobsessed, because people always cannot help trying to know the truth.歷史必然模糊含混，也正是如此，它才那樣有趣以至于很多人都被深深的吸引，因為人們總是忍不住要追尋真理。

Chinese children unfortunately have few rights to make their own decisions, andsubsequently often have to do things that they do not enjoy doing at all.很不幸孩子們很少有自作主張的權利，也因此常常只能去做自己不喜歡做的事情。

Modern vehicles have extended the range of people’s activity, and thus made much moregoods available to local markets.現代交通工具延伸了人們活動的范圍，也因此使市場上的商品數量增加了。

It is the nature of human that determines that people tend to trust themselves rather thanothers, and consequently they often misguide by their own feelings rather than reasons.這是人性所決定的：人們傾向于相信自己而不是相信別人，也因此常常被自己的感覺所誤導，而不是遵循理智。

Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it will evenmake people more productive.Modern transportation vehicles such as automobiles have not only made more goodsavailable in the local markets, but they have also lowered the price of the products in themarkets.3.元素并列的其他手段

肯定句: also;as well;too;equally;of equal importance… 否定句: either, neither;nor A good environment will make people happier.A nice environment will also make people healthier.A poor environment will not make people happier.A bad environment will not make people healthier either.或Nor a bad environment will make people healthier.4.not… but

計算機不僅給人們帶來了方便，還是人們學得更多。

Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.補充: 分割效果 1)主語和謂語動詞之間 2)助動詞和實意動詞之間 3)系動詞和表語之間 only also…

not simply but … as well.merely even… not that… but that…

Not that emails or telephones have made people less personal, but that peoplethemselves have become less personal.One of several possible reasons is that peopleusually lack of adequate communicating skills.A good environment will make people happier.A nice environment will make people healthier as well.A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it willeven make them more productive.2.重復成分 a)重復形容詞

iii.… a.…, so a.that/as to… b)重復名詞 iv.… n., n that…

In fact, history is interesting, so interesting that many are obsessed by it, because peoplealways cannot help knowing the truth.Parents or other adults often give merely a casual answer to a serious question from acurious child, an answer that makes no sense at all, and might have unforeseeablenegative consequence in the future.3.從句

a)whether/if/what/how 做賓語 a)when/whenever;while +-ing/-ed b)if/whether + adj.c)what/how/when/where + to… d)…, n + of + which… 深入研究轉折 1.形容詞的轉折并列 simple yet effective method a simple, direct, practical yet magically effective method irrational yet understandable decision a fair and balance, yet undesirable decision obvious yet not the most significant reason expensive yet worthy course slow yet indispensable process A weird, entertaining, yet TRUE story....2.包裝（反復取非）History is useful.History is not useful.It is commonly believed that history is not useful.However, this is a prevailingmisunderstanding.Hypocrites lie.Hypocrites do not tell the truth.Hypocrites do tell the truth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so theycan benefit.Hypocrites have many forms, but they have one thing in common: Hypocrites do tell thetruth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so they can benefit.Although most people were hostile to the hypocritical behaviors, and believeprofoundly in the sacredness of truth and the inviolable freedom of those who dare to tellthe truth, they often betray their principle, dignity, and in effect become accompanies ofother hypocrites.Hypocrites have many forms, but always have one thing in common: theyessentially have no principle at all.They tell the truth when and only when they feel thetruth is on their side, otherwise they would refuse rather than accept the truth, or remainsilence even choose to lie for the sake of their own safety if they find they arethreatened,even when that threat is at most potential.It’s fortunate that our society always has a small portion of citizens who always tryto insist their principles and struggle to defend even when tremendous cost isanticipated.When nearly everyone in this society had learnt to remain silence, Doctor Jiang Yan Yongstood out and shouted the truth about SARS.When nobody in this country is not afraid ofAIDS, Doctor Gao Yao Jie is rushing around to help the helpless.When most people in thiscountry believe money is everything, and should be made by whatever means is possible,Zhou Li Tai, as a lawyer, is persistently fighting for the weakest group who might beincapable of paying his consultant fee.附錄四例證表達法

大家最熟悉的當然是 “for example” 和 “for instance” 了。這兩個表達 法后面可以接名詞性成分或者句子。還可以說 “take … for example”，比 如： “Let's take an extreme case for example.…” 用來修飾 “example” 的形容詞很多，應該熟練掌握：

characteristic;classic;prime;representative;typical | excellent;fine;good;impressive;magnificent;outstanding;perfect;superb;wonderful | fascinating;interesting;intriguing;notable;remarkable;striking;graphic;vivid;dramatic;extreme;spectacular;clear;obvious;simple;straightforward;blatant;flagrant;glaring | familiar;famous;well-known;notorious;common;rare;much-quoted;oft-quoted;often-quoted | illustrative;helpful;illuminating;instructive;useful;practical | concrete;hypothetical 這里面要是你有哪個詞不認識，那就一定要背下來，然后寫作文的時候用上，這樣你就用了一些―別人可能不用的詞匯‖，顯得稍微superior 了一點。能夠對 “example” 發出的動作有 : give;provide;contain;include;cite;draw;take(sth.a s);f i n d。而 “example” 能夠發出的動作有 : abound;demonstrate;illustrate;show 等等。

也可以直接讓― 例子‖ 發出動作，比如這樣的情況： The behavior ofMeerkats giving alarm calls clearly/well exemplifies the existence ofaltruism.有很多個例子的時候，用這樣的表達法： “A, B, C, and so on.” 或者 “A, B, C, and etc..”如果是口語表達，比較常用的有“..., and something like that.”或者“...a n d s t u f f l ike that.” 有的時候，你可能在舉了很多個例子之后想說―...就更不用提了?！?或 者― 更不消說… … ‖，那用的表達法是：“ not to men t i o n...” 或者 “let alone...”。

舉例子的時候，可以先舉幾個例子然后再概括一下；或者反過來，先概括 之后列舉幾個實例。所使用的結構分別是： “A such(B)as X, Y and Z” ； 或者 “X, Y, Z, and other A”。例如：

History, philosophy, fundamental mathematics, and other abstractsubjects can be learnt mainly from books.Some subjects, such abstract ones as history, philosophy, andfundamental mathematics, can be learnt mainly from books.有的時候，舉例子可能需要做出限定或者指定，那可以用 “as” 這個詞，例如：“ A narrow, confining room, as in a prison or convent, wouldmake anyone nuts.” 能夠用豐富的例子說明問題其實是一種能力，關鍵在于平時的刻意積累。如果你有能力舉出很多例子，那就需要這樣的句型： Examples abound in history/our daily life that… Examples /instances are countless/innumerable/numerous Stories abound of alcoho l i c s who flush their daily pill down the t o i l e t or “cheek” it, only to dispose of it later.Similar examples of “nuptial gifts” abound throughout the anima l world.History/Our daily life/This world abounds in examples which demonstrate… The list will go on.The list would be endless if we try to make an inventory of such examples.The litany of drug damage goes on and on.The list of profit-making, instinct-exploiting products is long.Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits.如果你舉的例子非常經典，又顯而易見，不妨使用這個句型： Remember that...（相當于― 記得… … 吧？ ‖）

If we want to predict how aggressively a man will guard his wife, we need look no further than age.（… 想想 / 看看就可以了）Success requires a tenacious spirit and a drive to achieve.Nowhere is this more apparent in the entertainment business.Thousands of actors and actresses work tenaciously to have a career in the movies.But without beauty or talent, tenacity i s n ' t always rewarded, and only a few become stars.用最近發生的事情做例子：

An instance occurred recently in which…

如果舉的例子是― 軼事‖、― 傳說‖、― 某個學說‖ 之類的，那可以用這 樣的句型： Legend/Gossip/Rumor/Words/A theory/A saying has it that...;As story goes:...;That's how the story goes.;或者Story goes...(g o e s 后面接完整的句子。例如： Story Goes Viral Alex Jones appears on CNN, poll says three-quarters plus support Sheen.)有的時候要用一些想象出來的例子說明問題，那用這些詞開頭： Consider;Imagine;Suppose;Say;Assume;或者在這些詞后面直接 加上一個賓語或者一個賓語從句，比如 “Imagine a person who is worrying about his future.” 或者 “Suppose a person is worrying about his future.” 這樣想象出來的 case，還可以用 sometimes , in some cases, in some specific cases 開頭開始講述。也可以用條件句型，“If…, ….” 或 者 “When…, ….” 以及，There are many cases in which…（有些情況 下… …）； There are moments when …（有些時候… …）；We all have met the cases in which…（我們都會遇到… … 的情況）； We all have moments when…（有些時候我們都會… …）… …